heraldry epitomiz'd and its reason essay'd / by silvanus morgan... morgan, sylvanus, 1620-1693. 1679 approx. 18 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 1 1-bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2009-03 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a51370 wing m2740 estc r32290 12619902 ocm 12619902 64491 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a51370) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 64491) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 1532:3) heraldry epitomiz'd and its reason essay'd / by silvanus morgan... morgan, sylvanus, 1620-1693. 1 broadside : ill., port. printed and are to be sold by william bromwich ..., london : mdclxx1x [1679] engraved portrait of william camden. reproduction of original in the bodleian library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng heraldry -england. 2007-12 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2008-01 spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images 2008-04 emma (leeson) huber sampled and proofread 2008-04 emma (leeson) huber text and markup reviewed and edited 2008-09 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion heraldry epitomiz'd : and its reason essay'd . by silvanus morgan , arms-painter , at the sign of the camden's h●●d near the royal-exchange . armory , or coats of arms , saith monsieur ulson , is no other than the seal or visible character of nobility , which is the most glorious recompence that either our own virtues , or that of our predecessors could acquire us . and as a christian ought not to be ignorant of his christian name , seeing it is the mark of his adoption ; so should it be shameful for a gentleman to be ignorant of his own coat of arms , being the visible sign of his nobility and shortned symbols of his heroical actions , or those of his predecessors : and in the general signification , as ensigns of honour among military men , have been as anciently used in this realm , as in any other ; for necessity bred the use of them in military affairs , for order and distinction both of political bodies , military and civil , and for particular persons , as notes of honour ; as may be gathered from the sacred scriptures on the party colour'd coat of joseph , who had that honourable distinction , and from thence was called the trophy-bearer , and the absconditorum repertor , the blazoner of symbolical matter ; as also that from numb . 2. wherein every tribe was commanded to pitch his tent under their standard , and under the arms of his father's house . and not only the armilogie of this heroic science was preserved , but the gamilogie and preservations of their families by genealogies , as may be gathered from the second chapter of ezra , where those that sought out their genealogies , among those that were reckoned by genealogy , but being not found were as polluted , cast from the priesthood . for though they were in captivity , fortuna non mutat genus . and it hath been the care of all nations , namely , the carians , lacedemonians , messonians , romans , &c. so let me desire my countrymen ( that seeing the learned camden hath with some other given the first honour of the invention of armory in this part of the world to the picts and britains , who distinguished their several particular families , by colours , adorning their bodies by figure and blazon ) that they will accept this introduction to the knowledge of heraldry in the use of arms , which in strict signification , the learned spelman hath defined thus , sunt insignia decora symbola ad notitiam & honorem latoris à legitimo judice militibus ascripta , which is handled in all its parts by dr. waterhouse , in his defence of arms. and our learned clarenceulx camden doth define arms , in the military and civil use . is quem grammatici , ptolomae ; qu●m venerantur , quem feciales simul & historici colunt . camdeni insignia . portrait of william camden incorporating coat of arms willi● camden . clarenceux king of armes 〈…〉 camd : britania . debes natales terrae camdene britannae ? nonne magis debet terra britanna tibi ? quis tanto dignus reperitur heraldus heraldo ? quis britonum hunc pingat , pinxit ut hic britonas ? camdeni insignia . arms ( saith he ) are ensigns of honour , born in banners , shields , and coats for notice and distinctions of families one from the other , and descendable as hereditable to posterity , which hath been very ancient ; their estimation beginning in the holy land , becoming by little and little hereditary , their posterity accounting it most honourable to carry the arms that had been displayed in that most holy service : the english nation displaying a red cross on a white field . the french and portugal a white cross in a blew field . the irish a red cross in a yellow field . the spanish , &c. a salter cross trunked in a white field . the scots , st. andrew's cross , white in a blew field . and the more particular bearing in the holy land was the cross , crouched and crossed , of infinite varieties , as may be seen in all military orders of chevalry and knighthood ; so also those particular families that did signal service there , had their shields adorned therewith , or with escalop-shells , pilgrims , or palmers scrips or staves , saracens heads , whose wreaths as they were usually born by them , so now as a triumph of the cross , are worn on the helmets of all christian soldiers ; and in which service , some arms were altered upon several occasions ; other gentlemen beginning to bear arms from their lords , or whom they held in fee , or to whom they were devoted , and for the granting of arms from some great earls , and passing of coats from one private person to another , there wants not some precedents , which were all before the reduction of the heralds under one regulation , and as now , setled under three kings of arms. viz. garter , clarenceulx , and norroy ; the first being for all patents of honour , and princely ceremonies of coronations , marriages , and interments of nobility . clarenceulx being a provincial king of arms , of the east , west and south parts of england , from the river of trent southwards , having the granting of arms , and ordering of funerals , from a knight downwards , as hath norroy also in his own province under the earl marshal , to whom gentlemen in former time would repair , and by his authority would take arms , which were registred by the officers of arms , in the rolls of arms made at every service , wherein there was also a distinction between a gentleman of blood , and a gentleman of coat armour , and the third from him who first had coat armour , was a gentleman of coat armour , and the fifth from the first bearer , is a gentleman of blood and coat armour : nobility being agreeable to religion , almighty god vouchsafeing to be called the lord of hosts , affecting the military man's ensigns of the sword and shield : and the church military hath the shield of faith , the breast plate of righteousness , the sword of the spirit , and the helmet of salvation , &c. nine sample coats of arms every coat of arms , ought to consist of both metal and colour , having some analogy of the body and spirit of the bearers represented by the field and charge ; therefore it is necessary to know how to speak in the proper language of heraulds , which is called blazon . i have here in the first place presented you with the two metals , and five colours , and two furs , most commonly used in arms , every one express'd by several hatching of lines , viz. the or , by pricks or points ; the argent , plain ; the gules , by upright lines ; the azure by horizontal ; the sable , by cross lines ; the vert , by lines bending to the right , and the purpure to the left ; the ermin being in its natural colour , and the vary being always argent and azure ; though they also are varied , as the colours are variously mixed , having other names , if differing in colour from the two last mentioned : all which are the common fields in heraldry , and are subject to division and charge ; only the vary being perfect armory of it self : and if the shield be divided , it is called parted ; representing the blows or the cuts proceeding from the hands of warriors , who having given or received the like in combats , and made a shew peraid to their comrades , causing them to be painted upon their escocheons in the same manner ; it being a beauty to receive wounds in those combats from whence flows more glory , than blood. and now with causin , let me cry , nine sample coats of arms the first , is the representation of the church militant , called a cross ; being the most worthy of all bearings , denoting all divine and moral virtues . the second is a chief , which though it consist but of one line , yet is the emblem of fame , who bears her head in the clouds , representing a head , a chief , a commander . the third is a fess , signifying resolution and readiness to action ; and is a military girole going out to conquer . whereas the fourth represents the baltheum triumphalis , worn by those that have conquered , and is called a bend ; it signifieth an old soldier . the fifth is the pale , representing a military man in a standing posture , and is called a pale , denoting vigilancy and diligence ; and is as a column or pillar erected to the memory of deserving men. the sixth is a cheveron , and denoteth an establish'd house , one that doth enjoy the spolia opima , the spoils of arms gained in wars : honour being a spur to virtue , having attained to opimum , which is all one with amplum , and hath now set up the top rafters of his house . the seventh is the salter , which is an engin of manhood to assault or gain per saltum , fitting quadrata fronte ; and denoteth a politic soldier . the eighth is the in escocheon , representing the property of a good man , who labours to keep a quiet conscience in his breast . the ninth , ordinary ; that is , ordinary is the bar which is never single , and are of the nature of the scarf , worn about the neck , or arm , or middle ; denoting such as either with arms or council defend their nation : two bars representing love and honour . nine sample coats of arms o nobility , deceive not your selves in the acknowledgment of the badge of your profession , nor flatter your selves under a false mark of valour . military virtue is in your own atchievments ; what your progenitors did , vix ea nostra voco . the several divisions on your shields , ought to shew the wounds and cuts you have received , or the several accomplishments you have made in the steps of your progenitors . the first is said to be parted per cross ( or quarterly ) or , and sable ; representing by those colours , wisdom , riches , and elevation of mind . the second is parted per chief indented , argent and sable ; representing constancy and divine doctrine . the third is parted per pale argent and gules ; and signifieth bold in all honest enterprizes . the fourth is parted per bend , azure and or ; which representeth in moral virtues , a soldier of the holy court , given to divine contemplation , and vigilant in service . the fifth is parted per fess , argent and azure ; courteous and discreet . the sixth is parted per cheveron , or and vert ; representing splendor and felicity . the seventh is parted per salter , or and gules ; signifying a desire to conquer . the eighth is parted per gyron , argent and purpure ; signifying majesty and dignity . the last is parted per pyle , or and sable ; signifying ancient riches . now when a field is charged by these lines drawn strait , or thwart , they do constitute certain honourable ordinaries , as being ordinarily used , or as they were called ordinarii , that in a battel led on the battalia , and being charged , are like those augustales , that by augustus were joyned to the ordinary . nine sample coats of arms i have caused the differences of the several brothers to be placed on the several escocheons , for the information of the ignorant : and come now to the charges of the shield with living creatures . and because man consisteth of something of the beast , we will consider him in the most heroical , and king of beasts , the lyon ; whose several postures doth denote as followeth , first , couchant , vigilancy and the illustrious hero. second , rampant ; magnanimous , noble . third , passant ; resolute . fourth , passant-gardant ; prudent . fifth , saliant ; valiant . sixth , sejant ; advised . seventh , regardant ; circumspect . eighth , dubble headed ; politic. ninth , dubble qu●ive ; strenuous . and because man , as he is the head of the whole creation , so to bear the head of any thing , is accounted the most honourable ; and what is gained with more labour and sweat to be preferred . as the erased head is more of military power than the couped ; the one being torn off , and the other cut off : so now to speak of heraldry , it is no other than that part of history that consists of succession in states , countries , or families , and professions , as the lives of famous men in any faculty ; for as the emperor saith , we do not count that they only war , for our empire , which do labour with the sword and shield ; but also our advocates : for though councellors are not actual warriors , yet they are representative warriors . and this noble science is the same of history , which is a commemoration of things past , with the circumstances of time and place in distinct distances by small descents to revive the dead , and to the encouragement of the surviving . cantons have place among augmentations , as in the institution of baronets each wearing an escocheon or canton , charged with a sinister hand gules , and when one escocheon is born on another , it signifieth the husband hath married an heiress general , and having issue by her , it is quartered by the son , to shew the right of her inheritance is transmitted from her to him ; but if she be not an heir , he may but impale the coat on the sinister side , which is called baron and fem ; as for the outward ornaments of mantles , helmets and crests , with which the coats were called altogether atchievments , they were of military and civil use ; the mantles as the tent , cloak , or surcoat over all . nine sample helmets the helmet , as the defensive part of the head , representing council ; and so the armed virgin was the issue of jupiter's brain . the crests on the eminent tops of the helmets , which the french call timbres , were anciently to terrifie by monstrous and terrible shapes , and many years was arbitrarily taken up at pleasure , but began to be hereditary with us , about the time of king edward the second . more might be said of the outward ornaments , of coronets and supporters , as distinctions of the degrees of nobility , as is here described : the first , that of an esquire or gentlemen ; the second , that of a knight ; the third , that of a baron , garde visure , placed in that circulus aur●us , which the king hath conferred on barons of the realm , with six pearls only ; the fourth , that of a viscount , consisting of the whole circle of pearls ; the fifth , that of an earl ; the sixth , that of a marquess ; the seventh , that of a duke ; the eighth that of a prince ; and the ninth that of a soveraign : and beyond the number nine , none could ever go ; so that if you desire more of this art , in my sphere of gentry , in four times nine chapters , you shall see the harmony of heraldry , from the beginning of the world ; and that nobility ●s ancient riches . and whosoever will note the manner of our progenitors in that age , when they wore their coat-armour over their armour , and bearing their arms on their shield , in their banners , pennons , and in what formal manner they were made bannerets , and had licence to bear their banners of arms which they present inrolled to their prince , who unfolded and redelivered with happy wishes ; i doubt not but he will j●dge that our ancestors were as valiant and gallant , as they have been since they left off their arms , and used the colours and curtains of their mistresses beds instead of them . and though the characters of mechan●cs cannot be read , yet arms are silent names , and the science thereof is heroical . and forasmuch as the skill of armory consisteth of rules of blazoning and marshalling ; ( the first being an explanation thereof in apt terms either by colours , planets , or precious stones ) which ought to be with brevity , plainness , and without repetition of these words , of , or , and on , or such like ; and the other being an ordinary disposing of coats . as they may of right be joined together . the premised well understood , will be infinitely sufficient to both. london , printed and are to be sold by william bromwich , at the sign of the three bibles in ludgate street mdclxxix . le blazon or a short and easie way to attain to the art of heraldry blazon. wiseman, robert, sir, 1613-1684. 1678 approx. 24 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 1 1-bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2009-03 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a66732 wing w3111 estc r220186 99831609 99831609 36074 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a66732) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 36074) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 2046:47) le blazon or a short and easie way to attain to the art of heraldry blazon. wiseman, robert, sir, 1613-1684. 1 sheet ([1] p.) : ill. (metalcuts) and to be sold there & by dan. major at the flying horse neere st. dunstans church in fleetstreet london, printed at the theater in oxford : [1678] "to the nobility and gentry" (center block) signed: r. wiseman. engraved throughout; borders bear 300 shields, illustrating all the terms and figures of heraldry. at foot of center block: imprimatur tho jeames provicecan: 1678. torn with some loss of print. reproduction of the original in the bodleian library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng heraldry -great britain -early works to 1800. 2008-02 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2008-06 spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images 2008-07 paul schaffner sampled and proofread 2008-07 paul schaffner text and markup reviewed and edited 2008-09 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion this synopsis of heraldry is with all possible humility and submisiveness most humbly dedicated to your honours by robert wiseman blazon or coat of arms honi soit qvi mal y pense mutare vel timere sperno to the r t and most hon ble henry somerset lord ●erbert baron of chepstow raglan & g●●er earle & marquess of worcester l d president & l d leiutenant of wales & the marshes l d leiutenant of the counties of glocester hereford & monmorth & of the citie & county of bristoll l d warden of his mat ies forrest of dean & costuble of the castle of s t briavell in the said forrest one of his ma ies mosst hon ble privy councell & k t of the most noble order of the garter &c. depiction of mounted knight antient blazon or coat of arms pie repone te to the right and 〈…〉 marqvese of 〈…〉 viscount 〈…〉 most hono ble 〈…〉 &c. depiction of mounted knight antient to the nobility and gentry , my lords and gentlemen , i hope it will be pardonable that i here present you only with your noble coats and surnames , since my pap r will not admit of roome to sett downe your titles and dignities , the which are soe generally knowne that it would be impertinance in me to pretend illustration vpon those renow ned monuments which will remain to all ages . and also , it being a rule for instruction , i was forced to sett coats in order according to my purpose ( though not altogether according to the antiquities of the coates ) i hope it will suffice if diligently and carfully observed , to blazon any coat that is presented to your view which is only the aime of my lords and gentlemen your most humble and most respectfull servant . ro : wiseman le blazon or a short and easie way to attain to the art of heraldry . the explanation . i have here endeavoured to put much in a little roome , and to be as short as i could in giveing you a method to blazon any coate whatsoever . ( i hope it wil not seeme hard ) all the colours are hatcht according to the first seaven escocheons , and taken care to name every charge at least once as for example . in the crosses i haue named the first a plaine crosse , and then haue named no more but the alterations , as wavy or ingrayled &c. and soe of a saltire and bend , and soe of lions , i haue done the like of all other charges , but if any other charge accompany a lion , or other charge then the lion is not named , but the other things that are found . as s. r john hoskins coate ( of herefs ) is written over between ( party per pale the cheveron and the lions are named in other places ) therefore i say between , that is party per pale azure and gules , a cheveron betweene 3 lyons rampant or . or thus he beareth argent 3 lozanges in ffesse gules , within a bordure sable , by the name of mountagu , of which there are severall noble familys . you see the bordure must be named , and if it be invecked ingrayled waved &c. it must be expressed , if entoyre , you must say of so many bezants , if enaleurō of so many birds . to blazon you must begin with the feild , and say he beareth or argent or gules &c. and then name the charge and the charge charged , nameing their true position number and figure , and for a better rule , observe that all common charges in the mixt bearings are borne in vpon or with cheife , pale , bend , cheveron , crosse , saltier , canton fess giron , pile , escocheon , bordure , or orle , or one commō charge in vpon or with another observation . in heraldry , the rule is never to put metall upon metall , nor colour vpon colour , otherwise the armes are ffalse . of termes in heraldry , lions , griffons , w●lues , and beares . are rampant if exactly in pale but if more bend wayes lyons , wolves , and be●res are saliant , griffons sergreiant , lyons are also ●●gued and armned gules , or azure or , the like . griffons are armed , e agles likewise , swans membred , hawkes are iessed and belled , cocks are armed cressed and velloped , capons are armed cressed , and iowlopped , all these things are to be expr essed when they are mett with ( that is ) when the tongues bills and claws are found of differing colour from the body . and when any liveing creature pro●eed from the bottom of any ordinary , it is 〈…〉 and when o●er two colours , then ies●● when it proceeds from the middle of any ordinary or common charge , it is said , naissant of furrs , ermine is white , powdered 〈◊〉 black . ermines is black powdered with white . ermynois is yellow , powdered with black pean●● black , powdered with yellow . vayre is of argent , or azure , but if of other colours , it is to be express●d vayre of such colours . fesse , bend , and cheveron , have their d●●●●●●es as you see in their order . their proportion , is thus , the pale occu●ieth a fifth part of the escutcheon but if charge 〈◊〉 part the bend likewise , the fesse chiefe ●nd saltier likewise , the pallet is halfe the pale , 〈…〉 the fourth part , the barr halfe the fesse & 〈…〉 baronetts have allways the addition of 〈◊〉 sinister hand gules , to their coate , and single ladys beare their coates in the forme of a lozange . any gentleman that beares a coate may imp●le his wives coate with it as 〈◊〉 as shee liveth , and if shee be an hei● 〈…〉 and his heires for ever , and soe it come●● 〈…〉 ●●●y persons of quality have many 〈…〉 to blazon them you must say he beareth quarterly of 4 6 or 8 coates , begining at y e first and soon to y e last . coats are blazoned either by metalls precious stones or planetts , the latter are commonly made vse of in blazoning the armes of princes and pers : ons of honour . colours mettalls precious stones planetts yelow or topaz sol white argent pearle luna black sable diamond saturne red gules rubie mars blew azure saphire iupiter greene vert emrald venus purple purpure amethyst mercury obserue to give the true name to all charges of this . simple circle if they be then they are called or bezants argent plates sable palletts gules tortevxes light blew hurts vert pomeyes purpure golpes tenne oranges these are the differences of houses that are added to coate-armour , to distinguish the descent of families . 〈…〉 ●●ey be of the first . 〈…〉 third house &c. 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉 5-pointed star bird concentric rings fleur-de-lys 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉 5-pointed star superimposed on crescent bird superimposed on crescent concentric rings superimposed on crescent fleur-de-lys superimposed on crescent 〈…〉 〈…〉 crescent superimposed on 5-pointed star 5-pointed star superimposed on 5-pointed star bird superimposed on 5-pointed star concentric rings superimposed on 5-pointed star fleur-de-lys superimposed on 5-pointed star 〈…〉 crenellations superimposed on bird crescent superimposed on bird 5-pointed star superimposed on bird bird superimposed on bird concentric rings superimposed on bird fleur-de-lys superimposed on bird 5 crenellations superimposed on concentric rings crescent superimposed on concentric rings 5-pointed star superimposed on concentric rings bird superimposed on concentric rings concentric rings superimposed on concentric rings fleur-de-lys superimposed on concentric rings 6 crenellation superimposed on fleur-de-lys crescent superimposed on fleur-de-lys 5-pointed star superimposed on fleur-de-lys bird superimposed on fleur-de-lys concentric rings superimposed on fleur-de-lys fleur-de-lys superimposed on fleur-de-lys there is a care to be taken concerning the honourable parts of the escocheon and y e lesse honorable , as to location , which are obserued as foloweth a b c   d     e     f   g h i a the dexter chiefe . b the precise middle cheife . c the sinister cheife . d the honor oint . e the fesse point . f the 〈◊〉 point . g the dexter base . h the precise middle base . i the sinister base . when any ordinaries are drawne with any of these lines the blazoner is to say a bend. fesse , pale , crosse , bordure or what it is , invecked ingrayled wavy or the like . invecked heraldic motif ingrayled heraldic motif wavy heraldic motif nebule heraldic motif ●●●taild or crenelle heraldic motif indented heraldic motif d●ncette heraldic motif these are the man̄er of helmetts crowns , and coronetts that such persons beare , as you see y e titles under these examples . king helmet earle helmet knyght helmet esquire helmet king crown prince crown arch du●● crown duke crown marquess coronet earle coronet viscount coronet baron coronet or heraldic device argent heraldic device sable heraldic device gules heraldic device azure heraldic device uert heraldic device purpure heraldic device ermine heraldic device ermines heraldic device raqrè heraldic device potent heraldic device checkey heraldic device party per pale walgrave heraldic device per fesse zusto heraldic device per bend hawley heraldic device p b crenellè boyle heraldic device senester zurith heraldic device per crosse ●ock heraldic device per saltier res●wold heraldic device 〈◊〉 quarter heraldic device canton heraldic device girone heraldic device gironey of 8 heraldic device escocheon heraldic device an erle bartram heraldic device orley heraldic device royders heraldic device flasques heraldic device flanches heraldic device countercomponed heraldic device purflewe heraldic device gabonnied heraldic device entoyre heraldic device enaluron heraldic device a pile chandos heraldic device 2 piles hollis heraldic device transposed heraldic device p flory heraldic device cotized heraldic device a plain crosse ramsford heraldic device wavy ducken●feild heraldic device ●●●ided heraldic device fimbraited heraldic device upon 3 grees jones heraldic device moline moleneux heraldic device patonce heraldic device flurry ward heraldic device avelane heraldic device potent allen heraldic device p fitched heraldic device patee fitched cadwallader heraldic device formy flurry heraldic device bottony heraldic device ingrayled mohun heraldic device couped perced grill heraldic device croyded woodnoth heraldic device triparted heraldic device double parted heraldic device reguled laurence heraldic device a saltire aston heraldic device counterchanged hunt heraldic device surmounted andrews heraldic device a pale hinckley heraldic device a pallet heraldic device endorse heraldic device paletts wavy heraldic device radient rayone heraldic device a bend scroop heraldic device wavy wallop heraldic device crenelle wallyes heraldic device ingrayled colepepper heraldic device flory highlord heraldic device cotized bowyer heraldic device a benler heraldic device a garter heraldic device a cost heraldic device a ribon heraldic device a b sinister heraldic device a scarpe heraldic device a batune heraldic device a fesse heraldic device a barr heraldic device a closet heraldic device barulet heraldic device 3 lozanges v●● mountagu heraldic device 3 barrs wavy samford heraldic device dancetty delamare heraldic device di cheife hungerford heraldic device barè of 12 thynne heraldic device nebule blunt heraldic device a chiefe worlesley heraldic device a c indented butler heraldic device bend & chiefe heraldic device saltire & ch. bruce heraldic device a cheveron stafford heraldic device ingrayled vo dudley heraldic device couped jones heraldic device a cheveronel heraldic device a couple close heraldic device braced fittz hugh heraldic device reversed heraldic device a file 3 points barrington heraldic device a lion dormāt heraldic device couchant heraldic device sejant heraldic device passant heraldic device p. gardant bromfeild heraldic device saliant felbrige heraldic device rampant stapleton heraldic device regardant givay heraldic device coward ro●ch heraldic device chained meredith heraldic device 2 l. passant somery heraldic device 2 p gardant ducy heraldic device counterpassāt glegg heraldic device combatant wycomb heraldic device enda●●● achilles heraldic device r●●pant ettr●●● heraldic device escallops russell heraldic device crowned or tyson heraldic device crosseletts long heraldic device within a b henley heraldic device be●let church heraldic device ba●yemells fairfax heraldic device counter cha vaughan heraldic device betweene hoskins heraldic device 2 l rampant heraldic device 6 lionesses heraldic device demy lion heraldic device 3 demy . l ●●nnet heraldic device issuant markham heraldic device naissant emme heraldic device 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉 〈…〉 rampant barnard heraldic device muzzled barwick heraldic device a wolse sali dawne heraldic device passant low heraldic device a grayhound holford heraldic device currant palmer heraldic device a talbot burgoine heraldic device heads burton heraldic device reynards kadmil heraldic device catts in pale keate heraldic device squerrells lovell heraldic device connyes strood heraldic device a stagg lodged harthill heraldic device at gaze jones heraldic device tripping heraldic device springing gilstand heraldic device b in full corse robertson heraldic device hinds c t cotingham heraldic device st h cooped rigmaiden heraldic device caborsed heraldic device truncked heraldic device atires heraldic device vnicorne harling heraldic device tripping musterton heraldic device currant farington heraldic device cooped shelley heraldic device a camell pass camell heraldic device a bore trewarthen heraldic device erected booth heraldic device in 3 cupps boles heraldic device 6 ram c t harman heraldic device rams heads bendish heraldic device holy lambs rowe heraldic device an elephant elfinston heraldic device erased heraldic device 3 horses p stamp heraldic device cooped marsh heraldic device asses passant askewe heraldic device erased hocknell heraldic device a mule moile heraldic device calves veale heraldic device a bull berile heraldic device erased carselack heraldic device truncked baynham heraldic device caborsed gore heraldic device a goate baker heraldic device atired or gorley heraldic device an eagle reddingfeild heraldic device displayed winne heraldic device eagletts ernly heraldic device eggles close child heraldic device erased awbrey heraldic device conjoyned seymour heraldic device eagles claw canhanser heraldic device alaquise heraldic device gosse hawk wee le heraldic device sparrow hawk atterton heraldic device owles prescot heraldic device on a bend savill heraldic device a raven corbet heraldic device cornish choug oneslow heraldic device burstards iij nevill heraldic device swallows watton heraldic device volant swallow heraldic device marrtletts wray heraldic device a f between croke heraldic device on a chiefe wild heraldic device cocks cock heraldic device capones capenhurst heraldic device in their pride pawne heraldic device turrkey cocks yeo heraldic device bees volant bye heraldic device harvest fly bolowre heraldic device a griffon evelin heraldic device sergreant read heraldic device in chiefe dand heraldic device l counter p heraldic device a wivern drake heraldic device dragons h cutler heraldic device mermaid ellis heraldic device otters lutterell heraldic device seals feet yarmouth heraldic device a leopard heraldic device lea . heads wentworth heraldic device jessant a f morley heraldic device dolphin nai● . fitz james heraldic device hauriant heraldic device eeles naiant ellis heraldic device pikes ēdorsed heraldic device trouts fretted trowtback heraldic device sea crabs bridger heraldic device an escallop prelate heraldic device shells malet heraldic device welks shelly heraldic device pine t fru cted pine heraldic device a limb of a tree reguled penruddock heraldic device stocks radicated retowre heraldic device laurell lea . leueson heraldic device holly l pendant inwine heraldic device peares sinkley heraldic device pine apples heraldic device grapes maroley heraldic device apples in base harlewin heraldic device a rose beverley heraldic device a c. between 3 bish heraldic device on a canton broadstone heraldic device hurts baskerville heraldic device garbes preston heraldic device flower de lis digby heraldic device in ● quarter ashmole heraldic device lillies winchester coll. heraldic device trefoiles williamson heraldic device slipped lewis heraldic device sinq : foiles foley heraldic device gilliflowers heraldic device blewbottles chorley heraldic device caterfoiles platt heraldic device culuering leigh heraldic device battering rams barley heraldic device long bows bowes heraldic device pheons rowden heraldic device a s in pale dimock heraldic device conjoyned stapleton heraldic device in poynt paulet heraldic device lances in b carlo● heraldic device speare heads rayce heraldic device cronells wiseman heraldic device bills gibbs heraldic device helmetts miniett heraldic device a l between compton heraldic device bells porter heraldic device hawks bells ent heraldic device chapletts richardson heraldic device shackbolt nuthall heraldic device lozanges hyde heraldic device mascles on a b carlton heraldic device wa●budgetts hill heraldic device tourteanxes courtney heraldic device counterchang hooke heraldic device mullets danvers heraldic device in chiefe freake heraldic device charged sheppard heraldic device masts coped cromer heraldic device sailes cavill heraldic device a rudder heraldic device anchor goodred heraldic device a lighter heraldic device a shipp heraldic device p scrips palmer heraldic device a t tripled oldcastle heraldic device arches arches heraldic device fountaines sturton heraldic device tents tenton heraldic device a frett karington heraldic device frettè whitmore heraldic device barè bendè heraldic device r. palmer sculp printed at the theater in oxford , and to be sold there & by dan major at the flying horse neere s t ●unstans church in fleetstreet london imprimatur tho jeames provicecan : 1678 the mirrour of maiestie: or, the badges of honour conceitedly emblazoned with emblemes annexed, poetically vnfolded. h. g., fl. 1618. 1618 approx. 55 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 37 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2008-09 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a01375 stc 11496 estc s102778 99838541 99838541 2923 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a01375) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 2923) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1475-1640 ; 1098:10) the mirrour of maiestie: or, the badges of honour conceitedly emblazoned with emblemes annexed, poetically vnfolded. h. g., fl. 1618. goodyere, henry, sir, 1551 or 2-1629. [4], 63, [3] p. : ill. printed by william iones, dwelling in red-crosse-streete, london : 1618. "to those noble personages ..", [a]2a, signed: h.g. sometimes attributed to sir henry goodyere. in verse. signatures: [a]² b-i⁴. last leaf contains "a catalogue of those names vnto whom this worke is appropriated". variant: [a]2r contains dedication "to the kings most excellent maiestie"; [a]2 a cancel?. reproduction of the original in the british library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english 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limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng heraldry -early works to 1800. emblem books, english. 2007-09 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2007-09 apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images 2007-10 elspeth healey sampled and proofread 2007-10 elspeth healey text and markup reviewed and edited 2008-02 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the mirrovr of maiestie : or , the badges of honovr conceitedly emblazoned : with emblemes annexed , poetically vnfolded . — nec his plebecula gaudet . london , printed by william iones , dwelling in red-crosse-streete . 1619. to those noble personages rancked in the catalogve . my feebler muse farre too too weake to sing , ha's got your honours on her flaggring wing , and borne them to the loftiest pitch she may : therefore ( submissiue ) she do's humbly pray , that when her tongue reeles , or inuention haults , your fauours will giue crutches to her faults . your lordships in all dutifull obseruancie , h. g. ❧ a catalogve of those names vnto whom this worke is appropriated . the kings maiestie . the queene . the prince . the lord arch-bishop of canterburie . the lord chancellor . the lord treasurer . the lord priuie seale . the lord admirall . the duke of lenox . the marquesse of buckinghame . the lord chamberlaine . the earle of arundell . the earle of south-hampton . the earle of hertford . the earle of essex the earle of dorset . the earle of mountgomerie . the viscount lisle . the viscount wallingford . the bishop of london . the bishop of winchester . the bishop of ely. the lord zouch . the lord windsor . the lord wentworth . the lord darcie . the lord wootton . the lord stanhope . the lord carew . the lord hay . the lord chiefe iustice of the kings-bench . the lord chiefe iustice of the common-pleas . the lord chiefe baron of the excheaquer . finis . to the king . i r qvi mal y pense honi soit those ( mighty soueraigne ) are your graces text , right king of heralds , not to any , next : you might their mysticke learning blazon best , but you reserue your knowledge vnexprest : as being most peculiar to you : and yet because the people may allow that which concernes your selfe : let me to them vnlocke the value of this prizelesse iem : the lyons trebled thus , may represent your equall fitnes for the regiment of this faire monarchie : brittaine then which euer ha's bin stuft with valiant men , may fittest beare a lyon , vrg'd to spoile : your irish kernes , who neuer vs'd to toyle , are in their silver-studded harpe explain'd . these splendent beauties limm'd by natures hand , by grace of ancient kings , made royall flow'rs , but now thrice royall made , by being yours . embleme 1 rex ✚ et ✚ sacerdos ✚ dei ✚ vvhy be these marshal'd equall , as you see ? are they dis-rankt , or not ? no : they should be thus plac'd : for common-weales doe tottering stand , not vnder-propt thus by the mutuall hand of king and priest , by gods and humane lawes : divine assistance most effectuall drawes kings to confesse , that t'heav'n they homage owe ; which consequently leads a king to knowe , that , that ambition's by dead embers fir'd , which ha's no ▪ beyond earth to heav'n aspir'd : earth can but make a king of earth partaker , but knowledge makes him neerest like his maker . for mans meere power not built on wisdomes for t , dos rather pluck downe kingdomes than support . perfectly mixt , thus power and knowledge moue about thy iust designes , ensphear'd with loue ; which ( as a glasse ) serue neighbour-kings , to see how best to follow , though not equall thee . embleme 2 nvllvm bonvm inremvneratvm seated on this three-headed mountaine high , which represents great brytaines monarchie , thus stand i furnisht t' entertaine the noise : of thronging clamours , with an equall poyse : and thus addrest to giue a constant weight to formall shewes , of vertue , or deceit : thus arm'd with pow'r to punnish or protect , when i haue weigh'd each scruple and defect : thus plentifully rich in parts and place to giue aboundance , or a poore disgrace : but , how to make these in iust circle moue , heav'n crownes my head with wisedome from aboue . thus merit on each part , to whom 't is due , with god-like power disbursed is by you . to the qveene . of all proportions ( madam ) diuers dare conclude that absolute , which is most square : well may they proue that theoreme : for i know square bodies doe the most perfection show : perfection still consisting in this best , to stand more sure , the more it is supprest . which speciall vertue chiefly doth belong vnto square bodies , or right do's them wrong : your scutchion therefore , and the honours due , may constantly support your worth and you ; whose life 's drawne out ( vnsoild with subiects hate ) by such a samplar , none can imitate . embleme 3. ❀ vnica ✚ eterna ✚ al ✚ mondo ✚ here aboue number , doth one wonder sit ; but one , yet in her owne , an infinit : being simply rare , no second can she beare , two sunnes were neuer seene stalke in one spheare . from old eliza's vrne , enricht with fire of glorious wonders , did your worth suspire : so must , from your dead life-infusing flame , your multiplyed-selfe rise thence the same : she whose faire memories , by thespian swaines are sung , on rheins greene banks , and flowrie plaines . thus time alternates in its single turnes ; one phaenix borne , another phaenix burnes . your rare worths ( matchlesse queene ) in you alone liue free , vnparalle'd , entirely one. to the prince . c p ich● dien your princedome's ensigne here ( right-royall sir ) may pinion your vp-soaring thoughts , and stirre them to a pitch of loftier eminence , then can be reached by base vulgar sense . these plumes ( charact'red liuely signifie valour in warre , ioyn'd with velocitie . the blacke prince ( bearing plumes ) approues this true , when through the french he like win'gd-lightning flue , and pull'd downe liues about him to the ground , till he himselfe with death had circled round ; his very looke did threaten publicke death : with every stroke fell from him , fled a breath . arm'd in the confidence of his iust cause , thus freely fearelesse his foes overthrowes . those high-borne acts which from his valour flue , with new-additions are impress't in you . embleme 4. post ✚ nvbila ✚ phebvs ✚ vvhen peace ( suspecting he would warre inferre , ) tooke henry hence , to liue aboue with her , she bade ioues bird returne from 's quicke convoy of his faire soule , left in heav'ns lasting ioy , and mildly offer to your princely hands , this embleme of soft peace and warlike bands : both vvhich ( vs'd rightly ) their large cares extend . to gaine o're others , and their owne defend . though all bright honours did their beauties shroud in his ecclipse , like phoebus in a cloud : yet at your rising , they more cleare againe peept-forth , like sun-shine after clouds and raine . and in your worth their worthinesse displayes to worthiest princes ; as the sun , his rayes . to the arch-bishop of canterbvry . how well these sacred ornaments become one , who by earth walkes t' his celestiall home : the staffe of comfort this , to leane vpon , this , pall of peace ▪ these , crosses vndergone : how easily good men ( knowne well by this ) lodge at the inne of their eternall blisse : these fruits , are workes , from bounty springing found , perfuming heau'n , & with heau'ns bounties crown'd : these shadow'd fruits , but by a figure , shew the ioyes of paradise prepar'd for you . saile thither with good speede then , yet make stay ; good angels guide you , y' are i' th abbots way . embleme 5. morir ✚ piv ✚ tosto ✚ che ✚ mancar ✚ di ✚ fede . these hands connext , engird religion , deciphring th' holy concords vnison , of faiths full harmony : this spiny pale sharpe conflicts are , who still the truth assaile : this heart the church is , th' holy ghost being center , afflictions may surround , but cannot enter . you are the prime linke of this manuall chaine , whereby religion do's its strengthmaintaine : o! may the reuerend rest to you sticke fast , that truth ( though long ) yet conquer may at last . to the lord chancellor . the north and southerne poles , the two fix'd starres of worth and dignitie , which all iust warres , should still maintaine , together : be here met and in your selfe as in your scutchion set : the halfe moone 'twixt , threatens as yet no change , or if she doe , she promises to range , till she againe recouer what she lost : your endlesse fame , ( so ) gaines your bounties cost . embleme 6. svb ✚ vmbra ✚ alarvm ✚ tvarvm ✚ neuer should any thinke himselfe so sure of friends assistance , that he dares procure new enemies : for vnprouok'd they will spring out of forg'd , or causelesse malice still . else , why should this poore creature be pursu'd , too simple to offend , a beast so rude . therefore prouide ( for malice danger brings ) house-roome to find vnder an eagles wings . you are this eagle , whcih ore-shades the sheepe pursu'de by humane wolues , and safe doth keepe the poore mans honest , though might-wronged cause , from being crushed by oppressions pawes . faire port you are , where euery goodnesse findes safe shelter from swolne greatnesse , stubborne winds ▪ eager to drench it : but that fearelesse rest dwels in your harbour , to all good distrest . i bid not you prouide , you are compleate , the good for to protect , or bad defeate . to the lord treasvrer . honi soit qvi mal y pense your sable crescent might to some ( whose lips speake ignorance ) portend a blacke ecclipse : i rather thus discerne , how time would shroud your radiant crescent in a sable cloud : and hold those enuious , ignorant , or dull , that cannot see , your crescent growing full . embleme 7. qvi ✚ cvrat ✚ vigilans ✚ dormit . the carefull states-man , who the key doth carie of a a kings treasury , must not ( partiall ) varie : but to iust causes compasse still be ti'de : for iustice ( vniust shutting ) opens wide , and lets in hard opinion , to disgrace his soueraignes selfe , his person , and his place . nor must he carelesse slumber : but thus keepe his lids vnshut-vp by soft-fingred sleepe : and hold a counsell with the saddest howres of silent night : and spend his purest powers in care , to render to whom dues belong , that subiects may haue right , and kings no wrong . but you ( great lord ) beare vp this waight of trust. with a most easie care , because most iust . to the lord privy seale . honi soit qvi mal y pense those dressings that adorne both parts of nature , first , is exprest in this maiesticke creature : next , in these flowres of light both which present your honours at full height of complement , and clearnesse , which runnes through your noble blood , mixt with this two-fold tincture , great and good : what 's here but shadow'd then , by outward kind , bedeckes the ●nner roomes of your braue mind . embleme 12. et ✚ deo ✚ et ✚ patriae ✚ vvhen ere thou draw'st out thy reuenging rod , let be for countrey , and the cause of god : else thy oblations will thy curses be , when thou encountrest with thine enemy . nor is it sacrifice that can appease gods wrath , vnlesse the mans obedience please more then his offering : for if his dull heart thinkes he inricheth god in any part , by offering hecatombs , he looseth all : nay further yet , he giues a sword with all to heau'ns high iustice , by inuoking downe reuenge , in lieu of guerdon , or a crowne . such as were sacrifices once , such bee our prayers still , and our true sanctitie : which is your in-mate , and familiar guest , more clearely seene in you , then here exprest . to the lord admirall . honi soit qvi mal y pense your sable mullet like a starre in blacke , shewes what our honour'd admirall doth lacke : and shewes as if that starre of effingham , were thus bemourn'd in a briefe epigram : this may your pole-starre be , most noble lord , and guide you vnto that ( so much abhorr'd ) the mournfull , yet the blessed , port of death , blowne by the prayers of all good mens breath . embleme 9. qvel che dritto da il ciel ✚ torcer non pvossi ✚ svppose a globe were fast'ned in the skie , with cordes depending on it quarterly , and men should striue by violence to wrest that cordage to what crooked forme they list , all wise men would conceiue them madly bent , why should they else impossibles attempt ? and we may thinke it as absurd a drift in him , who craftily shall hope to shift when fate forbids him , or shall hope to thwart the good intentions of an honest heart . for that which heau'n directs ( all ages see ) may iniured , but not diuerted be . seeke then no further , honest meanings can make a plaine minde best policy in man. to the dvke of lenox . honi soit qvi mal y pense vvhat neede i further striue to amplifie your high-borne worths , and noble dignitie : then by these beautious flowres , which declare : your mind 's faire puritie , vnstain'd , and bare : these golden buckles bordring them about , a palizado , to keepe foulenesse out . embleme 10. non manca al fin se ben tarda . a venire . the wolfe and lyon once together met , and by agreement they their purpose set to hunt together : when they had obtainde their bootie long pursude , the wolfe refrainde no more then formerly , from greedinesse : the lyon apprehending , that much lesse might satisfie a beast no bigger growne , thought all the purchase rather was his owne : and thought suppression of a beast so base was iustice , to preserue the common race of harmlesse beasts ; then speedily he teares the wolfe , to take away their vsuall feares . eu'n thus when our great monarch clearely saw , how that insatiate wolfe of rome did draw more riches to his coffers , then deare soules to heau'n , he like this lyon then controules his vsurpation , deeming him a slaue , who more intended to deuoure , then saue . but you know best to follow , in free course , the best in best things , and passe by the worse . to the marqvesse of bvckinoham . honi soit qvi mal y pense all that we see is comely , and delights ▪ the eyes ; which still are pleas'd with pretious sights : and ( as your golden scallops ) you appeare to promise ( that which we may value deare ) more then a glorious out-side , which containes . meate , not to be disclos'd without due paines : thus is it scarce to be imagin'd how desert should paralell your worth , or you. embleme 11. invidia ✚ svvm ✚ torqvet ✚ avthorem . this glorious starre attending on the sunne , having , from this low world , iust wonder wonne for brightnes ; envie , that foule stygian brand , t' extinguish it thrusts forth her greedie hand : to catch it from it s mounted moving place , and hurle it lower to obscur'd disgrace : but while she snatches , to put out the flame , foolishly fiers her fingers with the same . who others glories striuet ' eclipse ( poore elues ) doe but drawe downe selfe-mischiefe on themselues . you waiting on the sunne of maiestie may that elamping heliotropium be : still bright in your eclipticke circle runne , y' are out of envies reach , so neare the sunne . moue fairely , freely in your wonted orbe , aboue the danger of detractions curbe , and her selfe-bursting brood : sit there , contemne , nay laugh , and scorne both their despight , and them . to the lord chamberline . honi soit qvi mal y pense not because you are given to rage or spoile , like rampant lyonse , which deserue a toyle : nor yet because your gifts devided be , do lyons thus divide themselues in three : but ( when provok'd ) to shew you can resist , or shew your courage when your honor list : or thus in number they doe looke one way , to shew , what you command , your friends obey . embleme 12. candida , ✚ sal da , ✚ et ✚ immobile ✚ fixt heere snow-vested pietie remaines al-pure , and in all pure , purg'd from the staines of all false worship , chaste as aire , vntainted with the foule blemishes of that al-painted proude curtizan : nor wander do's her mind , shee best content in constancy doth find : to alethea's pillar close she clings , maugre the rapting straines romes syren sings : who is athirst , and do's but touch her cup , drinkes , with delight , his soules saluation vp . thus comprehends she ioyes , which most would buy at the high'st rate , in this one constancy , so aboue others may your honours shine , as past all others , do's this forme diuine , with her ingenuous beames blaze bright in you , who 's doubly gilt , with her , and learning too . to the earle of arvndell . honi soit qvi mal y pense on gules you beare the figure of a bend betweene crosse crosselets fixt : which all intend rightly to shadow noble birth , adorn'd with valour , and a christian cause , not scorn'd by any but by infidels , and they mistaking this , their hel-bred hate display . but to leaue shadowes , you ( substantiall ) shine with those good things , which make a man diuine . embleme 13. pace ✚ fermezza , ✚ e ✚ frvtto ✚ all' ✚ alme ✚ apporto . ✚ know ( honour'd sir ) that th' heate of princes loue , throw'n on those reall worths , good men approue , doth , like the radiant phoebus shining here , make fruitfull vertue at full height appeare : t'illustrate this in you , were to confesse how much your goodnesse doth your greatnesse blesse , by its owne warme reflexe : thus both suruiue , and both i' th sunne of royall fauour thriue . o may's reuerberating rayes still nourish . your noble worths , and make your vertues flourish . to the earle of sovth-hampton . honi soit qvi mal y pense no storme of troubles , or cold frosts of friends , which on free greatnes , too too oft , attends , can ( by presumption ) threaten your free state : for these presaging sea-birds doe amate presumptuous greatnes : mouing the best mindes , by their approach , to feare the future windes of all calamitie , no lesse then they portend to sea-men a tempestuous day : which you foreseeing may before hand crosse , as they doe them , and so prevent the losse . embleme 13. in ✚ vtraqve ✚ perfectvs ✚ vvhat coward stoicke , or blunt captaine will dis-like this vnion , or not labour still to reconcile the arts and victory ? since in themselues arts haue this quality , to vanquish errours traine : what other than should loue the arts , if not a valiant man ? or , how can he resolue to execute , that hath not first learn'd to be resolute ? if any shall oppose this , or dispute , your great example shall their spite confute . to the earle of hertford : these lyons gardant wisely seeme to take the name of gardant , for the flowers sake : as if they kept the flower-de-luces thus from them , who any way obnoxious , might gather them : it is a noble part , to keepe the glories purchas'd by desert . embleme 12. vnvm ✚ cor ✚ vnvs ✚ devs ✚ vna ✚ religio ✚ this triple close , if dis-united , none : but knit by faith , an indiuiduall one. standing vnmoou'd , like an heroicke rocke , affronts the batt'ries of fierce enuies shocke . god , heart , religion , these , one , made of three , ioyn'd in vnseuer'd threefold vnitie , royall paire-royall ( see ) three are the same , he that hath this paire-royall wins the game . view , how this heart , and how these hands agree , whose heart , and hands are one , thrice happy hee . and though two hands , yet but one are these two , both doe the same , and both the same vndoe . concord makes in a million , but one heart , whereat sterne hate may leuell her fierce dart , and deepely wound too , yet cannot that wound disanimate , or her free thoughts confound : but with a double valour she vp-beares such hearts , aboue the stroke of baser feares . thus you within haue rais'd vp such a fort , as keepes out ills , and doth your good support . to the earle of essex . the chiefest of this scuchion comprehends three torteaux , which vnto all commends a firme and plenteous liberality , proper to you , and to your familie : and this one vertue , in you ( cleare as day ) all other vertues elements display . embleme 16. qvis ✚ contra ✚ nos ✚ no wild , or desperate foole can hence collect proofe to applaud his vice , or to protect : nor can this figure civill warre portend , whither oppose , or whither it defend : but auntient valour , that which hath advanc'd our predecessours , ( while fine courtiers danc'd ) that 's heere infer'd , to re-informe the mind by view of instances , wherein we find recorded of your auncestrie , whose fame like forked thunder , threaten'd cowards shame ; who fearing , lest on their debosh'd base merit , heav'n should drop bolts , by a flame-winged spirit . to the earle of dorset . t is true , your various bend thus quarterly describ'd , poynts out the great antiquitie , of honour , and of vertue truely claim'd by you , who haue preseru'd them free , vnmaim'd . let none that 's generous thinke his time ill spent , to imitate your worths so eminent . embleme 17. d'odore ✚ il ✚ mondo ✚ e ✚ d'acvtezza ✚ il ✚ gielo . ✚ the world whose happinesse , and cheife delight , nay more , whose ▪ wisedome lies in appitite , rather then knowledge ; claimes the largest share of that which pleaseth most : nor doth it care to comprehend a higher mysterie : and therefore well doth nature dignifie th' ascending point , with heau'ns neere neighbour hood leauing to earth what 's great , to heau'n what 's good . which you perceiuiug , wisely doe bestow , your thoughts on heav'n , your wealth on things below . to the earle of movntgomery . honi soit qvi mal y pense the crescent to a second house belongs , the golden crescent ( worth a poets songs ) well appertaines vnto thy house and thee , thou arch-supporter of mountgomery . for not the vaprous breath of bad report , can cloud the splendour thou deseru'st in court : but as in gold no rust can finde a place , so hath thy crescent no enforc'd disgrace . embleme 18. mvsica ✚ dii ✚ placantvr ✚ mvsica ✚ manes . as busie bees vnto their hiue doe swarme , so do's th'attractiue power of musicke charme all eares with silent rapture : nay , it can wilde reason re-contract , diuorc'd from man. birds in their warblings imitate the spheares : this sings the treble , that the tenour beares : beasts haue with listning to a shepheards lay , forgot to feed , and so haue pin'd away : brookes that creepe through each flowr-befretted field , in their harmonious murmurs , musicke yeeld : yea , senselesse stones at the old poets song , themselues in heapes did so together throng , that to high beauteous structures they did swell without the helpe of hand , or vse of skill : this harmony in t'humane fabricke steales : and is the sinewes of all common-weales . in you this concord's so diuinely placed : that it by you , not you by it is graced . to the lord viscovnt lis●e . honi soit qvi mal y pense let there be no addition , this alone will make an embleme , and a perfect one . conceiue it thus then : a darts forked head apt to endanger , though not striking dead . such is , or should be every noble mind , prepar'd like this in most resolued kind to wound , or kill offensiue iniury , and though vnurg'd , yet threatens dangers nie . embleme 19. ordine ✚ tempo ✚ nvmero ✚ emisvra ✚ here sience do's in contemplation sit , distinguishing by formes , the soule of wit : knowing , perfection ha's no proper grace , if wanting order , number , time , or place : the theoricke and practicke part must be as heate and fire : the sunne , and claritie : such twins they are , and such correlatiues , as the'one without the other seldome thriues . how can a man the feates of armes well doe , if not a scholler , and a souldiour too ? if either then be missing in 's due place , defect steps in , and steales from all their grace : on good acts you employ the practicke part , the theory lies lodg'd within your heart . to the lord viscovnt wallingford . honi soit qvi mal y pense vvell may you neuer find the want , or loss of that most hallowed , and instructing crosse , on which our saviour di'de : for these will shew the many blessed thoughts of that , in few : heere you may over-looke the world , and see nothing so plentifull , as crosses be : thence you may take occasion to prepare your soule , to beare those that worse crosses are . these are the badges of your noble brest , that will conduct you to heave'ns quiet rest . embleme 20. sott ✚ hvmano ✚ sembiante ✚ empio ✚ veneno ✚ thus playes the courtly sycophant , and thus selfe-pleasing sinne , which poysons all of vs : thus playd the whore whome the wise king describes : thus he who rayles at , and yet pockets bribes : thus playes the polititian , who will smile , yet like this serpent sting your heart the while . bung vp thyne eares then , or suspect the harme , when sweete cyllenian words begin to charme . but you , can these vnmask by knowing best how to keepe such from lurking neere your breast . to the bishop of london . two swords there be , which all diuines should take , e're they this victory can perfect make : preuailing language is a powerfull one , zeale for the truth , the other : these haue done more noble acts , then warre could euer boast : both are in your field found , though else-where lost . embleme . 21. me thinkes ( right reuerend ) here you silence viewing this embleme , & it thus bespeake : ( breake . ride on triumphing , make a glorious shew , catch those , who onely but thy out-side know : hold forth thy witching cup , aduance thy crowne , and ' mounted thinke thy selfe past pulling downe : yet after all , thou canst be prou'd no more , then a deluding , and deluded whore . to the bishop of winchester . the sword and keyes to church-men beene bequeathed , since paul and peter were of life bereaued : the keyes , a type of prayers , which unlocke heau'ns glorious gates , to let in those that knocke . the spirits zealous , and soule-sauing word , is shadow'd by the sinne-subduing sword : of word and sword th'incorporate qualitie ha's power to heaue base earth aboue the skie . your powerfull , and victorious elegance , which ouercomes bold vice and arrogance , do's proue , no weapons to the church belong , but such as heau'n makes to encounter wrong : nor do's your gentry differ : lozenges are curing cordials : gentrous thoughts like these . embleme 22. sero ✚ ivpiter ✚ diphtheram ✚ inspexit ✚ behold , on what the romaine faith consists : so tost by errours winds ; so lapt in mists ; that their arch-pilot scarse can rule the sterne ▪ he lackes foundation , therefore still to learne how to make 's ship his harbour . o i wonder th'ore burden'd vessell crackes not quite asunder , and sinkes not downe , opprest by its owne weight , with sinfull soules so stuft , and over-freight . the high auenger ( though he seemes to faile ) with winged wrath will split their proudest saile . heau'ns yron-hand ( most slowly heau'd aloft ) falls quicke , dead-sure , and home , although not oft . all wish , for their sakes of romes simpler sort , that you might steere their vessell to the port : to the bishop of ely . how much more better may you challenge these , then all your predecessors , who in ease , and sloath ( you being consider'd ) did neglect that which deserues a crowne , or good respect : these then the heralds may thinke rather due , not to your place of state , but vnto you . embleme 23. vnvm ✚ et ✚ altervm ✚ divinvm ✚ religion still its owne , cannot be lost , nor from it selfe diuorc'd , though to the most , who iudge by guesse and slight formality , there might appeare schisme in diuinity : when not diuinity , which cannot change , but humane reason to schismes vild doth range : for so the fruites of diuers plants may seeme diuers in quality : and men may deeme nature hath err'd in such a serious course , when both consider'd be the same in force . you , that best iudge of schismes , can clearely see , error term'd truth , and truth term'd heresie . to the lord zovcu : see , how a worthy spirit not imployde may seeme to lookers on , or vaine , or voyd : these golden peeces thus vnshap't , vncoin'd , seeme as if worth and they were quite disioyn'd : when brasse or copper being stamp't or fram'd into the shape of plate , is oft misnam'd , and oft mistaken for the purest gold : but you are ever actiue , and vnfold your pretious substance , that your selfe may take , honours true stampe ; what 's counterfeite forsake . embleme 24. chiaro ✚ qvieto ✚ profondo ✚ e. ✚ divino . heere phoebus and the sacred sisters sit , chiefely attending harmonie , and wit : who stay to heare the dying swans to sing sad epods ; riding on the thespian spring . heere the wingd-horses hoofe digs vp that well whence gurgle streames of art , and sacred skill . divines ( like pegasus ) divinely mooue in man , springs of profound , and precious loue to heav'nly wisedome ; who t'ech passing by , poynts out the path-way to eternitie . and whilst you doe your noble thoughts confine to what divines preach , you become divine . to the lord windsor . me thinkes , i see in this , the true estate of man still subiect to a lucklesse fate : as if the greatest crosse did represent the generall curse , which even all over went. from adam to his wretched progeny : the lesser crosses which accompany the greater , be each severall haplesse chance : and all together shew , that ignorance is irrecoverably blind , where none prevents what happens thus to every one . but you doe well support the waightiest crosses with patience , and esteeme them but light losses . embleme 25. pace ✚ a ✚ glieletti ✚ e ✚ gverra ✚ a ✚ gliempi ✚ e ✚ rei . yee , whose blind folly doth not so maintaine a former choice , but yee may chuse againe : and yee , whose innocence ( not knowing yet the worse from better ) carelesly doth let both rest vnchosen : now begin to make your new , or first choise , and heere wisely tak e the patterne : if you would encline to peace , loue bookes with vertue stor'd , so will decrease your troubles : those will bring such powerfull fame , as shall the sternest lyon soonest tame . experience leades thee to this certaine choice , chuse then at first , to grieue , or to reioice . you haue already chosen true content : nor needs your honour euer to repent . to the lord wentvvorth . leopards haue euer ranked bin among those nobler beasts , which are both swift & strong . swiftnes alludes to a dexteritie , or quicke dispatch without temeritie . their strength alludes to iudgement which indures , when flashing wit no long delight assures . make these your owne , and then you beare display'd , your scutchions morrall , in your selfe pourtray'd . embleme 26. iovis ✚ apollinis ✚ et ✚ minervae ✚ ioue , phoebus , and minerua were assign'd , to be the three chiefe ornaments of mind . ioue figur'd prouidence , minerua , wit , phoebus , content : and all that purchas'd it well are they seated in a holy place , to shew the continent of all , is grace : it seemes that you haue well consider'd thus : the fair'st of titles is , religious . to the lord darcie . these health-preseruing leaues thus inly fixt amongst the crosselets ; shew , heau'ns fauours mixt with all calamities that seaze on man , if patiently he entertaine them can . to find cure then for crosses , looke aboue : see , ill made well by heau'ns all-curing loue . embleme 27. et ✚ tenebrae ✚ factae ✚ svnt ✚ sleepe , being the type of death : darknesse must be the shade of that , which we euanisht see : men so departed , that it may be said , a bird , as well , as such a man , is dead : chase , while thou liu'st , the cloudes of death away : or dying , neuer looke to see more day . you haue on earth , so studied heau'ns delight , that you can neuer be obscur'd : though night should threaten to obscure noone-day , yet will your noble mind vanquish deaths darkest ill . to the lord wotton . setled afflictions may be well express't vnder this forme of crosses , which men blest haue still indur'd to proue their patience : but i would rather in another sence haue this appli'de to such a man , whose vowes haue fixt him to the faith christs church allowes : and such a man ( scorning vngrounded wrongs ) are you , to whom this fixed crosse belongs . embleme 28. tempvs ✚ coronat ✚ indvstriam . th' ascending path that vp to wisedome leades is rough , vneuen , steepe : and he that treades therein , must many a tedious danger meet , that , or trips vp , or clogs his wearied feet : yet led by labour , and a quicke desire of fairest ends scrambles , and clambers higher then common reach : still catching to holde fast on strong'st occasion , till he come at last vp to her gate , where learning keepes the key , and lets him in , her best things to suruay : there he vnkend ( though to himselfe best knowne ) takes rest , till time presents him with a crowne : in quest of this rich prize , your toyle 's thus graced : euer to be in times best border placed . to the lord stanhope . this enterchang'd variety of furre , and naked quarters , fitly doe concurre . to shew the seasonable contenting store that rich wise men inioy , alike with poore : both are prouided ( lest they might take harme ) to keepe their innocence , both safe and warme . embleme 29. bis ✚ interimitvr ✚ qvi ✚ svis ✚ armis ✚ perit ✚ imagine heere , christ strongly fortifi'd , against the popes bold herefie and pride : and thinke , whilst his accomplices combine the castle of christs truth , to vndermine ; a flame breakes forth , which doth consume them all : so seeking his , they meete with their owne fall . and thus whilst heretickes ( like wretched elues ) out-stare the truth , they doe condemne themselues , subiected to the twofold victory of truth , and of their owne impietie . take refuge then , in heau'ns eternall rest , and see christs foes against themselues addrest . to the lord carevv . the noblest parts of wisedome , as cleare wit , high courage , and such vertues kinne to it : should ever be proceeding , and goe on forward , as seeme these lyons ; vrg'd of none . so ( like to these ) you keepe a passant pace , till wisedome seate you in your wished place . embleme . 30. virtvs ✚ vnita ✚ fortior ✚ forces vnited geminate their force , and so doth vertue : never should remorse nor obstacle restraine that man , who may strengthen his vertues by a noble way : who cannot perfect be , needes not repent to add his owne t' anothers president . and he that is entire may therewithall , by others helpe proue more effectuall . so helpe me learning , as i doe not know , where i this embleme fitter may bestowe . to the lord haye . beauties chiefe elements of white and red is all that in your coate is figured : nor is it needfull , any thing should be added to this most copious mysterie : gules vpon argent to conceit are playne , and pourtray out a life without all staine . embleme 31. meritvm ✚ sibi ✚ mvnvs ✚ see bountie seated in her best of pride , whose fountaines never ebbe , ever full tide at every change : see , from her streaming heart , how rivulets of comfort doe impart to worth dryde vp by want ; and to asswage the drought of vertue in her pilgrimage . looke , how her wide-stretcht , fruit-befurnisht hand vnlockt to true desert , do's open stand : but if she should not be deserts regarder , yet is it , in itselfe , it s owne rewarder . this emblem 's not presented ( noble sir ) your bounteous nature to awake , or stir : for you are bounties almner , and do's know , how to refraine , destribute , or bestow . to the three lordes chiefe ivstices . by these life-lengthning lozenges , are show'n cares to cure ills , by times corruption grow'n ▪ to comfort vertues heart , at point to die of a consumption , and doth bed-rid lie : this starre , that iustice is , which is not blind , ( as th' ancient hieroglyphickes her defin'd ) but searcheth out with quicke discerning eye th'hard difference twixt faith and fallacy . these birds , as yet vnlearnt to light on earth , figure that iustice , which from heau'n ha's birth , and scornes to looke so low , as base respect of its owne priuate ends , and truth neglect . care , truth , and iustice thus vnite , we see make in their goodnesse mixt , a sympathy , on whose ioynt pinions the realmes peace vp-towres t' her chaire of state , subsisteted by your powres . embleme 32. sic ✚ vbiqve ✚ she that illuminates the midnight , may be well admitted to take rest all day : yet haue our antique poets rather made night-wandring luna t' haue a daily trade ; reporting , that by day she takes delight to hunt wilde creatures , and then shines at night : teaching ( or i mistake ) how magistrates should quell disorders in all ciuill states . in darknesse they should watchfull insight keepe , to hunt out vice , when men are thought asleepe : for mischiefe ( as in darknesse ) skulkes disguis'd , and therefore needs some watchfully aduis'd , who hauing sented out this secret game , may then pursue them to a publicke shame . but your deepe wisedomes , better know , then this , what in our common-weale most needfull is . a catalogue of the nobility of england, scotland, and ireland with an addition of the baronets of england, the dates of their patents, the seuerall creations of the knights of the bath, from the coronation of king iames, to this present. collected by t.w. most exact catalogue of the nobilitie of england, scotland, and ireland walkley, thomas, d. 1658? 1630 approx. 84 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 23 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2003-01 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a14671 stc 24974 estc s101308 99837124 99837124 1434 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a14671) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 1434) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1475-1640 ; 979:08) a catalogue of the nobility of england, scotland, and ireland with an addition of the baronets of england, the dates of their patents, the seuerall creations of the knights of the bath, from the coronation of king iames, to this present. collected by t.w. most exact catalogue of the nobilitie of england, scotland, and ireland walkley, thomas, d. 1658? [2], 14, [28] p. printed [by eliz. allde] for t. walkley, london : 1630. t.w. = thomas walkley. printer's name from stc. printer's device (mckerrow 310) on title page. another edition of stc 24973.5, published in 1628 with title: a most exact catalogue of the nobilitie of england, scotland, and ireland. reproduction of original in the british library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng heraldry -great britain -early works to 1800. england -nobility -registers -early works to 1800. scotland -nobility -registers -early works to 1800. ireland -nobility -registers -early works to 1800. great britain -nobility -early works to 1800. 2002-03 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2002-03 spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images 2002-04 tcp staff (oxford) sampled and proofread 2002-04 emma (leeson) huber text and markup reviewed and edited 2002-05 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion a catalogve of the nobility of england , scotland , and ireland . vvith an addition of the baronets of england , the dates of their patents , the seuerall creations of the knights of the bath , from the coronation of king iames , to this present . collected by t. w. london , printed for thomas walkley , and are to be sold at his shop at the signe of the eagle and child at brittaines bursse . 1630. a catalogue of the nobiliti● of england . duk●s . george villers duke , marque●se , and earle of buckingham , and couentry , viscount villers , baro● of whadden , i●fra atatem . marquesses . iohn pawlet marquesse of winchester , earle of wiltshire , and lord st. iohn of basing . earles . thomas howard earle of arundell and surrey , earle marshall of england , and knight of the garter . robert vere earle of oxford , viscount bulbec , lord samford , and vadilsmere . henry percy earle of northumberland , lord poy●ings , fitz-payne , and brian , knight of the garter . george talbot earle of shrewesbury , lord talbot● furniuall , verdon , and strange of blakemere . henry gray earle of kent , lord ruthin . william stanley earle of derby , lord stanley , strange of knoking , and of the i le of man , knight of the garter . henry somerset earle of worcester , lord herbert of chepstow , ragland , and gower . francis mannors earle of rutland , lord ros of hamelake , beluoir , and trusbut , knight of the garter . francis clifford earle of cumberland , lord clifford● westmerland , and vesey . edward radcliffe earle of sussex , viscount fitz-wal●er , lord egremont , and burnell . henry hastings earle of huntington , lord hastings hungerford , botreaux , moeles , and molyns , edward bourchier earle of bath , and lord fitz-warin . thomas wriothesley , earle of southampton , and baron wrioth●sley of titchfield . francis russell earle of bedford , and lord russell . philip herbert earle of pembroke and montgomery● baron ●erbert of cardiffe and shirland , lord parre and roos , of kenda● , marmion , and st. quintin , lord cham●erlaine of his maiesties houshold , and knight of the gar●er . william seymour earle of hartford , and baron beauchamp . rob●rt deuereux earle of essex , viscount hereford , and bourchier , lord ferrers of chartly , bourchier , and louayne . theophilus fynes earle of lincolne , and lord clinton . charles howard earle of nottingham , and lord howard of e●●ingham . earles made by king iames . theophilus howard earle of suffolke , lord howard of walden , and knight of the garter . edward sackuile earle of dorset , and baron buckhurst , knight of the garter , and lord chamberlaine to the queenes maiestie . william cecill earle of salisbury , viscount cramborne , and baron cecill of essinden , knight of the garter . william cecill earle of exceter , baron burghley , knight of the garter . robert carr earle of somerset , viscount rochester , and baron of branspath , knight of the garter . iohn egerton earle bridgewater , viscount brackley , and baron ellesmere . robert sidney earle of leicester , viscount lifle , and baron sidney of penshurst . spencer compton earle of northampton , baron compton of compton . robert rich earle of warwicke , and lord rich of leeze . william cauendish earle of deuonshire , and baron cauendish of hardwicke , infra aetatem . iames hamilton earle of cambridge , marquesse of hamilton , earle of arran , baron of euen , and aberbroth , master of the horse to his maiestie . iames stuart earle of march , duke of lenox , lord aubigny , baron of leighton , bromeswold , lord darnley , mertiuen , and st. andrews . iames hay earle of carlile , viscount doncaster , lord hay of sauley , and knight of the garter . william fielding earle of denbigh , viscount fielding , and baron of newenham-padox . iohn digby earle of bristoll , and baron digby of shirborne . leonell cranfield earle of middlesex , and baron cranfield of cranfield . charles villers earle of anglesey , lord dauentrey . henry rich earle of holland , baron kensington , of kensington , capt. of the gard , and knight of the garter . iohn hollis earle of clare , lord houghton of houghton . oliuer st. iohn earle of bullingbroke , lord st. iohn of bletso . mildmay fane earle of westmerland , lord le de-spencer , and burghwash . earles made by king charies . william knowles earle of banbery , viscount wallingford , and lord knowles of grayes , knight of the garter . henry montague earle of manchester , viscount mandeuile , and lord kymbolton , lord priuy seale . thomas howard earle of barkeshire , viscount ando●ner , and lord charlton , knight of the garter . thomas wentworth earle of cleueland , lord wentworth of nettelsted . edmond she●●ield , earle of mulgraue , lord she●field of butterwick , and knight of the garter . henry danuers earle of danby , lord danuers of dantzy . robert cary earle of monmouth , lord cary of lepington . henry ley earle of marleburgh , and lord ley of ley. edward denny earle of norwich , and lord den●y of waltham . thomas darcie earle riuers , viscount colchester , and lord darcie of chich. robert bartu earle of lindsey , and lord willoughby of eresby , lord great chamberlaine , knight of the garter . william cauendish earle of new-ca●tell , viscount mansfield , lord boulfouer , and ogle . henry cary earle of douer , viscount rochford , and lord hunsdon . iohn mordant earle of peterborough , lord mordant of turuey . henry gray earle of standford , lord gray of groby , bonuille , and harington . elizabeth finch countesse of winchelsey , and viscountesse maidstone . robert perpoint earle of kingston vpon hull , viscount newarke vpon trent , and lord perpoint of hobnes perpoint . robert dormere earle of carna●uan , viscount asco● , and lord dormere of wing . mount-ioy blount earle of newport , lord mount-ioy of thurueston . philip stanhop earle of chesterfield , and lord stanhop of shelford . nicholas tufton earle of the i le of thanet , and lord tufton of tufton . richard de burgh earle of st. albons● and clanrickard , viscount tunbridge , and galloway , baron of somerhill , and imanuey . viscounts . anthony browne viscount montague of cowdrey . viscounts made by king iames . iohn villers viscount purbecke , lord of stoke . william ●ines viscount say and seale , lord say , and seale . viscounts made by king charles . edward cecill viscount wimbleton , and baron cecill of putney . thomas sauage viscount rock sauage . edward conway viscount conway , and killultagh , and baron conway of ragley , lord president of his maiesties priuie councell . paul baynening viscount baynening of sudbury , and lord baynening of hookesley . edward noell viscount camden , baron noell of ridlington . dudley carleton viscount dorchester , and lord carleton of imbercourt , principall secretarie . thomas wentworth viscount wentworth , baron wentworth of wentworth , wood-house , new-march , and ouer●ley . bishops . george abbot , archbishop of canterbury . samuel harsnet , archbishop of yorke . william laude , bishop of london . iohn howson bishop of durham . richard neile , bishop of winchester . thomas doue , bishop of peterborough . francis godwine , bishop of hereford . iohn thorneburgh , bishop of worcester . iohn buckridge , bishop of ely. thomas morton , bishop of couentry and lichfi●ld . lewes baily , bishop of bangor . iohn bridgeman , bishop of chester . theophilus field , bishop of st. dauids . iohn williams , bishop of lincolne . iohn dauenant , bishop of salisbury . robert wright , bishop of bristoll . godfrey goodman , bishop of gloucester . f●ancis white , bishop of norwich . io●uah hall , bishop of exeter . william murray , bishop of landaffe . richard mountagu , bishop of chichester . walter curle , bishop of bath and wells . richard corbet , bishop of oxford . barnabas potter , bishop of carlile . iohn owen , bishop of st. ashaph . iohn bowle , bishop of rochester . barons . henry clifford , lord clifford elde●t sonne of francis earle of cumberland . henry neuill lord abergauenny . maruin touchet lord awdeley of highleigh . algernon percie , lord percie , eldest sonne of henry earle of northumberland . iames stanley , lord strange , eldest sonne of william earle of derby . charles west lord delaware , infra aetatem . g●orge barkeley , lord barkeley of barkeley castle . henry parker , lord morley and montegle . richard lennard , lord dacres of hurst-monseux . henry stafford , lord stafford of stafford , infra ●tat●● . edward sutton , lord dudley of dudley castle . edward stourton , lord stourton of stourton . iohn darcie , lord darcie , and mennell . edward vaux , lord vaux of of harrowden . thomas windsor , lord windsor of bradenham . thomas cromwell , lord cromwell of ockha● . william eure , lord eure of whitton . philip wharton , lord wharton of wharton . william willoughby , lord willoughby of parham● william paget , lord paget of beaudesert . dudley north , lord north of carthlage . george bridges , lord shandos of sudley , infra ●ta●●● . barons made by king iam●s . william peter , lord peter of writtell . dutton gerard , lord gerard of gerards bro●ley . william spencer , lord spencer of wormleighto● . charles stanhop , lord stanhop of harrington . thomas arundell , lord arundell of wardour . christopher roper , lord tenham of tenham , infra aetatem . edward montagu , lord montagu of kimbolton , eldest sonne of henry earle of manchester . basell fielding , lord newnham paddocks , eldest so● of william earle of denbigh . robert greuill , lord brooke of bea●champ court. edward montagu lord montagu of boughto● . william gray , lord gray of warke . francis leake , lord denicourt of s●tton . richard roberts , lord roberts of truro . edward conway , lord conway of rag●ey , eldest sonne of edward visco●nt conway . barons made by king charles . horace v●re , lord vere of ti●bury , master of the ordnance . oliuer st. iohn , lord tregoze of highworth . william crauen , lord crauen of hamsteed marsh●ll . thomas bellassise , lord falconbridge of yarom . richard louelace , lord louelace of hurley . iohn pawlet , lord pawlet of hinton st. george . william h●rny , lord herny of kidbrooke . thomas brudenell , lord brudenell of stouton . william maynard , lord maynard of estaines . thomas couentry , lord couentry of alesborough , lord keeper of the great seale of england . edward howard , lord howard of est●ricke . richard weston , lord weston of ●eyla●d , lord high treasur●r of england , knight of the garter . ●eorge gor●ing , lord goreing of hurstperpoint . iohn mohun● lord mohun of o●●hampton . iohn sa●ill● lord sauill of pomfret . iohn bu●ler , lord butler of bram●ield . f●ancis l●igh , lord dunsemore . william h●rbert , lord powys of powys . edward herbert , lord herbert of chierbury . a catalogue of the dukes , marquesses , e●rles , viscounts , and barons of scotland . dukes . iames stuart duke of lennox , earle of march , lord da●ley● methuen , st. andrews , and aubigny , and ad●irall and chamberla●ne of scotland by inheritance . marqu●sses . iames hamiltone marquesse hamilton , earle of arran , and cambridge , lord auen , inordaill , and aberbroth , master of the horse to his maiestie . george gordoun marquesse huntley , earle of enzy , and lord strathbolgie . earles . william douglas earle of angus , lord douglas , and t●ntallon . archbald campbell earle of argyle , lord lorne , and kintine . george lindesey earle of crauford , lord glenesh , and fineuin . francis hay earle of erroll , lord hay of slains , con●table of scotland by inheritance . william keith earle mar●hall , lord dunoter , and marshall of scotland by inh●ritance . iohn gordon earle of sutherland , lord strathn●uer , and dunrobin . iohn erskeine earle of ma●r , and carioch , lord erskeine● and breichin , trea●u●er of scotland . iohn grahame earle of menteeth , lord , &c. iohn lesley earle of rothes , lord lesley , and ba●breigh . william douglas earle of morton , lord dalkeith , and aberdour . iames grahame earle of montros , lord kincairne , and mugdock . alexander seton earle of eglenton , lord mountgomery . iohn keneday earle of cassils , lord keneday . george st. claire earle ca●teynes , lord b●rredaill . alexander cunnighame earle of glencarne , lord kilmauris . iames erskeine earle of buchan , lord aughter●ous . iames stuart earle of murray , lord donne , and st. columb●inch . iohn mu●ray earle of athole , lord , &c. earles made by king iames . robert maxwell earle of ni●hisdale , lord maxwell , and cartauerock . george setone earle of wintoun , and lord setone . alexander leuinstone earle of linlithgou , lord kalendar . iames hume earle of hume , lord dungals . iohn drumond earle of perth , lord drumond , and hobhall . charles setone earle of dunfermeline , lord fyuie , and vrquarte . fl●iming earle of vigtoune , lord cumber●●rd . iohn layon earle of kingorne . iames hamilton earle of abercorne , lord dasley , iames kere earle of louthian , lord heubotill . patrick murray earle of tullibardine , lord murray . robert kere earle of roxbrugh , lord c●ssfing . thomas erskeine earle of kelly , viscount fentone , lord diriltone . walter scot earle of buckcleuch , lord , &c. thomas hamilton earle of hadingtoune , lord byning , and byris , lord priuy seale . alexander stuart earle of galloway , lord garleis . collen mac-enzie earle of seafort , lord kintaill . iohn murray earle of anandill , viscount anan , lord lochmabine . iohn maitland earle of lauderdale , viscount maitland , and lord thirilstone , and lethingtone . iames stuart earle of carrick , lord kincleuine . viscounts . henry carey , viscount falkland . henry cunstable , viscount dunbar . dauid murray , viscount stormouth , lord scone . william crightone , viscount aire , lord sanquhair . george hay , viscount dupleine , lord hay of kinfauns , lord high chamberlaine of scotland . iohn gordon , viscount melgum , lord aboyne . william douglas , viscount drumlanrick , &c. barons . lindesay , lord lindesay . iohn forbes , lord forbes . ab●rnete , lord saltoun . andrew gray , lord gray of fouils . iames stuart , lord vchiltrie . ca●hcarte , lord cathc●rte . lord caruill● iohn hay lord yester . iames semple , lord s●mple . henry st. clair , lord st. clair of rauensheogh . maxewell , lord heries . alexander elphingstone , lord elphingstone . lawrence oliphant , lord oliphant . simon foaser , lord lo●at . iames ogiluey , lord ogiluey . borthwick , lord borthwick● robert rosse , lord rosse . thomas boyde , lord boyde . sandelius , lord torphichen . alexander lindesay , lord spynnie . patrick lesley , lord londoers . cambell , lord loudon . thomas bruce , baron kinlosse . iohn elphingstone , lord balmerinoch . iames colueill , lord colueill . iames stuart , lord blantyre . robert balfour , lord burleigh . adam bothuell , lord holyrudehouse . iohn drumund , lord madertie . iames elphingstone , lord cooper . iohn cranstone , lord cranstone . ogiluey , lord deskford . robert melueill , lord melueill . dauid carnagay , lord carnagay . iohn ramsay , lord ramsay . carr , lord iedbrough . campbell , lord kintyir . naiper , lord naiper of marcheston . thomas fairfax , lord cameron . edward barret , lord newbrough . walter aston , lord forfare . iohn weymes , lord weymes . elizabeth richardson , baronesse of craumond , wife to sir thomas richardson , chiefe iustice of his maiesties court of common pl●●s . iohn stuart , lord traquair . donald macky , lord rae . robert dalzell , lord dalzell . a catalogue of the earles , viscounts , & barons of ireland● george fitz-gerald earle of kildare . walt●r butler earle of ormond . henry obri●n earle of thomond . richard burgh earle of clanricard . mernen to●chet earle of castell-hauen . richard boyle earle of corke . randall mac-donell earle of antrim . richard nugent earle of westmeath . iames dillon earle of roscomman . thomas ridgway earle of london derry . william brabazen earle of eastmeath . dauid barry earle of barrymore , & viscount ●o●teuant . gorge fielding earle of desmond & viscount callon . iohn vaughan earle of carbury , and lord vaughan of mol●ingar . william pope earle of downe , and baron bealterbert . luc●s plunket earle of ●inga●le , & lord of killene . viscounts . i●●ico p●eston viscount of gormanston . d●●id ●●che viscount of fermoy . richard ●●tler● viscount mo●ntgarret . richa●d wing●ield viscount powerscourt . o●●●er st. iohn viscount grandison . charles wilmot viscount wilmot of athlone . henry poore viscount of valentia . garret moore viscount of drogh●da . chris●opher dillon viscount dillon of costellagh-galni● nicholas netteruill viscount netteruill of dowthe . hugh montgomery viscount montgomery of the ardes . iames hamilton viscount clanhughboy . adam loftus viscount loftus of ely. thomas beaumont viscount beaumont of swords . anth. mac-enos alias magennis , visc. magennis of euagh . thomas cromwell viscount l●cale . edward chichester viscount chichester of carigfergus . dominick sarsfield viscount sarsfield of roscarbery . robert neede●am viscount kilmurry . thomas somerset viscount somerset of cassell . edward conway viscount of killultagh . nicholas sanderson vis●ount of castl●towne . thomas roper viscount of baltinglas . theobald burgh viscoun● of maio. lewes boyle viscount boyle of kynalmeaky . roger iones viscount of rannelagh . george chaworth viscount chaworth of ardmagh . barnham swift visco●●t carlingford . thomas sauile viscount sauile of castle-bar . iohn scudamore , baron scudamore of dromore , and viscount scudamore of sligo . robert cholmundeley visco . cholmundeley of kellis . thomas smith viscount strangford . richard lumley viscount lumley of waterford . richard wenman viscount wenman of tuan , and baron wenman of kilmanham . iohn taffe viscount corine , and baron of ballimote . william mounson viscount mounson of castle-mayne , and baron mounson of bellinguard . charles mac-carty viscount of muskry . richard mulenux viscount mulenux of mariburgh . thomas fairfax viscount fairfax of emmely . thomas fitz-william viscount fitz-william of meryung , and baron fitz-william of thorne-castle . perce butler viscount kerine . barons . richard bermingham , lord bermingham of athenry . iohn courcy , lord courcy of kinsale . thomas fitz-morrice , lord of kerry , and lixnawr . thomas fleming , lord of slane . nicholas st. lawrence , lord of hothe . patrick plunket , lord of dunsany . robert barnwell , lord of trimleston . edmund butler , lord of dunboyne . teige mac-gilpatrik , lord of vpper o●sery . oliuer plunket , lord of lough . iohn power , lord corraghmore . morrogh obrien , lord of inchequin . edmund burgh , lord burgh of castle-connell . thomas butler , lord of cahir . mont-ioy blunt , lord mont-ioy of mont-ioy fort. oliuer lambert , lord lambert of cauan . theobald burgh , lord burgh of britas . andrew steward , lord of castle-steward . iames balfoure , lord balfoure of clan-awley . henry folliet , lord folliet of ballishenam . william maynard , lord maynard of wicklogh . edward gorges , lord gorges of dundalke . robert digby , lord digby of geshell . william heruy , lord heruy of rosse . william fitz-william , lord fitz-william of liffer . william caufield , lord caufield of charlemont . henry docwray , lord docwray of culmore . edward blany , lord blany of monagham . francis aungier , lord aungier , of long-ford . lawrence esmond , lord esmond of lymerick . dermond omallum , lord omallum of glan omallum . william br●rton , lord brerton of laghlin . edward herbert lord herbert of castle-iland . george caluert , lord baltimore . hugh hare , lord colerane of colerane . william sherard , lord sherard of letrim . roger boyle , lord boyle , baron of broghill . brian mac-guier , baron of iniskillin . francis ansley , lord mount-norris . the names of baronets made by king iames and king charles , at seuerall times ; as followeth . anno 9. & 44. iacobi regis , 1611. sir nicholas bacon of redgraue , in the county of ●●●●folke knight , created baronet the 22. day of may , anno praedicto . sir richard molineux of se●ton in the county of lancaster knight , created baronet the 22. day of may , anno praedicto . sir thomas maunsell of morgan , in the county of clamorgan knight , created baronet the 22. day of may anno praedicto . george shyrley of staunton , in the county of leicester esquire , created baronet the 22. day of may , vt supra . sir iohn stradling of st. donates , in the county of glamorgan knight , teste vt supra . thomas pe●ham of lawghton , in the county of sussex esquire , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir francis leake of sutton , in the county of derby knight , teste vt supra . sir richard houghton of houghton-tower , in the county of lancaster knight , teste vt supra . sir henry hobart of intwood , in the county of norfolke knight , teste vt supra . sir george booth of dunham massie in the county of chester knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir iohn peyton of hisman , in the county of cambridge knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . lionell talmache of h●mingham , in the county of suffolke esquire , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir i●ruis clifton of clif●on , in the county of derby knight , created baronet , teste v● supra . sir thomas gerrard of brim in the county of lancaster knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir walter aston of titfall , in the county of stafford kn●ght , created baronet , teste vt supra . philip kneuet of bucknam esquire , in the county of norfolke , teste vt supra . sir iohn s● . iohn of lediard tregos , in the couty of wilts knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . iohn shelly of michelgroue , in the county of sussex esquire , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir iohn sauage of rock-sauage , in the county of chester knight , created baronet the 29. day of iune , anno 9. & 44. iacobi regis , anno praedicte . sir francis barington of barington-hall , in the county of essex knight , created baronet the 29. day of iune , v● supra anno praedicto . henry berkley of wymondham , in the county of l●icester esquire , created baronet the 29. day of iune , anno praedicte . william wentworth of wentworth woodhouse , in the county of yorke esquire , created baronet the 29. day of iune , vt ante an . praed . sir richard musgraue of hartley-castle , in the county of vvestmerland knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . edward seimoure of bury-castle , in the county of deuon esquire , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir miles finch of eastwell , in the county of kent knig. created baronet , teste vt supra . sir anthony cope of harwell , in the county of oxford knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir thomas mounson of carleton , in the county of lincolne knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . george griesley of drakelow , in the county of derby esquire , created baronet , teste vt supra . paul tracy of stanway , in the county of glocester esquire , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir iohn wentworth of g●ffield , in the county of essex knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir henry bellassis of newbrough , in the county of yorke knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . william constable of flambrough , in the county of yorke esquire , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir thomas legh of stoneley , in the county of vvarwicke knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir edward noell of brooke , in the county of rutland knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir robert cotton of connington , in the county of lincolne knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . robert cholmondeleigh of cholmondeleigh , in the county of chester esquire , created baronet , teste vt supra . iohn molineux of teuershalt , in the county of notting●am esquire , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir francis wortley of vvortley , in the county of yorke knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir george sauile the elder of thornehill , in the county of yorke knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . william kniueton of mircaston , in the county of derby esquire , created baronet , ●este vt supra . sir philip woodhouse of ●imberley-hall , in the county of norfolke knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir william pope of vvilcot , in the county of of oxford knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir iames harrington of ridlington , in the county of rutland knight , created baronet the 29. day of iune , anno praed . sir henry sauile of metheley , in the county of yorke knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . henry willoughby of risley , in the county of derby esquire , created baronet , teste vt supra . lewis tresham of rushton , in the county of northhampton esquire , created baronet , teste vt supra . thomas brudenell of de●ne , in the county of northampton esquire , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir george st. paul of snarford , in the county of lincolne knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir philip tirwhit of s●amefield , in the county of lincolne kight , created baro●et , t●ste vt supra . sir rog●r da●lison o● laughton , in the county of lincolne knight , created baronet the 29. day of iune , anno pred . sir edward carre of sleford , in the county of lincolne knight , creat●d baro●et , teste vt supra . sir edward h●ssey of henington , in the county of lincolne knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . le strange mord●nt of massi●gham parua , in the county of nor●●lke esquire , created baronet the 29. day of iun● . anno pred . thomas bendish of steeple bumsteed , in the county of essex esquire , creat●d baronet the 29. day of iune , anno predicto vt supra . sir iohn winne of gwidder , in the county of carnaruon knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir william throckmorton of t●rtworth , in the county of gloucester knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir richard worsley of appledorecombe , in the county of southampton knight created baronet , teste vt supra . richard fleet-wood of cakewish , in the county of stafford e●quire , created baronet , teste vt supra . thomas spencer of yardington , in the county of oxford esquire , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir iohn tufton of hothfield , in the county of k●nt knight , created baronet the 29. day of iune , anno praedictae . sir samuel peyton of knowlton , in the county of kent knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir charles morrison of cashiobury , in the county of hertford , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir henry baker of sissinghurst , in the county of kent knight , created baronet , teste v● supra ● roger appleton of southbemsteet , in the county of essex esquire , created baronet , teste vt sup . sir william sedley of ailesford , in the county of kent knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir william twisden of east-peckham , in the county of kent knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir edward hales of woodchurch , in the county of kent knight , created baronet the 29. day of iune , vt william monyus of walwa●sher , in the county of kent esquire , created baronet , teste vt supra . thomas milemay of mulsham , in the county of essex esquire , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir william maynard of easton parua , in the county of essex knight , created baronet the 29. day of iune , anno praedicto . henry lee of quarrendon , in the county of buckingham esquire , created baronet , teste vt supra . these last baronets which be in number 52. beare date all 29. day of iune , anno supradicto . and the other 18. which be first , doe all beare date 22. day of may , an. supradicto . anno 10. & 45. iacobi regis , 1612. sir iohn portman of orchard , in the county of somerset knight , created baronet the 25. day of nouember , anno pred . sir nicholas saunderson of saxby , in the county of lincolne , created baroned the 25. day of nouember the an. praed . sir miles sandes of wilberton within the i le of ely knight , created baronet , teste vt surra . william gostwicke of willington , in the county of bedford esquire , created baronet the 25. day of nouember anno praedicto . thomas puckering of weston , in the county of hertford esquire , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir william wray of glentworth , in the county of lincolne knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir william ailoffe of braxted magna , in the county of essex knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir marmaduke wiuell of custable-burton , in the county of yorke knight , created baronet , the 25. day of nouember , anno pred . iohn peshall of horsley , in the county of stafford esquire , created baronet , teste vt supra . francis englefield of wotton basset , in the county of wilts esquire , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir thomas ridgway of torre , in the county of deuon knight , created baronet , teste vt supra william essex of bewcot , in the county of berkeshire esquire , created baronet the 25. day of nouember , anno praed . sir edward gorges of langford , in the county of wilts knight , created baronet the 25. day of nouember , anno praed . edward deuereux of castle bramwitch , in the county of warwicke , esquire , created baronet , teste vt supra . reginald mohun of buckonnock , in the county of cornwall esquire , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir harbottle grimstone of bradfield , in the county of essex knight , created baronet , teste vt supra . sir thomas holt of aston iuxta byrmingham , in the county of warwicke knight , created baronet the 25. day of nouember , anno praed . sir robert napar alias sandy of lewton-how , in the county of bedford knight , created baronet , teste 24● day of september , anno pred . paul bayning of in the county of essex esquire , created baronet the sir thomas temple of in the county of buckingham knight , created baronet the day of thomas peneystone of in the county of sussex esquire , created baronet the anno 13. & 48. iacobi regis 1615. thomas blackston of blackston , in the county and bishopiicke of durham , created baronet the 8. day of iune , anno praed . sir robert dormer of wing , in the county of buckingham knight , created baronet the 10. day of iune , anno praed . and created baron dormer of wing , the thirty of iune , anno praed . anno 15. & 50. iacobi regis , 1616. sir rowland egerton of egerton , in the county of chester knight , created baronet the 5. day of aprill an pred . roger towneshend of rainham , in the county of norffo●ke esquire , created baronet the 16. day of aprill , anno praed . simon clerke of sulford , in the county of warwicke esquire , created baronet the first day of may , anno pred . anno 15. & 51. iacobi regis , 1617. sir richard lucy of broxborne , in the county of hertford knight , created baronet the 11. day of march , anno praed . anno 16. & 51. iacobi regis , 1618. sir mathew boynton bramston in the county of yorke knight , created baronet the 25. day of may. an . praed . thomas littleton of fr●nkley , in the county of worcester esquire , created baronet the 25. day of iuly , anno praed . anno 16. & 52. iacobi regis , 1618. sir francis leigh of newneham , in the county of warwicke knight , created baronet , the 24. day of december , anno praed . george morton of st. andrewes milborne , in the county of dorset esquire , created baronet the first day of march , an . praed . anno 17. & 52. iacobi regis , 1619. sir william heruy knight , created baronet the 31. day of may , an . praed . thomas mackworth of normanton , in the county of rutland esquire , created baronet the 4. day of iune , an . prad . william grey esquire , sonne and heire of sir ralph grey of chillingham in the county of northumberland knight , created baronet the 15. day of iune , an . praed . william villiers of brookesby , in the county of leicester esquire , created baronet the 19. day of iuly , an . praed . sir iames ley of westbury , in the county of vvilts knight , created baronet the 20. day of iuly , an . pred . william hicks of beuerston , in the county of leicester esquire , created baronet the 21. day of iuly , an . pred . anno 17. & 53. iacobi regis . sir thomas beamont of coleauerton , in the county of leicester knight , created baronet the 17. day of september , an . pred . henry salisbury of leweny , in the county of denbigh esquire , created baronet the 10. day of nouember , an . pred . erasmus driden of canons ashby , in the county of northampton esquire , created baronet the 16. day of nouember , an . pred . william armine esquire , sonne of sir william armine of osgodby , in the county of lincolne knight , created baronet the 28. of nouember , an . pred . sir william bamburgh of howson , in the county of yorke knight , created baronet the first day of december , an . pred . edward hartoppe of freathby , in the county of leicester esquire , created baronet the 2. day of december , an . pred . iohn mill of camons-court , in the county of sussex esquire , created baronet the 31. day of december , anno pred . francis radcliffe of darentwater , in the county of cumberland esquire , created baronet the 31. day of ianuary , an . pred . sir dauid foulis of ingleby , in the county of of yorke knight , created baronet the 6. day of february , an . pred . thomas philips of barrington , in the county of somerset esquire , created baronet the 16. day of february , an . pred . sir claudius forster of bambrough-castle , in the county of northumberland knight , created baronet the 7. day of march , an . praed . anthony chester of chicheley , in the county of buckingham esquire , created baronet the 23. day of march , an . praed . sir samuel tryon or layre-marney , in the county of essex knight , created baronet the 28. day of ma●ch , an . praed . anno 18. & 53. iacobi regis , 1620. adam newton of charleton , in the county of kent , esquire , created baronet the 2. day of aprill , an . pr. sir iohn boteler of hatfield-woodhall , in the county of hertford knight , created baronet the 12. day of aprill , an . pred . gilbert gerrard of harrow super montem , in the county of middlesex esquire , created baronet the 13. day of aprill , an . praed . humfrey lee of langley , in the county of salop esquire , created baronet the 3. day of may , an . praed . richard berney of park-hall in redham , in the county of norffolke esquire , created baronet the 5. day of may , an . praed . humfrey forster of aldermaston , in the county of berke esquire , created baronet the 20. day of may , anno praed . thomas biggs of lenchwicke , in the county of vvorcester esquire , created baron●t the 29. day of may , anno praed . henry bellingham of helsington , in the county of westmerland e●quire , created baronet the 30. day of may , an . praed . william yeluerton of rougham , in the county of norfolke esquire , cr●ated baronet the 31. day of may , anno praed . iohn scudamore of home lacy ● in the county of hereford esquire , created baronet the first day of iune , anno praed . sir thomas gore of stitman , in the county of yorke knight , created baronet the 2. day of iune , an . praed . iohn packington of alesbury , in the county of buckingham esquire , created baronet the 22. day of iune , an . praed . raphe ashton of leuer , in the county of lancaster esquire , created baronet the 28. of iune , an . praed . sir baptist hicks of campden , in the county of glocester knight , created baronet the first day of iuly , anno praed . sir thomas roberts of glassenbury , in the county of kent knight , created baronet the 3. day of iuly , anno praed . iohn hamner of hamner , in the county of flint esquire , creat●d baronet the 8. day of iuly , anno praedicto . edward osborne of keeton , in the county of yorke , esquire , created baronet the 13. day of iuly , anno praedicto . henry felton of playford , in the county of suffolke esquire , created baronet , the 20. day of iuly , an . praed . william chaloner of ginsborough , in the county of york● esquire , created baronet , the 21. day of iuly , an . praedicto . edward fryer of water-eaton , in the county of oxford esquire , created baronet the 22. day of iuly● an . praed . sir thomas bishop of parham , in the county of sussex knight , created baronet the 24. day of iuly , an . praed . sir francis vincent of stockdawe-barton , in the county of surrey knight , created baronet the 26. day of iuly , anno praed . anno 18. & 54. iacobi regis , 1620. henry clere of ormesby , in the county of norfolke esquire , created baronet the 27. day of february , an . praed . sir baniamin titchbourne of titchbourne , in the county of southampton knight , created baronet , the 8. day of march , an . praed . anno 19. & 54. iacobi regis , 1621. sir richard wilbraham of woodhey , in the county of chester knight , created baronet the 5. day of may , anno praed . sir thomas delues of duddington in the county of chester knight , created baronet , the 8. day of may , an. praed . sir lewis watson of rockingham castle , in the county of northampton knight , created baronet , the 23. day of iune , an. praed . sir thomas palmer of wingham , in the county of kent knight , created baronet the 29. day of iune , anno praed . sir richard roberts of trewro , in the county of cornwall knight , created baronet the 3. of iuly , an . praed . iohn riuers of chafford , in the county of kent esquire , created baronet the 19. day of iuly , an . praed . anno 19. & 55. iacobi regis , 1621. henry iernegan of cossey , alias cossese in the county of norfolke esquire , created baronet the 16. day of august , anno praed . thomas darnell of heyling , in the county of lincolne esquire , created baronet the 6. day of september , an . praed . sir isaack sidley of great charte , in the county of kent knight , created baronet the 14. day of september , anno praed . robert browne of walcot , in the county of northampton esquire , created baronet the 21. day of september , an . praed . iohn hewet of headley-hall , in the county of yorke esquire , created baronet , the 11. day of october , an . praed . sir nicholas hide of albury , in the county of hertford knight , created baronet the 8. day of nouember , an . praed . iohn philips of picton , in the county of pembroke esquire , created baronet the 9. day of nouember , an . praed . sir iohn stepney of pr●ndergast , in the county of pembroke knight , created baronet the 24. day of nouember , an . prad . baldwin wake of cleuedon , in the county of somerset esquire , created baronet the 5. day of december , anno praed . william masham of high-lauer , in the county of essex , created baronet the 19. day of december , anno praed . iohn colbrond of borham , in the county of sussex esquire , created baronet the 21. day of december , an . praed . sir iohn hotham of scorborough , in the county of yorke knight , created baronet the 4. day of ianuary , an . praed . francis mansell of mudlescombe , in the county of carmarthen esquire , created baronet the 14. day of ianuary , anno pred . edward powell of penkelley , in the county of hereford esquire , created baronet the 18. day of ianuary , an . praed . sir iohn garrard of lamer , in the county of hertford knight , created baronet the 16. day of february , an . praed . sir richard groseuenor of eaton , in the county of chester knight , created baronet the 23. day of february , an . praed . sir henry mody of garesdon , in ●he county of welts knight , created baronet the 11. day of march , anno praed . iohn barker of grimston-hall in trimley , in the county of suffolke esquire , created baronet the 17. day of march , an . praed . sir william button of alton , in the county of wilts knight , created baronet , the 18. day of of march , anno praed . anno 20. & 52. iacobi regis 1622. iohn gage of ferle , in the county of sussex esquire , ●reated baronet the 26. day of march , anno praedicto . william goring esquire , son and heire of sir henry goring of burton , in the county of sussex knight , created baronet the 14. day of may , anno pred . peter courten of aldington alias aun●on , in the county of worcester esquire , created baronet the 18. day of may , an . praed . sir richard norton of rotherfield , in the county of southampton knight , created baronet the 23. day of may , anno praed . sir iohn leuenthorpe of shinglehall , in the county of hertford knight , created baronet the 30. day of may , anno praed . capell bedell of hamerton , in the county of huntington esquire , created baronet the 3. day of iune , anno praed . iohn darell of westwoodhey , in the county of berke esquire , created baronet the 13. day of iune , an . praed . william williams of veynoll , in the county of carnaruon esq. created baronet , the 15. day of iune , an . praed . sir francis ashley of hartfield , in the county of midlesex , knight created baronet the 18. day of iune , an . praed . sir anthony ashley of st. giles wimborne , in the county of dorset knight , created baronet , the 3. day of iuly , anno pred . iohn couper of rocbourne , in the county of southampton , created baronet the 4. day of iuly , an . praed . edmund prideaux of netherton , in the county of deuon esquire , created baronet the 17. of iuly , an . praed . sir thomas heselrigge of noseley , in the county of leicester knight , created baronet the 21. day of iuly , an . praed . sir thomas burton of stockerston , in the county of leicester kni. created baronet the 22. day of iuly , anno praed . francis foliambe of walton , in the county of derby esquire , created baronet the 24. day of iuly , an . praed . edward yate of buckland in the county of berke esquire , created baronet the 30. day of iuly , an . praed . anno vicesimo & 56. iacob regis . george chudleigh of ashton , in the county of deuon esquire , created baronet the first day of august , anno praed . francis drake of buckland , in the county of deuon esquire , created baronet the 20. day of august , anno praed . william meredith of stanstie , in the county of denbigh esquire , created baronet the 13. day of august , anno praed . hugh middleton of ruthyn , in the county of denbigh esquire , created baronet the 22. day of october , anno praed . gifford thornehurst of ague-court , in the county of kent esquire , created baronet the 12. day of nouember , anno praed . percy herbert sonne and heire of sir william herbert of red-castle , in the county of montgomery knight , created baronet the 16. day nouember , an . praed . sir robert fisher of packington , in the county of warwicke knight , created baronet the 7. day of december , anno praed . hardolph wastneys of headon , in the county of nottingham , created baronet the 18. day of december . anno praed . sir henry skippwith of prestwould , in the county of leicester knight , created baronet the 20. day of december , anno praed . thomas harris of boreatton , in the county of salop esquir● , created baronet the 22. day of december , anno pred . nicholas tempest of stella , in the bishopricke of durham esquire , created baronet the 23. day of december , anno pred . francis cottington esquire , secretary to the prince charles , created baronet , the 16. day of february , anno praed . anno vicesimo primo & 56. iacobi regis . thomas harris of tong castle , in the county of salop , serieant at law , created baronet the 12. day of aprill , anno praedicto . edward barkham of southacre , in the county of norfolke esquire , created baronet the 28. day of iune , anno praedicto . iohn corbet of sprowston , in the county of norfolke esquire , created baronet the 4. day of iuly , anno praed . sir thomas playters of sotterley , in the county of suffolke knight , created baronet , the 13. day of august , anno praedicto . anno secundo caroli regis . sir iohn ashfield of nether-hall , in the county of suffolke knight , created baronet the 27. day of iuly , an . praed . henry harper of calke , in the county of derby esquire , created baronet the 8. day of september , anno praed . edward seabright of besford , in the county of worcester esquire , created baronet the 20. day of december , an . praed . iohn beaumount of gracedieu , in the county of chester esquire , created baronet the 29. day of ianuary , anno praed . sir edward dering of surrenden , in the county of kent knight , created baronet the first day of february , anno praed . george kempe of pentlone , in the county of essex , esquire , created baronet the 5. day of february , an . praed . william brereton of hanford , in the county of chester esquire , created baronet the 10. day of march , anno praed . patrick curwen of workington , in the county of cumberland esquire , created baronet the 12. day of march , an . praed . william russell of witley , in the country of worcester esquire , created baronet the 12. day of march , an . praed . iohn spencer of offley , in the county of hertford esquire , created baronet the 14. day of march , an . pred . sir giles escourt of newton , in the county of vvil●s knight , created baronet the 17. day of march , an . pred . anno t●rtio caroli regis . thomas aylesbury esquire , one of the masters of the court of request , created baroned the 19. day of aprill , an . pred . thomas style esquire , of wateringbury , in the county of kent , created baronet the 21. day of aprill , an . pred . frederick cornwallis● in the county of suffolke esquire , created baronet the day of an . pred . william skeuington , in the county of stafford created baronet the anno pred . drue drury , in the county of norfolke esquire , created baronet the an . praed . sir robert crane of chilton , in the county of suffolke knight , created baronet the day of may , an . pred . anthony wingfield of goodwins , in the county of suffolke esquire , created baronet the 17. day of may , an . praed . william culpepper of preston-hall , in the county of kent esquire , created baronet the 17. day of may , vt supra . iohn kirle of much marcle , in the county of hereford esquire , created baronet the 17. day of may , vt supra . giles bridges of wilton , in the county of hereford esquire , created baronet the 17. day of may , vt supra . sir humphrey stiles of becknam , in the county of kent knight , created baronet the 20. day of may , an . pred . henry moore of falley , in the county of berke esquire , created baronet the 21. day of may , anno praed . thomas heale of fleet , in the county of deuon esquire , created baronet the 28. day of may , anno pred . iohn carleton of holcum , in the county of oxford esquire , created baronet the 28. day of may , anno praed● thomas maples of stowe , in the county of huntingdon esquire , created baronet the 30. day of may , anno praedicto . sir iohn isham of lamport , in the county of northhampton knight , created baronet the 30. day of may , an . praed . her●y bagot of blithfield , in the county of stafford esquire , created baronet the 30. day of may , anno praed . lewis pellard of kings nimpton , in the county of deuon esquire , created baronet the 31. day of may , anno praed . francis mannock of giffordes-hall , in stoke neere neyland in the county of suffolke esquire , created baronet the first day of iune , an. praed . henry griffith of agnes burton , in the county of yorke esquire , created baronet the 7. day iune , an . praed . lodowick deyer of staughton , in the county of huntingdon esquire , created baronet the 8. day of iune , anno praed . sir hugh stewkley of hinton , in the county of northhampton knight , created baronet the 9. day of iune , an . praed . edward stanley of biggarstaffe , in the county of lancaster esquire , created baronet the 26. of iune , an . praed . edward littleton of pileton-hall , in the county of stafford esquire , created baronet the 28. day of iune , an . praed . ambrose browne of bestworth-castle , in the county of surrey esquire , created baronet the 7. day of iuly , an . praed . sackuile crowe of lanherme , in the county of carmarthen esquire , created baronet the 8. day of iuly , anno praed . michael liuesey of eastchurch , in the i le of sheppey , in the county of kent esquire , created baronet the 11. day of iuly , an . praed . simon bennet of beuhampton , in the county of buckingham esquire , created baronet the 17. day of iuly , anno praed . sir thomas fisher of the parish of st. giles , in the county of middlesex knight , created baronet the 19. day of iuly , an . praed . thomas bowyer of leghtborne , in the county of sussex esquire , created baronet the 23. day of iuly , anno praed . buts bacon of milden-hall , in the county of suffolke esquire , created baronet the 29. day of iuly , an . praed . iohn corbet of stoke , in the county of salop esquire , created baronet the 19. day of september , an . praed . sir edward tirrell of thorneton , in the county of buckingham knight , created baronet the 31. day of october , an . praed . basill dixwell of terlingham , alias gerelingham , in the county of kent esquire , created baronet the 28. day of february , anno praed . sir richard young knight , one of the gentlemen of his maiesties priuy chamber , created baronet the 10. day of march , an . prae . anno quarto caroli regis . william pennyman the younger of maske , alias marske , in the county of yorke esquire , created baronet the 6. day of may , an . praed . william stonehouse of radley , in the county of berke esquire , created baronet the 7. day of may , an . praed . sir thomas fowler of islington , in the county of middlesex knight , created baronet the 21. day of may , anno praed . sir iohn fenwick of fenwick , in the county of northumberland knight , created baronet the 9. day of iune , an . praed . sir william wray of trebitch , in the county of cornwall knight , created baronet the 30. day of iune , an . pr. iohn trelawney of trelawney , in the county of cornwall esquire , created baronet the 1. day of iuly , an . pr. iohn conyers of norden , in the bishopricke of durham gentleman , created baronet the 14. day of iuly , an . praed . iohn bolles of scampton , in the county of lincolne esquire , created baronet the 24. day of iuly , an . pr. thomas aston of aston , in the county of chester esquire , created baronet the 25. day of iuly , an . pr. kenelme ienoure of much dunmore , in the county of essex esquire , created baronet the 30. day of iuly , anno praed . iohn price of newtowne , in the county of montgomery knight , created baronet , the 15. day of august , an . praed . sir richard beaumont of whitley , in the county of yorke knight , created baronet the 15. day of august , an . pr●d . william wiseman of canfield-hall , in the county of essex esquire , created baronet the 29. day of august , an . praedicto . thomas nightingale of newport pond , in the county of essex esquire , created baronet the first day of september , an . praed . iohn iaques of in the county of middlesex , one of his maiesties gentlemen pentioners esquire , created baronet the 2. day of september , an . praed . anno quarto caroli regis . robert dillington of the i le of wight , in the county of sout●ampton esquire , created baronet the 6. day of sept●mber , anno praed . francis pile of compton , in the county of berk● esquire , created baronet the 12. day of september , anno praed . iohn pole of shut , in the county of deuon esquire , created baronet the 12. day of september , vt supra . william lewis of lang●rs , in the county of brecknock esquire , created baronet the 14. day of september , anno praed . william culpepper of wakehurst , in the county of sussex esquire , created baronet the 20. day of september , anno praed . peter van loor of tylehurst , in the county of berke esquire , created baronet the 3. day of october , anno praedicto . sir iohn lawrence of iuer , in the county of buckingham knight , created baronet the 9. day of october , an . praed . anthony slinges by of screuin , in the county of yorke esquire , created baronet the 23. day of october , anno praed . thomas vauasor of hesskewood , in the county of yorke esquire , created baronet the 24. day of october , anno praed . robert wolseley of morton , in the county of stafford esquire , created baronet the 24. day of nouember , an . praed . rice rudd of abersline , in the county of carmarthen esquire , created baronet the 8. day of december , an . praed . richard wiseman of thundersley , in the county of essex esquire , created baronet the 18. day of december , anno praed . henry ferrers of skellingthorpe , in the county of lincolne esquire , created baronet the 19. day of december , an . praed . iohn anderson of st. iues , in the county of huntingdon esquire , created baronet the 3. day of ianuary , anno praed . sir william russell of chippenham , in the county of cambridge knight , created baronet the 19. day of ianuary , anno praedicto . richard euerard of much waltham , in the county of essex esquire , created baronet the 29. day of ianuary , an . praed . thomas powell of berkenhead , in the county of chester esquire , created baronet the day of ianuary , an . praed . william luckin of waltham , in the county of essex esquire , created baronet the 2. day of march , an . praed . anno quinto caroli regis . richard graham of eske , in the county of cumberland esquire , created baronet the 29. day of march , an . praed . george twisleton of barlie , in the county of yorke esquire , created baronet the 2. day of aprill , an . praed . william acton of the city of london esquire , created baronet the 30. day of may , anno praed . nicholas le strange of hunstanton , in the county of norfolke esquire , created baronet the 1. day of iune , anno praed . edward aleyn of hatfield , in the county of essex esquire , created baronet the 28. day of inne , an. praed . richard earle of craglethorpe , in the county of lincolne esquire , created baronet the 2. day of iuly , anno praed . iohn holland of quidenham , in the county of norfolke esquire , created baronet the 15. day of iuly , an. praed . robert ducy alderman of london , created baronet the 28. day of nouember , an . praed . anno sexto caroli regis . sir richard grenuile knight and colonell , created baronet , teste apud westmonasterium , decimo nono die aprilis , anno regni nostri sexto . knights of the bath , made at the coronation of king iames . sir philip herbert now earle of montgomery . thomas barkley , lord barkley . sir william euers , now lord euers . sir george wharton , after lord wharton . sir robert rich , now earle of warwicke . sir robert carre , of the bed-chamber of his maiesty . sir iohn egerton , now earle of bridgewater . sir henry compton , third brother to william earle of northampton . sir iames erskine , sonne to the earle of marre . sir william austuddur . sir patricke murray . sir iames hay lord yster . sir iohn lynsey . sir richard preston , after earle of desmond . sir oliuer cromwell of huntingtonshire . sir edward stanley of lancashire . sir william herbert of montgomery , now lord powys . sir foulke griuell , after lord brooke . sir francis fanne , after earle of westmerland . sir robert chichester , of deuonshire . sir robert knowles of bershire . sir william clifton of nottinghamshire . sir francis fortescue of deuonshire . sir richard corbet of shropshire . sir edward herbert , now lord of castle-iland in ireland , and baron chirbury . sir thomas langton of lancashire . sir william pope of oxfordshire . sir arthur hopton of somersetshire . sir charles morison knight & baronet of hartfordshire . sir francis leigh of warwickeshire . sir edward mountagu , now lord mountagu of boughton in northamptonshire . sir edward stanhop of yorkeshire . sir peter manwood of kent . sir robert harley of herefordshire . sir thomas strickland of yorkeshire . sir christopher hatton of northamptonshire . sir edward gri●fin of northamptonshire . sir robert beuill of huntingtonshire . sir edward harwell of wostershire . sir iohn mallet of somersetshire . sir walter aston of staffordshire , knight and baronet . sir henry gawdy of essex . sir richard musgraue of westmerland , kni. & baronet . sir iohn stowell of somersetshire . sir richard amcots of lincolneshire . sir thomas leedes of suffolke . sir thomas iermyn of norfolke . sir ralph harre of hartford . sir william forster of buckinghamshire . sir george speake of somersetshire . sir george hide of barkeshire . sir anthony felton of suffolke . sir william browne of northamptonshire . sir thomas wise of essex . sir robert chamberlaine of oxfordshire . sir anthony palmer of suffolke . sir edward heron of lincolneshire . sir henry burton of leicestershire . sir robert barker of suffolke . sir william norris of lancashire . sir roger bodenham of herefordshire . knights of the bath made at the creation of henry prince of wales . henry vere earle of oxford . george lord gordon , son to marquesse huntley . henry lord clifford , son to francis earle of cumberland . henry ratcliffe , lord fitz-water , sonne to the earle of sussex . edward bourcher , now earle of bath . iames lord hay , now earle of carlile . iames lord erskin , sonne to the earle of marre in scotland . thomas windsor , now lord windsor . thomas lord wentworth , now earle of cleueland . sir charles somerset , son to edward earle of worster . sir edward somerset , son to the said earle of worster . sir francis stuart , son to the earle of murray . sir ferdinando sutton , eldest son to the lord dudley . sir henry carey , now earle of douer . sir oliuer st. iohn lord st. iohn , now earle of bullingbrooke . sir gilbert gerrard , after lord gerrard of gerrard bromley . sir charles stanhop , lord stanhop of harington . sir william steward . sir edward bruce , after lord kinlosse . sir robert sidney , lord sidney , now earle of leicester . sir ferdinando touchet , eldest sonne to george lord audley , earle of castle-hauen in ireland . sir peregrine bartey , brother to the now earle of lindsey . sir henry rich , second brother to the earle of warwicke , and now earle of holland . sir edward sheffeild , son to the lord sheffeild , now earle of mulgraue . sir william cauendish , after made viscount mansfield , and now earle of newcastle . knights of the bath made at the creation of charles duke of yorke . charles duke of yorke . sir robert barty lord willoughby of eresby , now earle of lindesey . si● william compton , lord compton , after earle of northampton . sir grey bridges , lord shandos . sir francis norris , lord norris of rycot , after earle of barkeshire . sir william cecill , now earle of salisbury . sir allan percy , brother to henry earle of northumberland . sir francis mannors , now earle of rut●and . sir francis clifford , son to th● earle of cumberland . sir thomas somerset , now viscount somerset of castile in ireland . sir thomas howard , second son to the earle of suffolke , now earle of ●arkeshire . sir iohn harrington , sonne to iohn lord harrington of exton . knights of the bath , made at the creation of charles prince of wales . iames lord matrauers , eldest son to thomas earle of arundell . alg●rnon lord p●rcy , eldest son to the earle of northumb●rland . iames lord w●iothesley , eldest son to henry earle of southampton . theophilus lord clinton , now earle of lincolne , eldest son of thomas earle of lincolne . edward seim●r , l●rd b●a●●hamp , grand child to edward earle of h●r●fo●d . george lord barkley , now lord barkeley . h●nry lord mordant , now earle of peterborough . the master of f●nton , now lord fenton . sir henry howard now lord matrauers . sir robert howard , fift sonne to thomas earle of suffolke . sir edward sackuill , now earle of dorset . sir william howard , sixth son to thomas earle of suffolke● sir edward howard seuenth sonne to thomas ea●●●●f suffolke , now lord howard of est●ricke in y●●● of shire . sir montagu bartu , sonne and heire to robert earle of lindsey , now lord willoughby . sir william stourton● sonne to the lord stourton . sir william parker , after lord mor●ey and montea●le . sir dudley north , now lord north. sir spencer compton , now earle of northampton . sir william spencer , now lord spencer . sir rowland st. iohn , brother to oliuer e●rle of bullingbrooke . sir iohn cauendish , second sonne to william earle of deuonshire . sir thomas neuill , son to henry now lord abergaueney . sir iohn roper , after lord tenham . sir iohn north , brother to dudley , now lor● north. sir henry cary now viscount faulkland . knights of the bath , made at the c●ronation of king charles . george fielding , viscount callon second sonne to william earle of denbigh , now earle of desmond . iames stanley , lord strange , eldest son to william earle of derby . charles cecill , lord cranborne , eldest sonne to william earle of salisbury . charles herbert , lord herbert of shurland , eldest sonne to philip earle of montgomery . robert rich , lord rich , eldest sonne to robert earle of warwicke . iames hay , lord hay , eldest sonne to iames earle of carlile● bazell fielding , lord fielding , eldest sonne to william earle of denbigh . o●iuer st. iohn , lord st. iohn , eldest son to oliuer earle of bullingbrooke . mildmay fane , now earle of westmerland . lord henry pawlet , younger son to william marquesse of winchester . sir edwa●d montagu , eldest sonne to henry viscount m●ndeuill , now earle of manchester . sir iohn cary , eldest sonne to henry viscount rochford , now earle of douer . sir charles howard , eldest son to thomas viscount andouer , now earle of barkshire . sir william howard , second sonne to thomas earle of arundell . sir robert stanley , second son to william ea. of derby . sir pawl●t st. iohn , second sonne to oliuer earle of bulling●rooke . sir francis fane , second son to francis earle of westm●rland . sir iames howard , eldest son to theophilus lord walden , now earle of suffolke . sir william cauendish , eldest sonne to william lord cauendish , earle of deuonshire . sir thomas wentworth , eldest sonne to thomas lord wentworth , now earle of cleueland . sir william paget , son to william lord paget of bewdesert , now lord paget . sir william russell , eldest son to francis lord russell , now earle of bedford . sir henry stanhope , eldest son to philip lord stanhope of shelford , now earle of chesterfield . sir richard vaughan , eldest son to iohn lord vaughan of molengar in ireland . sir christopher neuill , second sonne to edward lord abergaueney . sir roger bartu , second son to robert lord willoughby , now earle of lindsey . sir thomas wharton , second sonne to thomas lord wharton . sir saint iohn blunt , brother to mountioy blunt , lord mountioy , now earle of newport . sir ralphe clare of worcestershire . sir iohn maynard of essex , second brother to the lord maynard . sir francis carew of deuonshire . sir iohn byron of nottinghamshire . sir roger palmer of sussex , master of the kings household . sir henry edmonds , sonne to sir thomas edmonds , treasurer of the house-hold . sir ralph hopton of somersetshire . sir william brooke of kent . sir alexander ratcliffe of lancashire . sir edward scot of kent . sir christopher hatton of northamptonshire . sir thomas sackuill of sussex . sir iohn munson of lincolneshire , sonne to sir thomas munson . sir peter wentworth of oxfordshire . sir iohn butler of hartfordshire . sir edward hung●rford , of wiltshire . sir richard lewson of kent . sir nathaniel bacon of calford in suffolke . sir robert poyntz of glocestershire . sir robert beuill of huntingtonshire . sir george sands of kent . sir thomas smith of weston-hanger in kent . sir thomas fanshaw of warparke in hartfordshire . sir miles hobard of plomsted in norfolke . sir henry hart of kent , son to sir perciuall hart. sir francis carew , alias throgmorton , of bedington in surrey . sir iohn backhouse of berkshire . sir mathew mynnes of kent . sir iohn stowell of somersetshire , sir iohn iennings of hartfordshire . sir stephen ha●uey of northamptonshire , son to iudge haruey . finis . a brief historical discourse of the original and grovvth of heraldry demonstrating upon what rational foundations, that noble and heroick science is established / by thomas philipot ... philipot, thomas, d. 1682. 1672 approx. 201 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 76 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2004-11 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a54667 wing p1991 estc r6107 12581287 ocm 12581287 63764 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a54667) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 63764) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 328:13) a brief historical discourse of the original and grovvth of heraldry demonstrating upon what rational foundations, that noble and heroick science is established / by thomas philipot ... philipot, thomas, d. 1682. [9], 143 p. printed by e. tyler and r. holt, and are to be sold by tho. passinger ..., london : 1672. reproduction of original in princeton university library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of 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to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng heraldry. 2004-07 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2004-07 aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images 2004-08 mona logarbo sampled and proofread 2004-08 mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited 2004-10 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion a brief historical discourse of the original and grovvth of heraldry , demonstrating upon what rational foundations , that noble and heroick science is established . by thomas philipot , master of art ; and formerly of clare-hall in cambridge . london , printed by e. tyler and r. holt , and are to be sold by tho. passinger , at the three bibles on london-bridge . 1672. to the right honourable john earl of ●ridgwater , ●●count brackly , baron of ellesmere , lord lievetenant of the county of buckingham , and one of his majesties most honourable privy counsel . milord , he main drift and scope of this treatise is to redeem rescue heraldry , from the cheap and contemptible cha●●cter of more mysterious canting an attribute dropp'd upon it by some of the learned , who never read it ; and the ignorant , wh● never understood it . yet am i not so confident and magisterial to perswade my sel● that the foundation on which ● have established this discourse , i● so even and artfully laid , bu● that future ages and succeeding labours may by new supplement both enlarge and strengthen it , and that there may be some mor● elegant and eminent super structures erected upon it by pen● more ingenious , and hands mor● dextrous than mine own . in the interim let it be what it will in the the whole fabrick and contexture of it , it is become the object both of your lordships justice and mercy : and when your justice hath scan'd and winnowed every particular of it , it will entitle it self to a great felicity ( whether it stand or fall ) that it hath undergone the test and scrutiny of so judicious a censure . and if after a serious surveying and sifting of every ingredient , that composes the frame and compact of it , the former obliges you to condemn , it is my hope your mercy will step in , and at the same instant , likewise engage you to forgive my lord , your most humble and affectionate servant , tho. philipot . an advertisement to the reader . there are in this treatise some defects that may be chastised , and some omissions that may be supplied , both which i resign up to thine art and candor , that at once you may censure , and forgive : as namely page 1. lin . ult . for the mythology of the jews , read the symbolical rituals of the jews ; for although the greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 generally does import any thing that is abstruse hidden or mysterious , yet sometimes it likewise signifies any thing that is fabulous ; therefore this rather should be inserted . pag. 7. lin . ult . for circumbient read circumambient . pag. 16. after line 20 : adde this , a lion couchant was the hieroglyphick of policy , craft and subtilty . a frog was the hieroglyphick of an embryo , for this opening its veil of mud , and wanting a proportionate heat to digest and fashion it into just shape and feature , shrinks back into its bed of slime , and there remains the imperfect moiety of a creature . pag. 29. for calceus read calcar . it is possible there may be other mistakes of less importance , which when thy scrutiny has discovered , i hope thy charity will pardon and entomb . vale. a brief discourse of the original and growth of heraldry , shewing upon what rational foundations that noble and heroick science is establisht . the egyptians folded up their learning in the dark contexture of hieroglyphicks , the greeks wrap'd up theirs in the gloomy vesture of emblems , and the romans lodg'd it behind the cloudy traverse of allegorical allusions , pourtrai'd in those mysterious signatures that adorn'd the reverse of their coin , either consular or imperial : if we shall pluck off its exotick and antique dress with which this learning was attired , we shall find that the body of our modern heraldry was apparelled with this mythological habit. but before i wade farther in this discourse , i shall unvail the mythology of the jews , and that of the antient germans and saxons , and before i enter into the temple , i shall stop and take a survey of the jewish priests , and disrobe those mysteries that were wrap'd up either in their institution or habit : and first , if we reflect upon their institution and designment we shall discover that they were to be perfect for generation , by which is signified that the faculties of their souls should be fitted and adapted for spiritual procreations , that religion might be improved and the church multiplied by those super-natural productions : secondly , they were not to be blind or imperfect in their eyes , by which was denoted , that they should not obscure or blind the light of reason with those fogs that ascend from a corrupted understanding , the clouds of prejudice or prepossession which are the mists of the soul , nor make dim or blemish its spiritual beams with the fumes of secular interest . thirdly , they were not to be crooked , rumpel'd , or bunched back'd , that is , they were to secure their lives from all visible and scandalous crimes , and external pollutions , which are as so many spiritual excrescencies and gibbosities , so that the regularity of their souls should be adaequate and correspondent to the uniformity of their bodies . fourthly , they were not to be infested with the itch , or scabs , or buried in a crust of leprosie , by which was intimated that they should not itch after novel opinions , which when they are entertained and assented to and incorporated into the belief , appear like scabs upon the body ecclesiastick ; nor should they suffer themselves to be invaded with the leprosie either of sin or heresie . fifthly , they were to have no lameness in their hands or feet , by which was suggested that they should have vrim and thummim , soundness of doctrine and integrity of life , that they should not only preach sermons , but live sermons , and build up by example , as well as erect or establish by precept . indeed the will and practical understanding are the hands and feet of the soul , which should not take up any heterodox doctrines , or wander into the irregular by-paths of errour or schism : for liberty of will may be stiled the hand and fingers of the soul , by which it picks and chuses , and if it gathers flowers , it weaves to it self a garland of immortality . sixthly , they were not to be flat nosed , that signature being not only amongst the antient gentiles , but the jews likewise , the symbol of folly , imprudence , stupidity , or dullness of spirit , and flatness of parts seventhly , the priests under the law were not to be broken either in their feet or hands , to insinuate that they were obliged neither to walk or work by halves , or halt between two opinions , that is between god and baal . the high priest's girdle in general denoted truth , the white in it signified innocency , the blew typified heavenliness , the scarlet persecution , the purple a holy majesty of spirit , as that was an imperial colour . a girdle demonstrates activity and promptness in business , and so is a type of strength . it is likewise an emblem of constancy and perseverance ; and because it rescues the garments from looseness , it is a symbol of warmth , of zeal , and of stability in piety ; for sin and errour by laying men open , and making them naked , exposes them to cheapness and contempt . and lastly , it is a representation of ornament and beauty . the high priest when he went into the holy of holies disrobed himself of all his gorgeous : equipage and pompous habiliments , and reinvested himself with them when he came out , to discover that humility is the best basis whereon to erect and establish the superstructure of a future glory . having taken a summary view of the jewish priests , i shall now make some concise remarks on the jewish temple , and its interiour utensils , and the mythology that may be spun out from them both , and so proceed : the porch of the temple was open to intimate the free access of our addresses and applications to heaven . it s elevation being 120 cubits denoted the sublimity of divine contemplation : its steps the growth of piety in its several gradations and improvements : the western gate of the temple antiently lead to solomon's pallace , to insinuate that magistracy and ministery are so complicated and wound up together , that like hippocrates twins they laugh and mourn , and live and die together . villalpandus makes the jewish temple a typical similitude of christ's body upon the cross , with his arms stretched out , and his legs conjoyned in such a manner together , as that his head should possess the sanctuary , his breast the altar , his feet the eastern gate , his two hands the north and south sides of the temple ; so that as the passage or way to the sanctuary or altar , lay open through those three principal gates ; in like manner should the path to the true sanctuary be made plain and easie thorough the holes and wounds of his feet and hands . the brazen altar in the jewish temple , was the emblem of a broken and a contrite heart , the fire typified holy zeal , the sacrificing instrument the two edged sword of the spirit , the beasts to be slain are our various lusts , which we are to drag before the altar by holy confession , to mortifie by a constant hatred , and then to offer them up in a renewed conversation . the goat to be slain , and the scape goat some affirm represented christ's humanity and divinity , others assert they typified his passion and resurrection . the jewish priest's lot or proportion in the offering or sacrifice was the cheek , to intimate that his lips should preserve knowledge , and that he ought to be eloquent and learned in the laws of god : secondly , the right shoulder , to denote that he should perform good works with dexterity , strength and expedition : thirdly , the breast , by which he was admonished to lodge no other inmates in his bosom , but pure thoughts , knowledge of the law , and truth in his assertions ; and lastly , the maw , to suggest his abstinence from luxurie , and all manner of excess and intemperance . the doors of the sanctuary were composed of firre and olive , that of the oracle only of olive , to discover that our peace on earth is mixed with imperfections ; but is only made compleat when we enter into glory ; which door had two leaves , which might be the symbols of faith and hope . the procerity and tall stature of the cedar and fir-tree that were employed in framing the sanctuary did typifie the successive growth of piety and christianity , until they shoot up into glory . the floor of the sanctuary which was laid with planks of fir , overlaid with boards of cedar , and plated with gold , did signifie the eminency , excellency , and splendor of that metal was still annexed to humility . gold being a principal ingredient in the composition of the sanctuary , did mystically demonstrate the preciousness , the purity , the luster , and the tried and experienced excellency of the graces of religion . the pretious stones which adorned the sanctuary , were the impenetrable diamond , which represented the courage and constancy of pious men ; the saphyre their celestial love , the ruby their persecution , the flaming carbuncle their ardent zeal , the crystal their unspotted innocency , the prominency or bunching out of these refulgent jems did declare the visibility , the exemplariness and radiancy of their vertues . the vrim inserted into the high priest's pectoral signified light , and the thummim denoted truth . a late learned man hath asserted that the vrim ingrafted into the high priest's rationale was an icuncula or little image representing some angel or cherubin , from whose mouth after a precedent irradiation of the circumbient jems god delivered those infallible dictates , by which the jews were to conduct and steer themselves in affairs of the most difficult and perplexed emergency . proportionate to this were the teraphim amongst the antient jews , which were little images either devoted and dedicated to the honour of angels , or else moulded and cast into the figure and form of the angels themselves ( as the learned ludovicus de dieu asserts ; ) from whose oraculous responses upon their application to those angelical pourtraictures they managed those important concernments that had an aspect either on peace or war. but i have too much digrest , i now return . the windows of the sanctuary did typifie divine illumination , which must not be darkned with the impurer mire of terrestial cares , the dust of vain glory , the mists or umbrages of sorrow , nor with the smoaky exhalations of anger . the golden candlesticks in the jewish temple did intimate the infused habits of divine knowledge residing in the soul ; the golden snuffers did denote afflictions , which as they do induce a chastisement , so they superinduce a subsequent eminency and splendour . the palm-trees and cherubins which were insculped on the door of the holy of holies , did suggest that pious men that supported their afflictions with patience ( of which the palm was an emblem ) should after their depression , have an emergency out of all their troubles , and dwell in the mansions of cherubins . the two angels that stood by the ark had their wings stretched out , and their faces looking downwards on it , to declare their readiness and posture to be employed in divine ministrations ; the cherubins on the ark looked towards one another , to intimate their mutual love , intuitive knowledge , concord and harmony . the imputrible wood of shittim of which the ark was composed , signified christ's humanity ; the gold with which it was covered , typified his divinity ; as likewise did the manna which was imputrible , globulous or circular , to denote his eternal divinity ; or if you please , the manna within the vail was the type of christ essential , as the shew-bread without the vail was the symbol of christ doctrinal . the incense that was on the top of the cakes of shew-bread , was to be burned on the sabbath , to signifie that prayer should be still combined , or united with the word . the rod of aaron was abstracted from an almond-tree , that soonest blossoms , to insinuate to us the early fertility of religion under pious discipline : now a rod amongst the antients , was the symbol of ease , of government , of defence , of doctrine and instruction , and of discipline and correction : the blossoms of aaron's rod had a whiteness tinctured with red , to intimate that purity and zeal were the best characters and evidences of piety and religion . of the mythology of the antient germans and saxons . they represented the sun under many mystical signatures and other mythological descriptions ; they pourtraied him like an old man standing on a fish , wearing a coat girt about his body with a linnen girdle , but having his head and feet naked , sustaining a wheel and a basket full of corn , fruit and roses : by his old age and coat girt to him was signified winter , by his bare head and feet summer , by the corn harvest , by the fruit autumn , and by roses was intimated the spring ; his standing on a fish , which is silent but yet slippery and swift in its motion , denoted the slipperiness , silence and swiftness of time , who never forgot his pace , though we his footsteps numbered not . the wheel suggests the roundness of the sun , and the revolution of the year , and the linnen girdle might import the zodiack or ecliptick line , within which the sun contains and fetters himself : when they did express the sun to be king of the planets , and principal arbiter of the world , they decyphered him placed on a throne , supporting a scepter in his left hand , and sustaining a sword in his right ; out of the right side of his mouth broke thunder , out of his left issued lightning ; on his head sate an eagle , and his feet rested on a dragon , and round about him sate twelve deities ; the throne , scepter , and sword , did insinuate the majesty , power , and influence of the sun , who by his heat is the parent of thunder and lightning ; the eagle intimates the swiftness of his motion , and his piercing eye that unvails all things by his light ; his treading on a dragon imports that by his heat , he subdues the most poysonous , noxious and destructive vapours ; the twelve gods may either denote the twelve signs of the zodiack , or else the twelve months of the year : when they did describe the heat , light , and motion of the sun , they painted him like a man , holding with both his hands a flaming wheel ; and when they did pourtray the courage and military heat of martial men , excited as they conjectured by the sun , they represented him under the signature of an armed man , holding in one hand a banner with a rose on it , and in the other a pair of scales ; on his breast was the picture of a bear , on his target the pourtraicture of a lyon ; the field about him was embroidered with flowers , by which they designed valour complicated with eloquence , both in their vogue essential to a commander ; the arms , bear , and lyon did intimate the fierceness , courage , and defence , that should be resident in martial men ; the rose and field enamel'd with flowers , did represent the sweetness and obligingness of eloquence ; the scales were to suggest how words should be weighed in the ballance of discretion , before they are divulged ; when they discovered how the sun by his heat and influence excited venereal love in creatures subservient to his dominion , they then varied his sex , and painted him like a woman , because in them that passion is most impotent , and yet impetuous ; on her head they placed a myrtle crown or garland to denote her dominion , and that love should be alwaies verdant as the myrtle ; in one hand she supported the world , and in the other three golden apples , to represent that the world and its wealth are both sustained by love ; the three golden apples signified the threefold beauty of the sun , exemplified in the morning , meridian , and evening ; on her breast was lodged a burning torch , to insinuate to us the violence of the flame of love which scorches humane hearts . when they would express the sun's operation upon the moon , they delineated him like a man with long ears , holding the moon in his hand , to suggest to us that she entitles her light and power to his beams and influence ; his long ears did signifie his promptness to receive the supplications of all persons , though divided from him by never so remote and considerable a distance . he that would see this subject more amply discoursed on , may peruse schedius de diis germanis , where he shall receive more copious and plenary satisfaction , and to him i refer the reader . i should now unravel the mythology of the antient greeks and romans ; but this i shall annex to the conclusion of this treatise , and proceed to represent a brief discourse or description of the egyptian hieroglyphicks . i shall now descend to unvail that mythological learning , which lay wrapped up in the dark and cloudy complications of hieroglyphicks , which indeed may seem to be the basis on which all heraldry is established . in the hieroglyphical tables of cardinal bembus , so often mentioned by athanasius , kircherus in his oedipus copticus , there is set down the figure of the scarabaeus or beetle for the trunk , but with the head and face of a man , supporting a little table with this inscription 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . about the neck a number of concentrick circles to express the orbes and motions of the heavens ; upon the top of the head a face of the encreasing moon , to intimate her monethly revolution ; within that a cross mark , for the four elements weaving together all things above a winged globe , and wreathed about with two serpents . the meaning of this last , is told you by barachias albenephi in his book of the antient egyptian learning , and in that part of it where he treats of pharaoh's obelisques . he affirms the winged sphear wreathed about with serpents to be the hieroglyphick of the soul and spirit of the universe . the humane face is understood of the sun and his courses . for the holy beetle ( which an old egyptian durst not tread on ) horus apollo asserts , it signifies the figure of the world , and he subjoyns this reason and secret for it . the beetle ( saies he ) when it hath a mind to bring forth , takes the excrement of an ox , which having wrought into small pellets round as the world , it turns them about from east to west , it self in the mean time ( as if she intended to summon great nature to these travels ) turning to the east . the egyptian word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 held out in the table , is the same with the greek word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , to intimate that the whole frame of the world hangs together by a true magnetick love , that invisible harmony that cements and solders together the discord of its divided and estranged parts . the egyptians when they would represent the hieroglyphick of nature , pictured the figure of a boy involved and inveloped with a net ; by the first they would insinuate to us her constant and uninterrupted vigour , rescued from decay , and the increasing imperfections and infirmities of age ; and by the second the variety of causes and multiplicity of effects , the weavings of whose complicated contexture made up the net with which the boy appeared to be covered . the fig-tree was the hieroglyphick of mutual vicissitude , for here the old figs never fall off until the new ones appear , which asserts the justice of our saviour's curse inflicted on the fig-tree in the gospel , and which hath so distorted and perplexed commentators to abett ; for if the time of figs was not yet come , as the pages of holy writ in that story do aver , there was then a greater reason that figs should appear , and if the time of figs was come , yet still the old ones did remain for some interval of time , after the new ones had given evidence of their appearance and being . and it is observable that julian the apostate , that like an industrious spider , did with a curious and diligent malice spin out any thing out of scripture with which he might weave together the least pretence of absurdity or impossibility , did from his inspection into natural causes never quarrel the truth of what is above asserted . a lion rampant amongst the egyptians was the hieroglyphick of magnanimity ; regardant of circumspection and caution ; salient of expedition or celerity ; sejant of counsel ; passant of prudence ; gardant of defence . a bee making hony was the hieroglyphick of a prince , managing the administration and conduct of his kingdom and publick affairs . an elephant amongst the elder persians , egyptians , and indians was the symbol of fidelity , justice and piety ; and amongst the modern arabs , siamites and sumatrans , is the emblem of magnanimity , memory and providence . a griffin being a complicated mixture , of eagle and lyon , was the hieroglyphick of perspicacity and courage ; its wings denoted its celerity , its beake its tenacity , and its tallons its fury and rapacity . a boare and lyon yoak'd together were the hieroglyphick of strength and magnanimity . a dogs head was the hieroglyphick of sagacity , and a dogs tongue did mythologically represent both physick and physicians . the hieroglyphick of an abominable thing was a fish , because custome and prescription interdicted the use of it in the aegyptian sacrifices . an infant was the hieroglyphick of those who enter into the world , as an old man was of those who go out . a sea-horse amongst the aegyptians was made the hierogliphick of murder , impudence , violence , and injustice , because they asserted , that he destroy'd his sire and ravish'd his damme . a falcon from his perspicacity , and sublimity in his flight towards heaven , was affirm'd to be the hieroglyphick of god : all which being compacted together import thus much ; all you that enter into the world , and you that go out , god hates injustice . as the hawke was by the aegyptians represented to be the hieroglyphick of the sun , because of his excellent sight and quick motion : so the moon was pourtray'd under the figure of a white skin'd man with a hawks head ; for her whiteness , that is her light , does not result from her self , but from her hawks head the sun. apuleius shews that the aegyptians worshipped mercury , under the denomination of anubis pourtray'd with a dogs head , supporting his caduceus in one hand , and a palm in the other ; by which is conjectur'd they might insinuate that a princes embassador should not only be eloquent , but likewise vigilant , faithful and sagacious , which three qualities are resident in the dog ; prudent also , as the serpents wreathed about his caduceus may suggest ; and justly inexpugnable as the palm , which sinks not under the pressure of any burden . indeed eusebius affirms , that not only those captains were honour'd and adorn'd , who had enhauns'd and aggrandiz'd their fame by subduing the enemies of their countrey , but likewise those beasts whose pourtraictures did embellish their helmets , or targets , as being great improvements to their victories , by infusing terrours and panick astonishments into the breasts of their adversaries . a palm tree amongst the aegyptians was made the hieroglyphick of a moneth , because , as their sentiments engag'd them to believe , that monethly shoots forth fresh leaves . for eternity , the aegyptians painted the sun and moon , as entitling themselves ( in their vogue and estimate ) neither to beginning nor end . fire and water were made the hieroglyphicks of integrity . a snake with his tail lodg'd in his mouth , did amongst the aegyptians represent the year . the peach tree was the hieroglyphick of silence , whose leaf did represent the tongue in form , and the fruit the heart ; to intimate , the heart and tongue should be of one piece , and never to speak without premeditation ; therefore this tree was dedicated to harpocrates , god of silence , who was painted with the leaves and fruit of the peach tree in one hand , and the other pressing his lip . the wolf did likewise signifie silence , because the assertion of the aegyptians was , that a wolf did super-induce silence through terrour and amazement in the man that saw him ; and therefore harpocrates abovesaid was pictur'd in a wolf's skin , beset with eyes and ears , to intimate that we should hear and see much but speak little . a scepter with an eye insculp'd upon it , was by the aegyptians made the hieroglyphick of god , to suggest to us his knowledge , power and providence , by which the world is manag'd and supported . the swan and grass-hopper were the hieroglyphicks of musick , and therefore dedicated to apollo , who was patron and protector of it . three heads conjoyn'd were the hieroglyphick of the combination of counsells . three hearts concenter'd of confederacy of courage . three legs embraced of union in expedition ; and three arms conjoyn'd , was the hieroglyphick of concourse or consent in action . an husband-man with a measuring rod in his hand , and a bushel on his head , was the hieroglyphick of joseph , call'd corruptly by the aegyptians osiris , mnevis , apis , & serapis , and us'd as a monument to preserve his remembrance , who when aegypt suffer'd under a publick dearth , had rescued the people from the onsets and ravage of that common calamity , and therefore they ador'd him likewise under the pourtracture of an oxe , the ancient hieroglyphick of an husband-man others again assert , that by osiris , the aegyptians understood the nile , and by isis the genius or soil of aegypt ; for isis as vives asserts in his notes upon augustine de civ . dei. lib. 15. c. 3. signifies the earth ; and therefore the ancient aegyptians pictur'd her moving a sistrum or timbrell with her right hand , to intimate the return of the inundation of nile , and her left supporting a bucket , to signifie the repletion of all the chanels ; and by typhon the sea , and therefore they brought in isis deploring the ruine of osiris torn to pieces by typhon , that is , swallowed up by the sea ; but afterwards they represented her collecting his torn and scatter'd limbs , that is , the new and reiterated inundation of the river nile ; only his genitals she could not retrive , which were swallow'd and devour'd by fish , to intimate that that fertility which was caus'd by nile on the earth , was yet more visibly and eminently manifest in the water , and exemplified in the pregnant and fertile spawn , and numerous productions of fishes . lastly , others affirm , that by osiris the aegyptians meant the sun , because they usually painted him with an hawks head , and by isis the moon , whom they sometimes cloath'd in white , sometimes in red , and sometimes in a black garment , by which they did suggest , that the moon put on a white aspect in clear weather , and a red complexion against windy , her black garment was to represent her duskie colour after her change and in eclipses , and by typhon they signified the earth , for they gave him a vast body , stretching forth his hands from east to west , and his head as high as the tallest hills , by which they intimated the longitude , latitude and height of the earth : his upper part had the signature of a man cover'd with feathers , whilst the lower part was arm'd or cloathed with scales , and wound about with serpents ; to declare , that men , birds and beasts inhabited the upper part of the earth , and serpents and fishes the lower : his belching out of smoak , and spitting of fire , signifies , those vapours , exhalations , and fiery eruptions out of many parts of the earth , make the gods obscure themselves , that is , darken the sun , moon and stars ; but osiris or horus ( for under those two appellations they represented the sun ) ● subdued this monster , that is , by dissolving and dissipating those vapours which skreen'd his beams from the world , which was expressed tacitly and gloomily by the hawk's flying violently upon , and beating the hippopotamos or sea-horse . the seeking or lamenting of osiris or orus by isis , was to intimate the frequent sadness incumbent upon the moon resulting from those eclipses which are occasion'd by the interposition of the shadow of the earth ; the bushel on the head of osiris or orus may import that the sun is the cause of fertility ; and the streaker or measuring rod in one hand , may intimate , that the sun measures all things by his progressive motion ; the wolves , the dogs , the lyons ▪ and serpents heads grasp'd in the other hand , may represent the four parts of the year : the winter is the rapacious wolf , the spring is the fawning or flattering dog , the summer the flaming angry lyon , the autumn is the serpent distilling into the bodies of men , the venome of destructive diseases . the aegyptians , farther to improve this hieroglyphick , painted osiris or orus wing'd with a scepter in his hand , and a round discus by him , to represent the swiftness of the suns motion , his dominion over the world , and his round body , as also his circular progress or perambulation . the goose and dog were the hieroglyphicks of vigilance , and therefore by the aegyptians devoted to the moon , as protectress of the night , which was by their alarums secur'd from danger and prejudice . proteus was both a prophet and king of aegypt , whom that people hieroglyphically represented under the several resemblances of bull , serpent , boar , tyger , lyon and dragon , which occasion'd the fiction of his winding and transforming himself into various shapes , when indeed if we shall disrobe these mysterious signatures of their cloudy vesture , we shall discover , that he was a prince who manag'd the interest of his people with that dexterity , that he could proportion his government to every genius , having the strength of the bull , the prudence of the serpent , the courage of the boar , the fierceness of the tyger , the magnanimity of the lyon , and the celerity and vigilance of the dragon . or secondly , because he was accustom'd to use or bear the several portractures of these creatures in his banners or ensigns when he was alive , the aegyptians to inforce and perpetuate the remembrance of so excellent a prince , pourtrai'd him under the resemblances of those creatures when he was dead . the pellican was by the aegyptians made the hieroglyphick of maternal affection , for she , when her young ones have been bitten by serpents that secretly invade their nest , launces her bosome , and with the purple balsome that streams from that opened sluce , not only expells the infused venome , but likewise cements and cures the wounds inflicted by those noxious adversaries . the bird ibis or ichneumon , or the aegyptian rat , were by that people represented as the hieroglyphicks of safety and preservation ; for the first by pricking with her sharp feathers those various serpents , which are the progeny or product of the mud of nile , causes them to expire and die , and the last , by rolling himself in sand , and gliding into the belly of the crocodile , whilst he is engag'd in sleep , and his jaws are open , corrodes and gnaws out his entrails , and becomes to that amphibious monster both punishment and executioner . indeed heresies are the serpents of the church , which are engender'd by the mud of noysome and unsavoury opinions , which being prick'd by the pens of orthodox writers languish away , and find their fate in an early sepulcher . a tortoise was the hieroglyphick of an industrious hou-sewife , who is alwayes employing her self within her house , in managing those affairs that are subservient to the interest of the family , as that is alwayes resident in its shell . indeed there were no nations ever so remote or barbarous , but in times either of ancient or a more modern inscription , muffel'd up their knowledge in the cloudy garment of hieroglyphicks . the coronation of the king of pegu ( if we may credit vincent le blanc as he relates it in his travels ) is wholly hieroglyphical ; for he is invested or inaugurated with a diadem of lead , to signifie that all things should be perform'd in weight and measure , and an axe is put into his hand , to denote that he should administer justice ; he takes his oath upon a small vessel of emerald , in which some of the ashes of the first kings of pegu lie enshrin'd , to put into him a remembrance of humane frailty ; he is attir'd or adorn'd with a turkish robe , lin'd or furr'd with the skins of white hairs , to intimate his subsequent innocence . the chinese , a people thrust into the remotest angle of the world , at this day rowle up all their learning in hieroglyphical signatures , and other emblematical allusions , which they extract , first from dragons and serpents , and their various complications ; secondly , from things relating to husbandry ; thirdly , from the wings of birds , according to the position of their feathers ; fourthly , from shell-fish and worms ; fifthly , from the roots of herbs ; sixthly , from the prints of the feet of beasts ; seventhly , from tortoises ; eightly , from the bodies of birds ; ninthly , from stars ; tenthly , from fishes ; eleventhly , from herbs and water-flags ; and lastly , from ropes , threads and lines , either olique or streight : for example , the streight line marked with a signifies one , crossed with another line , as at b , expresses ten , made with another at the bottom , as at c , it denotes the earth , and with another at the top , as at d , standeth for a king ; by adding a touch on the left side between the two first strokes , as at e , it is taken for a pearl ; but that which is marked with f , signifies creation or life ; and lastly , by the character under g is intended sir. abcdefg 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 having taken a brief prospect of that knowledge that lay treasured up in the dark exchequers of hieroglyphicks , i shall as compendiously as may be unravel the principal of those emblems , behind whose traverse the graecians lay'd up that learning they desir'd to skreen from vulgar inspection , which i have glean'd out of causin's christian hieroglyphicks ; and consequently make some short reflections on the reverses of the antient coins , so far as they may have an aspect upon heraldry ; a catalogue of the first out of 〈◊〉 here ensues as it is by him recorded in latin , and which in another columne i have indu●●● to speak english. arae . altars . dei sapientia , pietas , profugium , miseratio . the wisdome of god , piety , a refuge or asylum , commiseration . ardea . an heron. tempestas . a tempest . apis. a bee. rex , populus regi obsequens , artificium . a monarch , people obedient to their prince , artificiall contextures . bos. an oxe . bonorum obsequium , modestia , petulantiae fraenum , auditus promptus . of the good , modesty , the bridle of petulant sawciness , promptness to hear . carduus . a thistle . morbi . diseases . catena . a chain . aperta vis , vitia , conjugium , servitus , leges . open violence , vices , wedlock , servitude , the laws . camelus . a camell . zelotypia , reverentia in matres , cibi potusque abstinentia . jealousie , reverence to mothers , an abstinencein eating and drinking . cardo . an hinge . authoritas . authority . calceus . a spur. rerum progressus . the procedure of things . canis . a dog. custodia , dii lares , gratus animus , memoria , fides , amicitia . custody , the lares , a grateful mind , remembrace , fidelity , friendship . cervus . an hart. praecipitantia , fugacitas . precipitancy , swiftness . ciconia . a storke . pietas erga parentes , gratitudo . piety towards parents , gratitude . colus & fusus . the distaf & spindle . fatum seu mors , nuptiae . fate or death , marriage . columna . a pillar . terminus , gloriae sublimitas . a boundary , eminency or sublimity of glory . cucurbitae . gourds or pompions . spes inanes . vain & empty hopes . elephas . an elephant . pietas , mansuetudo , ira lacessita . piety , tameness or gentleness , anger excited or provok'd . equus . an horse . pugnacitas , celeritas , fama , humanae vitae lubricitas , fraenata ferocitas , profugus , imperium , virtus . promptness to combat , celerity , fame , the slipperiness of humane life , barbarity or wildness tamed , a fugitive , empire , virtue . erithacus . a robin red breast . solitudo . solitude . fistula . a pipe. adulatio . flattery . faces . torches . amor mutuus , nuptiae . mutual love , mariage . ficus . a fig. adulatoribus deditus , dulcedo , suavitas . one devoted to sycophants , sweetness . fungus . a toadstoole . fatuitas . folly or stupidity . hedera . ivie . tenacitas , vetustas . tenacity , antiquity . laqueus . an halter . amor , venus , fortitudo & temperantia , doli occulti , nequitia . lapis & cubus . perpetuitas , stabilitas , firma prosperitas . love , venery , fortitude and temperance , the ambushes of secret fraud , impiety . a stone and a cube . perpetuity , stability , firm or fix'd prosperity . lepus . an hare . foecunditas , vigilantia . fertility , vigilance . lolium . cockel or darnel . pravi mores . evil manners . meta. a butt . finis . the end of any thing . modius . a bushel . vbertas , sapientia , liberalitas . plenty , wisdome , liberality . musca . a flie. impudentia ac pertinacia , indocilitas , importuna . impudence and obstinacy , an inexpugnable indocility . milvus . a kite . navigatio . navigation . malum punicum . a pomgranate . populositas , multarum gentium societas , amicitia . populousness , the society of many nations , friendship . mola . meale . humanae vitae commercium . the commerce of humane life . navis . a ship. adventus seu migratio . importation and exportation . olea . the olive-tree . pax , durities emollita , agricultura , foelicitas , spes . peace , hardness made limber and ductile , agriculture , felicity , hope . quercus ▪ the oake . virtus , fortitudo principatus . virtue , fortitude , dominion or principality . rosa. the rose . juventus , modestia , bonum malo circumseptum . youth , modesty , good hedg'd in , or circumscrib'd with ill . salix . a willow . vinculum , castitas , sterilitas , humanitas , otium . bonds , chastity , barrenness , humility , ease or vacancy of business . salamandra . a salamander constantia . constancy . serra . a saw. maledicentia . malevolent language . sepia . an onion . simulatio in volueris obtecta . dissimulation involved or folded up in many coverings . sistrum . a timbrell . rerum vicissitudo . vicissitude of affairs . sus. an hog . profanus , indocilitas , deliciae luxuriosae , ganeo . a profane person , an incapacity to be instructed , luxurious caresses , a babler . tuba . a trumpet . celebritas . notoreity of fame . vespa . a waspe . perturbator . a common barator or disturber . vipera . a viper . parricidium , prudentia , astutia . parricide , prudence , subtilty . i shall now advance to make some reflections on coins of a very high and antient ascent : but before i treat of those , by common acceptation stil'd consular , or those that fell under the denomination of imperial , i shall discourse of those that related to provinces , cities , and colonies , whether greek or roman . the several signatures insculped upon the reverse of the greek coyns , do declare to what cities they owe their original ; as for example . the pegasus impress'd upon the syracusian coin did intimate it entitled its original to corinth , upon whose coyn a pegasus was usually represented . the palm tree figur'd on the coyn of the antient cities of carthage , and hierapitna and lapythae in creet , do suggest to us , that they acknowledged their extraction from tyre , whose pecuniary symbol was a palm tree . an owle , whose impress did adorn the reverse of the coyn of megara , a city of sicily , as a monument of their original from athens . a quadrangular area was a symbol insculped on the coyn of dyrrachium and andrios ( though spanhemius asserts the sculpture impress'd on the last relating to andrios was a representation of an arcula or little chest , wherein it is possible the image of diana , or some other deity was treasured up ) from which we may conclude that they were a colony of corcyra . diana was insculp'd on the reverse of the coyn of massilium , now stiled marseilles ; to intimate that that city extracted its original from phocea or phocis . alexandria , troas , neapolis , now napoli in romagnia , germa , and other colonies had the impress of a wolf suckling two young ones insculp'd on the reverse of their coyn ; from which we may conclude , that these cities were colonies fill'd with inhabitants deduced and transplanted even from rome it self . antiochia , ( as the learned spanhemius hath discovered to us ) had the signature of a ram and a star , which was the proper symbol of that city : the star did signify its easterly situation , and the ram salient , its ascent and elevation . nicomedia in bythinia , had the sculpture of a triremis , and two little aediculae or turrets on the reverse , to intimate its fences , or fortifications , and likewise to design to us its near situation to the sea. a sphynx did adorn the reverse of the coyn impress'd at chios or sio , and likewise the medals of augustus ; to insinuate to us , that it it was the embleme of fortitude , industry , and clemency . neptune sitting on a rocky throne between two tritons , was impress'd on the reverse of the coyn of the city of brusa or prusa in bythinia ; and did tacitly design ( as the learned seguinus does affirm ) its empire over the adjacent ocean . a star and an antiquated helmet was insculp'd on the reverse of the medals of that bloody usurper triphon ; the helmet did design his courage and magnanimity , and the star his being one of the kings of the east . messina in sicily , tarentum or tarento in the kingdom of naples , and other maritime cities , had the beaks of ships , the acroficia or the very snouts of those beaks , triremes , and dolphins pourtray'd on the reverse of their coyns , whose signature did declare their maritime situation . naples in italy had not only a dolphin insculped on the reverse of its coyn ; but likewise a syren ( whose feet resembled the fins of a fish ) sounding a trumpet ; to intimate not only the situation , but the fame and celebrity ( decyphered by the trumpet ) of that city . syracusa had not only a dolphin embowed in chief ; but a strobilos or pine-apple in base insculp'd on the reverse of their coyns ; not only to decypher to us its maritime position , but likewise to suggest to us the plentiful growth of those trees about that city ; which were always reputed a symbol of fertility . a star fixed on a luna falcata or half moon was insculp'd on the reverse of several grecian coyns , especially of that of byzantium , and might significantly denote both the increase and growth , or else the restitution of a city decay'd ( describ'd by the star ) to its primitive light and splendour . some cities in creet had an eagle insculped on their coin , perch'd upon a labyrinth , between two stars in chief , and two pileus's on each side the labyrinth in base ; the two stars were castor and pollux , or the dioscuri ; the two pileus's designed that liberty they enjoyed under the tuition and protection of jupiter , intimated by the eagle , and the two stars the twins of leda . so pergamus had describ'd on the reverse of its coyn , aesculapius standing on a pedestal or cippus of stone , the solemn protector of that city , and between two deminaked figures , presenting the image with two sprigs or branches of water smallage , which certainly did denote the two rivers that glided at no far distance from this city , namely selinus , and ceteius ; their two garlands likewise under the pedestal , which did declare that those did adorn the neocoroi or sacrists , at the celebration of those solemnities that were devoted to the honor of this eminent deity . nice in bythinia had the image of bacchus lying in a reclining posture , and leaning on a panther , the signal symbol of those cities which were entituled to his protection , and holding in his right hand the image of victory ; from whence the city , it is probable , might extract the name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , that is , victoria . on the antient numismata of damascus was stampt the signature of a woman , whose right hand grasped a prunum damascenum or damsen prune , of which the country was abundantly fruitful : and at her feet was placed a wheel ; which , it is probable might intimate , that this was the effigies of nemesis , who was patroness ( as seguinus asserts from antient coyns ) of several cities in the lesser asia : now a wheel was customarily placed by her , for these two reasons ; first to declare the celerity of divine revenge , and secondly to discover to us the vicissitudes and revolutions of it . there is another coyn relating to nice abovementioned , published by seguinus ; on the reverse of it sits bacchus , representing a youthful countenance ; to declare the vigour and refreshment the spirits receive from wine : his head is embellish'd with rays ; to intimate , that he was the first inventor of lights . hence it was , that he was pourtray'd by the aegyptians with a torch in his hand , and worship'd under the notion of bacchus lampterios ; his right hand grasps a thirsus , whose top is bound about with ivy , to suggest to us , that the furious sallies of lust or anger should be bound in and repress'd with the cords of moderation and patience . by him is placed isis , with a bushel on her head , and a cornucopia in her right hand ; both the hieroglyphicks of plenty and fertility . upon the sides of whose chariot are impress'd the signatures of a panthers and a tiger ; to discover to us , that wine debauches humane nature , into the disordered and impetuous passions of pantherr and tigers . his chariot is drawn by two centaurs ; to intimate that wine renders men a complicated mixture of man and beast . before them dances the boy lissus , to demonstrate to us , what childish and ridiculous agitations of body are superinduced upon us by the efforts of wine : at the left side of isis , is placed cupid , in his right hand brandishing a torch ; to decypher , that both love and its flame are fomented and improv'd by the heat of wine : about the top and base of the medal is insculp'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . upon the reverse of an antient coyn of the city tyrus , stamp'd under the reign of antoninus pius , and transmitted to the publick view by seguinus , there is the portraicture of hercules , in his right hand holding a dish over a flaming altar , to denote his divinity ; before him is placed a stony mass , distinguished into two columns , resembling in their mode or portraicture two butts ; from whose lower part there is an efflux of water , which empties it self upon a shell in the base of the coyn ; by which may be meant , they understood either hercules pillars ; fixed near gades , which was a tyrian colony ; or else it is more probable they may design those rocks lurking under the water , upon which tyre was erected ; and this is inforced from the waters descending upon the shell , which certainly was the exchequer or repository of the tyrian purple . upon the reverse of the samian coyn , there was the portraicture of a temple , and juno standing before the portal , and at the base of one of the pillars , on the left side of it , issued out the vitex or agnus castus ; which may denote to us , that this island was under the protection of juno , who was born near the river imbrasius , under this shrub or plant stil'd agnus castus , with which the banks of this river were abundantly embroider'd : and about the reverse was insculp'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . although upon the reverse of the ephesian coyn an hart was usually insculp'd ; as a beast particularly devoted to diana : yet seguinus in his selecta numismata hath discovered to us another coyn of ephesus , on whose reverse ( stamped under the reign of antoninus pius ) is exhibited the effigies of jupiter sitting on a rock , to declare his stability ; having his thunder lodg'd on the palme of his left hand , to intimate his clemency ; and from a cornucopia in his right hand distilling some aspersions either resembling rain or dew , to demonstrate his benignity : upon a figure crown'd that lies beneath , near his feet , is a temple , and an adjacent cypress tree : both which discover to us the indulgent beneficence of the emperour abovesaid , by refreshing and repairing the ruines not only of the confining province ( designed by the prostrate crowned figure ) which possibly had been torn with the concussions of an earthquake , or empair'd with famin ; but ephesus likewise ( decyphered by the temple and tree ) which had been assalted by the same calamities . upon the reverse of the coyn of laodicea , within a crown , whose intexture was of the leaves and berries of ivy , there was a chest plac'd , out of whose aperture a serpent issued , to intimate , that this city was entitled to the guardianship of bacchus ; or that the circumambient region was plentifully productive of wine , discovered by the serpent ; which by tristan is made either to signifie the genius , or else the power and fertility of a province : and this coyn gives light to that of catullus ; pars sese tortis serpentibus incingebant ; pars obscura cavis celebrabant orgia cistis . orgia , quae frustra cupiunt audire profani . upon the reverse of the coyn both of cyzicum and sardis were insculp'd two serpents , wreathed about two erected torches , in the midst of which was placed a flaming altar , to intimate , that these two cities did with the highest veneration prosecute and adore both proserpine and ceres ; the last of which was frequently portraicted sitting in a chariot drawn by two serpents , brandishing two flaming torches . upon the reverse of the coyn of philippopolis , there was the signature of a woman half naked , which did signifie the city it self , sitting on a rocky hill , which did design the mountain rhodope ; which with the herb nymphaea or water-lilly , which her left hand grasp'd , and the shrub of willow or osier that issued out of the base or foot of the mountain , did demonstrate its situation to be not far distant from the river strymon . about the middle of the coyn was impress'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . upon the reverse of an antient coyn of thessalonica , was insculp'd the figure of one of the cabeiri half naked , to specifie his innocence ; supporting in his right hand a little vessel , in his left he wields a mallet ; to intimate that these cabeiri were the first inventors of the managing the use of ( which the little vessel seems to comprize ) agriculture , hunting , and other mechanick artifices : about the margin of the reverse is engraven 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . upon the reverse of a very antient coyn of catana in sicily , conveigh'd to seguinus by du fresne , is impress'd a winged scepter between two paterae or sacrificing platters ; the first did signifie the dominion , power and swiftness of eloquence : the patenae were the symbols of religion , as being the instruments employ'd in all the heathen oblations . and therefore occo does well define it , when he says that patera was divinitatis & aeternitatis symbolum , or a symbol of eternity , from its circular or sphaerical figure . upon the reverse of the theban coyn , was impress'd a cantharus or flaggon , and a clypeus or shield ; the first being used in sacrifices , was an embleme of religion , and the other a type of strength and fortitude . and as cities , so had provinces and kingdoms their particular symbols too impressed on the reverse of their coyn ; as two snakes embracing a quiver and a bow , on each side of which was placed a caduceus , was the symbol of asia , as being under the guardianship and protection of those two eminent deities hercules and mercury . thessaly and thrace had an horse , and sometimes an horsman and horse in full career engraven on the reverse of their coyn ; to intimate the dextrous skill in horsemanship that was asscrib'd , in elder ages , to the inhabitants of those two provinces . a camel insculp'd on some antient coyn , did represent arabia , as a beast peculiar to that country . so the signature of a lion , or an elephant , insculp'd on the african medals , did typifie africa , as being creatures likewise proper to that region ; though mr. selden in his mare clausum asserts , that the sculpture of a woman , whose head was adorn'd with a wreath of sprigs of corn and ivory was the embleme of that countrey ; as that of a woman , whose head was-encircled with a wreath of palme leaves , and whose garment was interlaced with the river of tagus , was of that of spain . but the learned spanhemius , in his tract de usu & praestantia numismatum , does discover to us , that a woman sitting , and holding an olive branch , with a coney placed by her , insculp'd on some antient coyn , was the proper symbol of that country , it being abundantly productive of olive trees and coneys . a palm branch was the embleme of assyria , parthia , armenia , and other eastern provinces : and therefore on the reverse of some antient coyn , published by spanheimius , the kings of those regions are represented sitting , and holding a palm branch . an hart , whose neck was surrounded with a wreath of ivy leaves , was insculp'd on the coyn of pontus and other provinces , that obeyed the scepter of mithridates , who gloried to be stiled liber or bacchus ; as affirming himself extracted from that eminent deity , to whom the hart , as well as to apollo and diana , was sacred . the corybantes or curetes , insculp'd on an antient medal , clashing their swords and shields together ( from whence the pyrrhica and saltatio enoplea extracted its original ) and in the midst of them cybele vail'd , ( the embleme of divinity ) supporting an infant with her left hand upon her knee , protected from the rage of saturn by their succour , was ( as seguinus discourses ) the proper symbol of creet : as the sculpture of an armed vonus , in her right hand supporting an apple , and in her left hand a spear , was the symbolical representation of cyprus . a rose engraven on the coyn of rhodes , was the embleme of that island . an eagle with expanded wings , and lodging both his tallons upon thunder , was insculp'd on the reverse of the aegyptian coyn , as a solemn symbol of that kingdom ; and was assumed by its princes to intimate , not only their latitude of dominion , but likewise the dreadfulness of their power : as some of the seleuci , kings of syria , had a winged thunder-bolt insculp'd on the reverse of their coyn ; to shew not only the formidablenes , but the celerity of their justice . as some of the kings of macedon likewise did impress on the reverse of their coyn , a lions head cabosed ; to signifie they were extracted from hercules , who destroyed the nemaean lion . nor did colonies want their particular symbols also , as may appear from the reverses of several antient coyns . i shall begin with one of gordianus ; on the reverse sits a woman with a crown embattel'd on head , the common embleme of cities ; her right hand grasps some sprigs of corn , the index of fertility : over her head hangs a sagittarius ; which intimates that the city singara ( of which this woman was a representation ) was not far distant from parthia , whose inhabitants were so eminent for archery . at her feet lies prostrate a naked figure , seeming to cut the water with his labouring arms ; which , it is probable , is the representation of the river tigris , not far remov'd from singara . about the edge or limb of the reverse is this greek inscription , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . to intimate , that it was begun by the influence of marcus aurelius ; but perfected by the concurrent aid of septimius severus . the second is a coyn , stamp'd under the rule of macrinus ; on the reverse sits a woman , armed with a helmet on a shield ( the embleme of rome ) leaning her left hand upon a spear ; whilst her right hand supports an eagle , ( the representation of the roman empire ) within whose expanded wings , are two little images ; who certainly design the inhabitants of the new erected colony philippolis . about the border of the reverse is inscrib'd in greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , on the reverse of a coyn of augustus , is the impress of two figures standing and reaching out their hands , as if they summon'd and invited inhabitants to come and reside in the new establish'd colony . about the fringe of the reverse is inscrib'd col. aug. juli. philipp . to intimate that philippos , the chief city of macedonia , was a colony of augustus's institution . upon the reverse of a coyn of alexander severus , there is a ship under sail , the common symbol of good success amongst the romans ; and on each side a dolphin naiant , the emblem of maritime colonies ; and about the reverse superscrib'd 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . from whence we may determine , that tarsus , the metropolis of cilicia , had been re-edified by adrian , having peradventure been shaken and distorted with the convulsions of earthquakes , refreshed by severus , and adorned or repaired by the emperour abovesaid . upon the reverse of a coyn of diocletianus and maximianus , there is the figure of a woman standing ; holding in her right hand sprigs of corn , the indisputable emblem of fertility ; and in her left grasping poppy , the symbol of repose and quiet ; and about the reverse is inscribed , foelix carthago , to intimate , that the beneficence of these emperours , by new supplements and reparations , had buoyd up carthage , that had lain so long sunk amongst its antient ruines . he that will see this discourse more dilated , let him peruse goltsius , angeloni , seguinus , tristan ; but above all , the second late edition of the most learned spanheimius . now the principal difference between persons of a colony , and those of a municipium , was this . in a colony they were still drawn out of the corporation it self of the people of rome , as members ; but in the other , they were not any part of that imperial body , until favourably received by municipal privilege into the freedom ; men generally foreign , else only by admission capable . those in a colony likewise ( as some greek inscriptions inform me , published by spanheimius ) were first 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , they were sui juris , they had no dependence on any but the emperour , and by consequence , lived under their own jurisdiction . secondly , they were 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , they had power to institute by-laws , and ordinances , for the better support and government of the established colony . thirdly , they were 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , they were secured with equal freedom and liberty as the people of rome . fourthly they had jus asyli , the right of sanctuary hence those colonies , that were invested with this privilege were stiled 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or sacrae . fifthly , they had jus & facultatem cudendae monetae , they had the grant of a mint and coynage of money . sixthly , if any jewes , or others were admitted to the freedome of a colony , they had a roman name , added to that appellation he bore before ; so saul that was born at tarsus , a colony of the romans , was likewise named paul. seventhly , colonies had curias decurionum , courts of the docuriones ( they were call'd so , sayes an antient glossarie cited by d r hammond ) because at first ▪ when colonies were sent out , the tenth part of them were appointed to sit as a standing committee to guide and steer the publick interest . eighty , they had jus senatus , colonies had a priviledge to gather a select number of persons into the order and body of a senate , that in the managerie and conduct of their counsels , their publick weal , and more important concerns , might be involv'd and wrap'd up . i shall now make some compendious remarks on the consular coyns , or the roman denarii , which were the registers of evidences of several eminent roman families , ●nd of several illustrious persons extracted ●●om them , who had improv'd and inlarg'd ●heir fame as well as the dominion of rome , ●y diverse signal actions commenc'd both by ●ea and land , and were likewise the monuments and index's of those conspicuous offices they had manag'd as consuls , censors , praetors , praefects of the city , flamens , aediles , questors , and other dignities of principal importance on which was insculp'd some thing that represented their triumphs , their censure of manners , their absolution or conviction and condemnation of criminals , their dedication of temples , sports and games ( especially the circensian ) and feasts , their shews of fencing , repairing or securing the wayes , establishing aquae ducts , erecting of fabricks ; and lastly , their defending of the military vallum or trench , and the lines of circumvallation , circumscribing the roman camp. chains and bracelets did adorn the generals of those barbarous nations that were in hostility against the romans : and amongst the coins of augustinus tarraconensis , there is on the reverse of one , two bracelets in chief , and two serpents erected , noded by their tails , and cast into the figure of a chain in base , from whence in the explanation of the mystery of this coin , he asserts , it was usual for the roman general , and other eminent officers , not only to wear the bracelets and chains of the opposite generals , and other conspicuous officers , who were slain or made captive ; but likewise to engrave the figure of them on the reverse of medalls , which as a lasting evidence , might transport to posterity the memory of those signal atchievements they had acquir'd for the people of rome . if by their prudence , diligence or fortitude they had secur'd the roman camp , from the onsets and impressions of the adversary , either by personal courage , or by opportune fortifications , they stamp'd on those denarii that had an aspect on their families a vallum or castrum suis clathris , septis seu clausuris munitum , a trench or camp fenc'd and circumscrib'd with its fortified lines , angles and out-works . if any of the illustrious roman families had been dignified with the office , either of dictator or consul , they insculp'd on their denarii , a globe , the type of empire , the fasces , the emblem of justice , the caduceus , the ensign of felicity and peace , or else the cornucopia , the monument of plenty , and two hands conjoyn'd and knit together , the symbol of concord . if any of them had undergone the illustrious office of censor , to perpetuate the memory of so signal an employment , they insculp'd on their denarii , and other coins , a censor plac'd or sitting on the seat of judicature , with a roman , accompanied with some other citizens , reaching out , or presenting a bundle of some lawes unto him to be corrected , winnow'd or revis'd by his animadversion or censure , according to that of tully , acta ad eos privata deferunto . if any of the roman families had been praetors , they stamp'd on the reverse of their denarii , some mark or character , that might as an index inform posterity they had been invested with this office , from whence upon some of them there is imprest , the bridge that lead to their court of judicature , the septa or pen that shut it in and inclos'd it , the di●ibitorium or partition , that like a pleading bar separated it and the cista or chest wherein the praetor treasur'd up the publick records ; others to testifie the same dignity , they insculp'd , either little round tablets , or repositories , wherein their suffrages were laid up ▪ all which were either mark'd with the letter a , which signified adjudico or antiquo , that is , antiquam volo ; or else with the letters a c and a d , that is , absolvo , or on the contrary , condemno or absolvo , and in opposition to that damno , or else they presented on them a basilica , that is , their more solemn and majestick court of justice surrounded with pillars and cloysters for the romans to walk in , a praetorium or judgement-hall : and lastly , a puteal , that is , an inferiour or more contracted court of justice , stil'd so , because the tectum or tegument of it , resembled the brim of a hat , or cover of a well . if any of their families had been aediles , and deputed to decide those actions the roman lawes stiled redhibitoriae , they insculp'd on their denarii two figures sitting upon a seat of judicature ; or again , if they had been aediles cereales , and employ'd by the senate to buy corn to support and refresh the people of rome , they stamp'd on the reverse of their coyn , a ship , out of which seemed to issue out sprigs of wheat , or else , a modius or roman bushel plac'd between two ears of corn ; or lastly , a pair of scales placed over a sella curulis , which impress was stamp'd on their coyn , as well as the denarii of the praetors . if they had been flamens they stamped likewise some signal mark on the reverse of their denarii , to instruct future ages , that some of their families had been honour'd with that office , as if they had been flamines quirinales , or flamens to romulus , they insculp'd the figure of a woman arm'd with a spear and helmet ( the representation of rome ) sitting on a shield , and holding in her right hand a sharp pointed apex ( the common symbol of priesthood ) which was the tassel or top of the sacerdotal pileus , or flamens bonnet . now the apex amongst the antients was a symbol of such eminence and dignity , that in ages of an elder inscription , several kings are pourtray'd and insculp'd on antique coyns , supporting it , to intimate , that in times of a very high ascent amongst the gentiles , the priesthood was still entwin'd with the scepter . i shall exhibit a brief scheme of some examples of it . strabo asserts , lib. 5. that in aritia it was united to the priesthood of diana , and in cappadocia , to the temple of bellona . the old aegyptians and aethiopians chose their kings , out of their colledges of priests . midas , king of phrygia was consecrated to orpheus . the lacedemonian kings did alwayes sacrifice in person . zenophon records the like of cambyses ; and curtius of alexander . halycarnasseus affirms , that romulus manag'd all that concern'd the gods by himself . in the east indies the malabar kings do not disdain the office of the brachmans : and it is sufficiently known , that amongst the arabs and saracens , the same person was both prince and caliph . and diogenes in stobaeus layes it down amongst the qualifications and characters of a compleat prince , that he should be a good souldier , a judge and a priest. and hence it is , that at the inauguration of the kings of england , one of the regalia , that is an ingredient in that solemnity , is the collobium or dalmatica , a garment something resembling a surplisse , to specifie , that the regal and sacerdotal office were combin'd and twisted together in one person . if they had been flamens to mars , they represented two figures on their coyn ; one supported the image of victory , the other reached forth a star , to intimate that he was consecrated to the service of the deity abovesaid . if they had been flamens to apollo , they insculped upon a tripos a simpulum or ewer ( the emblem of religion ) placed between two stars , to signifie the morning and the evening star , or else the rising and setting of the sun in the east and west . i had almost forgot that the aediles and praetors abovementioned were when the ludi appollinares , saeculares , cereales , consuales or circenses , and other solemn sports or games were celebrated , to provide ▪ bulls for sacrifice and baighting , and hinds , and other beasts for hunting ; whence all those persons that had sustained those two offices to perpetuate the memory of that employment , insculped on the roman denarii , either a bulls head cabosed , or else a hind , and a bow bent and quiver , which we may see in fulvius visinas does still adorn the reverse of the consular coyn. if any of the roman families had been augurs to convey a commemoratio to posterity they were adorned with that dignity , they impressed on their denarii a simpulum or ewer used in sacrifices , a tripos , and a lituus or crooked augurall staff ; as the consuls and praetors stamped on their coyn , ( as appears in fulvius vrsinus ) sometimes a rider placed in a chariot drawn with two horses in full career , sometimes drawn with sour in the same posture , to intimate , that the games dedicated to apollo , or else the ludi circenses or consuales , the games devoted to neptune were exhibited to the people , when they mamaged the offices abovesaid . if any of the roman families had obliged the people by the , combat of gladiators by their munificence presented to them , they did engrave on their denarii two crooked engines , resembling two shepherds crooks in salteir , a weapon used by the gladiators , called thraces , and a shield and a laqueus or halter , and sometimes a net , destructive instruments employed by the gladiators , stiled the laquearii and retiarii to entangle and ruine their opponents . if they had at any time by a cautious retreat secured any part of the roman armies , they insculped on their coyn a pagurus or crabb , supporting some weapons and ensigns . if again , they had by their prudence , and sober procrastination of affairs , destroyed the rash and precipitate onsets of the enemy , they stamped on the reverse of their denarii a crabb grasping a butterflie . if they had by any noble and generous undertaking rescued their gasping country , or saved the lives of its citizens , or atchieved the spolia opima ; they insculp'd on the reverse of their denarii , either the figures of amphinomus and anapias , two brethren of catana in sicily , who when a deluge of fire had disembogued it self from the flaming entrails of aetna , and made an eruption upon some part of that island , snatched up their aged parents , and after the demolishing of many difficulties , saved their lives by endangering their own : or else a crown of oaken leaves ; or lastly , an armed figure on horseback , supporting the spoils and trophies taken from the slaughtered prince . nor did they want some representations upon their coin to discover from whence they were descended ; as if they were descended from sicily , they stamp'd on their denarii three legs , coupled and embraced , or interlaced ( the symbol of that island ; ) if from chios or sio , a pitcher or jarre with two ears was imprest ; if from the sabins , who boasted their extraction to be from the pelasgi , who first peopled arcadia , they insculp'd one of the stimphalides , a ravenous bird arm'd with an helmet , which the fictions of poets made proper only to that province : nor did those who had the care of the mint , nor those who kept stakes at the games stil'd tali or latrunculi , much resembling the sport of cockall amongst children , want some monument engraven on the antient denarii ; which might declare that some of the family had been curatores monetae , or ludi magistri ; to perpetuate the memory of the first , they stamp'd a forge , an anvil , an hammer , and a pair of tongs or pincers ; and to inforce the memory of the last , they insculp'd a temple devoted deae sorti , or else four quadrilateral bones , with this inscription interwoven , qui ludit , arram det , quod satis est . before i conclude this discourse , i must observe out of vrsinus , that if any of the roman families had been invested with any of those offices , or all of them gradually or successively , that did merit the sella curulis , as an ensign or perquisite of their dignity or dignities ; they insculp'd on their denarii a sella curulis , with one crown as ornament imposed upon it , and sometimes with two , three , or four , to intimate the variety of those eminent employments they had been engaged in : as silla stamp'd on the reverse of a denarius , relating to his family , four crowns to declare his four victories . indeed this sella curulis was of so honourable estimate amongst the romans , that when the senate of rome would testifie by some solemn evidences their affection to those kings that were in amity with them , they usually endow'd them with a sella curulis , an ivory staff , a tunica palmata , a loose coat or tunic , embroider'd with palm branches ; and lastly , toga picta , a gown embellished and adorn'd with several figures . and hence it is that on the reverse of an antien coin , ariobarzanes king of cappadocia is insculp'd , vested with a roman gown and tunic , placed on a sella curulis , and supporting in his left hand an ivory staff ; to declare he was a prince that held an amicable correspondence with the romans . having had had occasion before to mention the roman crowns , i shall now exhibit in a compendious representation , the several species of them , and so conclude . and first there was corona triumphalis , or aurea , which in elder times was composed of lawrel , but in more modern ages was fashioned of gold. it was sent by the senate to the lord general , as a trophie to adorn his triumphs . secondly corona obsidionalis or graminea , which was given by the soldiers to the general , when he had rescued them from a siege , and was formed of the grass of the place where they had been besieg'd . now the reason of this was , that by this monument they might seem to yield up the right of that place to their captain . and hence it was that antiently in races and other masteries , he that was subdued , did gather up some of the grass of that place , and gave it to the conquerour as an evidence of his acknowledgment that he was vanquished . hence that phrase , herbam porrigere , is to confess a victory . thirdly corona civica or quercea , the civick crown framed out of oaken leaves , which was given to him that had saved the life of a roman citizen , and in procedure of the subsequent ages to the general himself , if he had spared the life of a citizen , when it lay in his power to destroy him . fourthly corona muralis , or a crown mural , that was given him that first scaled the wall of any town beleagured by the romans ; in memory of which , the circlet of it was embellished with trophies which resembled the battlements of a wall. fifthly corona castrensis or vallaris , which was given to him that first entred the enemies camp ; in memory of which signal atchievement , the circle or orbit of the crown was adorn'd with something that represented a bulwark or tenalia , or else the mound ( stil'd in latin vallum ) that both supported and strengthen'd them . sixthly corona navalis , that was bestowed on him that first entred the enemies ships , the top or summit of which resembled in its figure the beaks of ships ; from whence it was likewise stil'd corona rostrata . seventhly , corona ovalis , which was compos'd of myrtle leaves , and was confer'd on those who only had merited an ovation , not a triumph . now an ovation was granted when the adversaries that were subdued were thieves and pirates , that is , of no considerable importance ; or secondly , when the victory was atchiev'd without much hazard , or effusion of blood , the enemies voluntarily submitting themselves to the mercy or discretion of the victor . i now proceed to take a view of the roman imperial coyns ; and first i find one of julius caesar's , on whose reverse is insculp'd an armed man supporting the image of victory ; and on another's reverse , an armed man , sustaining in his right hand a little cell or chappel , which some may conjecture contain'd the image of victory ; though i rather believe it shrouded the portraicture of the eagle , the only signal trophy or banner of the roman empire : for whereas in times of an elder inscription , the romans bore on their ensigns the boar , the wolf , the minotaure , the horse and the eagle ; they were reduced by marius solely to the eagle ; which was established by him to be the solemn successive standard of the roman armies , and was preserved in a little cell of quadrangular shrine , which was compos'd sometimes of silver , and sometimes of gold. after augustus had atchiev'd his victory at actium , and reduced aegypt by conquest , he stamp'd on the reverse of his coyn a crocodile , and sometimes a crocodile chain'd to a palm tree , with this inscription , aegyptia capta . the like was observ'd by titus , after his conquest of judaea and jerusalem , who insculp'd on the reverse of his coyns , a woman sitting under a palm-tree in a doleful and calamitous posture ; and on others , a woman leaning against a palm tree with her hands bound ( the symbol or hieroglyphick of captivity ) and this inscription annex'd , judaea capta . on the reverse of some of tiberius his coyns , i find the arms in use among the antient germans , lodg'd in a shuffled or confused heap ( the embleme of some rout or overthrow ) and this motto affixed , germania ; the like sculpture with little or no variation is represented on the reverse of some coyns of domitian . after corbulo had reduced tigranocerta , the metropolis of armenia , nero stamp'd on the reverse of some of his medals a bull attaqued , held or drag'd by the horns , with these words subjoyn'd , armenia capta ; by which was intimated his conquest over that country , which was so copiously productive of that sort of cattle . indeed when most of the roman emperours had obtain'd any solemn conquest over any foreign army or province , they were accustomed to preserve the remembrance of that signal atchivement , by representing on the reverse of their coyns a sagum or military cassock , sometimes hanging on an oak , and sometimes lodg'd on a palm tree . when they instituted or established any colony , if it was erected on the maritime parts of any province , they used to insculp on the right side of their coyn the name of the designed colony , and on the reverse the beak or head of a ship ( the antient hieroglyphick of naval peregrinations . ) but if again it were form'd or fix'd in the more inland parts , they likewise stamp'd the name of the colony on one side ; but on the reverse , a plough , or else two oxen , to intimate that they had assign'd as much land towards its support or establishment , as two oxen could in one day plough up in a circular figure . when they would manifest the faith of their armies , they stamp'd on the reverse of their medals two hands clasped and lodg'd on a sagum or military cassock , the symbol of a soldier ; when they would represent their concord , they insculp'd three armed men in fesse embracing each other . when they would exhibit a representation of publick peace or tranquillity , they insculp'd a woman supporting a patera , a platter or dish used at the rites of sacrifices , in one hand , and in the other a horn fraught or laden with corn , fruit , and flowers ; to suggest to us , that both religion and plenty did most thrive and flourish under the calm and serenity of a publick peace . hope was represented on their medals by the sculpture of a woman grasping in her right hand some sprigs of corn , as yet in its infancy or minority . the image of good event , on the reverse of some coyns of trajan , is exhibited to us by the figure of a woman , reaching out in one hand a sacrificing dish or platter , and sustaining some mature ears of corn in the other ; to intimate , that we must never expect any prosperous success or event of affairs , unless we first make our application or address to heaven ( typified by the sacrificing patera ) to improve the undertaking : and on the reverse of another medal of trajan abovesaid , there is the sculpture of a thunderbolt repos'd on a pillow , tacitly to insinuate to princes , that the severity of justice should be mollified and attempered with mercy . when they express'd the publick security of the empire , they insculp'd the gate of a city on some of their coyn , and on others the impress of the arches of a bridge . providence was represented on the reverse of their medals , by the figure of a temple , with six eagles perch'd on the top ( the antient embleme of piety and providential perspicacity ) three respecting the eastern , and three beholding the western situation of it . when the youth of the emperour was to be represented , and his improvement in years , or rather indeed the increase of the empire in dominion and extent , and gradation of power , upon the reverse of some roman medals was stamped the impress of jupiter bestriding a goat , with this motto affix'd , jovi crescenti . on other reverses in insculp'd the effigies of that deity abovesaid , in an erect posture , grasping in his right hand his three-forked thunder , and in another a lance , with these words annex'd , jovi propugnatori ; and on other medals his figure is exhibited to us , stretching out his right hand armed and instructed with thunder , and leaning his other on the gate of a city , with this inscription endors'd , jovi custodi . in augustinus tarraconensis his numismata antiqua , there is the delineation of two infrequent antique coins ; the first expresses the sculpture of the body of an eagle , and instead of an head , there is lodged on the trunk a sun raionce , or refulgent in his glory , with this motto annex'd , foelicitatis reparatio . by the body of the eagle was typified the roman empire , and by the resplendent sun was intimated that calmness and serenity that succeeded those tempests and clouds of calamitous infelicity that had darkned the roman grandeur . indeed clouds may obscure and eclipse the rays of the sun ; but when that gloomy skreen is resolved and dispelled , all things are refreshed by his light , and reanimated and fortified with his heat and influence . on the reverse of the second is the signature of the trunk of a man , with an anubis or dog's head , his right hand supporting a pot of incense , and his left hand grasping a caduceus wreath'd about with two serpents , with this inscription adorning the margin of the medal , vota publica . the caduceus encircled with the serpents , was amongst the romans always the embleme of religion , the pot of incense , of prayer ; and the dog's head intimated that the publick vows were offered up to the deities above by mercury the messenger of the gods. when they would discover how they had supplied the people with corn , both emperour and consuls pourtrai'd on their medals a man's head with five ears of corn issuing out of it . when they would express that religion and concord or peace were supported in their security by laws , they insculped two hands clasped in one , lodged upon a caduceus entwined with two serpents , and beneath that the figure of a lictor's axe . when any of the emperors had been invested with the office or dignity of the chief pontificate , they pourtray'd on the reverse of their numismata the several representations of a pitcher , a sacrificing knife and platter , a simpulum , and other instruments , subservient and ministerial in the rites relating to the sacrifice . the liberality of the emperours was declared by the effigies of a woman , sustaining in her left hand the horn of plenty , and in her right hand the roman congius , which contained ten pounds , with this motto inscribed , liberalitas augusti . when they would manifest their triumphs , they represented the signature of a chaplet of laurel , lodged on the top of a sella curulis ; and sometimes more , if they had deserved to be dignified for their generous undertakings with several of those signal and pompous solemnities . when jupiter had in their estimate supported and secured the empire from the pressure of some incumbent disaster , by some eminent preservation , they exhibited his image on the reverse of some medals holding a ball or globe ; on some supporting the horn of plenty , and on others the image of victory ; and expanding or stretching out his right hand , as though with his power and providence he had covered both the roman territories and armies ; with this inscription annexed , jovi conservatori . there is a medal of valerian's with this motto endorsed on the reverse , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which i rather mention because the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 frequently occurrs both on the reverse of the greek and roman coyns : the sculpture is three temples , in the midst an altar , the fire kindled , and wreathed about with a serpent ( the antient hieroglyphick of religion . ) upon the face of the coyn are three heads correspondent to the three temples ; the first of the emperour himself , the other of galienus and valerian his two sons . now the word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( as mr. gregory in his notes and learned disquisitions upon the word observes ) imports as much as aedituus , one that takes care of the temples ; and was an office of such sacred estimate both amongst greeks and romans , that the most eminent cities desired to have the appellation of the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , the guardians or sacrists of the temples of those principal deities , whom they asserted to be their tutelary protectors . the consecration or devoting the roman temples to their respective gods , was intimated by the signature of a square temple with fire issuing from the top , with this inscription affixed , consecratio ; to insinuate that devotions exhaled in those consecrated repositories should be like that element , intense and fervent . the apotheosis or deisication of the emperours was declared upon the reverse of the roman medals by the figure of an eagle ascending up to heaven out of the flame of their funeral piles . there is one coin peculiar to nerva , which i had almost omitted ; that is , four horses unbridled on the reverse , and running in a loose career , with this inscription , vehiculatione per italiam remissâ ; by which is intimated that he had remitted that severe pourveiance of horses for his use and carriage , which had been before so generally disgustful to the territories of italy . most of the roman games , especially the circensian , had their solemnization celebrated in meadows , the fringes of whose banks confined on the margent of some river ; hence the romans stamped ( also jos. scalliger in his manilian exercitations observes ) on their antient coins , by a river a horseman in full career armed with a lance with this motto affixed , decursio . on some coins of antoninus pius the emperour , the reverse bears the sculpture of a woman attired in blew , seated on a rock circumscribed and environed with the sea , with this inscription subjoyned , britannia ; by which was insinuated that britain was an island ; or else tacitly suggested that dominion and empire she was entitled to , over the circumambient ocean . upon the reverse of an antient coin in my own possession , there is a woman placed on a rock , supporting a pillar in one hand , and leaning the other on a pan of fire , with these words annexed , constantia imperatoris : the head is so defaced , that unless it be the effigies of pertinax , i know not whom to entitle it to . there is on the reverse of a medal of antinous , who was deified by the emperour adrian , the effigies of a man holding a winged horse ; now celebrity of fame amongst the graecians was typified by a pegasus mounting up to heaven , from whence we may conclude that they only in the vogue of adrian were fit to be enrolled in the register of consecrations above , ( as antinous was ) who had merited it by a celebrity of fame or beauty below . having so often mentioned the roman coins and medals , i shall take a brief prospect of some coins in use amongst the greeks and romans ; and first i shall discover that the antients insculped several signatures or images on their money from which impression they borrowed the appellation of nummi philippei , alexandrei , berenicii , demaretii , darici , ptolemaici , from the faces or aspects of those kings or queens ; namely , philip , alexander , berenice , demaretus , darius , ptolomy , whose sculpture did adorn their medals . hence was it that the signature of an owl did illustrate the attick money ; that of a pegasus was stamped on the corinthian coin ; but the impress of a mouse was visible on that of argos ; the image of a horse was insculped on the coin of cephalonia ; those of mitylene did adorn theirs was the image of sappho ; and the coin of chios or gio , did represent the pourtraicture of homer ; and in imitation of these , the romans antiently and originally did stamp on the reverse of their coins either a ship , or else the image of janus with two faces . now the most minute and inconsiderable coin , both for cheapness and matter , as being of copper amongst the romans , and i believe too amongst the greeks , were the siliquae and the folles : the first were equivalent in weight to four grains ; the last both in their weight and value did not out-ballance or out-vie our english halfpenny . the roman coin stiled sestertium , contained two asses and an half. the victoriatus or quinarius was proportionate in its estimate to five asses . now the roman asses were coin of so contemptible an account , that by the suffrage of all , one of them did amount to but four fifths of a penny. the roman cistophori were a species of coin that were in value equal to half of the attick trinarnica . now the trinarnica did in their weight poise an attick dram , that is the eighth part of an ounce . the drachma was the denarius consularis , or consular penny , as the triobolus was the semi-drachma , or semi-denarius consularis , the half consular penny . now the aureus , a piece of gold so stiled amongst the romans , did when rome was under the government of consuls , weight two denarii , that is fifteen shillings sterling ; but under the emperours its weight decreased to thirteen shillings sterling . the roman stater in silver was valued at two shillings four pence ; but in gold its estimate was rated at sixteen shillings four pence sterling . the aureus under severus was first called solidus , because then it was divided into two parts , viz. the semisses and tremisses , and so relatively to these the whole aureus had the appellation of solidus imposed upon it . the lesser talent among the romans weighed sixty pound , which was proportionate in its estimate to one hundred seventy nine pound sterling ; but the greater talent amongst that people swelled in its bulk and volume to a weight of eighty pound ; that is equivalent in its value to two hundred ninety nine pound and a noble sterling . there were other coins called hypatia , tremisia aud hemisia , which indeed were medals scattered amongst the people at the solemn inauguration of the roman emperours . so amongst the greeks there were coins , or rather medals , which had the title of epicombia bestowed upon them ; three of which being of silver , and three of gold , accompanied with three little pieces of brass , were treasured up in little bundles fastned or tied about with linnen ligatures , and to the number of ten thousand were by the injunction and command of the greek emperours thrown and dispersed amongst the people near the ascent or threshold of the pallace , after their publick unction and inthronization . both which are more amply discovered to us by mr. selden in his learned and elaborate tract of titles of honour . an appendix to the former discourses concerning imperial coins . upon the reverse of several consular denarii and imperial coin also , there is the figure of a woman standing and reaching out a patera or sacrificing dish to a serpent ; by the woman vrsinus conjectures is understood juno sospita the patroness of rome , when she was afflicted with the incumbent pressure of any distemper ; for my particular , i rather believe the figure represents the genius of rome it self , who offers up an oblation to a serpent , the symbol of aesculapius to divert the pestilence and other diseases that then perchance assaulted the city . on the reverse of a denarius of mark anthony published by vrsinus , there is the figure of a man standing in a chariot drawn by four sea horses , which was imprest to signifie his dominion over the land and sea. upon the reverse of a coin of augustus there is a pileus stamped with this inscription , libertas augusti . now the pileus or bonnet , and a little wand stiled rudis or vindicta , with which the praetor softly touched slaves on their heads upon their manumission , were ever the ensigns of freedom ; hence it was that when brutus had sacrificed caesar to the publick liberty , he insculped on his denarii a pileus between two daggers . after the battle of actium , augustus did engrave on the reverse of his coyn , a capricorn , to signifie he was born under the auspicious influence of that sign , whose feet leaned upon the helm of a ship , to intimate his victory was naval , and a globe to declare the empire that accrued to his family by that conquest , and a cornucopia to discover that plenty was likewise the result of his success . so vespasian and titus imprest on the reverse of their coyn two demy capricorns rising back to back out of the globe ; the globe signified their empire , and the two demy capricorns , the double success that attended the victorious arms of those two emperours . upon another coyn of augustus is stamped an half moon between five stars ; the moon did denote the increase of his empire , the five stars did represent ( as vrsinus affirms ) five eminent games , as the ludi saeculares , and others that were celebrated under his government ; though i rather believe the two upper did intimate that he was descended from venus and romulus , the two middlemost stars did declare his empire over the east and west , and the star in base the consecration of julius caesar : and my opinion is established by another coyn of augustus published by seguinus , on whose reverse a cupid is mounted on a dolphin between two stars ; the cupid denoted augustus himself , the dolphin ( who amongst the antients was the symbol of love ) signified venus to whom this fish was peculiarly devoted ; the two stars were phosphorus and hesperus , which were still the emblems of the east and west : so two stars charged upon a lion passant , and engraven upon some coyns of leo the emperour , signified his dominion over the eastern and western parts of the world : as a star charged upon a lyon passant and insculped upon both the antient roman denarii , and imperial coyn , was a symbol either of encreasing youth , or augmented empire . upon the reverse of a coyn of tiberius there is exhibited a pair of scales in sculpture , to intimate the justice and equity of that emperour ; and the inscription subjoyned is aequitas augusti , which affords light to that maxim of the civil law , which asserts , that aequitas legis est convenientia rerum in duobus paribus . proportionate to this is the figure of a woman insculped on some imperial coyns , holding a pair of scales , with this inscription added , moneta ; to insinuate that money received its value from its weight : and to confirm this deduction ; on the reverse of a coyn of diocletian mentioned by occo , there is the figure of a woman in her left hand holding a pair of scales , and in her right hand a cornucopia , to suggest that justice and equity are still the parents of peace and plenty . upon the reverse of a coyn of claudius there is insculped the sun in the figure of a colossus , placing a crown upon a trophy , to intimate that some of his family had been victors in the ludi apollinares , or the games devoted to apollo or the sun. upon the reverse of a coyn of nero's , published by spanheimius , there is the signature of the sepia or cuttlefish , the polypus , the pompilus , and lastly the gammarus or creyfish , all which amongst the romans were the representations of pregnancy and fertility : from whence it was that nero upon the birth of his daughter claudia by poppea , which he received with most vehement exultation , insculped these symbols as index's of her fecundity . upon the reverse of a coyn of otho's there is an eagle with expanded wings , treading upon a branch of olive , whose beak supports a crown of laurel , with an half moon between her legs , and a branch of palm lodged upon her right wing ; the eagle typifies the roman empire , the olive branch represents that peace which he designed to restore by his victories intimated by the palm and laurel to the people of rome ; the crescent was the emblem of his newly blooming authority . on a coyn of vitellius is stamped the cortina or covering of the tripus , at the portal of which is placed a crow , a bird dedicated to apollo , as being the emblem of sagacity ; and on the top of it is lodged a dolphin to shew the maritime situation of delphos : all which were imprest to discover that the father of this emperour had exercised the office of augur , and one of the quindecim viri , that preserved the sibyls books . on a coyn of vespasian , and likewise domitian , there is the sculpture of a serpent incumbent on a horse , to intimate that both prudence and celerity are exacted in the managery of affairs that are of publick concernment . on the reverse of a coyn of trajan , there is an owle perched upon a pillar to intimate the perpetuity and fixed constancy of the vigilancy of that emperour . on a coyn of marcus aurelius there is a cupid bestriding a tyger , to suggest to us that love does charm and mollifie the most savage and barbarous affections . on the coin of caracalla and maximianus there is a lion passant , whose head is adorned with rayes , and whose mouth contains a thunderbolt ; the lion passant is the symbol of prudence , the rays either of majesty or divinity , and the thunderbolt both of providence and empire . and from hence it was that the kings of epire did stamp on their coyn a thunderbolt in fesse , between a star in chief , and a dart in base ; the star did signifie the splendor and flourishing condition of their monarchy , or else their descent from hercules that was then deified , the thunderbolt their power , and the dart the celerity and suddenness either of their revenge or justice . on the reverse of a coyn of pertinax there is the figure of a woman holding in her right hand a cornucopia , and in her left hand a tessera frumentaria , or ticket for corn ; and on a coyn of nerva there is the emperour sitting on a throne on a sella curulis , and issuing out his tesseras frumentarias to the people , who ascend by steps to receive them : the like representation with some little variation is on a coyn of alexander severus ; all which signatures do declare the bounty of the emperours abovesaid in their supplying the people of rome with a stock of corn , when they were afflicted with the danger of an approaching famine . now there were tickets of wood likewise thrown amongst the people by the roman caesars , with the name of corn , plate , servants , and garments superscribed upon them , which being caught up by any , and carried to an appointed officer , brought him that whatsoever it was , which was written upon it . something proportionate to this is what we find upon two coyns of galba ; the first hath the figure of a man loaden with a heap of spoyls stamped on the reverse ; the second a man with a bow with this inscription added to both , quadragesima remissa : the meaning is , the fortieth part of mens estates , which had been exacted by amerciaments and fines imposed upon their goods , and violently levied per equites & sagittarios , by horsemen and archers was remitted ; and upon a coyn of adrian , on whose reverse there are the figures of three romans engraven , of whom one seems to lift up his hand and rejoyce , and by them is placed the emperour grasping a scepter in his right hand , and in his left hand a torch , with which he puts fire to a bundle of papers ; the declaration of these signatures is , that adrian had remitted the publick debts and other arrears which had accrued to be due to the imperial exchequer from the people of rome and other provinces , by the decursion of sixteen years past , by burning the original obligations . on a coin of severus , there is the representation of a gorgons head , as it is pourtraied upon the center point of pallas's shield ; to denote not only the power of that emperour , but likewise the terrour that his victorious arms had infused into his enemies . upon the reverse of a coin of gordianus , there is an armed man mounted on an horse , whose dexter fore-leg instead of an hoof concludes in an hand , which grasps a serpent wreathed about a staff ( the symbol of aesculapius ; ) all which do signifie that that pious emperour did like another aesculapius , or rather like the genius of the province journey thorow the lesser asia to relieve the necessities of this province , piece up the breaches , and repair the ruines that had been superinduced upon it by those two winding sheets of nature , earthquakes and inundations . on another coin of the emperour abovesaid , there is an armed man on horseback , trampling on a chimerical monster , whose head resembles that of a lion ; out of whose side issues out the head of a goat , and at his tail the head of a dragon , to specifie that he had triumphed over the irregular qualities of those three creatures , that is , the fierceness of the lion , the salacity of the goat , and the rapacity of the dragon . so on a third coin of his , there is imprest a centaur ; not that he ever exhibited a real centaur to the roman people , as angeloni conjectures , but to declare that the nobler part of man , his reason , had subdued the more brutish , his sensual affections . upon a coin of probus there is the figure of a woman sitting between two naked figures lying prostrate at her feet with this inscription annexed , siscia . now the conjecture of angeloni is , which is not improbable , that by the woman sitting in a more elevated posture is signified some city of the name abovesaid , that either had been erected by the emperour abovesaid as a fortress or colony to repulse the eruptions of the adjacent barbarous nations , or else had submitted to his successful arms ; and the two naked figures two rivers which glided by it . on the reverse of several imperial coins represented to us by the collection of angeloni ; there is the figure of a woman holding a sistrum , which is an instrument not unlike a cymbal , with this motto annexed , providentia augusti . now the sistrum amongst the egyptians , as the patera amongst the romans , was the hieroglyphick of divinity because the priests imployed the noise of this instrument in their sacrifices , and other divine ministeries , to keep the people from sleeping . there were other sculptures which were common both to the imperial coin and to the sular denarii ; as namely a scepter , dolphin , and trident ; and secondly , the image of victory placed on the beak or prow of a ship were the customary emblems of naval conquests : correspondent to which was the signature of an armed figure in his right hand , holding a globe with this superscription superadded , securitas orbis : and secondly , a trophie placed between two captives sitting in a disconsolate representation , at the pedestal of it were the assured indexes and evidences of field successes . a brief discourse or digression of the money in china , japan , persia , and other parts of the east-indies . gold and silver money in china is currant only by its weight , not by any mark , stamp , or signature impressed upon it : so that merchants there , lest the intercourse of commerce should meet with any obstruction or impediment , carry always weights about them to ballance and poise those lumps and fragments of gold and silver they either receive , or else issue out and disburse . an oeban of gold in japan swells to forty thousand thayls or crowns . a cockien there is a crown in silver . a thousand caxias , make a thay le , and sometimes three and a half . they have three sorts of gold coin in japan ; whereof the first weighs six spanish rials , and is in value forty eight thayls , accounting every thayl five shillings sterling . ten of the second sort weigh a rial and half a quarter , and are each of them in value one thayl and a fifth part . ten of the third sort do weigh a rial and an half and half of a quarter , and are in value each of them the sixth part of a thayl . the silver coin in japan is of no determined weight , but hath the form of a lingot ; but it is so ordered that as much as amounts to fifty tayls is to be of a just weight , which they dispose into rolls of paper , in each as much as arrives to twenty crowns . there is a lesser silver coin in japan , which hath the figure of a french bean ; its value is from seven pence to six shillings or better , which is of a fixed and certain weight , when it swells to such a summe . a coin made of a thin plate of lead called catt and pity , is currant at bantam , and over all java and china . a string of two hundred cattas compose the coin stiled sa●a ; which is in value three farthings sterling and five satas tied together make a sapocoon ; and thirteen sapocoons amount to crown . two foangs in siam and pegu make 〈◊〉 mase , and four mases compose a ticol , in value about thirty sols in french mony. four ticols make a tayl , and twenty tayls , amount to a catty in silver . twenty six peyses or tacques in indostan , or the territories of the great mogul , make a mamoudy or shilling : a ropia is in value half a crown french mony : a lac amounts to an hundred thousand ropias : an hundred lacs make a crou or carroa , and ten carroas make an areb : a thei l of silver makes eleven , twelve , or thirteen ropias currant mony : a massas and an half make a thei l of silver , ten whereof compose a thei l of gold : a xeraphin in gold is in value thirteen ropias and an half : eight persian larees in decan make a pagod , that is a noble currant mony english , though sometimes it amounts to eight shillings , and sometimes to ten shillings ; nine brass basarniques make a peiso , and eighteen peisos or twelve ounces of brass compose a laree . the abas in persia is in value about the third part of a rix doller , or one shilling eightpence sterling : the garem , abas or half abas is commonly stiled ●hodobenda , because first coined by mahomet chodobenda king of persia. the scahi are in value the fourth part of an abas ; and two bisti and an half make a scahi ; a persian tomain in gold amounts to fifty abases . the persians stile all copper or brass mony , by the general name of pott . but there is one particular kind thereof , called by them kasbeki , forty of which compose an abas . shach ismael coined in his time a kind of money named larie , in value ten pence english currant money , and it was formed after the manner of a thick latten wire flatted in the midst to receive those characters that discovered its estimate or value . of the mythology of the greeks and romans . having unravelled the mysteries that lay concealed in the rituals of the jews ; i shall now unvail those that were muffled up in those disguises and vails the ancients , either greeks or romans , had artificially , to skreen them from vulgar inspection ; put upon them : and first i shall begin with adonis , in memory of whose disastrous fate the athenians celebrated those feasts stiled adonia , at which the women were accustomed to conduct on a bier or hearse the image of a dead youth to his sepulchre , with much regret and effusion of tears , and therefore they painted venus in the habit of a mournful woman distilling of tears ; with a vail over her head condoling the loss of adonis . by venus may be understood the earth , for that is the beautiful mother of all living productions . by adonis ( as macrobius affirms ) is implied the sun , who is slain by the boar , that is , the winter ; for then his beams are faint and infirm ; and which is wild , untractable and rough , as that creature , and deplored by venus , that is , the earth deprived at that season of the more vigorous influence and impression of the sun. in that he is said to be transformed into a flower , it insinuates to us the frailty and fading transitoriness of beauty . achelous was a river , and all rivers were anciently like men with long beards , and long hair , leaning on their elbows over a large ear then pitcher of water ; the hair and beard may signifie the weeds and sedge of the river ; the leaning on the elbow intimates that water by its weight tends downwards , and is supported by the earth , and circumscribed within the concavities of it . they were painted like men , because the fictions of poets asserted the supposed deities of rivers to have appeared in that shape and signature . he was said to be the son of terra and sol , or of oceanus and terra , because all rivers have their increase or improvement from the sun , sea and earth : it was stiled a serpent from its many windings ; and a bull , from its noise and bellowing : the two horns are its two streams ; one whereof was cut off by hercules and dispersed into several rivulets ; by which the country was enriched , and the recompence of the labour of hercules was a greater increase . adnietus was a king of thessaly , whose sheep apollo did both feed and keep . every monarch should be the shepherd of his people ; who without apollo , that is wisdome , can never guide and manage them justly , and therefore he is said to marry alceste , that is his kingdome , by the concurrent aid of hercules and apollo , that is strength and prudence . aeacus , minos and rhadamanthus were sons of jupiter , and when they were by him constituted judges in hell , his directions obliged them to take their passage through a delightful meadow stiled the field of truth . none were admitted into the presence of these judges but naked souls disroabed of vesture ; to intimate that magistrates that possess the place of judicature should not be warped to partiality or injustice by beauty , riches , power , or any other gandy or pompous appendages . these three judges were so placed that aeacus and rhadamanthus who were the milder brothers sat always together , but minos the more morose and rigid by himself : this was as eminent for his severity , as the other were for their softness and clemency ; to intimate to us that justice should be tempered with mercy , but so that mercy should be always prevalent . aegeon , briareus or enceladus , ( for by those different names he is represented to us by the fictions of poets ) is said to have had an hundred hands : the original of which fable , is that he lived in a city stiled centochiria , which in the greek hath a signification of the same identity . aegeon is affirmed to have the custody of hell gates , because the winds by which he is understood , are often imprisoned in the entrails and inclosures of the earth and sea. aegeon commences a war against jupiter , when the winds obscure the heavens with congested clouds , which are broken and dispelled by thunder , and the winds appeased : and because aetna never disgorges fire , but when some sulphurous winds or exhalations are collected or generated in the hollow holes or caverns thereof , therefore aegeon is said to lie and move there . aeolus , monarch of the winds , is stiled jupiters son , because winds are produced by the motion and influence of the heavens : he was an astronomer , and could presage storms and calms : it was conjectured he had the dominion of the winds . his city was affirmed to be walled with brass , because it was secured with armed men . the marriages between aeolus and a sea-nymph intimate the relation that is between the wind and the ocean . he reigned over islands because they are most exposed to the onsets of storms . he imprisons the winds in a hollow cave , because some caves are replenished with vapours , which often burst forth into the violence and disorder of a tempest . aesculapius was by antiquity painted like an antient man , with a long beard , crownned with bays , having in one hand a knotty or knobbed staff , with the other he leans upon a serpent , and hath a dog at his feet ; by which are represented to us the endowments and qualifications of a physician ; he ought to be grave and aged , prudent as the serpent , vigilant as the dog , and should be a subduer of diseases , as his laurel garland suggests : the knotty staff intimates the difficulty and intricacy of distempers and maladies in their several mixtures and complications ; and therefore hygiaea & jaso , health and cure , are the children of aesculapius . his mother was coronis , derived from the greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 misceo & tempero , or the just mixture or temper of the aire , which because it depends on the influence of the sun , therefore apollo is said to have begot aesculapius of her ; but when he slew her with his arrows is understood , that the sun with his beams did first overheat , and then infect the air with pestilence ; so that the flame without caused the natural heat within to degenerate into feavers and inflammations . the serpent , cock , raven and goat were consecrated to aesculapius , to intimate that a physician must be endued with the serpents wisdome , the cocks vigilancy , the ravens eye and prescience , and the goats celerity . amphion was the son of jupiter ; by which is intimated that musick is the production of air , for no sound either by voice , instruments or water , but is produced by that element . mercury instructed him and gave him the lute , to declare the resemblance and equal power of eloquence and musick . eloquence being a speaking harmony and musick , a speechless eloquence ; the one by words , the other by sounds having an influence on the affections . the erecting of the walls of thebes by his musick , declares that the rudest people are drawn to religion , policy and civility by the magick and forcible operation of eloquence . antaeus is the symbol of a covetous man ; the more his affections touch earthly things the stronger is his avarice , until he be raised from the earth by celestial cogitations , and then his covetous thoughts expire and die . apollo may be the hieroglyphick of the supreme divinity it self ; for the gentiles painted him with his harp and three graces in one hand , and with a shield and two arrows in the other ; by which , peradventure , they understood that god was not only a punisher of impiety , but a rewarder of goodness ; as he had two arrows , so he had various punishments , yet he hath reserved the melodious harp of his mercy to sweeten them ; and having but two arrows hath three graces , to intimate he hath a greater stock of mercies than punishments ; and therefore the same hand that grasps the arrows , sustains also the shield , to declare , that even then when his arrows are levelled at us , his shield secures and shelters us . apollo , the same deity with the sun , was by antiquity painted with wings to signifie the swiftness of his motion , and with one side of his head shaved , and the other hairy ; by which was intimated , that whilst the sun enlightned one hemisphere , the other was dark ; for by his hair they signified his beams , and by his baldness , darkness produced by his absence : his tripos may signifie the three circles in the zodiack which every year he touches , namely the ecliptick , and two tropicks : his shoes and garments were of gold , to discover to us the refulgency of his beams . the sun was sometimes painted by the ancients adorned with a crown , studded with twelve jems , and sometimes with four urns , or pitchers at his feet ; by which was signified the year , with its twelve moneths and four seasons : sometimes again they placed him on a lion , with a basket on his head , and a lance in his hand , with the image of victory on it , by which they intimated that the heat of the sun subdues the wildest creatures , and that all their plenty and filling of their baskets , resulted from his influence , who like a triumphant conquerour , rides in his golden chariot of light about the world . neptune and apollo were affirmed to build the walls of troy , because morter and brick are composed by the aid of water and heat ; or else because laomedon either purloined or borrowed some treasure out of the temples of apollo and neptune , to erect them . asopus was the name of a river in baeotia , stiled the son of jupiter or of neptune ; to intimate , that all rivers are either begot of the air converted into rain , or of the sea. asopus was destroyed by jupiters thunder , whilst he pursued after him to rescue his daughter aegina from his intemperate embraces ; by which may be signified that the river was dried up by the heat of the air. atlas was a king of mauritania , who from the eminency and bigness of his stature was fabulously asserted to be transformed into a mountain of that name : he was said likewise to have a garden of golden apples because of the plenty of golden mines in his kingdome . atlas was the name of an hill , which from the height of it was affirmed to support heaven ; and to be begotten of heaven and of day because of the continual light lodged on the top of it , as being not obscured with mists , or disordered with vapours and clouds . this is the name of him who first discovered the learning of astronomy , and the invention of the sphere , and from this knowledge was said to support heaven . aurora was asserted by antiquity to be the daughter of hyperion which signifies to go above , for it is from above we have the light of the sun : her mother was thia , to intimate that it is by divine gift that we enjoy light ; for nothing doth more exemplarily represent the divinity than light ; her charriot signifies her motion , which sometimes hath two , sometimes four horses , to declare that sometimes she rises slower and sometimes sooner . the restoring of antient tithonus to youth by physick , discovers to us that those medicinal drugs and simples that are transported from the east , are powerful for the improvement of health , and restitution of vigour to the body . bacchus was worshipped with ceres , and esteemed her inseparable companion ; to insinuate , that our life is sustained jointly by corn and wine , and that one without the other will not support us long : bacchus is said to be extracted out of his mother semeles ashes , because they being hot , are esteemed good compost for the roots of vines : and to be cherished in jupiters thigh ; because the vine prospers best in a warm air. and since moisture is required to the increase and improvement of wine , therefore bacchus is said to be nursed and educated by the nymphs and hyades : he was painted sometimes with a bald head , with a sith or sickle in one hand , with a jugge or pitcher in the other , also with a womans garment , and a chaplet of roses about his head , which may denote the consequences or effects of wine ; it produces baldness , because its immoderate use or excess dries up the radical moisture of the brain , and fills it with superfluous and adventitious humours which introduce baldness : the sith demonstrates that the disorderly taking in of wine ( typified by the pitcher ) is an efficient cause of the abbreviation and cutting off of humane life : the womans vesture and garland of roses represent the effeminacy of drunkards , and that propension to venery , to which wine and roses are powerful incentives and provocations . bacchus was always represented naked , to intimate that wine dismantles the inclosures of the soul , and opens secrets , and therefore the chattering pie was as his own bird peculiarly assigned and devoted unto him ; and because wine quickens and refines ingenuity , therefore the quick-sighted dragon was consecrated to bacchus likewise . his chariot was drawn by panthers , tygers and linxes , to suggest to us the rage , violence , disordered passions , and other variety of humours ( noted by the linxes ) that result from excess of wine . boreas was the son of neptune and brother of iris ; for as winds are the product of maritime vapours , so are rains , clouds , and rainbows by the aid of the sun. boreas ravishes fair orithia , or the north-wind blasts and deflours beauty . zetis and calaus the sons of boreas , that is cold and driness , dissipate the harpies , that is southern pestilential vapours which are so ruinous and destructive to living creatures : for in the southern wind there are three properties correspondent to the three names of the harpies , sudden and swift blasts , that is ocipite , storms aello , and obscurity celaeno . out of the fiction of castor & pollux we may collect the creation of the sun and moon , for in the beginning the spirit of god like a swan moving upon the waters , out of a confused egge , that is , out of the chaos extracted these two refulgent luminaries , whose jurisdiction is over the sea ; because by their influence , light and motion , storms and vapours are both excited and dispelled . they ride on white horses , to intimate their light ; and they discover'd the golden fleece , because no metals are produc'd but by their influence , nor can they be traced out but by their light. cadmus , which in the phoenician dialect imports as much as oriental , was the son of agenor , and his wife harmonia the daughter of mars and venus ; and they both ( as the learned bochartus conjectures ) were canaanites or hivites ; and he fortifies the evidence of this assertion from this , that hivite in the hebrew or syriack dialect hath a near cognation or alliance to a word that in that language imports as much as a serpent , into which the fabulous legends of antiquity did affirm they were transform'd . cadmus is said to sow the dragons teeth that produced armed men : now in the phoenician language the teeth of serpents signifie also spears of brass , with which cadmus first arm'd his soldiers in greece : and higinus cap. 2. pag. 74. testifies cadmus first purified brass discovered at thebes ; hence the ore it was extracted out of was stiled by the antients lapis cadmius , and terra cadmia ; and hermonia , as the same bochartus does believe , was descended from mount hermon , where mars and venus , it is possible , were ador'd by the antient canaanites . the centaurs were said to be begot of ixion and a cloud ; because they were subjects of ixion a king of thessaly , and the town where they dwelt was stil'd nephele which imports as much as a cloud : and because in thessaly was first managery of horses , and use of horsemanship ; therefore the centaurs were said to be half men and half beasts . chiron the centaur was the son of saturn and phillira ; to insinuate to us , that astrononomie , physick , musick , and the retinue of other arts and sciences are the result or product of time and experience , or of time and books ; for phillira is a think skin or parchment or paper between the bark and wood of the tree , and is stiled by antiquity tilia , on which they were accustomed to write . by charon the antients understood time , and asserted he was the son of erebus and night ; because the secret decree of heaven gave being to time , before which it lay conceal'd behind the skreen of night or darkness : his residence is said to be in hell or here below ; because in heaven there is no use of time , for there is eternity : charon is said to transport and ferry souls over styx ▪ to the other bank ; to intimate that time brought us in , and will conduct us out of this world , which are the two banks of this troublesom river , the embleme of our temporal condition : charon's garments were sordid and ragged ; so is the state of this life , if ballanced with eternal happiness . if we understand charon literally , then he is said to be that ferriman that transported the mumial bodies from the city memphis to the adjacent or opposite shoar of the river nilus , there to receive the last rites of enterrment . by cerberus likewise the antients prefigured time , who with his three heads , past , present , and future , destroys and devours all things ; he lodges at the gates of hell , that is the grave ; and therefore he is stiled cerberus ; quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 flesh-eater , for all must pass through his throat that go thither ; that is , all must have a fixed time to die . he is said to be engendred of the giant typhon from his strength , and of the snake echidna from his winding revolutions and vicissitudes . but if we take this fiction more literally , we shall discover that cerberus was but a king of the molossians's dog , who devoured men , and was subdued by hercules . ceres by the gentiles was the goddess to whom they entitled the protection of corn ; and therefore they painted her with peace placed by her , holding in her hand plutus the god of wealth ; to intimate that corn and other fruits of the earth do flourish and increase , and money also is redundant in the calm and serenity of peace . therefore ceres would not affiance her daughter proserpina to mars , though he made his addresses to her ; for husbandry , which is the improvement of corn , is disordered and subverted by war ; nor yet espouse her to apollo , who had made the like amorous applications to her ; because wise men are fitter to guide and sway the helm of state , than manage and conduct the plough . ceres is corn , which saturn and ops , that is , time and the earth produce . proserpina is the seed which pluto ravishes , because it lies some space concealed under ground . the lighting of torches , is the heat and light of the sun and moon , by whose influence the corn is matur'd and generated . therefore ceres is said to obscure her self , that is , the corn is not seen , until pan , that is the sun , by his heat discovers and extracts it . the nourishing of triptolemus by day with milk , and by night with fire , is the fomenting of the corn with rain by day , and the improving it with heat in the bowels of the earth by night . the tasting of pluto's fruit , is that food and nourishment which is imparted to the corn by the earth . ceres was anciently depicted , riding in a chariot drawn by two dragons , or winged serpents ; by which was intimated that both corn , and husbandry , receive their perfection by celerity , vigilance and prudence . cetus was a king of asia , not far distant from troy ; which laid the basis of that fiction which affirmed him to be a sea monster : he was an adversary to the trojans ; and did them much prejudice by his naval strength ; therefore he is stiled the whale , or stupendous fish , invading the shore , and destroying the trojans ; who were forced to becalm his fury , by prostituting their daughters to his lust . this is that cetus , that in subsequent times made an inroad into the territories of cepheus , and had defloured his daughter andromeda , had he not been subdued , and destroyed by perseus . the chimaera , that bellerophon subdued , was a monstrous composition ; having the head of a lion , breathing fire ; the belly of a goat , and the tail of a dragon : by which some understand a mountain , on whose top were lions , and vulcans of fire ; about the middle , goats and pasture ; and at the foot of it , serpents or dragons ; which was by bellerophon made habitable : other more probable conjectures suppose that there were three princes discomfited and slain by bellerophon , who bore in their standards the effigies of a lion , disgorging of fire , the pourtraiture of a goat , and the resemblance of a dragon or serpent . circe ( says natalis comes ) is the mixture of the four elements occasioned by heat & moisture ; the four elements are her four handmaids : she is immortal , because this mixture is perpetual ; and the strange shapes do discover the variety of forms , introduced by generation : she had no dominion over vlysses ; because the soul is not extracted out of the mixture of the elements , or the product of generation . coelus was the son of aether and dies , and by his intermarriage with the earth , became the parent of the titans , cyclops , &c. by which is intimated that those fiery meteors in the upper region of the air do entitle their generation to his heat , motion & impression to those and hot dry exhalations that stream out of the bowels of the earth . saturn his son , that is time , the measurer of the heavens motion , is said to gold coelus , that is the heavens shall wax old , and lose their power of generation , when the stars shall be rent into threads of light , and all things shall confess their ashes . the ancients painted cupid standing sometimes close by fortune ; to insinuate how prevalent the concurrent aid of that deity is in the managery of the affairs of love : and sometimes they painted him standing by mercury and hercules , to declare that love is most vigorous when he is attended by eloquence and magnanimity : they puortrai'd him likewise young , for love must never decay ; with wings , love must be swift ; naked , for in the transactions of love , the heart and tongue must be of one piece ; and our addresses are not to be attired with the specious vesture of hypocrisy ; blind , for in the mantle of love are wrapped up many imperfections : his head was adorned with roses , to declare the delectable complacence of love ; and those cast into the figure of a crown , to manifest his empire , sway and dominion . the image of a lioness with little cupids disporting about her , some tying her to a pillar , others pouring drink into her mouth with a horn , do represent to us , that the most savage creatures are reclaimed by love. therefore cupid grasps a rose in one hand , and supports a dolphin in the other , to declare the properties of love , which are swift and officious like the dolphin , and obligingly sweet as the rose . by the cyclops some understand water , for they are said to be begot of neptune and amphitrite , and yet they were subservient to vulcan , that is fire ; to intimate that in generation , moisture and heat are complicated , that no productions can be compleat without their mixture . by the cyclops , others do apprehend those vapours which by the influence of heaven are drawn out of the earth and sea , and lodging in the air engender thunder and lightning to be ministerial to jupiter . therefore they are said to inhabit near the hill aetna in sicily , because heat is the parent of thunder ; they were thrust down to hell and came up again , because those vapours that in winter lie treasured up in the womb of the earth , receive their elevation by the warmth of the spring : vlysses subdued polyphemus , that is , man by his wisdome and inspection traced out the secrets of natural causes : apollo is said to destroy these cyclops , because the sun dispels vapours . diana , stiled luna , hecate , and dictinna , from a net , because she had the care and tuition of those that related to fishers and hunters , was by antiquity painted sitting in a chariot drawn by two horses , the one white and the other black , by which was understood the swiftness of her motion , and the diversity of her aspects ; for the white horse represented her brightness in the full , and the black her darkness in the ebbe or wain of light. they pourtrai'd her likewise placed in a silver chariot to intimate her splendor , drawn by staggs to declare her swiftness , and attired her with wings still , to manifest the celerity of her progress , & armed her hand with arrows to suggest to us the powerful operation of her beams and light : they painted her sometimes holding a leopard and a lion in her hand , and sometimes trampling or treading upon the last ; by which they represented that the raging heat of the wildest creatures was composed and attempered by the moisture of the moon ; and because her increasing and decreasing light hath the resemblance of horns , therefore the bull was sacrificed to her : sometimes antiquity depicted her supporting a torch to demonstrate she was the great taper of the night ; and sometimes covered with a vail to intimate her eclipses , and obscurity in the conjunction , and sometimes invested with a particoloured garment to manifest her various aspects : her conversing in woods and on hills declares that her operations and effects are most visible there ; for all herbs , plants and trees are improved by her influences and impressions . palaephatus will have the fiction of the bull ravishing away europa , understood of an eminent pirate , who forced away divers young ladies , and in their register was europa , daughter to king agenor , and violently transported them to crete : but others with more probability conjecture that this was a ship of crete , on whose stern was the pourtraiture of a bull , in which vessel were the cretans embarked , who forcibly ravished away europa . the ancients stiled fortune the daughter of the sea , to intimate her instability , and that her vicissitudes are typified by the flux and reflux of its waters : sometimes they painted her placed upon a globe , to declare her dominion over the world , and drawn with four horses , by which they signified the four branches of divine providence , by which the love and influence of the first and supream cause was communicated to the world , namely creation , conservation , gubernation , and ordination of things to their fixed and determined end . sometimes they pourtrai'd her standing on a wheel , to discover to us the variety of her revolutions , by which some are exalted to glory , and others again depressed and crushed into a calamitous ruine . the roman genius was accustomed to be painted with the horn of plenty in one hand , and a dish replenished with offerings , extended towards the other ; to intimate that not only the roman , but all other common-wealths were supported by outward plenty , and by religion and devotion towards god. the figure of serpents in which the genii were adored , does discover to us the prudent and vigilant care the angels have over us : therefore the genii were pourtrai'd by the romans with a platter full of garlands and flowers in the one hand , and a whip in the other , to declare the power they were invested with both to reward and chastise us . by gerion with three bodies and one head some understand a city stiled tricarinia , erected upon three hills , in which gerion dwelt when he was destroyed by hercules : others by this fiction affirm him to be king of three islands annexed to spain , named cadiz , erithia and tartessus , which were three bodies politique united to one head : but the general opinion is , that there were three brothers that ruled in spain with that complaisant agreement , unanimity and affection , that though they had three bodies yet their counsels were so cimented , that they appeared to have but one head ; these were subdued by hercules , who sailed to spain in a brazen pot , that is , in a powerful fleet , fraught with armor of brass . by the giants that commenced a war against heaven , the ancients understood the winds and vapours which are the children of the earth and of coelus , for they are bred in subterraneous caverns , and fomented by rain , which may be stiled the blood of heaven ; they are said to rebel against jupiter when they discompose the air , and are transpierc'd with apollo's and diana's arrows , that is dispelled & exhausted by the beams and influences of the sun and moon : their hairy feet denoted the windings & rollings of vapours ; their hairiness , their variety and copiousness . venus and cupid were said to accompany the graces , to intimate that humane nature is preserved by generation , represented by venus and cupid , and by mutual benevolence and bounty expressed by the three graces , which were thalia a flourishing estate , aglaia honour of glory , euphrosyne true joy and comfort , which are the handmaids of love. the temple of the graces was erected in the midst of the street , that all persons might remember to be both bountiful and grateful . apollo and mercury are painted sometimes ushering the graces to declare the prudence and celerity are requisite to that supporting of thanksgiving and bounty . seneca by the three graces understands three sorts of benefits , some given , some received , and some returned back upon the benefactor ; two look towards us , and one hath her face from us , because benefits are oftentimes doubly requited : they clasp each other by the hand , because in beneficence there should be no interruption : they are naked , or as some affirm they are attired with a thin and transparent vesture , because bounty should still combine with sincerity : their smiling and serene aspect discovers to us that benefits should be given freely ; they are still young , because the remembrance of benefits should never wax old. they have winged feet , to insinuate that our beneficence should be quick and active . by hercules some understand the sun , who is the glory of the air , which then glitters most when it is gilt and enamelled with the beams of the sun. his twelve labours are the twelve signs of the zodiack which every year he passes thorough , and all those vapours and clouds which he dissipates and exhausts , are those difficulties and oppositions which juno the air casts before him , to obscure his glory . he is married to hebe the goddess of youth , because when he returns to us in the spring , the world buds forth again in a renewed youth . by hercules the ancients did not only understand magnanimity and courage , but the power of eloquence likewise ; which they expressed , when they painted him with chains proceeding from his tongue , and tied to the ears of people , whom he drew after him ; by which they signified how powerful eloquence is to subdue the affections of the vulgar , and to attract them from far . the romans were accustomed to worship mercury within the city , and hercules without , to suggest that their common-wealth was supported by strength and industry abroad , and by eloquence and policy at home . soldiers and wrestlers used to consecrate their devotions to mercury and hercules together , to intimate that in war and wrestling , policy and strength should still unite in an equal combination . some by the golden apples of the atlantides or hesperides understand sheep of a yellow fleece like gold ; for 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in greek , signifies both an apple & a sheep : these sheep hercules transported from africa to europe , after he had destroyed draco the shepherd : by these golden apples may be signified a golden mine near mount atlas in africa , which hercules first discovered . by this garden guarded by a dragon may be understood some rich orchard environed by a winding branch of the sea , which hercules passed over , or by cutting it and diverting the tide made the passage open : lastly by the three daughters of hesperia and the golden apples may be meant the stars , which because they begin to appear in the evening may be stiled the daughters of hesperia or hesperus , and because the stars are round like apples and of a golden colour , therefore they fell under the notion of golden apples . by the dragon may be understood the zodiac , which winds about the earth like a dragon or serpent : by the conquest of hercules over the dragon , and carrying away the golden apples , may be meant the sun , whose appearance takes away the sight of the stars and zodiac . by hyacinthus , a beautiful youth , beloved by apollo , and destroyed by zephyrus , and after transformed into a flower ; may be signified that all flowers , and especially the hyacinth , prosper when they are glanced upon and fomented by the beams & calmer influence of the sun , but are destroyed by the ruder blasts & injurious impressions of the wind. by apollos shooting his arrows at zephyrus and chasing him to the mountains , to expiate the ruine of hyacinthus , may be understood , that the beams of the sun which are his arrows , dispel and consume those vapours , that are the matter that stock and ingender the winds . hymen or hymenaeus because he was the first composer of wedding songs , was by the gentiles stiled the deity of marriage : he was by antiquity , painted with a garland adorning his head , composed of sweet marjoram , and roses , with a torch in one hand , which if it did not burn clear was deemed ominous , and the nuptial veil in the other , by the romans stiled flammeum from the colour of the flame which represented the virgins blushes ; by which picture is intimated the nature of matrimonial love , which ought to consist in sweetness typified by the mixed chaplet abovesaid , in chearfulness designed by the clear burning torch , and in modesty signified by the veil : as they used to call upon hymenaeus so they were accustomed to invoke the goddess concordia in their marriages , and to abandon all military instruments , as the trumpet &c. contenting themselves with the harp , and other musical instruments subservient to the softer strains of peace ; by which was intimated that in matrimony , love , concord , peace and union of affections should be entertained ; and nothing that might relish of discord or animosity . by iapetus the gentiles understood heaven , and the swift motion of it ; whose sons are , atlas , the axis on which the heavens rowl about and divides the lower from the upper hemisphere ; his second son was hesperus , for all the stars being parts , may be stiled the sons of heaven : his other sons prometheus and epimetheus , may signify the rational soul , whose original is celestial , if provident , it may be stiled prometheus , if negligent , epimetheus introducing sorrow and repentance with it : and atlas may be denominated the son of heaven , if we understand the mountain of that name ; because of its near approach to the firmament ; from which it was judged to support it : his daughters were the pleiades and other knots of stars . by janus , macrobius understands the sun : therefore the gentiles constituted him guardian of the four doors of heaven ; the eastern is the spring , out of which he seems to come ; the western is the winter , into which he appears to return when he moves from us . they gave him two faces , because the sun looks backwards and forwards ; and they placed in one of his hands a scepter , and in the other a key , to intimate both his dominion over the world , and that by his light he opens it in the morning , and shuts it up again in the evening : janus his two faces may signifie the two principal seasons of the year , the winter and spring ; therefore one of the faces appeared young and vigorous , the other shrivel'd and sad : or they discover the two kinds of life he managed , the one rude and barbarous , the other cultivated and civil . ino stiled matuta and leucothea was by the gentiles esteemed a deity of the sea , and made likewise a goddess of the morning ; peradventure because the morning appears to rise out of the sea : they maintained likewise that she appeased tempests , because the winds that are tumultuous in the night , are accustomed to be settled and composed towards the morning : and because after a calm and serene night the winds usually break out in the morning , and swell the sea into sedition and disorder ; therefore she and her son palaemon are affirmed to have fallen into the sea. when juno is stiled jupiter's sister , the air is understood , which much resembles heaven , that is jupiter : when she hath the appellation of his wife , the earth is signified , which like a fruitful woman , conceives and produces the creatures by the celestial influences . juno was by antiquity painted in the form of a matron , in a long robe , grasping a lance in one hand , and a platter in the other ; peradventure to intimate the power , dominion and extent of riches ; she was likewise painted , placed in a charriot of gold and silver , drawn by lions , her hand supporting a scepter , to suggest to us that riches add beauty , strength and courage to men . by juno may be signified the air , which that picture declares where she is pourtrai'd holding thunder in one hand , and a drum or cymbal in the other : she wears a party-coloured garment , and is attended by iris , the rainbow , and castor and pollux , two meteors presaging serenity . the fourteen nymphs which are constituted her retinue by virgil , are but so many exhalations engendered in the air : her grasping a pomegranat in one hand , and a scepter with a cuckow placed upon it in the other , insinuates the tranquillity of the air , in which the cuckow delights , that chaunts only in the spring ; and that fruits prosper best in a temperate air. juno had her education from the hours , and was nourished by the ocean , thetis and the sea nymphs , to declare that wealth is the product of time or opportunity , and navigation ; or that the aiery exhalations are both engendered and fomented by moisture . by a law of numa , juno's temple at rome was to be open roofed , to discover that marriages should be publickly solemnized , and not be performed in dark corners and recesses . antiquity , in antient representations , placed jupiter on a throne , to declare his immutability ; invested him with a crown , to intimate his authority ; they attired him with a vesture , representing light , and flames of fire , and embellished with stars , to discover his divine nature and eminent glory : they put a pair of globes in one hand , the one of amber , the other of gold , to signifie that both the globes of heaven and earth are under his jurisdiction ; in the other hand a viol or citron , to suggest to us , that he is the original of that admirable harmony which is in the world : his throne is covered with a garment of peacocks tails , to represent his providence and omniscience ; his sandals or shoes are of a green complexion , & he trod upon neptune's trident , to intimate that both sea and land are under his dominion ; they painted him with thunder in his hand , to discover he is the chastiser of impiety : sometimes they represented him with a scepter in one hand , and a circle in the other , to intimate he is the monarch that sways and controuls the universe . they placed sometimes the image of victory in his hand , to manifest that all victories and conquests are but the results of his power and providence : they painted him sometimes without ears , sometimes with four ears , to insinuate that princes should have no ears for sycophants or slanderers , but many for complaints and advice : they gave him also three eyes , whereof one was situated in his forehead , to declare that the knowledge of princes should be more eminent and sublime , by seeing farther and higher than any private speculation . justice is always painted by jupiter , to signifie that the actions of princes must be just and equitable . jupiter subdued aegeon and the remainder of the giants , to manifest that kings must not suffer tyranny and oppression to pass unchastised . jupiter is said to have begot divers daughters , stiled prayers , to represent that princes must have a paternal care of their peoples intreaties and addresses , and not reject or contemn them . jupiter espoused metis which signifies counsel , and after by swallowing her , conceived pallas in his brain ; so princes must wed themselves to sober counsellors , and by swallowing their sage advice , their heads shall be pregnant with wisdome , and they shall produce prudent actions . jupiter was father of the muses , to intimate that princes should be patrons and guardians of learned men . ixion was tied to a wheel with snakes , which may denote he was a man corroded with malice and envy , & that the lives of tyrants are as unsteady and unstable as a wheel . lycaon was a bloody prince of arcadia , who was by jupiter said to be changed into a wolf ; which fabulous legend had its rise and growth either from his barbarous tyranny and oppression , or from his being infested with the disease stiled lycanthropia which renders men melancholy , sad , desolate , ravenous and savage , or else being expelled his kingdome for his barbarous excesses in government he retired into the woods , where he lived the life of a wolf , by pillaging and destroying of passengers ; or fourthly , because he wore a wolfs skin , and instructed his people to cover and secure their houses with the skins of wolves and other savage beasts ; or lastly he is affirmed to receive this transformation because he was the first that devoted the feasts stiled lycaea to the honour of jupiter , who gathered from thence the appellation of jupiter lycaeus . lincus a king of sicily is asserted by the fictions of antiquity to be by ceres for his murder of triptolemus transmuted into a lynx ; to intimate to us , that when princes become tyrants , they cease to be men , and degenerate into the nature of the most savage beasts : or else by this was suggested that he was a prince of various , inconstant and unsteady resolutions , typified by the spots and party-colour'd skin of the lynx . he was a prince of that quick and active sight , that he is affirmed that he could see through the thickest bodies of trees , the body of the moon and that of the earth , nay to take cognizance of ships in the remotest harbours ; but all these were romances , which if we unveil , we shall discover that they insinuate to us , that princes standing upon the battlements of sovereignty see farther than other men ; and because lincus was the first that discovered those mines that lie locked up in subterraneous recesses , he is said to see through the body of the earth ; and from his exact knowledge of the nature of trees , he is affirmed to have seen through the bodies of oaks ; and because he had made accurate observations of the changes of the moon , therefore he is asserted to have shot his visive beams thorough the body of that planet ; and from his inspection into the causes of winds and tides , he was said to take a view of ships in the most distant harbours . mars was stiled by the antients the deity of war , because he was the first that instituted military discipline : his mother was juno , to intimate that riches ingender discords and hostile animosities ; and thero or fierceness was his nurse ; his associates were anger and clamour , for these do inseparably accompany war , therefore fear and terror were the two horses which drew his chariot , and bellona his sister , with a bloody whip , still attended upon him : fame with her wings full of eyes , ears and tongues , blew the trumpet before him , to discover to us that wars oftentimes had their first efflux or emanation from false rumors and ill established reports . the romans to insinuate how much they detested civil wars or mutual contests , interdicted the painting of the image of mars on the publick gates of cities or the private doors of houses , but permitted the pourtraying of it on those of cottages and villages ; but instead of that , adorned the entrances of their cities and mansions with the representation of mercury , to suggest to us , that by maintaining war abroad , they preserved peace at home : vulcan bound mars and venus together , but neptune disengaged them of that restraint , to intimate that lust is improved by the heat and warmer sallies of youth , but congealed and mortified by age , which is cold and moist , and was fitly designed by neptune . mars likewise was stiled necin or necis by the acitani , a people of spain , and worshipped under that denomination ; who pourtrai'd the head of his image surrounded with a circle of rays ; and it is very probable that the custome amongst the antient and more modern christians of pourtraying the heads of martyrs , saints , and other pious men deceased , with a glory raionce or a coronet of beams encircling them , from hence extracted its first original . see macrob. satur. lib. 1. cap. 9. mercury by the antients was constituted the deity of eloquence , and therefore some assert he was stiled mercurius , quasi medius currens , for speech is that which runs between man and man : he was painted winged both in his head and feet , either to demonstrate the various motions of the planet mercurie , or else the nimble acuteness of eloquence . he subdued and destroyed argus , to insinuate that princes by the concurrent aid of orators charm and reduce the many ey'd multitude , who are sooner reclaimed to obedience by tongues than by swords . mercury was likewise painted with a rod in his hand wrap'd about with two serpents embracing each other , by which is signified the confederacy that is required between eloquence and wisdome , typified by the serpent ; & where eloquence and wisdome are entwined , there the state is well managed , intimated by the rod or scepter , the symbol of government : or else this discovers to us , that the most brutish and serpentine dispositions are suppled and made tame by eloquence . he was pourtrai'd supporting a purse , to declare that gain of which he was the deity was to be improved by diligence , expedition and ingenuity : hence he was painted with a cock , and a goat by him , to suggest that as vigilance is exacted in a merchant of which the cock was the type ; so he should demolish all difficulties that should occur , as the goat surmounts the most difficult and ragged precipices . by mercury some of the antients understood the sun , and then his wings may signifie his velocity ; the killing of argus may represent that the appearance of the sun puts out the light of the stars , which are as so many eyes of heaven . the sun seems to behold us with a threefold aspect , pale , red and blew ; the first presages rain , the second winds , and the third serenity : and therefore it is probable they painted mercury with three heads upon a square stone , to demonstrate either the four parts of the world , or else the four seasons of the year , or else to demonstrate the constancy and stability of speech and eloquence of which he was the author ; or lastly to discover that the knowledge of letters , vaulting , or wrestling , musick and geometry , entitled their primary invention to hermes or mercury . and to declare that the sun never languishes into age , or decays in vigour , they represented mercury always young , beardless and cheerful ; and peradventure the effigies of mercury like a youth carrying a ram , may declare that the sun seems to appear young and makes the world look youthful , when he enters into the sign of the ram in the zodiack : he was painted still with his head covered , to denote that subtle and ingenious heads still wrap up their designs in dark , ambiguous and gloomy pretences . minerva was stiled jupiter's daughter , to declare that wisdome is a signal gift of heaven : she was extracted from his brain because that is the seat of wisdome ; without the aid of women , because wisdome is improved , not by generation , but by infusion , study and experience . minerva's target stiled aegis was clear and polished like glass , and had a gorgons head on it enwreathed with snakes , to intimate that wisdome is terrible to impious men , and that that and sincerity expressed by the clearness of her target should always combine together . minerva was by antiquity painted with a helmet and crest , with a cockperched on the top of it , to suggest to us that wisdome is the defence and ornament of mankind , and is still accompanied with vigilancy . therefore they likewise pourtrai'd her with an owl by her side , a crow in her hand , a cock on her hand , and a dragon at her feet , all which import the sagacity , piercing sight and perspicacity of wisdome : they represented her supporting a round target on her arm and a long spear in her hand , to demonstrate that wisdome both protects and sways the world , and that it can transpierce the most entangled and difficult affairs , and attaque them at the remotest distances . minerva was painted sometimes with an helmet of gold , with a sphynx lodged on the top of it , to insinuate to us not only the glory and splendor of wisdome , but the intricacy and mysteriousness of it . whosoever beheld minerva's helmet was transformed into a stone , to discover to us that wisdome renders men solid , unamazed , unmoveable in times of the greatest perplexity . as there were some images consecrated to pallas and mercury , stiled hermathenae , so there were some devoted to mercury and hercules , denominated hermeracliae , to denote that eloquence , wisdome and strength support the world. the romans sacrificed to minerva and vulcan on one altar , to inculcate to us that wisdome should be always complicated and mingled with zeal . by midas's ears may be understood the extraordinary height or procerity of them ; or else that he was a man of a stupid or asinine condition or capacity ; or thirdly his long ears being a prince , might import he had those in every dark recess , which gave him intelligence of what was acted or spoken ; for kings have long hands and long ears : or lastly his asinine ears did insinuate , that though he heard many complaints and execrations against his arbitrary and tyrannical government , yet he no more resented those , than if he had been transformed into as ass. peradventure being a prince of vast opulency , and having much treasure , in cutting the river pactolus into small streams for fertilizing and enriching the country , contributed rise and growth to this fiction , that he washed away his golden faculty in that river ; which became thereby replenished with golden sands , for so rivers may be stiled , that improve countries by their overflowing , or by their mud or slime . nemesis , or the deity of revenge , stiled likewise rhamnusia and adraste was by antiquity affirmed to be the daughter of jupiter and necessity , and therefore they painted her with a bridle and a ruler , to intimate divine justice curbs and rules the world , in punishing the guilty and protecting the innocent . they painted her likewise in the shape of a virgin of a truculent aspect , sad , quicksighted , sustaining a ballance in one hand , and a whip or rod and an hatchet in the other , to discover that divine justice is inexorable , quicksighted in unveiling of truth when it lies folded up in obscurity , and that it does not chastise delinquences with complacence or delight . the ballance signifies its impartiality in recompencing the good , and correcting the impious ; the whip and hatchet , the diversity of punishments proportionate to the variety of offences . they pourtrai'd her naked , placed on a square stone , to shew that she is open to applications and complaints , and that she is square , stedfast and unvariable . she was likewise represented standing on a wheel , to intimate her revolutions or vicissitudes in the world ; with a crown on her head , to denote her dominion , which carried staggs with small images of victory , supporting palms , to manifest that vengeance makes men fearful , because she is victor over the world. her hand grasped a cup , on which were insculp'd aethiopians , to suggest that vengeance can overtake a sinner , though he runs to the remotest aethiopia , and therefore her pourtraicture was furnished with wings to demonstrate her celerity . neptune is by antiquity affirmed to be the first inventor of horsemanship , because he first instructed men to manage horses , or else because he was the first that framed ships , which appear to ride on the sea. they were accustomed to paint neptune , nereus and the residue of the sea gods , with an aspect sometimes frowning , sometimes smiling , to declare that the sea is sometimes tempestuous , sometimes calm : they assigned him a charriot , drawn with horses , and as some have delivered with vast and monstrous fishes , to signifie the quick and swift motion of the sea. instead of a scepter , they furnished him with a trident , with which he sometimes makes a concussion in the earth ; that is the sea , by some subterraneous passages , often moves and shakes the neighbouring shoars with earthquakes . he was represented grey-hair'd and invested with a blew garment , the first expressed the foaming , the last the colour of the sea : they pourtrai'd neptune likewise with a plow and a cart behind him , to insinuate that by accident , the sea is the cause of the fertility of the earth , either by rain engendred by vapours extracted out of the sea , or else with that mud or weeds collected from its shoars , which in some places is an excellent compost to manure the adjacent fields ; or lastly , by its saltness , which by overflowing tides or other secret channels is transfused into the entrails of the earth . some conjecture that neptune was stiled the deity of the sea , because he was admiral to saturn , and the first who rigged and launched out a fleet of ships ; and then possibly his trident may denote the three squadrons into which he divided his navy : but if by neptune we understand the sea it self , then it is probable the trident may signifie its threefold motion , the one natural , as it is water to tend downwards ; which results from its active form , the other natural likewise as it is sea water , which proceeds from its passive form , that is to ebbe and flow ; the third is violent as it is rolled into tempest and tumult by the impetuous agitation of the winds . neptune , minerva and vulcan were usually worshipped on one altar , to manifest that mechanical artifices and designs could not be improved or perfected without wisdome , fire and water . the oreades , that is the nymphs of the hills ; napaeae , that is the nymphs of pastures ; the naides , nymphs of rivers and springs ; the limiades , nymphs of pools , nourished ceres and bacchus in their infancy , to intimate that corn and wine have their growth and improvement from water . oceanus was stiled the son of coelum and vesta , that is of heaven and earth , because the sea entitles its preservation and motion to the heavens , and by them is encompassed , and is supported by the earth , as a child is sustained by its mother . oceanus was denominated father of all the gods , to declare that all things ascribe and denote their original to moisture , without whose concurrence , there could be neither generation nor corruption : oceanus was likewise affirmed to be father of all the nymphs , because all springs and rivers attribute their first pedigree and extraction to the ocean . all the gods are said to be carressed and feasted by oceanus ; perchance this fiction was established to confirm the ancient opinion of the stoicks who asserted that the stars being of a fiery constitution , were not only attempered , but likewise fed by those moist vapours which were exhaled from the sea : oceanus was by antiquity painted with a bulls head , either to insi●●ate the impetuous rushing of the ocean against the adjacent shores , or else to manifest the bellowing and clamor of its waters , when they are breathed upon and discomposed by intemperate and tumultuous winds . juno is said to be nourished and educated by oceanus , to denote , that correspondence the air maintains with the ocean , both by situation and nature ; for the water is easily converted into air , and that again into water ; the clouds are ingendered of marine vapours , and those melt and dissolve again into the lap of the ocean . tethis , wife to oceanus , was anciently painted with gray hairs , and a white garment , either to signifie the antiquity of navigation , or else to demonstrate the fears and cares of navigators : and therefore thetis is said to have been married to peleus , who it is probable was some island prince , and an experienced navigator . orion is a constellation composed of seaventeen stars , which usually arises in winter , at which season violent storms are excited , and cataracts of rain descend : therefore in relation to that darkness of air caused by orion , by muffling it up in such a quantity of gloomy exhalations that engender tempests , rain , and thunder , he is said to obscure the celestial powers themselves ; and because much rain entitles its production to his influence , therefore he is affirmed to be engendered of the urine of the gods : he was destroyed by diana's arrows , because his fainter beams are involved in the more refulgent light of the moon . others deliver he was slain by the scorpion , for when this rises , the other sinks and is obscured . orpheus was an astronomer who instructed the graecians in that mystical knowledge , by discovering the motion , harmony and order which is amongst the seaven planets , typified by his harp whose musick did result from seaven strings , for which cause they placed it amongst the stars ; about which antiquity lodged the bull , lion and other creatures , which afforded original to that fiction , that the most savage animals were charmed into softness by the entrauncing musick of his melodious harp. by pan may be signified the universe , as the word imports : therefore to improve the fiction , antiquity affirmed he was compacted of the sperm of all penelope's woers , because the world is composed of the seeds of all things ; his red face was to denote the colour of heaven ; his being attired in the spotted skin of a red bear represented the starry firmament ; his long beard suggested the masculine vertue of the fire and air , in the production of things ; his rough and hairy thighs and legs insinuated the roughness of the earth , made rugged with rocks , trees , and bushes . by his shepherds crook in one hand , may be intimated that providence by which the world was swayed and managed : by the seaven pipes in the other hand , may be typified the harmonious motion and order of the seaven planets . the ancients painted him with wings to discover the celerity of the motion of the celestial orbs. by pan , some understand the sun ; his horns intimate his rays , his crooked staff the suns oblique motion in the zodiack ; his prolixe beard , his light , which he casts downwards , as his horns resembled his beams which he darts upwards ; with these he illuminates the upper region , with those the lower : his wings denote the swiftness of his motion ; his cloven feet signifie the two hemispheres : he was by antiquity pourtrai'd invested with a flowry or branched garment to discover how the earth is attired with herbs and flowers at the suns approach . he is the deity of mountains , woods and groves , because in those recesses he was first adored : he was the tutelary god of shepherds , because they first admired the suns motion , influence , power and beauty , and therefore attributed divine honours to him . pan was the inventor of the trumpet or cornet for war , with the unacquainted sound of which the persian army was so astonished that they fell into the disorder of a defeat , and gave up the day , and themselves to a cheap execution : hence sprang the appellation of panick terrors to express sudden fears . the arcadians maintained a perpetual fire in the temple of pan , by which they represented the sun , and his constant and uninterrupted light. by the three fatal sisters stiled lachesis , clotho and atropos , and by a more general title denominated the parcae , may be signified the secret decrees of heaven concerning mans birth , life and death . therefore antiquity affirmed them to be the daughters of jupiter & themis or justice , because nothing attends us in this life , but by the decree of the supream cause established upon his justice : and because these decrees should rather be adored than pried into , the fictions of antiquity asserted these three sisters to inhabit a gloomy cave ; and to be the daughters of erebus and night , because the judegments of heaven are inscrutable : and because the eternal decrees are immutable , therefore the gentiles affirmed the fates to be the daughters of necessity , into whose temple at corinth , it was not lawful for any man to enter ; insinuating that no man ought to scan or search the secret decrees of heaven . perseus was said to be engendered by gold , either because his hair was yellow , or that his mother was bribed by gold to prostitute her body to jupiter , or lastly because a vast stock of wealth devolved to him from his predecessors . the gorgons which perseus destroyed are thought by some to be a species of serpents in africa stiled catoblepae , which kill with their eyes looking still downwards . if we will be like perseus christian souldiers indeed , and merit a place amongst the stars like him , we must subdue the catoblepae or gorgons within us , even those narrow , covetous affections , that are still looking downwards , and fastned on earth and earthly affairs . by pluto the ancients understood the sun : he is stiled the god of hell , in relation to his being under the earth , when he gilds the antipodes with his retired light : he is said to ravish proserpina , that is the seminal vertue which dwells in plants , trees , herbs and corn , which in winter , when the sun is in his recess or apogaeum , lies folded up in the entrails of the earth : pluto or plutus is painted with wings when he abandons us , but halting when he approaches us , to intimate that wealth is slow in coming , but swift in departing . pluto was denominated the deity of the departed manes or ghosts , either because he first discovered the method of burying the deceased , who before lay uninterred ; or it is probable the rights , obsequies and ceremonies of funerals , entitled themselves to his original institution . priapus was stiled the god of gardens , because he was the son of bacchus , that is the sun , and of venus , that is moisture ; to demonstrate that fruits , herbs , flowers , plants and trees are engendred and improved by the suns heat , and their own radical moisture : some make priapus the son of the nymph nais , others of chion , which signifies snow ; by which is insinuated that moisture in summer and snow in winter , by cloistring up the natural heat of herbs and plants , are the causes of fertility . prometheus it is probable was an astronomer , who continually and curiously beholdding the celestial fires , that is the stars , and upon caucasus observing the suns motion , was said to be chained to that mountain , and to have his heart corroded and gnawn by the eagle of care and study . prometheus was a philosopher who diligently observing lightning comets and other flaming meteors , was said to steal fire from heaven , and was the first that found out the use of fire for the benefit of mankind : for which after his decease he was honoured with altars , sacrifices and festivals ; in which to enhaunse the memory of this important invention , men in the night traversed the streets with lighted torches . prometheus made up his man of the parts of other creatures , and by consequence of their qualities also , to intimate that man alone hath in him the noxious dispositions of the wildest beasts , the foxes subtilty , the dissimulation of the crocodile , who is said to weep when death lies bathing in his tears , the goats salacity , the bears or wolves cruelty , the lions fierceness and anger , and the tygers rapacity . by rhea the ancients understood the earth , deduced from ( 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ) to flow , because she flows with all things , either necessary or superfluous ; or rather because all springs and rivers are continually flowing in her and upon her : she was stiled ops , either from wealth or help , either because she contributes riches , or else is subservient to us under the pressure of danger or necessity : rhea was painted like an ancient matron , attired in a branched or flowry vesture , with a crown like a tower on her head , with a scepter in one hand and a key in the other ; her visage did signifie the earths antiquity , her flowry superficies her circular or orbicular figure , the castellated crown her strength in supporting so many towers and cities , as likewise her dominion over all creatures , for the earth in their composition is most predominant ; and her key doth suggest that sometimes she is open , as in summer and spring when plants and trees bud out of her entrails , and sometimes shut , as in winter : her chariot was drawn with lions , which may denote either earthquakes or inundations , which are indeed the two great winding sheets of nature . saturn was by antiquity represented in the pourtraicture of an ancient man , bareheaded , in a ragged garment , holding a hook and a key in his hand , and devouring his children , by which they signified the antiquity and long duration of time : his bare head intimated that time unvails the most gloomy secrets ; his ragged vesture insinuated that time corrodes and consumes all things , which was also understood by his devouring his children , as also by his hook and sickle ; his key declared that time unlocked all those mysteries that lay wrapped up in the dark cabinet of fate : saturn was likewise described with six wings and woollen feet , to suggest to us that time seems to glide away silently and slowly , whereas indeed he flies away swiftly . saturn devoured all his children , except jupiter , juno , neptune and pluto ; to signifie that time destroyed all compounded bodies , but the four elements , to wit , fire , air , water and earth , which by reason of their simple nature are not liable to corruption : saturns genitals were cut off by jupiter , and cast into the sea , and of them and of the marine froth was venus engendered ; by which may be discovered that the coldness of saturn is attempered by the heat of jupiter , and so venus was produced ; for there can be no procreation , where heat does not qualifie cold : or else by this was insinuated that saturn , jupiter and the sea are required to the production of venus ; that is to say , that time , the influence of heaven and moisture are obliged to concur to the accomplishment of generation . by scylla & charybdis palaephatus , understands two such pyratical ships and gallies in the tirrhene sea pillaging all merchants that traded that way , which from their swiftness in sailing , and the rapacity of the pirats within them , were affirmed by antiquity to be transformed into a sea monster composed of dogs and wolves : these vessels vlysses , by the conduct of a successful gale of wind outstript and so declined all prejudice . natalis comes and others by scylla and charybdis assert two dangerous rocks between sicily and italy to be signified , which being hollow , and the tides gliding through them produced an horrid noise , resembling the howling of wolves or barking of dogs ; and because there were divers monstrous fishes , that lurked within their cavities , and devoured the bodies of those who had suffered the angry fate of shipwrack , the luxuriant fictions of poets delivered that these were monstrous women above , and dogs and wolves below . scylla daughter to nisus king of the megarenses , betrayed his fatal hair to minos ; that is , her fathers most intimate counsels to his capital adversarie . in that nisus was metamorphosed into an hawk , which still pursued scylla transformed into a lark ; we may discover the nature of a guilty conscience , which abandons a man not in death , but is distorted with the agonie and torture of its own conviction and affrightment wheresoever it resides . some understand sphynx to be an amazonian woman , but an eminent robber infamous for her rapine and effusion of blood , who lurked amongst in hospitable and almost inaccessible rocks , who with a collected body of outlaws , made frequent excursions from the hill sphingius upon the thebans , but at last was subdued , and destroyed by oedipus . the thebans were accustomed to bear the pourtraicture of sphynx on their ensigns : minerva placed it on her helmet , and the aegyptians at the entrance of their temples ; to intimate that wise men , souldiers and priests , should be cautious and circumspect , and so involve their words , and actions , that they might not be too open , or despicable , to the prejudice of the state or religion . the syrens were said to be the daughters of achelous the river , either in reference to that melodious murmur its waters compose in their gliding , or else in relation to those musical instruments , or water organs , antiquity stiled hydraulae ; and because of that harmony that resulted from their musick they were affirmed to be the daughters of calliope one of the muses . styx , acheron and cocytus the three infernal rivers were affirmed to be the daughters of oceanus and terra , to intimate that they as all other rivers ascribed their pedegree to the sea , but particularly these had some secret passages under ground . styx signifies hatred , acheron , joyless , cocytus , complaint or lamentation ; because when we are deserting this life , the joy of all sublunary delights do untwist and determine , either in a detestation of them , or in regret and lamentation that we are abandoning them . these rivers are said to flow from pluto's throne , because the remembrance of that dominion that death hath over mankind , is the cause that inforces these sorrows and complaints . by tityus may be understood , the corn which is by jupiter , that is , the air , and the earth , fomented and extracted ; this covers many acres of land and is killed by apollo's arrows , that is , by the heat of the sun is reduced to maturity , to be cut down by the reaper : the raven which devours his heart , which grows again , is the moisture which putrifies the injected seed , which shoots up again into new growth and verdure . by typhon may be signified subterraneous exhalations or vapours engendring earthquakes , and sometimes eruptions of fire , ashes , stones and pestilential fumes , as if they designed to dislodge jupiter from his throne : he is asserted to be the son of titan and terra , because they are produced by the influence and heat of the sun , in the hollow and spungy caverns of the earth . venus was by antiquity painted rising out of the sea , to signifie that those things that have a tincture either of volatile or fixed salt , are apt to improve venery ; and placed in a shell in which she was transported to paphos , to declare the dangers and difficulties lovers are exposed to : she was also pourtrai'd naked , to intimate that all things should be open and unvailed amongst lovers , and nothing in the heart muffled up in an affected concealment . she was crowned with roses , to discover the empire , and yet sweetness and complacence of love : her chariot is said to be drawn sometimes with doves , to manifest the sincerity , want of gall , or malice in love ; sometimes with swans and sparrows , to insinuate that as sometimes there is nothing but purity and innocency in love , so sometimes again there is nothing but salacity : venus was likewise represented sitting upon a goat , and treading upon a snail , to suggest that a modest matron should subdue goatish wantonness , and like the snail , be constantly resident in her house , and consecrate her self to silence ; for the snail wants a tongue . venus was espoused to vulcan , because there can be no generation , if there were not an union between the natural heat expressed by vulcan , and the radical moisture signified by venus . the romans placed near to venus mercury , pitho and the graces , to denote that love is procured and supported by eloquence , perswasion and bounty . wine was offered in the sacrifices devoted to the terrestrial venus , but never in those , consecrated to the celestial one ; to suggest to us that wine is destructive and ruinous to divine contemplation or love. by vesta the ancients sometimes understood the earth it self , and in this relation she is stiled the mother of saturn ; and sometimes they meant the fire within the entrails of the earth , or that natural heat by which all sublunary creatures are generated and fomented , and so vesta was said to be the daughter of saturn and rhea , because this flame is produced in the earth , and of the earth . when all the other deities wandred abroad in their chariots , vesta is said to continue unmoveable in jupiter's house ; that is , of all the simple bodies , the earth only remains unmoveable in the midst of jupiter's house , intimated by the air that encompasses it round about . the aegyptians were accustomed to paint jupiter thrusting an egge out of his mouth , and out of that vulcan issuing , to intimate that god created the world , and out of that extracted the natural heat which contributes vegetation to all things . vulcan was affirmed to shed his seed upon the earth , because he could not debauch minerva by his lustful onsets ; to insinuate that the natural heat hath no dominion over heaven , which remains still a virgin , that is pure from the embraces of elementary mixtures , but that it is the earth that is pregnant and replenished with seed , by the aid and supply of this natural heat , by which all things are both generated and preserved . he that would be more amply instructed in this discourse let him survey natalis comes , palaephatus , fulgentius his mythology , and hyginus , where he shall discover this subject to be more diffusedly treated on . finis the antient usage in bearing of such ensigns of honour as are commonly call'd arms with a catalogue of the present nobility of england / by william dugdale ... ; to which is added, a catalogue of the present nobility of scotland and ireland, &c. dugdale, william, sir, 1605-1686. 1682 approx. 329 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 117 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2003-01 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a36790 wing d2478 estc r231444 12142728 ocm 12142728 54873 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a36790) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 54873) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 761:3, 2482:15) the antient usage in bearing of such ensigns of honour as are commonly call'd arms with a catalogue of the present nobility of england / by william dugdale ... ; to which is added, a catalogue of the present nobility of scotland and ireland, &c. dugdale, william, sir, 1605-1686. [7], 210 p. : coats of arms. printed at the theater for moses pitt ..., oxford [oxfordshire] : 1682. advertisement: prelim. p. [1]. "addenda" and "errata": prelim. p. [6]-[7]. reproduction of original in:henry e. huntington library and folger shakespeare library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng heraldry -england -early works to 1800. nobility -great britain. nobility -scotland. nobility -ireland. 2002-06 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2002-07 apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images 2002-08 emma (leeson) huber sampled and proofread 2002-08 emma (leeson) huber text and markup reviewed and edited 2002-10 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion advertisement . that the first , second , and third volumes of the great english atlas are now finish'd ( the fourth volume being in the press ) . a view of the late troubles in england , from the year 1637 to 1660. by sir william dugdale knt. garter principal king of arms. bibles , testaments , and common prayers , in all volumes : also all books printed at the theater : are sold by m. pitt at the angel in st. paul's church-yard london . the antient usage in bearing of such ensigns of honour as are commonly call'd arms . with a catalogue of the present nobility of england . by sir william dugdale knt. garter principal king of arms. to which is added , a catalogue of the present nobility of scotland and ireland , &c. oxford : printed at the theater , for moses pitt at the angel in st. paul's church-yard , london , 1682. to the right honourable robert earl of aylesbury , deputy , with his majesties approbation , to the most noble henry duke of norfolk earl-marshal of england . my lord such have been the extravagant actings of paynters , and other mechanicks in this licentious age ; that , to satisfie those , who are open handed to them , they have not stuck to depict arms only for divers younger branches of families with undue distinctions , if any at all ; but to allow them to such as do bear the same appellation , though of no alliance to that stock : the permission whereof hath given such encouragement to those , who are guilty of this boldness , that there are not a few who do already begin to prescribe , as of right thereto : so that these marks of honour , called arms , are now by most people grown of little esteem : for apparent it is , that they make the crescent , which is the known filial distinction for the second son , to be also the only proper difference of the grandson and heir of that second son , and of his heires male ; and a mullet upon a crescent , and a martlet upon the same mullet to be the distinction for a fourth son of a third brother , whose father was the second son of the chief stock : and according to that rule do , for the most part , frame their differences for others . against this absurd usage therefore , i have thought it requisite , not only to offer to your lordship the light of reason , which ought to be the principal guide ; but the irrfragable authoritie of several persons of great learning and high estimation for their knowledge in points of honour and arms : and likewise to give instance by sundry important presidents , as to the usage of ancient times , when order and regularity were held in repute : not doubting but that your lordship will in this point be so far satisfyed , as that for the future some restraint may be put to those undue practises . resting your lordships most obedient servant william dugdale garter principal king of arms. 10. junij 1681. addenda pag. 148. l. 20. an. 1681. car. 2. xxxiii . 865 nov. 17 sir george jefferys of bulstrode knight one of his majesties serjeants at law , and chief justice of chester created baronet and to the heires male of his body by ann his now wife , and for default of such issue , to the heires male of his body . buck. 866 dec. 6 hugh middleton of hackney esq midd. errata . p. 17. l. 5. r. petite y. ib. l. 13. r. henoursi p. 21. l. 8. r. retained . p. 23. l. 11. r. eleury . p. 24. l. 7. r. hooke . p. 26. l. 7. r. grateful . p. 37. l. 5. r. tres . p. 47. l. 5. r. flos . p. 51. l. penul . r. aspilogia . p. 52. l. 28. r. conspectioribus . p. 54. l. 2. r. ercaloue . p. 57. l. 27 r. ercaleue . p. 59. l. 4. r. estoille . p. 60. l. 6. r. augmenteront . p. 64. l. 3. from the bottom r. round . p. 81. l. 17. r. gosfeild . p. 82. l. 11. after e. of down add extinct . p. 100. l. 19. r. ferrers . p. 113. l. 18. r. of the houshold to k. charles the second . p. 126. l. 27. r. wakeman . the patent was in grossed but never sealed . p. 146. l. 18. r. kent . p. 149. l. 7. from the bottom r. agmondesham . p. 151. betwixt l. 24. and 25. add w. shire carnarvon p. m. 2. burg. 1. and knight 1. p. 154. l. 28. r. p. m. 18. barens of the cinq . p. 8. p. 155. l. 15. r. lestuthiel . p. 159. l. ult . add p. m. 28. barons of the cinq . p. 8. p. 160. l. 19. after great-wendlock strike out burg. 2. p. 161. l. 5. r. burg. 2. l. 9. r. north-yarmouth v. great . yarmouth . p. 162. . 19. after rumney add sandwich . the antient usage in bearing of arms . that these ensignes of honour , as are commonly called armes , which of later times have been chiefly used for distinction of families , had their original from the practise of great commanders in war , is not unknown to the learned : for certain it is , that the faces of all great military officers , being obscured by such hoods and helmets as were antiently worn in times of battel ; it was expedient , that by some other meanes their persons should be notifyed to their friends and followers . necessity therefore requiring it , they , depicted upon their sheilds ( which were borne for the defence of their bodies ) as also upon their surcotes of silke , banners , penons &c. certain badges , that might make them known at a distance from each other . of which sort those that were most conspicuous ; viz crosses , bends , fesses , cheverons , saltiers &c. all single chardges being ever held the best . in bearing whereof ( as appeareth by divers old rolls of armes ) such order was observed that none might assume anothers marke ; but that there should be a plain and apparent difference in each man's sheild , surcote , banner , penon , &c. to the end , that upon any disorder the common souldier might know his leader , and the better repair to his succour in case of danger . but these later times having devised other sorts of armour and weapons , both for offence and defence then of old were used ; those marks and badges in sheilds , surcotes &c. have been for divers past ages , as to any such military purpose , totally layed aside ; and since meerly retained as honourary ensignes by the nobility and gentry ; especially to difference themselves and their families from the vulgar , and one from another : as also to distinguish the collateralls from those of the principal stock ; for if they do not so , what do they signify ; or of what use are they ? in all which the kings of armes , in their respective provinces were to see due order observed . nevertheless such hath been the inadvertencie of sundry gentlemen , in not regarding the ill consequence which the breach of order herein doth produce ; as that , going to common paynters to depict and marshall their arms , seldom any regular differences have been assigned by them for the descendents of younger brothers ! which extravagant practise hath occasion'd such confusion therein ; that this laudable and antient usage in bearing of arms , on which our forefathers did set an high esteem , is now overmuch sleighted and almost grown contemptible . it cannot be denyed , but that in the best times good order was not by every one exactly observed : for i find , that in the reign of q. elizabeth there were some unjustifiable practises in this kind : but , in this last age , through the liberty taken by divers mechanicks since the commencement of the late unparallel'd rebellion , the disorder herein is so far spread , as if greater care be not speedily taken , such a confusion must inevitably follow , that the true use of arms will be utterly forgot ; most people , though of never so mean extraction ; if they obtain a little wealth , intruding themselves into these marks of honour , and usurping what doth justly belong to others , especially if their name doth sound any thing like that of a gentleman . seeing therefore these things relating to honour to be thus out of square , i have here thought fit to add to what i have already briefly sayd , the authorities and opinions of the most learned men in herauldry and antiquities that this last age hath produced : from whose writings i have selected some particulars , which will amply corroborate what is here asserted . beginning with what was publisht in print by mr. william wyrley ( a staffordshire gentleman ) an . 1592 ( 34 eliz : ) and intituled the true use of armes , but written by sampson erdswike then of sandon , in that county esq ( whose deserved fame for his great knowledg in these commendable studies is still fresh and flourishing in all those parts . ) * next proceeding with what i have observed from an excellent but short discourse in elegant latin de origine et antiquitate armorum , written likewise in the same q. eliz. time ( but never printed ) by robert glover esq then somerset-herauld , whose great abilities in this kind of learning i cannot sufficiently extoll ; his most elaborate and judicious work , intituled the catalogue of honour , published after his death by mr. thomas mills his executor in an . 1610 and the voluminous collections from our publick records , and sundry choice old manuscripts , as also from original charters and evidences of note ( which i my self have seen , but which are now disperst into sundry hands ) sufficiently setting forth his great abilities therein . from which discourse ; viz. de origine et antiquitate armorum &c. i have selected certain observations , and added them to this work ; whereby his great judgment as to this point of differences in arms is cleerly shewed . so likewise from what the learned camden , sir henry spelman and others have expressed upon this subject ; and given most evident instances of the laudable practise of antient times herein . i shall begin with what i find so publisht by mr. wyrley ( but penn'd by mr. erdswike ) to the right honourable the lords and others the professors of martial discipline . nobles and gentlemen , i will salute you with a sentence of mine author sir john froysard , the adventures of arms ( saith he ) are so divers , and so far oftentimes beyond expectation , as that their effects causeth great admiration : which saying of his , caused me with the more attention to read over his works , and finding the same most truly prosecuted through the whole course of his history , but espacially in the actions and adventures of two famous captains sage and imaginative , the one sir john chandos , and the other sir † john grayllie by name ( commonly called the captall de buz ) it delighted me ( as a lover of honour and chevalry ) to note * down their several fortunes with some reasons of their falls . i have been careful to set down ( as my manner is ) the standards , pennons , cote-armours ; and other marks of honour , to the end it may publickly be known of what necessity the use of them is , ( as being for that cause first ordained : ) how and in what manner they are to be used , and to whom they do of right most chiefly and properly appertain and belong . and these matters being well conceived ( as indeed without such tokens no martial discipline can be exercised , no army ranged , no attempt of any company atchieved ; and so ( by cnnsequence ) no conquest made , nor so much as any common-wealth ( whatsoever ) defended , neither ftom outward enemies , civil discord , nor the rebellion of any plebeian rout . be the same never so simple , rude , or of small esteem it will ( i hope ) reduce into estimation a matter both of honour , order , and necessity , which now ( through the abuse thereof ) is so far run into contempt , as that ( of many men ) it is holden for a thing of no price , but thought to be a very mockery , and a matter of no other sequence , then to set up vain and fantastical glorious fellows into a pride , and to draw from them some small summes to certain persons into an office instituted , which no doubt was by the wisest and best governed states at the first devised , and generally by all of any pollicy received , to a most necessary end : yet think they ( as it is now in use ) it serveth but only for that purpose . and indeed i must by the way complain , that certain of the said officers ( or others pertaining to them ) either for want of skill or maintenance , or otherwise for their gain , have committed faults not justifiable , whereby they have brought a matter of great honour into defame , and injured thereby the commonwealth , and brought both others that have managed those affairs with more discretion , and themselves into obloquy . but these faults and errors , and some others also ( spoken of in this dedication instituted to that purpose ) will in the handling of this matter more easily appear ; and the thing be ( i hope ) reformed , either by the good endeavors which the officers ( understanding thereof ) will use , or else by the magistrate , when he shall have knowledg of such the abuses as he may be informed of . and first that guydhomes , ensignes , and marks of armory be of necessity , let it be but considered whether wars be sometimes of necessity to be taken in hand or not ; and surely i think there is none of so very mean capacity , but will yeild unto it that they be : especially defensive , and in some cases also offensive : which as a thing granted i will overpass . and when i say further , that wars being lawful and of necessity , it must also be granted , that the same must be made by companies and bands of men , over which some must command , and the rest obey , and then will it follow , that for the ordering and dividing of those to the best advantage , standards and banners must be allotted to every company , to the end they may draw together in their strength , and perform such actions as they shall be commanded ; thus may you see the necessity . and for the use , it doth also appear , that sithence some must be commanders , it is of importance that they be known , both by the persons over whom they command , and generally by all ; and that so perspicuously that upon every sudden occurrent , the meanest and simplest common souldier may thereby know every particular officer , and captain that hath charge : for which purpose our ancestors device was , that such men should wear some such coat of mark over his armor , as whereby they might be easily discerned , to be the same persons which indeed they were : and where somtimes ( when occasion so offered itself ) they were forced to use pavishes for their defence , whereby a great part of the mark which was upon their vesture , was shadowed from sight , it was thought necessary that their marks should be also laid upon their shields : the commanders of horse-men ( their faces being for the most part covered ) they added to the crests of their helmets some further distinction to be the better also known by : thus much for the ordinance and use of armory . and hereby also may it appear to whom they do properly belong and appertain , namely , to kings , princes , archbishops , bishops , earls , barons , lords of provinces and fees ; knights ; officers in the army , navy or peece , and generally to all that have charge over bands and companies of souldiers . and now sithence from henceforth many of my speeches will tend to the discovery of such things as i take to be abused , erronious , or faulty , wherein i may peradventure not square in opinion with some others ; and being myself no officer or of any authority , whereby i should have cause to deal in these affairs , i will therefore first beseech your honours , and all others to whom it may appertain , that if any thing shall pass my pen which shall be offensive , that they will conceive no worse of it then i mean , which is but to bring these matters of armory into question ; to the end that if any thing be amiss ( as i for my part think that many things are ) that then the same may be reformed : but if happily i mistake , that then it would please such as be of judgment or skill , to justifie the same as well done , and i shall most willingly yield to authority and reasons . and so not speaking but under correction , i say that , first i find ( as i conceive ) some blame to be imputed in your selves which be professed souldiers , that where your ancestors and all others generally did in their standards , banners , and pennons shew forth to the view and face of the enemy , certain fair , antient , and known marks , which their elders for the most part had usually before time carried , or at least themselves had then taken ( if they but then were in their rising age ) whereby their own people were in a goodly decent order conducted and led , and their enemies very much terrified , when they should see those marks shewed forth ; the owners whereof had in their memories by plain feat of arms overthrown their parents , or happely themselves , beaten them out of the field , razed down their castels and fortresses , sacked their towns and cities , wasted and spoiled their countries , ransomed their people , and generally so daunted and amazed them , that it , was sometimes found to be true , that very bare names of some valiant persons overcame whole armies : i can but blame you of all sorts , which shall make choice of banners ( which you call colors ) so curtein-like and so far from all due order of ancient bearing as may be ; and for your parts which are descended from ancestors of mark , i would be glad to hear any reason from you , to what end you should lay the same aside , and make choice of a curtein in the place thereof . and you others ( whose wisdom and valure have gained you the reputation of a charge ) i would gladly also hear from you what should move you to be of that mind , as not to take some convenient mark , such a one as may be thought meet by authority for you , whereby you may gain an honour , both to your selves and your posterity , and by your good usage thereof much enlarge the reputation , you have by your valours obtained . an other thing that is amiss , as i take it , and hath great need to be reformed , is the quartering of many marks in one shield , coat , or banner ; for sithence it is true , that such marks serve to no other use but for a commander to lead by , or to be known by , it is of necessity that the same be apparent , fair , and easie to be discerned ; so that the quartering of many of them together , doth hinder the use for which they are provided . as how is it possible for a plain unlearned man ( who may be as good a souldier in some respects as the best ) to discern and know a sunder , six or eight , ( what speak i of six or eight ? ) sometimes thirty or forty several marks clustered all together in one shield or banner , nay though he had as good skill as robert glover late somerset that dead is , and the eyes of an eagle , amongst such a confusion o● things , yet should he never be able to decipher the errors that are daily committed in this one point , nor discern or know one banner or standard from another , be the same never so large ? so that except it be to be made in a pedigree or descent to lock up in an evidence chest , thereby to shew mens titles to their lands or the alliences and kindreds of their houses ; otherwise ( as i say ) i see not to any use in the world they serve , specially so many together to be made upon a mans vesture , target or banner ; and therefore i could wish that every man would content himself with his own peculiar coat of name , and not to use above one quartered therewith at the most : which one yet doth not so much trouble the capacity of a man , but that he may both know and discern a banner or shield well enough . and this one do i the rather esteem well of to be born , for that a prince or noble man making challenge or title to any country ( for which he is forced to make wars before he can obtain it ) it will be a goodly thing for him to shew forth his standard of the arms of that country quartered with his own amongst those people which in reason and conscience owe him duty and obedience , to the end that they may thereby be the sooner induced to submit themselves to their true and lawful soverain , as his subjects . and for that cause ( as i take it ) king edward the third and his valiant sons devised and shewed forth the arms of france and england quartered together , and although my authour saith that jaques * dartvell , was the first deviser thereof , yet will i not believe otherwise , but that the principal reasons that led the king thereto , was to make known the justness of his title to that kingdom where he then intended to make wars . but now it may be objected , sithence a prince or great lord may have title to several countries , that therefore it is necessary for him to beare all such tokens or marks as he hath title too : to this i answer , that although i could yeild to them ( but that it will bring the eonfusion aforesaid ) yet is it of no such necessity , for that a man needs to shew his title but onely to them whom he means to subdue : and if it should fortune that he had title to divers and several countries , and that he would make wars to them all at once , yet should it not be needful to him to shew forth any more marks quartered in one standard , but onely unto every several country the arms of that nation quartered with his own . but this being the case of kings and princes , wherein ( amongst others ) our most famous , noble and worthy kings and princes of this land , have shewed themselves most prudent and wise ; to what purpose is it , that others bring out commanders under their prince , and which of themselves have neither title to country nor are able to maintain wars , should in their princes service pester their banners and shields with such an infinite number as many do ? and in this point i cannot enough commend the baron of stafford , who herein sheweth his great skill and temperance ; for although his ancestors have had title to quarter the marks of that valiant thomas of woodstock ( youngest son of king edward the third ) earl of buckingham and duke of glocester ; of bohune earl. of hereford and northamton and high cunstable of england : and also of that great house of somerset , which by their ancestors john earl of somerset , ( younger son to john of gaunt ) descended from the same king edward the third , ( i omit to speak of divers barons and others of great estate , whose heires both with revenue and honor enlarged greatly his family ) yet the said baron contents himself with the paternal mark of his house . it were to be wished that this matter of quartering should be reformed , as well for untruths therein oftentimes committed , as for the titles that may be brought in question thereby to lands and heritages : and as being one of the chiefest things that bringeth honour of armory into disgrace : for not long ago heard i one speak in this manner , did i not ( quoth he ) know the grandfather of this man ( speaking of the owner of a scuchion wherein were quartered many marks ) to purchase by plain patent ( although he never were man at armes ) both his coat and crest within these forty years , and how comes it now to pass that i see his nephew invested in all this armory ? ( numbring many and divers several devices , all in one shield , by way of quartering ) this being a very mockery to see a man of no valour or estimation in warlike affairs , and the paternal ancestors of whom ( for ought that can be proved ) were not in any late age welders of arms , to entrude themselves into so many badges of armory , is not the least matter to bring into contempt an order so honourable and necessary as the bearing of arms is . differences in arms to younger children , and their descendents . another matter that to my understanding is also to be reformed , is the manner of differings , which are by the younger brothers and their posterities laid upon their marks , being cressants , mollets , &c. and that such little ones , as that a man cannot discern them a very small distance from him , which differences are in reason to be made fair , plain , and large , that they may be also as easie to be discover'd as any other devise that is in the coat , shield , or banner , otherwise they serve not to the purpose for which marks were first ordained . and the inconvenience which ensueth of this error will the more easily appear , if i but set you down the words of mine author ( treating of an accident that happened in such a case ) which be these : et feist mr. robert baileul alter sa banniere tout devant en escriant moriannes les henuiers qui ia estoint esthauses aperceurent la banniere de moriannes qui encore estoit tout droicte , si cuiderent que ce feust la leur ou ilz se deuoient radresser , car mult petitey auoit de difference de lune a l'autre ; car les armes moriennes sount barres contre barres d' argent & d' azure a deux cheverons de gueules , et le cheveron de mr. robert auoit vne petite crosete d'or , si ne l'adviserent mye bien les hennuiers ainsi vindrent bouter de fait dessubs la banniere de mr. robert , si furent moult fierement reboutes et tous discomfis . for these honours being led by sir william baileul thought in the stir and business to have come to his banner hearing the surname of moriens called upon ; and seeing as they supposed , their captains ensigne , and the difference of sir robert , being the younger brother , but a little cross upon the upper cheuron , they could not appercieve ; so that the most of them were either slain or taken , and the elder brother ( the knight their leader ) was glad to save himself as well as he might : the lord of cowcie son in law to king edward the third , suffered also reproch through the hard dealings of the lord of chine , who raised his banner against certain englishmen of sir hugh caveleys company , being either the same that cowcies : was , or the difference so small as might not be discerned , whereby the said lord cowcy though he were abs●nt as far as austrich , had dishonour spoken of him , as in the discourse * of the capital i have touched . thus then having shewed , by example , the harm and inconvenience , that cannot but many times happen , through the littleness and niceness of such differences , i have thought it not amiss to lay before you the differings that antiquity used ; that by comparing them together , you may discern the great wisdom of our ancestors , and our own imperfections in this point , for want of due consideration : which was done at the first by changing of the device born into other colors only ; but when that would not suffice for the number of leaders ( many times all of one house ) then were they forced to vary their marks by adding of either bars , bends , cheurons , cheefes , quarters , borders , labels , losinges , or such like , and very seldome should you see in those times cressant , mollet , or such like small thing born for a difference ; and if any did , yet was the same so large and fair that it might be seen as well as any other device which should be in the shield or banner . and for the proof , i will give you the example but of one house onely for your better information ( though i could do the like of many others ) namely , that of the bassets , who indeed ( in my judgment ) varied their marks of honour very finely and that upon good respect : a multitude more as my authour hath already hinted , ( were it not for brevityes sake ) might be instanced from the practise of sundry branches of noble-families , whereof i shall only make mention of some few which are not unknown to most pretenders to herauldry . such are those of grey of codnore , and grey of s●ndiacre in derbyshire ; grey of barton in ridale , in com . ebor. grey of wilton in com . hereford ; grey of ruthyn in com . denbigh ; grey of groby in com leic. and grey vicount l'isle . of beauchamp earl of warwick ; beauchamp of holt ; beauchamp of powick , and beauchamp of st. amand. of nevill earl of westmorland , nevill earl of salisbury ; nevill earl of warwick ; nevill lord latimer ; nevil lord abergaveny . of stafford duke of buckingham ; stafford of pipe ; stafford of bromshull , ( both in staffordshire ; ) stafford of graston in worcestershire ; stafford of haske in com . dorset and stafford of blatherwick in com . northampton . ; of berkley lord berkley of berkley-castle in com . glouc. berkly of beverston in the same county ; berkley of bruton in com . somerset and berkley of wymundham in com leic. ; of cobham lord cobham of cobham in kent ; cobham of sterborough in surrey ; cobham of black-burgh in com . devon. and cobham of belmerle in com cantii . of radcliffe earl of sussex ; radcliffe of smethels ; radcliffe of drdsale , and radcliffe of chaderton . all retaining the original armes , but distinguisht by various eminent differences . likewise of noell vicount campden ; noell of kirkby in leicestershire ; noell of hilcote , and noell of pelshall ( both in stafforshire ) and others of that antient family . thus have i set down unto you ( though something tediously ) the use that antiquity followed in a very glorious line , for lords , knights and gentlemen , which flourished divers hundreds of years sithence : and you may see that these men ( though they were many of them great barons ) were not ashamed of their differences , but laid them forth largely to the view ; neither do i esteem it a shame whereby any man should covet to hide the same , to be descended as a younger brother , sithence that every brother ( having the like parents ) is as well descended as the eldest , and therefore as good a gentleman ( though not so rich ) as he . and the more is his honour , if without the help which by reason of his patrimony the elder hath , he can advance himself into place of office or dignity , whereby he may raise an other flourishing family of the same surname : and therefere you my masters that be younger brothers , never hide your differences by putting forth a little cressant or a peeping mollet , but use some fair large device , sithence in truth your estimation is by your rising to be had in as good a regard as if you were the elder . and now being in speech of younger brothers and their differences , i have observed two kinds of them which antiquity used , ( besides the aforesaid ) one was , that such as were advanced by kings , princes , or other great lords , did many times bear some part of the device of him who advanced them , by way of addition unto the mark of their own family , which served very aptly to distinguish them from their elder house . the other was , that divers did add unto the mark of their own house , some part of the device of that family from which their mothers descended ; and both these two kinds of differings are ( in my mind ) greatly to be commended , not only for that they may be made large and apparent , and for that cause serve very properly to the use for which badges are ordained , but also that the one makes manifest a greatful mind ( in him that is advanced ) to his prince or lord of whom he received benefit , and by reason thereof linketh them together in a kind of amity , which seldom or never is worn out , and by that means a great strengthening it is unto both houses . the other not only serveth to unite the families which have matched together in the foresaid love and amity , and thereby worketh the like effect ; but besides it sheweth the certainty of the descending of the said younger brother out of both the said houses , and also giveth knowledg of the time thereof , whereby if any title of inheritance be at any time cast upon the younger brother , either descending from ancestor of the fathers side , or mothers , it gives him a testimony of his title , and witnesseth unto the world the truth of that descent by the continual bearing of that device , so that this kind may ( many times ) work profit to the bearer , and avoid many troubles and suits : and therefore into one of these kind of differing● could i wish our younger brothers , which from henceforth shall be advanc'd , to invest themselves , as being both honourable , fair , certain , and profitable . but now it may be objected , that the order in use sheweth plainly enough the diversity of brothers , as the cressant a second , the mollet the third , that by this means the matters are made certain . to this i answer , that first the time is not ( by this means ) signified , neither can it be known which of the cressant-bearers was the uncle or nephew . and further , it is a very usual matter for every new riser at this day , if he can find that there is any of the like surname that beareth mark , presently to usurp the same with a cressant , or some such difference , so that ( for my own part ) i do seldom credit such kind of differings nor their bearers , unless it be by some other testimony or proof made manifest , which cannot be counterfetted so well in the other device , except the riser should be throughly acquainted with the descent of him whose line he seeketh to intrude himself into . and besides , it may be the sooner espied by them of the true line and forbidden ; nor the other dare ( for fear thereof ) so soon venture the committing of a falsity . but what a confusion is it when you shall see the second of a second brother , and sometimes an other second from him , to cluster one cressant upon an other ; many times three or four , one on horseback upon an other ; where as by the aforesaid bearing of the difference from the prince , lord , or mothers family , a man may better distinguish the brothers and set down for a second , a third , and fourth , &c. and after from those again , in a fairer , larger , and more apparent manner : and the more apt am i to speak against these ordinary differences ( as they are called ) knowing them to be but new inventions , and any of them as ordinaries ( in fashion as now they are ) never used before the time of king henry the sixt ; before which time men were much more wary and discreet in bearing of their marks , and in foreseeing that no intruders should enter into their families ; nor that any should lay away or remove their differings without special warrant or license of them that thereby might be prejudiced : for a labell being much in use for the heire apparent ( to wear as his differeuce during his fathers life ) was seldom removed to the second brother , but when the inheritance went unto the daughters of the elder brother ; and then the second was permitted to bear the same for his difference , as being the heire male of his family and as one that remained in expectancy ; yet might not the second brother use to intrude himself into the absolute signs of his house ( the inheritance being in his neeces or kinswomen ) as appeared in the case between gray of ruthine and hastings which was this : john lord hastings married to his first wife izabell one of the sisters and heires of almery de vallence earl of penbrooke , by whom he had issue john hastings , ( after earl of penbrooke ) elizabeth , ( married to roger lord gray of ruthin ) and some other children which needs not to be spoken of ; for that , as i take it , all the lines of them fail'd before the extinguishing of the line of the said john earl of penbrooke . after ( such issue being had ) the said izabel vallence died , and the said john lord hastings took to a second wife izabel the daughter of hugh spenser , by whom he had issue hugh hastings , and thomas , and then died , and left as heir john his son by his first wife ( who was earl of penbrooke , as i have said , erected by reason of his mothers inheritance ) which john earl of penbrooke married and had issue another earl of penbrooke , who also married and had issue a third earl of penbrooke ; but in the end all the line of the said john hastings ( first earl of penbrooke of that family ) failing , there arose a question betwixt the heirs of roger gray and elizabeth his wife being sister ( of the whole blood ) and the heirs of hugh hastings brother ( of the half blood ) to the said john earl of penbrooke , for the inheritance of the hastings . but gray recovering the same ( by the law that saith , possessio fratris de feodo simplici facit sororem esse haeredem ) called the said hastings also ( having removed the difference of his mark for that he was then heir male of that house ) into the court of chevalry , and there having a judgement against him , the said hastings was compelled to use a difference ( which was a label of silver ) upon his mark , a fair red sleeve of his ladies upon his golden vesture : since which the heirs of that younger family have used the said labell even until this our age . so that you may see by this , that the law was then taken to be such , that such an heir male as had not the inheritance of his ancestors should not be suffered to bear his mark without distinction ; for it should seem ( by this ) that the issue of them that had married the heir general of any family ( being by reason thereof possessed of the lands ) had not only an interest in the arms , but might also forbid any man the bearing thereof . there is also another matter out of square , which is , that every man that obtaineth large possessions , ( whether the same be acquired by his judgment in law , traffick in merchandize , or any other mean ) yea although never any of his progenitors , ( from whom he can derive himself ) had the charge to lead men of arms , will yet at this day intrude themselves into the badges and marks of souldiers : for although such as be descended from men of martial discipline , have an interest in their ancestors marks ( amongst other their goods ) and therefore may shew forth the same to their predecessors glory , and their own ( in respect of their descent ) yet such men as rise by their sciences , judgments , or skill in other arts , affairs , or trades ( although they be to be reverenced for their wisdom and praiseful actions , and had in honour answerable to their vertues and dignities ) have yet little to do with the marks or badges of soldiers . for altho a reverend judg , that hath ministred law and justice a long time ( and that so long as that thereby to his great glory ) he hath obtained reputation , wealth , and revenue , is to be had in high estimation , and in respect thereof to have allow'd him some note or mark of honour fit for his calling , yot ( to my simple judgment ) the same should be disposed unto him after the old roman order , by signifying the manner of his rising , rather then to put a corselet on his back , a burgonet on his head , a target on his arm , and a sword by his side , being things that would cumber greatly the good old man to use , either for his own defence , or but to shew ( by way of triumph ) for his glory , sithence , neither is it tolerable ( by reason of his age ) nor in his youth did he exercise himself in welding thereof . and as these things are unseeming for him to wear , no more can i see any reason why he should deck up the moniments of his house with such signs or tokens , except he can derive himself from an ancestor that hath had the use of such things , and then ( to set them sorth as a glory to his deceased parent ) will greatly augment the regard of his rising , which rising yet ( of it self ) is a sufficient honour , the same being by any just , vertuous , or laudable means . and these new risings i could wish to be of more reputation then they seem to be esteem'd of , either by others , or themselves that so rise ; as is apparent by many of their doings , who intrude themselves into marks of antiquity , and setting forth of descents , wherein they are yet fain many times either to counterfet , or else to derive themselves from some poor parents , which they ( either truly , or by surmize ) alledge to have descended from some antient family , and that have been by some accident or other in former time decayed : wherein me thinks men do greatly mistake the matter , for that ( in my opinion ) a man that is but of mean parentage and riseth by commendable means , is equivalent to him that riseth from a decayed family , namely when his said parent hath been overthrown for offence , as many times they alleadge in plain terms . and i could wish that every man that raiseth a house by his good industry , should be honoured with some such badge or mark , as should be answerable to the quality of his rising ; and not every man of what condition soever they be , to entrude themselves into the signs and marks of souldiers , and such as follow the field with martial exploits . some people also there are that be so precise , as that they do disallow altogether the setting forth of any memory of well deserving men , which have shewed themselves valiant either in the act of religion , their princes service , or defence of their country ; neither allowing their posterity to set forth any memory of their praises , nor suffering any monuments or garnishments to remain of their burials ; as tho it were a matter offensive to god to have good men well spoken of , or their valorous doings by their obsequies either reverenc'd , or by any records remembred . to such men i have not thought it amiss to shew them their error by directing them to such places of scripture as do not only tolerate and allow of such actions , but also praise and commend the doing thereof , and in some sort charge and command the same to be done , whereby both they may ( if they be not obstinate ) reform their misconceived opinions , and others may be fortifyed in their praiseful endeavours towards the honouring of vertuous and worthy men , to the animating of posterity to imitate their laudable actions ; sithence indeed the chiefest matter that stirreth up men to do well next their zeal to god , and the love of vertue it self , is to think that not only their souls shall be rewarded with the mercies of god , but also that their doings shall be had in a reverent remembrance with the reports of all good men that shall speak of them . and first , that the using , bearing and setting forth of banners , ensigns and marks of armory are allowable by the sacred scriptures , it appeareth by the holy evangelist saint luke recording the peregrination of saint paul , and speaking of armory without reprehension ( which he would not have done had the use thereof been offensive ) in this sort : ( act. apost . cap. 28. v. 11. ) post menses autem tres navigavimus in navi alexandrina , quae in insula hyemaverat cui erat insigne castorum . and after three months we departed in a ship of alexandria , which had wintered in the isle , whose signs was castor and pollux . and in the book of numeri , god by his prophet moyses commandeth his people of israel to devide and dispose themselves into companies by their ensigns and banners speaking unto them in these words : ( num. cap. 2. v. 1. 2 ) locutusque est dominus ad moysen & aaron , dicens , singuli , per turmas , signa , atque vexilla , & domos cognationum suarum , castra-metabuntur , filiorum israel per gyrum tabernaculi foederis . and the lord spake unto moyses , and unto aaron saying , every man of the children of israel shall pitch by their own standard , with the ensign of their father's house , far off about the tabernacle of the congregation shall they pitch . so that by this you may see , that as these matters be no new inventions of men , so they are also things allowable by the word of god. neither do obsequies or monuments ensuing worthy acts want the authority of scriptures , for in the book of numeri it is written thus : ( num. cap. 31. v. 48. ) cumque accessissent principes exercitus ad moysen , & tribuni , centurionesque dixerunt , nos serui tui recensuimus numerum pugnatorum , quos habuimus sub manu nostra : & ne unus quidem defuit , ob hanc causam offerimus in donarijs domini singuli quod in praeda auri potui●us invenire , periscelides & armillas , annulos & dextralia ac murenulas , &c. et susceptum intulerunt in tabernaculum testimonij in monimentum coram domino . and the officers which were over thousands of the host , the captains of thousands and captains of hundreds came near unto moses and sayd thy servants have taken the summe of the men of war , which are under the chardge , and there lacketh no one man of us : we have therefore brought an oblation for the lord , what every man hath gotten , of jewels of gold , chains , and bracelets , ear-rings , and tablets , &c. and brought it into the tabernacle of the congregation , for a memorial for the children of israel before the lord. and in another place of numeri thus : ( num. cap. 16. v. 36. ) locutusque est dominus ad moysen dicens , praecipe eliazaro filio aaron sacerdoti , ut tollat thuribula quae jacent in incendio , & ignem huc illucque dispergat : &c. producatque ea in laminas , & affigat altari : &c. ut cernant ea pro signo & monimento filij israel . and the lord spake unto moses , saying ; speak unto eleazer , the son of aaron the priest , that he take up the censers out of the burning , and scatter thou the fire yonder &c. let them make broad plates for a covering of the altar &c. and they shall be a sign unto the children israel . also in the book of joshua i find these words : ( josuae cap. 4. v. 5. ) et ait josue ad eos , ite ante arcam domini dei vestri ad jordanis medium & portate inde singuli singulos lapides in humeris vestris , juxta numerum filiorum israel , ut sit siguum inter vos : & quando interrogaverint vos filij vestri cras , dicentes quid sibi volunt isti lapides ? respondebitis , defecerunt aquae jordanis ante arcam foederis domini , cum transiret eum , idcirco positi sunt lapides isti in monimentum filiorum israel usque aeternum . and joshua said unto them , pass over before the ark of the lord your god into the midst of jordan , and take you up every man of you a stone upon his shoulder , according to the number of the tribes of the children of israel , that this may be a sign among you , that when your children ask their fathers in time to come , saying what mean you by these stones : then ye shall answer them that the waters of jordan were cut off before the ark of the covenant of the lord when it passed over jordan ; the waters of jordan were cut off ; and these stones shall be for a memorial unto the children of israel for ever . ( num. cap. 27. v. 8 ) and for the disposing of heritages it is written thus . homo cum mortuus fuerit absque filio , ad filiam ejus transibit haereditas ; si filiam non habuerit , habebit successores fratrs suos ; quod si & fratres non fuerint , dabitis haereditatem fratribus patris ejus ; sin autem nec patruos habuerit , dabitur haereditas his qui ei proximi sunt . eritque hoc filijs israel sanctum lege perpetua siout praecepit dominus moysi . if a man dy and have no son , then ye shall cause his inheritance to pass unto his daughters : and if he have no daughter , then ye shall give his inheritance unto his brethren : and if he have no brethren , then ye shall give his inheritance unto his fathers brethren : and if his father have no brethren , then ye shall give his inheritance unto his kinsman , that is next to him of his family , and he shall possess it : and it shall be unto the children of israel a statute of judgment as the lord commanded moses . ( num. cap. 26. v. 1. and v. 5. ) and for the collection of genealogies , thus saith god to moses and elèazar : numerate omnem summam filiorum israel à viginti annis & suprà , per domos & cognationes suas , cunctos qui possunt ad bella procedere : &c. reuben primogenitus israel , hujus filius , henoch , à quo familia henochitarum : & phallu , à quo familia phalluitarum ; & hezron à quo familia hezronitarum . take the summe of the people from twenty years old and upwards , as the lord commanded moses and the children of israel ( according to their families and kindred , all that were able for warr ; reuben the eldest son of israel : the children of reuben , hanoch , of whom cometh the family of the hanochites : of pallu , the family of palluites : of hesron the family of the hesronites . and for a further proof of the recording of genealogies , it is to be considered how diligent the same hath been observed through the whole course of the scriptures , as the descents from adam to noe , and from noe to abraham , &c. do sufficiently testify . and more , that with the spirit of truth the genealogy of christ our saviour and redeemer , as concerning his humanity , is also by the writing of his holy evangelists most plainly and sincerely remembred and set down . all these things being therefore by the scriptures of god ( the decider of all controversiies ) proved and declared : your lordships may see that the bearing of arms , raising and advancing of standards , banners and ensigns , using of obsequies , erecting of monuments , enroling and regestring of pedegrees , and descents , have joyned to the antient customs and laws both of this land and all other nations ; the authority of gods word , being very well accompanied with discretion , reason , and judgment ; for god having by his sacred institution ordained kingdoms , provinces , and seignories , and that over them kings , princes and magistrates , shall command , rule , and govern his people , to the end chiefly that his heavenly kingdom may be replenished with the blessed souls of his servants , for the instructing whereof he hath also ordained his holy church , and the bishops , pastors and ministers of the same , which bishops and other spiritual officers cannot so well enform his christian people without the aid of the said kings and temporal lords : neither can they govern their particular countries either from the invasion of outward tyrants or inward rebels , but through the use of their sword of justice , which sword cannot be exercised against unruly persons being of strength , wanting men skilful in martial discipline , who cannot manage those affairs but by mean of the aforesaid arms and ensigns , in manner as before i have more largely expressed . and in like sort as princes , great lords , judges , magistrates and governours , do use to wear sacred robes of gold , purple , scarler , and other ornaments and apparel ; not to take pride in , or for any vain ostentation or show ; but only that they may be distinguished from the inferior people , to the end that a reverent regard may be had of them in respect of the high office which under god here on earth they bear . and as these things no man of any reason will gainsay , so i see not but as-well may their just vertues and good government be remembred with funerals , obsequies , and monuments , after their decease , whereby such as succeed in government may also be had in more high estimation , and a fair example is thereby given them to imitate the regiment of their predecessors , likewise doth the registring of descents carry with it reason joined to authority and custom ; for as by gods law there is commanded a priviledge of enheritance to the first begotten of israel , and so for want of sons to the females , and from them to others answerable to the proximity of their blood and kindred , which with the laws of this land , and of most nations do concur and agree ; it doth well stand with peaceful government for the avoiding of contentions which may rise for want of records , to testify the truth of mens titles to their enheritances , that genealogies and pedegrees , should be enrolled and kept in remembrance . i have my good lords stood the longer upon this point , for that of late travelling through some countries of this land , and having a desire to see the moniments of antiquity which have remained in such places as i passed by , for which cause as otherwise i many times resorted to churches and other houses to satisfy my affection , i found that many moniments both of burials and in glass were so broken and defaced , that vneth may be had any knowledge what the fragments remaining did signify : and enquiring of the inhabitants how it came to pass that those things were so blemished , they made report that certain persons , delighting as may seem in novelty , for they can abide no mark of antiquity , had defaced the same . these men that take upon them to be reformers , whose desires are great through the singularity and pride they have in their own wits and understandings , weening themselves to be very wise , where indeed they are very simple , and only look but into the abuses of things , and do not see into the grounds and depth of the reasons and causes for which good ordinances were made , go about to find faults , where many times none are ; but if peradventure they hap to find an ordinance well made misused , then streight never seek they to reform the abuse , but by their wills , down goeth ordinance and all , such is their insolency , rashness , and want of judgment . it were well done therefore my good lords , and i could wish that your honours having sometimes access to her majesty , and oftentimes conference with my lords of her privy councel , should enform her highness , and their honours of the said abuses committed , and to be thereby a mean that these simple fellows taking upon them to be reformers , might be reformed themselves , and both kept from destroying of good ordinances , and be punished for their offences in that behalf committed . in the mean time yet shall i desire that honourable personages will look better to the moniments of their ancestors , by correcting the destroyers thereof , and therein to imitate the laudable actions of william fleetwood , serjeant at the law , and recorder of the city of london , who being commissioner amongst others for the visitation of causes ecclesiastical , by the princes authority , by vertue thereof imprisoned certain wilful persons that had defaced the moniment of queen katherine dowyger at preterborough , until such time as they had reformed the same , which thing was through his good endeavour reedified and perfected again , and so remaineth to this day : for although some hapily see standing those of their own parents , yet it were good they should sorsee that no others be pulled down ; for that there is not to be looked for but that suffering such injuries to rest unpunished , the doers thereof will in time grow more insolent , and have a cast to overthrow theirs also . and now being in speech of monuments , i cannot but remember their ignorance who make small account of any ancestor except before the conquest , weening that all that lie cross-legged † so were : and that all antient evidence without date is the like : whereas the one was not had in use until after the palestine wars , and the other , such as be sealed , be also since * the conquest ; for i could never see nor hear of any that had seen sealed deed , but the same was made sithence the conquest of this land , when the use ( as i take it ) of sealing with wax first began in england . but these men will not stoop one jot under the conquest , telling many fables of their ancestors then preserving their houses , honours , and armories , forgetting quite that it is much more glorious and honourable to be descended from a most famous nation conquering , then such people by plain feat of arms subjuged , for as the poet saith , quis enim sua praelia victus commemorare velit ? referam tamen ordine , nec tam turpe fuit vinci , quàm contendisse decorum est , magnaque dat nobis tantus solatia victor . so that if they have any thing praise-worthy left to brag of , it it that they well contended with so puissant conquerors , which were then in their time as wise , glorious , and famous a nation as were in the whole world to be found . another sort there be not much more skilful , who if they see any armory , straight enter into the comparison of the fairness thereof : and foul and false is it , if mettal lie upon mettal alone , or colour upon colour : and yet i could wish we should never have more dishonourable men nor worse souldiers then have so born their armory : for to omit that worthy godfrey , and that mack morise king of lymster in ireland , whose only daughter and heir was married to richard strongbowe earl of penbrook , and bare in a black shield a red ramping lion ; of our own sir richard sanbach of sanbach in chesshire , sir william wakbirge of wakbirge in darbishire , two valiant knights , yet both bare colour upon colour . passing the number of examples , i will recite the words of mine author speaking of the adventures of a brave knight in the company of sir robert canole resting by paris . this knight having vowed to strike with his launce on the barriers of the city , performed it , and then the words be these : celluy cheualier ie ne sca comment il auoit nom ne de quel pays il istoit mais s' armoit a gueulles a de deux fouses noyeres et vne bordure noyre non endente . and although i grant they be not so well to be discerned , as when metal and colour be varied the one with the other ; yet sithence the number be great of most worthy men that have born their arms in such manner , i will esteem their marks as honourable as the rest , and never impute any falsity to them . and this kind of men also commonly discant upon the proportion , nature , and quality of the device , as if the name of ricbard were better then robcrt ; and ralph better then roger ; and in their conceits the eagle or faulcon are the fairest birds to be born of all feathered fowls , and so of other the like : when indeed except for the reverence due to the bearers , who do honour their bearings by their renown , vertue and valure , otherwise there is no difference in the fairness of marks : but that those only are to be preferred which be easiest to be perceived , discerned , and known to be the same things they be marked out for : and therefore the capitale of beuf'z black midas head with his fair long asse-ears , was as good a crest , as sir john chandos chiftains head proper in a white scarffe goodly envellopped : and as fair a coat is hopwells , being three red hares playing on bagpipes in a silver shield , as newinton which bare d' azure three eglets d' argent displaid . and now me thinks i hear . some that esteem me to mend , and become more fine , skilfull , and herauld-like in my emblazons , as using the french phrases of d'azyer & d'argent , who think , i doubt not , but that i have committed a great error for want of using the said french phrases in my emblazons ; notwithstanding i will joyn in opinion with such as esteem it to be more proper to speak and use english terms and phrases in an english book dedicated to englishmen , then french or latin , otherwise than cited authority leadeth . thus far from mr. erdswike publisht by mr. wyrley . i come now to what that most expert herauld robert glover somerset hath sayed upon this subject of differences , in his book de origine & antiquitate armorum , &c. apud nos in anglia , longo & approbato usu , triplices observantur armorum differentiae ; scilicet principales , consanguineorum , & extraneorum . differentiae principales sint labellus , sive lingula , eum pendulis , & appendicibus imparibus : simplex , & quandoque rebus onustis . bordura , sive fimbria simplex , componata , aut alio modo semmata , vel distincta per endenturas , & crenelaturas , quae dicuntur principales differentiae ; quia in armis nunquam cernuntur , nec ullo alio usui destinantur , nisi ad illorum differentiam & discrepantiam . differentiae consanguineorum sunt crescens , macula , merulus , annulus , fos-lilij & similia , quae dicuntur consanguineorum differentiae , quia serviunt & destinantur consanguineis , ab uno & eodem stipite descendentibus : ut filius junior , dum caelebs & innuptus remanserit gerens arma patris sui cum tali parva differentia dignoscatur . et-inter multos fratres , ut quilibet eorum possit bene secerni & cognosci ab alio per sua arma in praelijs & expeditionibus bellicis ; & priaecipue quo ad nativitatis & geniturae suae statum & praeeminentiam , portabunt arma domus & familio unde sunt praegnati , cum tali parva differentia . at postquam ductis uxoribus , mutiplicatisque liberis , novam per se constituerint familiam , rejectis prioribus minutis differentijs , arma domus cum labello , bordura , quarterio , benda , aut alia graviori distinctione , additione , vel commutatione portare debent , quo dehinc & illorum familia , ab originali illa familia , unde oriuntur , armorum delatione facile precipi , distingui , & separari . et tamque est verus , naturalis , & genuinus armorum usus , ut per easdem cognoscantur & distinguantur familiae & agnationes , ob quam causam proculdubio in initio inventa fuerant . differentiae extraneorum sunt , barrulae , bendae , fasces ; tigna , sive signa capitalia , palae , quarteriae , & similia , quae extraneorum dicuntur notae : quia licet extraneo arma cujuscumque domus seu familiae portare & ostendere , cum hujusmodi incrementis et additione sine quorumeumque praejudicio vel offensione . harum differentiarum vero usu neglecto , dum his dieb● juniores filij minutulas illas crescentium , macularum , merulorum , annulorum , atque florum differentias retinere solent , easque ad suos quoque posteros transmittant , famularum notitia ( quae per armorum delationes cognosci , secerni , et distingui solebant ) prorsus obfuscatur , et deletur . with us in e●gland , there hath been a threefold difference observed in arms ; that is to say of the chiefs , or principals ; for those of consanguinity ; and of strangers . the principal differences are a labell , or string with points , or pendents unlike : sometimes plain ; and sometimes chang'd . the border , or plain fillet , componed , or distinguished by endenting , or engrailing , which are called the principal differences ; because they are never seen in arms , or designed , but for differences . the differences for such as are of consanguinity , are a crescent , a mullet , a martlet , an annulet , a flower de lys , and the like ; which are called differences of kinsmen ; because they are designed and serve for those which are descended from one and the same stock : as for example , a younger son , whilst he continues a batcheler and not married , he is known by bearing his fathers arms with such a small distinction or difference . and amongst many brothers , to the end that each of them may be discern'd and known from another by his arms in battels , and warlike expeditions , and specially as to their primogeniture and preheminence , they bore the arms of the house and family , whence they sprung , with such a small distinction . but afterwards , when married , and had children , being heads of new families , they quitted those former minute and petty differences , they bore the arms of their house with a labell , bordure , quarter , bend , or some other greater distinction or addition , which thenceforth might evidently distinguish them and their family from the original house and stock from whence they were descended . such being the true , natural , and genuine use of arms , that each family and kindred might be known and distinguisht from one another ; that being doubtless the cause for which they were at first devised . as to the differences of strangers , they were barrulets , bends , fesses , cheverons , or capital marks ; pales , quarters , and the like , which are said to be the badges and marks of strangers ; because it is lawful for a stranger of any house or family to bear his arms with these kind of distinctions and differences , without doing injury or giving offence to any . but these differences being grown out of use ; now adays younger sons do not only retain these petty distinctions of crescents , mullets , martlets , annulets , and flowers , but transmit them to their posterity ; whence it is , that the distinction and proper knowledg of several families , which had wont to be perspicuous by the bearings in their arms , is now totally confounded and obscured . hereunto i shall add what the most learned camden , sometimes clarencieux king of arms , hath express'd as to this point : * no gentlemen ought to bear their differences in armory , otherwise then the office of armory requireth : and when younger brethren do marry , erect , and establish new houses , are accordingly to bear their arms with such distinctions and differences , that they may be known from their elder families , out of which they were descended ; the king of arms of the province to be consulted withall , and such differences of houses are to be assigned and establish'd by his privity and consent , that so he may advise them to the best , and keep record thereof ; otherwise gentlemen may either hurt themselves , by taking such a difference as shall prejudice the chief house from whom they are descended . let us now see what sir henry spelman ( whose memory is not a little famous for his knowledg i● antiquities , and herauldry ) hath written as to thi● matter . de discerniculis . * pluribus idem insigne deferre , absque debita differentia sua , fas non est : ne ejusdem gentis familijs ; ne ejusdom familiae fratribus . familiae autem coryphaeo symbolum manet integrum et indiscretum ; junioribus omnibus suis discerniculis interstrictis ; quae semper in editiori clypei parte ( cophalicae regionis medio , juxta leum ) expetuntur quod wriothsleus fecialis sub edwardi quarti aevo , a se inventum propagatumque fuisse , ne ulterius quaeras , tradidit . fratrem primogenitum lemniscis , seu virgula lemniscata donant . vivente patre triplici , nondum extincto avo quintuplici ; semper impari , si lei fidem sequamur . corollae praefert similitudinem , lemniscis ex ea dependentibus ; quam ideo primogenito assignatam dixeris , quia familiae decus , sic prae caeteris exornandus videatur . antique autem idem hoc signum , secundo , tertio , quinto conferebatur ; discrimine vel in colore posito , vel in lemniscorum numero . secundo fratri lunulam , crescentem vocant ; graeci 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , assignant ; tertio penticonum ; quarto apodem ; quinto anellum ; sexto lilium . et hisce quidem discerniculis internoscenda exhibentur warwici in fenestra veteri , ecclisiae s. mariae , arma , sex filiorum thomae beauchamp xiiii . comitis illius tractus , qui obijt 34. edw. tertij , ut intelligas istiusmodi distinctionis ritum non a nuperis emanasse . alij qui aetate henrici septimi scripserunt , haeredem ipsum crescenti lunula distinxerunt , ut accessuro huic lumine , accessuram illi haereditatem ostenderent . secundo vero fratrem , quem tertium familiae limen occupare aiunt ( primum enim patri , alterum haeredi tribuunt ) triplici lemnisco consignarunt : tertio fratri quadruplicem : quarto quintuplicem . sed nec haec , nec illa distinguendi ratio satis apud veteres invaluit , qui apertissimis differentiis consusulentes , paternos colores saepe inverserunt : saepe rerum gestarum numerum auxerunt ; saepe minuerunt ; alicui gestamina , praesertim materna , & haereditaria saepissime interseruerunt . interdum desertis integris insignibus , novis gavisi sunt . sin vero protogoni clypeum , per omnes agnationes , familias , gentes retinuisse placuerit ; lemniscis , quos diximus , diagoniis , limbis , quadraturis , angulis , aliisque latis & conspecti ; oribus differentiis usi sunt . en in una gente omnium pene exemplaria . extraneorum gens , vulgo le strange , inter limitaneos proceres notissimae virtutis , & triplici tum olim baronia , amplissimisque familiis perquam potens & splendida , clypeo utebatur rubeo , duobus argenteis leonibus graduarijs , quam johannes le strange quartus baro de knockyn , ut familiarum coryphaeus , purum protulit . fulco le strange , baro de corsham & blakmere , qui a johanne , avo dicti johannis , per — filium tertium descenderet , colores inversit , argenteo clypeo rubeos inducens . rogerus le strange , baro de ellesmere ( ab eodem avo , per filium quartum prognatus ) gentis clypeum , limbo imbricato aureo circundedit . ejus pater etiam rogerus , cum matildem filiam willielmi de bellocampo uxorem duxisset , bellocamporum cruces crucigeras ( sed argenteos numeroque novenario ) argenteis suis leonibus intercalavit . hamo le strange a johanne quarto , per quintum editus , clypeum fratris sui johannis , sexti baronis de knockyn , aurea diagonali virgula trajecit , eodemque discrimine apud hunstanton ( norfolcensi agro ) quam a barone fratre anno gratiae 1309 dono acceperat , consedens , celebri familiae ( quae in hunc usque diem , eadem sede , eademque discernicula , faeliciter claruit ) initium dedit . sed ipse etiam johannes le strange sextus baro de knockyn , leones suos apodum peribolo ( ut e sigillo cernimus ) aliquando circumclusit , eadem tempestate johannes le strange ( glocestriensis puto ) is , qui dominus de ercalene inscribebatur , clypeum rogeri le strange de ellesmere , cerulea mitella transegit . atque hunc quidem decernendi morem potiori laude multi efferunt , quod militaria symbola , ad distinctionem enata , distinctiora multo effecerat : minutulis enim illis recentiorum formulis , nec error defuit , nec periculum . sic elusi ( apud froisardum ) hannones illi , qui sub vexillo willielmi baileul , argenteis cyaneisque repagulis transmutato , rubrique binis fastigijs inducto , recipere se contendebant ; ad vexillum roberti baileul , fratris sui minoris , exigua cruce aurea ( quam male animadverterent ) discriminatam convolabant : fusique & dissipati omnes gravissimas ernoris sui paenas persolverunt . rideo igitur & rejicio icunculas istas , quas tum praecipue in morem venisse arbitramur , cum ipsa insignia , relictis jam nativis stationibus , clypeis , vexillis , apparatuque militari , in aedium fenestris mollique supellectili ( ubi nec refert magnitudo ) potissiimum residerent . touching small differences , being the latin before mentioned , put in english. it is not at all lawful for several persons to bear one and the same arms , without a due difference ; no not to those of the same family though they be brothers thereof . to the chief of the family , the intire arms without any difference do belong , but the younger branches are to have their respective differences , and bear them in the midst of the upper part of the escocheon , according to lee , which wriothesley ( a herauld under k. edw. 4th ) affirms to be of his devising . to the eldest son , in his fathers life time , was assigned a labell of three points ; but if his grandfather was living , with five points , ever different , if we give credit to lee. which ( like a coronet ) the labells hanging at it , is therefore assigned to the eldest son , that as he is the glory of the family he may seem to be adorned above the rest . antiently this distinction was conferred on the second , third or fourth , either by different colour , or number of the labells . to the second brother they assigned a crescent : to the third a mullet of five points ; to the fourth a martlet ; to the fifth an annulet ; to the sixth a flower de lys. and by these differences the six sons of thomas beauchamp the xiiii earl of warwick , ( who died in the thirty fourth year of k. edw. 3. ) are shewed forth in an old window of the church of st. mary at warwick ; so that you may see that this usage is ancient . some who have written in the time of k. henry the seventh , have distinguisht the heir himself by a crescent , that by the accession of light they might shew that the inheritance was coming to him . and to the second brother , whom they take to be the third boundary of the family ( attributing the first to the father , and the second to the heir ) they assign a labell of three points : to the third a labell of four points ; and to the fifth a labell of five points . but none of these kind of distinctions were used amongst the antients ; who studying apparent and perspicuous differences , often inverted the paternal colour ; sometimes augmented the particular chardge in the shield ; sometimes diminishing the same ; and sometimes inserting another sort of bearing , especially from the mother ; but sometimes totally quitting their paternal arms , and assuming new . but if the respective branches of the family did retain their ancestors arms , then they did use apparent and conspicuous differences either by labells , bends , borders , quarters , cantons or the like . examples whereof we have almost all in one family . as in that of le strange , sometimes famous for their valour in the marshes of wales ; whereof there were three distinct barons ; who had a sheild gules , with two lyons passant argent , which john le strange the fourth baron of knockyn , as the chief of that house , did bear . but fulke le strange , baron of corfham and blakmere , who descended from the grandfather of the said john , by a third son , inverted the colours , bearing in a field argent , two lyons passant gules . likewise roger le strange baron of ellesmere , who descended from the same grandfather by a fourth son , bore the same arms , with a border engrayled or. also roger his father , after he had marryed maud the daughter of william de beauchamp , bore nyne cross-croslets argent betwixt his silver-lyons . moreover hamon le strange , who descended from the said john the fourth , by a fifth son , bore the arms of his brother , john the sixth baron of knockyn , with a bendlet or ; and fixing himself at hunstanton in norfolk ( which he obtained in the year 1309 from john his brother ) was the original of that worthy family , which doth still remain there , bearing the same difference . but the sayd john le strange the sixth baron of knockyn , did sometime environ his lyons with an orle of martlets , as by his seals are to be seen . at the same time another john le strange , who was lord of ercalene ( in shropshire ) bore the arms of roger le strange of ellesmere with a bendlet azure . which kind of differences , as many do affirm , are most worthy of commendation , because as military badges , first used for distinction , they are much more discernable . for by these small and petty differences , there is both error and danger , as it is evident by those hennovers of which froisard speakes ; who fighting under the standard of william de baileul , with barrs argent and azure counterchanged , and over them two chevrons gules striving to repair thereto , came to the standard of robert baileul his younger brother , distinguisht but by a small golden-cross , which occasioned a total rout to them all , whereby they paid dear for their mistake . i do therefore smile at , and despise these pettey differences , which now a days are used ; whereas the arms themselves , leaving their native stations , in shields , banners , and habiliments of warr , doth now chiefly appear in glass-windows and sleight houshold stuff , where the largeness of the distinction is not at all regarded . having now done with these english writers , let us hear what the french say thereto . mons. charles segoigne , advocate of the parliament , and of the council of estate , and of the privy-council of the king in his tractate , called tresor heraldique , printed at paris 1657. pag. 459. pour celles des maisons particularies , chascun on use comme il lui plaist , toutes fois les pieces , dont se sert ordinairement pour brisures , sont le lambell , les bordures , le baton , ou cottice , le franc canton ; la molette ; le croissant ; l' estaille ; le besant &c. for differences of particular houses , each one useth as he pleaseth : nevertheless the pieces that ordinarily are used , are the labell ; the bordures ; the baton , or cotice ; the franc canton ( id est the dexter canton ) the mullet ; the crescent ; the star , the besant [ the besant in the french acceptation being a roundell , either or or argent . ] le trophee d' armes ( whose author conceals himself ) a book printed at paris an . 1650. pag. 33. les pleines armes sont reservees aux aisnez par les loix divines & humaines : les cadets & puisnez les portent aussi , mais avec quelque differences d' inferiorite ; ce que l' on appelles brisures , dont le nombre n' est point limite , puis qu' elles dependent de la fantasie . les uns prennent estoilles ; croissans ; soleils , animaux , oyseaux , fleurs , & autres choses posces d' ordenaire sur le flanc dextre de l' escu , en chef ou montantes d' icelui . des autres brisent en diminuant les pieces : & d' autres en changeant les esmail-de leur armes . mais le plus souvent pour brisure , on se sert du lambeau ; de la bordure ; de l' orle ; báston ; bande ou cottice , que ie range ici selon leur dignite . car on tient que s' il se trouvoit cinque puisnez en un maison , le lambeau appertiendroit au premier ; le bordure au second ; & aussi des autres . si bien , que les puisnez : du premier puisnes pour doubles brisures , ou sou brisures , augmente : ront les pendens du lambeau ; le premier d' un : le second de deux autres ; & les autres de mesme jusques a cinque . apres quoy , pour sou-brisures , on chargeroit de lambeau , qui d' une figure qui d' une autre . les sou-brisures de la bordure , sont primierement de la fair engreslee . secondement de la charger de torteaux ou besans : troisiesmement de la componee . et finálement de la charger de plusieurs figures , ou d' une soule . il en est de mesme des autres brisures . which in english is thus . the plain arms are reserved to the eldest sons , both by divine and humane laws : the cadets ( or younger ) bear the same arms , but with some difference of inferiority , which we call brisures : of which the number is not limitted , but depends upon fancy . some take starrs , cressents , sunns , beasts , birds , flowers , and other things , put most commonly upon the dexter flanc of the escocheon ; upon the cheife part of the same ; or moving , or issuing thence . others difference by diminishing the peices of the chardge , or changing the colours . but most commonly for brisures ( or differences ) we make use of the labell ; the bordure ; the orle ; the baton ; the bend , or cottice , which i range here according to their dignity : for we hold , that if there be five puisnes in a house , the labell belongs to the first ; the bordure to the second , and so of the rest . so that the puisnes of the first puisnes for double ( or sub-brisures ) shall augment the pendents of the labell : the first with one ; the second with two : the rest accordingly to the number of five . after which , for sub-brisures , or differences , we must chardge the labell with one figure or another . the sub-brisures of the bordure , are first of all to make it engrailed . secondly to chardge it with torteaux , or besants . thirdly to compone ( or gobone ) it . and finally to chardge it with various sorts of figures or with one alone . the same must be done with the other sort of brisures or differences . note that the french blazoners , do , by torteauxes mean roundles of colors : and by besants those of mettal ; viz. silver , and gold. the book of st. albans sayth , that labells are excellent differences ; as with three , four , five , or more points . it also speaks of cross-croslets , mullets , or the like . likewise of bordures changed , in form , or in color . we will conclude this chapter of arms , and blazons with acknowledging and distinguishing the eldest sons from the younger and inferior . * the eldest are known and discerned from the other by the plain paternal arms without any brisure ( id est diminution ) whatsoever , except the father gave the same so . it is ordinarily seen in illustrious and most noble houses , that the second son quartereth the fathers arms , with them of his mother : but this occasioneth confusion to their descent and linage , if they have store of male children : others diversifye and vary in the chief , or else in the first quarter and canton of the cheife , which is termed of honour ; or else partissent a , flanquent b , entent c , en poincte , ou mettent d sur le tout : but the most certain knowledge is made by brisures , so far as to the seventh generation , the end of all patronage [ brisures signifying any thing added besides the original chardge . ] it is an assured rule , that among males , the eldest acknowledgeth himself , and he ought to be acknowledged by his father's arms , if he be no otherwise stipuled by contracts of marriage , of donation , or of substitution , which do extend so far as to the fourth heir . and if all the males would bear the fathers arms , they ought to be distinguished according to degree of birth , or primogeniture , by brisures . but the second son deit porter le lambeau de trois pieces ; which is to be understood of metal or color , and which also ought to be observed in all other brisures . the third son une simple bordure . the fourth le orle ; the fifth le baston : and the sixth le bande . if there be any more , the cheife ; the first or last canton of the cheife , or else le ente en poincte will serve to be remarked . the assailants or challengers of all the younger thus born must be acknowledged by doubles brisures ; in regard the eldest son issued of the second , ought to retain and bear the fathers arms avecques leur brisure le lambeau de trois pieces en chef . the second le larabeau de quatre pieces en chef . the third pareil lambeau monuant le cheif . and the fourth pareil lambeau charge solon sa fantasie d'aigles , lyons , croissants , roses , aleryons , merlets , ou diapre . the second son issuing of the first third portera la bordure engreslee . the third chargee de befans , ou torteaux . the fourth la bordure componee . the next endentee , or endenchee . and the rest ( if there be any more ) chargee de annulets , partie del un ou l' autre , ou bien le simple , ou be double essanier & trescheur ; id est the diminitive of an orle. the second son issuing of the first fourth , l' orle , which his descendents and he may diversifye ; d' eschecquette , pale , counterpale , lozange , frelte , fusille , faisses , conterfaisses , paile , viure e , cheveronne contre-cheveronne ; verse , f contre-verse ; or chardged with the forenamed beasts with pannes g , marles , molettes , estoiles , ou de rustres h , or other varieties , which may be put into arms. the second son of the first fifth , and his descendents may change and vary le baston , as hath been said before and the like . of the second son , and his assaylants of the first six a la band i , which may be coticee , jumelle k , bretesscee , l feuillee m de six , componee , endenctiee , ou chargee d' animaux , ou de pannes . but it is to be held for a rule , and an infallible maxime in arms , and the noble art of painting , and blazon , that he which beareth least is the best , which will serve for question and enquirie . a true and perfect catalogue of the nobility of england . a true and perfect catalogue of all the nobility , great officers of state and court , lords spiritual and temporal of the kingdom of england , according to their respective precedencies . dukes of the royal blood ( ii ) * james duke of york ( and albany in scotland , earl of ulster in ireland ) * rupert duke of cumberland ( count palatine of the rhine ) archbishops ( ii ) , and great officers ( iv ) , who in respect of their offices precede all the nobility except those of the blood royal. arch-bishop of canterbury primate of all england william sancroft dr. of divinity lord high chancellor of england heneage earl of nottingham arch-bishop of york , primate of england richard stern dr. of divinity lord high treasurer of england this office is now executed by commissioners lord president of the council john earl of radnor lord privy seal arthur earl of anglesey dukes ( ix ) and dutchesses ( ii ) henry howard duke of norfolk ( earl marshal ) charles seymour duke of somerset ( under age ) * george villiers duke of buckingham * christopher monke duke of albemarle * james scot duke of monmouth ( and buccleugh in scotland ) * henry cavendish duke of new-castle barbara dutchess of cleveland ( sole daughter and heir to william villiers vicount grandison in ireland ) for life , with remainder to charles fitz-roy , her eldest son , and for want of issue male to george fitz-roy , her younger son. lovisa de querovalle dutchess of portsmouth ( for life ) * charles lenos duke of richmond ( and lenox in scotland ) under age . * charles fitz-roy duke of southampton ( under age ) * henry fitz-roy duke of grafton ( the remainder , for want of issue male , to george fitz-roy , his younger brother ) under age marquesses ( ii ) charles paulet marquess of winchester * henry somerset marquess of worcester other great officers ( v ) ( who take place in respect of their offices ) lord high chamberlain of england robert earl of lindsey earl marshal of england henry duke of norfolk , with his majesty's approbation at present executes the office by his deputy who now is robert earl of aylesbury lord high admiral of england this office is now executed by commissioners lord steward of the king's houshold james earl of brecknock ( duke of ormond in ireland ) lord chamberlain of the king's houshold henry earl of arlington earls ( lxix ) and ( i ) countess * auberie de vere earl of oxford charles talbot earl of shrewsbury ( waterford and wexford in ireland ) anthony grey earl of kent willlam stanly earl of derby john maners earl of rutland theophilus hastings earl of huntington * william russel earl of bedford philip herbert earl of pembroke and montgomery edward clinton earl of lincoln james howard earl of suffolk charles sackvill earl of dorset and middlesex * james cecil earl of salisbury john cecil earl of exeter john egerton earl of bridgwater philip sidney earl of leicester james compton earl of northampton edward rich earl of warwick and holland ( under age ) william cavendish earl of devonshire william feilding earl of denbigh ( and desmond in ireland ) john digby earl of bristol gilbert holles earl of clare oliver st. johns earl of bolinbroke charles fane earl of westmorland robert mountagu earl of manchester thomas howard earl of berkeshire * john sheffield earl of mulgrave thomas savage earl of rivers robert bertie earl of lindsey ( lord great chamberlain of england ) henry mordant earl of peterborough thomas grey earl of stamford hencage finch earl of winchelsey robert pierrepont earl of kingston upon hull charles dormer earl of carnarvon philip stanhope earl of chesterfield richard tufton earl of thanet thomas weston earl of portland * william wentworth earl of strafford robert spencer earl of sunderland robert leke earl of scarsdale charles wilmot earl of rochester ( and vicount wilmot of athlon in ireland ) under age * henry jermin earl of st. albans edward mountagu earl of sandwich * james butler earl of brecknock ( lord steward of the king's houshold , and duke of ormond in ireland ) henry hyde earl of clarendon arthur capel earl of essex robert brudnel earl of cardigan arthur annesly earl of anglesey ( lord privy seal , and vicount valentia in ireland ) john greneville earl of bath charles howard earl of carlisle william craven earl of craven robert bruce earl of aylesbury ( and elgin in scotland ) richard boyle earl of burlington ( and cork in ireland ) * henry bennet earl of arlington ( lord chamberlain of his majesties houshold ) anthony-ashley cooper earl of shastsbury william herbert earl of powis edward-henry lee earl of lichfield * john maitland earl of guilford ( and duke of lauderdale in scotland ) * thomas osborne earl of danby thomas lennard earl of sussex george fitz-roy earl of northumberland ( under age ) lewis duras earl of feversham charles beauclair earl of burford ( under age ) george savile earl of hallifax charles gerard earl of macclesfield john roberts earl of radnor ( lord president of the council ) robert paston earl of yarmouth george berkeley earl of berkeley edward conway earl of conway ( and vicount killutagh in ireland elizabeth ( lady dacres ) countess of shepey ( daughter of paul vicount banyng , relict of francis lennard lord dacres , and mother to thomas earl of sussex ) for life heneage finch earl of nottingham ( lord high chancellor of england ) uicounts ( viii ) and ( i ) uicountess leceister devereux vicount hereford ( under age ) francis brown vicount mountague william fiennes vicount say and sele baptist noel vicount campden thomas bellassyse vicount fauconberg charles mordant vicount mordant francis newport vicount newport sarah ( lady corbet ) vicountess corbet ( daughter and coheir of sir robert munson of carleton in com. linc. knight relict of sir vincent corbet of morton corbet in com. salop. baronet ) for life laurence hyde vicount hyde bishops ( xxiv ) dr. henry compton l. b. of london dr. nathaniel crew l. b. of durham dr. george morley l. b. of winchester dr. herbert crofts l. b. of hereford dr. seth ward l. b. of salisbury dr. edward rainbow l. b. of carlisle dr. john dolben l. b. of rochester dr. antony sparrow l. b. of norwich dr. peter gunning l. b. of ely dr. thomas wood l. b. of coventry and lichfield dr. guy carleton l. b. of chichester dr. peter mew l. b. of bath and wells dr. john pearson l. b. of chester dr. humphry lloyd l. b. of bangor dr. william lloyd l. b. of peterborough dr. thomas barlow l. b. of lincoln dr. james fleetwood l. b. of worcester dr. john fell l. b. of oxford dr. thomas lamplough l. b. of exeter dr. william thomas l. b. of st. davids dr. william gulston l. b. of bristol dr. william beaw l. b. of landaff dr. william lloyd l. b. of st. asaph dr. robert frampton l. b. of gloucester ( the bishops of london , durham , and winchester do constantly precede the residue of the bishops who take their places according to the seniority of their consecrations ) barons ( lxv ) and baronesses ( iii ) henry howard lord moubray ( beareth the title of earl of arundel ) george nevill lord abergavenny ( under age ) james touchet lord audley ( and earl of castle-haven in ireland ) charles west lord la warre thomas parker lord morley and lord montegle robert shirley lord ferrers conyers darcie lord darcie and lord meinel . charles mildmay lord fitz-walter ( under age ) henry yelverton lord grey ( under age ) frances ( lady ward ) baroness dudley ( grand-daughter and sole heir to edward sutton lord dudley , relict of humble lord ward , and mother of edward lord ward ) william stourton lord stourton conyers darcie lord conyers henry sandys lord sandys thomas-windsor windsor alias hickman lord windsor thomas cromwell lord cromwell ( and earl of arglas in ireland ) ralph eure lord eure philip wharton lord wharton thomas willoughby lord willough by of parham william paget lord paget francis howard lord howard of effingh●m charles north lord north and lord grey of rolleston james brugges lord chandos robert carey lord hunsdon james bertie lord norris william petre lord petre digby gerard lord gerard of bromley ( under age ) henry arundell lord arundell of wardour ( and count of the empire ) the lady catherine ( o brien ) baroness clifton ( daughter of the lord george stuart call'd lord d'aubignie ; sister and sole heir to charles late duke of richmond and lenox , and thereby sole heir to the lady catharine her grandmother , daughter and heir to gervaise lord clifton ) first marryed to henry lord o brien ( son and heir to henry earl of thomond in ireland ) and since his death to sir joseph williamson knight christopher roper lord tenham fulke grevill lord brooke edward mountagu lord mountagu of boughton forde grey lord grey of werke john lovelace lord lovelace john paulet lord paulet william maynard lord maynard ( and baron maynard of wickelow in ireland ) john coventrie lord coventrie william howard lord howard of escrick charles mohun lord mohun ( under age ) henry herbert lord herbert of chirbury ( and baron herbert of castle-island in ireland ) thomas leigh lord leigh christopher hatton lord hatton william byron lord byron richard vaughan lord vaughan ( and earl of carbery in ireland ) francis smith lord carington ( and vicount carington of barrefore in ireland ) william widdrington lord widdrington edward ward lord ward thomas colepeper lord colepeper jacob astley lord astley charles lucas lord lucas john bellassyse lord bellassyse edward watson lord rockingham robert sutton lord lexinton ( under age ) charles-henry kirckhoven lord wotton ( and earl of bellomont in ireland ) marmaduke langdale lord langdale charles berkeley lord berkeley of stratton ( under age ) francis holles lord holles charles cornwallis lord cornwallis george boothe lord de la mer horatio townsend lord townsend thomas crew lord crew john frescheville lord frescheville richard arundell lord arundell of treryse james butler lord butler of moore-parke ( beareth the title of earl of ossory in ireland ) under age hugh clifford lord clifford of chudley ( under age ) richard butler lord butler of weston ( and earl of arran in ireland ) susan ( lady bellassyse ) baroness bellassyse of osgodby ( daughter and coheir to sir williamairmine of osgodby in com. linc. baronet , relict of sir henry bellassyse knight of the bathe son and heir to john lord bellassyse ) for life edward noel lord noel richard lumley lord lumley ( and vicount lumley of waterford in ireland ) george carteret lord carteret ( under age ) all those before , whose names an asterisc ( * ) is prefixed , are knights of the garter . a true and exact list of all the knights of the carter infer scheme of the stalls of the sove●… and the knights companions most noble order as they no●… in st. georges chappel in wi●… castle this tenth of september christian the 5th . king of denmark the soveraigne charles the 2d . king of england &c charles the xi th . king of sweden james york prince rupert count palatine of the rhine william-henry prince of or frederick william prince elector marquess of brandenburgh charles the 2d . prince ele of the rhine james duke of ormond george duke of buckinghan auberie earl of oxford william earl of strafford james duke of monmouth christopher duke of albemar●● james duke of monmouth christopher duke of albemarle john duke of lauderdale henry marquess of worcester henry earl of st. albans william earl of bedford henry earl of arlington charles duke of southampton john earl of mulgrave henry duke of newcastle ●homas earl of danby henry duke of grafton james earl of salisbury charles duke of richmund ●lace this after page 78. a catalogue of the baronets of this kingdom of england ; from the first erection of that dignity until the 4th of july 1681 inclusive . an advertisement to the reader . when the copie , from which this subsequent catalogue of the english nobility is printed , was sent to the press , the name and title of francis lord howard of effingham was omitted , ( tho in the second volume of the baronage of england published in anno 1676 upon the best information i could then obtain , i had there taken notice of that person , as heir expectant to the said honour , after the death of charles earl of nottingham , who was then very aged and issuless ) doubting to fix him therein before he had regularly made his claim thereto , might give offence to the rest of the nobility : but upon view of my copie : by some intelligent persons , who nevertheless thought it proper to be inserted i submitted thereto : whereat if any take offence i humbly crave pardon : it being my clear opinion , that such of a collateral line , as have right by descent to any title of honour , accruing to them by virtue of an entail thereof made long since ; they should openly exhibite their claim unto the king , with due proof of their right thereto ( as hath heretofore in like cases been done ) and thereupon , with his majesties allowance thereof , have the same , by the direction of the earl marshal , orderly registred . whereas in the catalogue of the vicounts , i have inserted leicester devereux vicount hereford , now in minoritie ; i'have hereby thought fitt to advertise the reader ; that , upon certain exceptions taken in parliament in anno 1677 to his right for that title , by reason of the attainder of robert earl of essex and vicount hereford in 43 eliz. and restoration of that honour being only limitted to robert his son and the two sisters of the said robert : the decision ●hereof was then , by order of the house of lords , re●●ited till the said leicester devereux shall come of full age. it is likewise to be noted ; whereas in this ensuing catalogue pag. 71. charles wilmot earl of rochester is inserted ; that since the printing thereof he dyed , whereby that title of honour is totally extinct : and therefore , that the number of earls mentioned in pag. 69. lin . penult . is to be no more then 68. and that james compton earl of northampton mentioned p. 70. is since dead but succeeded by george his son who is under age. i have likewise thought fit , farther to advertise the reader , that the book-seller being desirous to publish catalogues of the scottish and irish nobility : such hath been the unexspected delay , in obtaining perfect copies from scotland and ireland that the publication of my papers ( which have been printed more then four months since ) hath by reason thereof , been so long retarded , that it hath necessitated some alterations and emendations now added . also , that as to the following catalogue of the scottish nobility , sir george mackenzie , the worthy lord advocat of scotland in his letter to me bearing the 30th of december 1681 doth signify , that he did review it and gave his assistance for the better compleating thereof and doth certify that it is very perfect and exact . but the said sir george mackenzie in a learned treatise of precedency ( publish'd at edinburgh 1680 together with another of heraldry both written by himself being a person eminently renow'd for his several other excellent works ) having at large discoursed of the precedency due to the arch-bishops of scotland , to the end that no injury be done to them by concealing their just right therein , i shall here transcribe what he saith as to that point . i find by a letter in an. 1625 , that before king james his going into england , the marquesses of scotland , did take place from the arch-bishops : and by a letter in an. 1626 , renew'd in an. 1664. the arch-bishop of st. andrews is to take place before all subjects . yet i think , this will not give him place from the kings sons , uncles , and nephews , though they be likewise subjects ; since the word subjects must be here interpreted according to the custom of nations , by which these neare relations of princes are preferred to all other subjects . yet defacto since the letter the arch-bishops of st. andrews ceds to the lord chancellor . these advertisements to the reader , are to be prefixt before pag. 67. the preface . whereas in the year 1667 a catalogue of the baronets of england was by authority published ; to the end that such as had obtained patents for that honour , which were not enrolled , should , by discerning an omission of their names therein , take care to supply that defect , so that , upon a second impression thereof they might be inserted : now , whereas , after twelve years and more , no enrollments are yet to be found for sundry persons which have assumed this title , which causeth some to doubt whether they can make any justifiable claime thereto . whereas therefore no person whatsoever ought to take upon them this title of dignity , but such as have been really advanced thereto by letters patents under the great seale of england ; it is thought fit by the right honorable robert earl of aylesbury , who now exerciseth the office of earl marshall of england , that this present catalogue of such , touching whom the docquet-books remaining with the-clerk of the crown in chancery do take notice , shall be published ; to the end that those of whom no memorial upon record is to be found , to justifie their right to this title , may be known ; and care henceforth taken in commissions of the peace , and otherwise , that it be not given unto them until they shall manifest the same unto the lord chancellor of england , and have speciall order from his lordship to enroll such patents , whereby they pretend title to that dignity . as also , that regard be had of giving credit to any other catalogues of the baronets which are already publisht , or that shall be publisht , than what is taken from the authority of those docquet-books above mentioned , or the enrollment of their patents . baronets created by king james . anno dom. 1611. may 22 & anno regis jac. 9. 1 sir nicholas bacon of redgrave knight . suff. 2 sir richard molineux of sefton knight ( irish visc. viz. viscount molineux . ) lanc. 3 sir thomas maunsell of morgan knight . glam . 4 george shirley of staunton esq ( english baron viz. lord ferrers . ) leic. 5 sir john stradling of st. donats kt. glam . 6 sir francis leke of sutton knight ( english earl viz. earl of scaresdale ) . darb. 7 thomas pelham of lawghton esq suss. 8 sir richard houghton of houghton-tower knight . lanc. 9 sir henry hobart of intwood knight ( attourney general to the king afterwards lord chief justice of the common-pleas . ) norff. 10 sir george boothe of dunham-massey knight ( english baron viz. ld. de la mer. ) chesh. 11 sir john peyton of iselham knight cambr. 12 lionel talmach of helmingham esq from whom the present chief lineal descendant hath a just expectancy to be a scotch earl viz. earl of dysert and now beareth the title of lord huntingtower as being eldest son to the countess of dysert daughter of william murray earl of dysert and the relict of the late sr. lionel talmach , but since married to the duke of lauderdale . suff. 13 sir gervase clifton of clifton knight of the bath . nott. 14 sir thomas gerard of bryn knight . lanc. 15 sir walter aston of tixhall knight of the bath . embassador in spain from king james ( scotch baron viz. lord aston . ) staff. 16 philip knevet of buckenham esq ( extinct . ) norff. 17 sir john st. john of lidiard-tregoz knight . wiltf . 18 john shelly of michelgrove esq suss. 19 junij 29 sir john savage of rock-savage knight . ( english earl viz. e. rivers ) chesh. 20 sir francis barington of barington-hall knight . essex . 21 henry berkely of wimundham esq ( extinct ) . leic. 22 will. wentworth of wentworth woodhouse esq ( english earl viz. e. of strafford ) ebor. 23 sir richard musgrave of hartley castle knight . westmerl . 24 edward seymour of bury-pomeray esq devon. 25 sir moyle finch of eastwell knight . ( english earl viz. e. of winchelsey ) rent 26 sir antony cope of hanwell knight . oxon. 27 sir thomas mounson of carleton knight . linc. ( vide charles vavasor junij 22. 1631 ) . 28 george gresely of drakedow esq derb. 29 paul tracy of stanway esq glouc. 30 sir john wentworth of goffield knight . ( extinct ) essex . 31 sir henry belasyse of newborough knight . ( english visc. viz. vicount fauconberge ) ebor. 32 william constable of flamborough esq ( extinct . ) ebor. 33 sir thomas leigh of stoncley knight . ( eng. baron viz. lord leigh ) warw. 34 sir edward noell of brook knight . ( eng. visc. viz. vicount campden ) rutl. 35 sir robert cotton of connington kt. hunt. 36 robert cholmondeleigh of cholmondeleigh esq irish earl viz. e. of lemester as also engl. baron viz. l. cholmondeleigh of wiche-malbank , alias nant-wiche extinct ) . chesh. 37 john molineux of teversal esq nott. 38 sir francis wortley of wortley knight . ( extinct ) ebor. 39 sir george savile senior of thornehill knight ( english earl viz. earl of hallifax ) . ebor. 40 william kniveton of mircaston esq derb. 41 sir philip woodhouse of wilberhall knight . norff. 42 sir william pope of wilcot knight . ( irish earl viz. earl of down ) . oxon. 43 sir james harrington of ridlington kt. rutl. 44 sir henry savile of methley knight . ( extinct ) . ebor. 45 henry willoughby of risley esq ( extinct ) . darb. 46 lewes tresham of rushton esq ( extinct ) . northamp . 47 thomas brudenell of deene esq ( english earl viz earl of cardigan ) . norrhamp . 48 sir george st. paul of snarsford knight . ( extinct ) . linc. 49 sir philip tirwhit of stainefield knight . linc. 50 sir roger dallison of loughton knight ( extinct ) . linc. 51 sir edward carre of sleford knight . linc. 52 sir edward hussey of hennington kt. linc. 53 l'estrange mordant of massingham esq norff. 54 thomas bendish of steeple bamsted esq essex 55 sir john wynne of gwedyr kt. caernarv . 56 sir william throckmorton of tortworth knight . glouc. 57 sir richard worseley of appledore-combe knight . hants . 58 richard fleetwood of calwiche esq staff. 59 thomas spenser of yarnton esq oxon. 60 sir john tufton of hothfield knight . ( english earl viz. e. of thanet ) . kent . 61 sir samuel peyton of knowlton knight kent . 62 sir charles morrison of cashio-bury knight ( extinct ) . hertf. 63 sir henry baker of sillinghurst knight ( extinct ) . kent . 64 roger appleton of south-bemsted esq essex . 65 sir william sidley of ailesford knight . kent 66 sir william twisden of east-peckham knight . kent 67 sir edward hales of wood-church knight . kent 68 william monys of walwarsher esq rent 69 thomas mildmay of mulsham esq ( english baron , viz. lord fitz-walter . ) essex 70 sir william maynard of eastanes-parva kt. ( irish and english baron ) viz. lord maynard . essex 71 henry lee of quarendon esq buck. anno dom. 1612. nov. 25. & regis jac. 10 72 sir john portman of orchard knight . somers . 73 sir nicholas saunderson of saxby knight ( irish visc. viz. vicount castleton ) linc. 74 sir miles sands of wilberton knight . ( extinct ) cambr. 75 william gostwick of willington esq bedf. 76 thomas puckering of weston esq ( extinct ) . hartf . 77 sir william wray of glentworth kt. linc. 78 sir william ailoffe of braxted-magna knight . essex 79 sir marmaduke wivel of constable-burton knight . ebor. 80 john pershall of horsley esq staff. 81 francis englefield of wotton-basset esq uuilts . 82 sir thomas ridgway of torre knight ( irish earl viz. e. of london-derry ) . devon. 83 william essex of bewcot esq berks. 84 sir edward georges of langford knight ( irish baron ) . viz. lord georges uuilts . 85 edward devereux of castle-bromwich esq ( eng. visc. viz. vicount hereford ) uuarw. 86 reginald mohun of boconnok esq ( english baron viz. lord mohun ) cornub. 87 sir harbottle grimston of bradfield kt. essex 88 sir thomas holt of aston juxta bermingham knight . uuarm. 89 sir robert naper , alias sandy , of lewton-how knight ( vid. john napier martij 4. 1660 ) . bedf. 90 paul banning of bentley-parva esq ( english vic. viz. vicount banning extinct ) . essex 91 sir thomas temple of stow knight . buck. 92 thomas penyston of leigh esq suss. anno dom. 1615. & regis jac. 13. 93 maij 27 thomas blackston of blackston esq ( extinct ) durh. 94 junij 10 sir robert dormer of wing kt. ( english earl ) viz. e. of caernarvon . buck. anno dom. 1617. & regis jac. 15. 95 aprilis 5 sir rowland egerton of egerton knight . cestr. 96 apr. 16 roger towneshend of rainham esq ( english baron viz. lord towneshend ) . norf. 97 maij 1 simon clark of salford esq uuarm. 98 oct. 2 edward fitton of gawsworth esq ( extinct ) . cestr. 99 martij 11 sir richard lucy of broxburn knight . ( extinct ) . hartf . anno dom. 1618. & regis jac. 16. 100 maij 25 sir matthew boynton of bramston knight . ebor. 101 julij 25 thomas littleton of frankley esq uuigorn . 102 dec. 24. sir francis leigh of newnham knight ( english earl viz. earl of chichester extinct ) uuarm. 103 febr. 25 thomas burdet of bramcote esq uuarm. 104 martij 1 george morton of st. andrews-milborn esq dors. anno dom. 1619. & regis jac. 17. 105 maij 31 sir william hervey of kidbrook knight with remainder to william hervey his son , and to the heirs males of the body of the said william . ( irish and english baron ; viz. lord hervey extinct ) . kent 106 junij 4 thomas mackworth of normanton esq rutl. 107 junij 15 william grey esq son and heir of sir ralph grey of chillingham knight ( english baron viz. lord grey of warke ) northumv 108 julij 19 william villers of brookesby esq the eldest brother by a former venter to george villers , then marquess , after duke of buckingham . leic. 109 julij 20 sir james ley of westbury knight , serjeant at law , lord chief justice of the king's bench and afterwards lord high treasurer of england ( english earl viz. e. of marlborough extinct ) uuilts . 110 julij 21 william hicks of beverston esq glouc. 111 sept. 17 sir thomas beaumont of cole-orton knight . ( irish vic. viz. vicount beaumont ) lric. 112 nov. 10 henry salisbury of lleweny esq denb . 113 nov. 16 erasmus driden of canons-ashby esq northamp . 114 nov. 28 william armine esq son and heir to sir william armine of osgodby knight . ( extinct ) linc. 115 dec. 1. sir william bamburgh of howton knight ( extinct ) . ebor. 116 dec. 3 edward hartop of freathby , esq leic. 117 dec. 31 john mill of camoys-court esq suss. 118 jan. 31 francis radcliffe of darwentwater esq cumber . 119 febr. 6 sir david foulis of ingleby kt. ebor. 120 febr. 16 thomas philips of barrington esq somers . 121 martij 7 sir claudius forster of bambrough castle knight ( extinct ) northumb. 122 martij 23 anthony chester of chichley esq buck. anno dom. 1620. & regis jac. 18. 123 martij 28 sir samuel tryon of layre-marney knight . essex 124 apr. 2 adam newton of charleton esq kent 125 apr. 12 sir john boteler of hatfield-woodhall knight . ( english baron viz. lord boteler of bramfield extinct ) hertf. 126 apr. 13 gilbert gerard of harrow on the hill esq midd. 127 maij 3 humphrey lee of langley esq salo● 128 maij 5 richard berney of parkhall in redham esq norff. 129 maij 20 humphrey forster of alder-marston esq berks. 130 maij 26 thomas biggs of lenchwike esq ( extinct ) uuigorn . 131 maij 30 henry bellingham of helsington esq ( extinct ) uuestm●●● . 132 maij 31 william yelverton of rougham esq ( extinct ) norff. 133 junij 1 john scudamore of home-lacy esq ( irish vic. viz. vicount scudamore ) heref. 134 junij 2 sir thomas gore of stitnam knight . ebor. 135 junij 22 john pakington of alesbury esq buck. 136 junij 28 ralph ashton of lever esq lanc. 137 julij 1 sir baptist hicks of camden knight . ( english visc. viz. vicount camden extinct ) glouc. 138 julij 3 sir thomas roberts of glassenbury knight . kent 139 julij 8 john hanmer of hanmer esq flint . 140 edward fryer of water-eaton esq ( extinct ) . oxon. 141 julij 13 edward osborne of keeton esq vice-president of king charles the first his councill in the north ( english earl viz. e. of danby ) ebor. 142 julij 20 henry felton of playford esq suss. 143 julij 20 william chaloner of gisborough esq ( extinct ) ebor. 144 julij 24 sir thomas bishop of parham knight . suss. 145 julij 26 sir francis vincent of stoke dabernon knight . surr. 146 febr 27 henry clere of ormesby esq ( extinct ) norff. 147 martij 8 sir benjamin tichburne of tichburne knight . hantsh . anno dom. 1621. & regis jac. 19. 148 maij 5 sir richard wilbraham of woodhey knight . cestr. 149 maij 8 sir thomas delves of dodington knight . cestr. 150 junij 23 sir lewes watson of rockingham castle knight ( english baron viz. lord rockingham ) northamp . 151 junij 29 sir thomas palmer of wingham knight . kent 152 julij 3 sir richard roberts of truro knight ( english earl viz. earl of radnor ) cornub. 153 julij 19 john rivers of chafford esq kent 154 sept. 6 thomas darnell of heyling esq linc. 155 sept. 14 sir isaac sidley of great chart knight . kent 156 sept. 21 robert browne of walcot esq ( extinct ) northamp . 157 oct. 11 john hewet of headley-hall esq ebor. 158 oct. 16 henry jernegan of cossey alias cossese esq norf. 159 nov. 8 sir nicolas hide of albury knight ( extinct ) . hartf . 160 nov. 9 john philips of picton esq pembr . 161 nov. 24 sir john stepney of prendergast knight . pemb. 162 dec. 5 baldwin wake of clevedon esq somers . 163 dec. 20 william mashom of high-laver esq essex 164 dec. 21 john colbrond of borham esq suss. 165 jan. 4 sir john hotham of scarborough knight governor of hull . ebor. 166 jan. 14 francis mansell of mudlescombe esq caermarth . 167 jan. 18 edward powell of penkelley ( one of the masters of the requests ) ( extinct ) heref. 168 febr. 16 sir john garrard of lamer knight . hartf . 169 febr. 23 sir richard grosvenour of eaton knight . cestr. 170 martij 11 sir henry moody of garesdon knight ( extinct ) . wilts . 171 martij 17 john barker of grimston-hall in trimley esq suff. 172 martij 18 sir william button of alton knight . wilts . anno dom. 1622. & regis jac. 20. 173 martij 26 john gage of ferle esq suss. 174 maij 14 william goring esq son and heir of sir henry goring of burton knight . su●● . 175 maij 18 peter courtene of aldington alias aunton esq ( extinct ) . wigorn. 176 maij 23 sir richard norton of rotherfild knight . ha●●s . 177 maij 30 sir john leventhorpe of shingley-hall knight . hartt . 178 junij 3 capell bedell of hamerton esq ( extinct ) . hunt. 179 junij 13 john darell of west-woodhey esq ( extinct ) . berks. 180 junij 15 william williams of veynol esq caernarv . 181 junij 18 sir francis ashbey of harfield knight . midd 182 julij 3 sir anthony ashley of st. giles-winburne knight ( extinct ) . dorf . 183 julij 4 john cooper of rockbourne fsque ( english earl viz. e. of shaftesbury ) hants . 184 julij 17 edmund prideaux of netherton esq devon. 185 julij 21 sir thomas haslerigge of nosely knight . leic. 186 julij 22 sir thomas burton of stockerston knight . leic. 187 julij 24 francis folejambe of walton esq ( extinct ) . derb. 188 julij 30 edward yate of buckland esq berks. 189 aug. 1 geo. chudleigh of ashton esq devon. 190 aug. 2 francis drake of buckland esq devon. 191 aug. 13 william meredith of stansly esq denb . 192 oct. 22 hugh middleton of ruthin esq denb . 193 nov. 12 gifford thornehurst of agnes-court esq kent . 194 nov. 16 percy herbert , son and heir of sir william herbert of red-castle knight . ( english earl ) viz. earl of powis . montgom . 195 dec. 7 sir robert fisher of packington knight . warw. 196 dec. 18 hardolph wastneys of headon esq nott. 197 dec. 20 sir henry skipwith of prestwould knight . leic. 198 dec. 22 thomas harris of boreatton esq salop. 199 dec. 23 nicholas tempest of stella esq durh. 200 febr. 16 francis cottington esq secretary to king charles the i. when prince of wales , afterwards passing thro several eminent employments and great offices he was advanced to be lord high treasurer of england ( english baron ziz . lord cottington extinct ) . anno dom. 1623 & regis jac. 21 201 apr 12 thomas harris of tong-castle serjeant at law ( extinct ) . salop. 202 junij 28 edward barkham of south-acre esq ( lord mayor of london ) . norff. 203 julij 4 john corbet of sprowston esq ( extinct ) . norff. 204 aug. 13 sir thomas playters of sotterly esq suff. baronets created by k. charles i. anno dom. 1626. & regis car. primi 2. 205 julij 27 sir john ashfield of netherhall knight ( extinct ) . suff. 206 sept 8 henry harpur of calke esq derb 207 dec. 20 edward seabright of besford esq wigorn. 208 jan. 29 john beaumont of gracedieu esq leic. 209 febr. 1 sir edward dering of surrenden-dering knight . kent 210 febr. 5 george kempe of pentlone esq ( extinct ) essex 211 martij 10 william brereton of hanford fsque ( extinct ) . cestr. 212 martij 12 patricius curwen of workinton esq ( extinct ) . cumbr. 213 martij 12 william russel of witley esq wigorn. 214 martij 4 john spenser of offley esq hartf . 215 matij 17 sir giles estcourt of newton knight . wilts . anno dom. 1627 & regis car. i. tertio . 216 apr. 19 thomas aylesbury esq ( one of the masters of the requests ) , ( extinct ) . 217 apr. 21 thomas style of wateringbury esq kent 218 maij 4 frederick cornwallis of brome esq treasurer of the houshold to king charles the 2d ( english baron viz. lord cornwallis ) suff. 219 maij 7 drue drury of ridlesworth esq norff. 220 maij 8 william skeffington of fisherwick esq ( irish vic. viz. vicount massereene ) staff. 221 maij 11 sir robert crane of chilton knight ( extinct ) . suff. 222 maij 17 anthony wingfield of goodwins esq suff. 223 maij 17 william culpeper of preston-hall esq kent . 224 maij 17 giles bridges of wilton esq ( engl. baron ) viz. lord chandos . heref. 225 maij 17 john kirle of much-marcle esq heref. 226 maij 20 sir humphrey stiles of beckham knight ( extinct ) . kent . 227 maij 21 henry moor of falley esq berks. 228 maij 28 thomas heale of fleet esq devon. 229 maij 28 john carleton of holcum esq ( extinct ) . oxon. 230 maij 30 thomas maples of stow fsque ( extinct ) . hunt. 231 maij 30 sir john isham of lamport knight . northamp . 232 maij 30 hervey bagot of blithfield esq staff. 233 maij 31 lewes pollard of king's nimph esq ( extinct ) . devon. 234 junij 1 francis mannock of gifford's-hall in stoke juxta neyland esq suff. 235 junij 7 henry griffith of agnes-burton esq ( extinct ) . ebor. 236 junij 8 lodowicke dyer of staughton esq hunt. 237 junij 9 sir hugh stukely of hinton knight . hants . 238 junij 26 edward stanly of bickerstaffe esq lanc. 239 junij 28 edward littleton of pillaton-hall esq staff. 240 julij 7 ambrose brown of betsworth-castle esq surr. 241 julij 8 sackvile crow of llanherne esq for several years embassador to the grand seignior . caerm . 242 julij 11 michael livesey of east-church in the isle of shepey ( extinct ) . kent 243 julij 17 simon bennet of benhampton esq ( extinct ) . buck. 244 julij 19 sir thomas fisher of the parish of st. giles knight ( extinct ) . midd. 245 julij 23 thomas bowyer of leighthorn esq ( vid. sir james bowyer may 18 1678 ) . suff. 246 julij 29 buts bacon of mildenhall esq suff. 247 sept. 19 john corbet of stoke in com. salop. esq salop. 248 oct. 31 sir edward tirrell of thorneton kt. ( vid. sir ed. tirrell feb. 19. 1638 ) buck. 249 febr. 18 basill dixwell of terlingham , alias gerelingham esq ( extinct ) . kent 250 martij 10 sir richard young knight one of the gentlemen of his majesties privy chamber ( extinct ) . anno dom. 1628. & regis car. i. quarto . 251 maij 6 william pennyman the younger of maske , alias marske esq a collonell in the late kings army and sometime governor of oxford ( extinct ) . ebor. 252 maij 7 william stonehouse of radley esq ( v. sir george stonehouse may 5. 16●● ) berks. 253 maij 21 sir thomas fouler of islington knight ( extinct ) . midd. 254 junij 9 sir john fenwick of fen wick knight . northumb. 255 junij 30 sir william wray of trebitch knight . cornub. 256 julij 1 john trelawney of trelawney esq cornub. 257 julij 14 john conyers of horden gent. durh. 258 julij 24 john bolles of scampton esq linc. 259 julij 25 thomas aston of aston esq cestr. 260 julij 30 kenelme jenoure of much-dunmore esq essex 261 aug. 15 sir john price of newtown knight . montgom . 262 aug. 19 sir richard beaumont of whitley knight ( extinct ) . ebor. 263 aug. 29 william wiseman of canfield-hall esq essex 264 sept. 1 thomas nightingale of newport-pond esq essex 265 sept. 2 john jacques of esq one of his majesties gent. pensioners ( extinct ) . midd. 266 sept. 6 robert dillington of in the isle of wight esq hants . 267 sept. 12 francis pile of compton esq berks. 268 sept. 12 john pole of shur esq devon. 269 sept. 14 william lewes of langors esq ( extinct ) . brecknock . 270 sept. 20 william culpeper of wakehurst esq suff. 271 oct. 3 peter van-loor of tylehurst esq ( extinct ) . berks. 272 oct. 9 sir john lawrence of iver knight . buck. 273 oct. 23 anthony slingesby of screvin esq ebor. 274 oct. 24 thomas vavasour of haselwood esq ebor. 275 nov. 24 robert wolseley of wolseley esq staff. 276 dec. 8 rice rudd of aberghaney esq cnerm . 277 dec. 18 richard wiseman of thurndersley esq essex 278 dec. 19 henry forrers of skellingthorpe esq linc. 279 jan. 3 john anderson of st. ives esq hunt. 280 jan. 19 sir william russel of chippenham knight . cambr. 281 jan. 29 richard everard of much-waltham esq essex 282 jan. 21 thomas powell of berkinhead esq cestr. 283 martij 2 william luckin of waltham esq essex anno dom. 1629. & regis car. i. quinto . 284 martij 29 richard graham of eske esq ( scottish vicount viz. vic. preston ) . cumber . 285 apr. 2 george twisleton of barly esq ( extinct ) . ebor. 286 maij 30 william acton of the city of london esq ( extinct ) . lond. 287 junij 1 nicholas l'estrange of hunstanton esq norff. 288 junij 15 john holland of quiddenham esq norff. 289 junij 24 edward aleyn of hatfield esq ( extinct ) . essex . 290 julij 2 richard earl , of craglethorp esq linc. 291 nov. 28 robert ducy lord mayor of london lond. anno dom. 1630. & regis car. i. sexto . 292 apr. 9 sir richard grenevile knight , ( younger brother to sir bevill grenevile ) of kilkhampton , in com. cornw. ( extinct ) . cornub. anno dom. 1631. & regis car. i. septimo . 293 junij 22 charles vavasour of killingthorpe esq with an especial clause of precedency , viz. to take place next below sir thomas mounson of carleton , in comm. linc. bart. and next above sir george gresely of drakelow , in comm. derb. baronet created 29 junij 1611. linc. anno dom. 1638. & regis car. i. xiv . 294 febr. 19 sir edward tirrell of thorn●●● knight , with remainder to the heirs male of toby tirrell one of the sons of the said sir edward tirrell ; and for default of such issue , on francis tirrell another of the sons of the said sir edward , and the heirs male of the body of him the said francis. and to have precedency from the 31 of oct. anno tertio car. reg. according to a patent then granted to him the said sir edward tirrell , which was surrendred upon the sealing of this present patent . buck. anno dom. 1640. & regis car. i. xvj . 295 julij 20 edward moseley of rowlston esq ( extinct ) . staff. 296 jan. 8 martin lumley of bradfield esq essex 297 febr. 15 william dalston of dalston esq cumber . 298 febr. 19 henry fletcher of hutton in the forrest esq cumber . 299 martij 4 nicholas cole of brancepeth esq durh. anno dom. 1641. & regis car. i. xvij . 300 apr. 23 edmund pye of leekhamsted esq ( extinct ) . buck. 301 maij 26 simon every of egginton esq derb. 302 maij 29 william langley of higham-gobion esq bedf. 303 junij 8 william paston of oxnead esq ( english earl viz. earl of yarmouth ) . norff. 304 junij 11 james stonehouse of amerden-hall esq essex 305 junij 24 john palgrave of norwood-barningham esq norff. 306 junij 25 gerard napper of middle-merthall esq dors. 307 junij 28 tho. whitmore of apley esq. salop. 308 junij 29 john maney of linton esq kent 309 junij 30 sir thomas cave jun. of stanford knight . northamp . 310 junij 30 sir christopher yelverton of easton-mauduit knight ( engl. baron viz. lord grey ) . northamp . 311 julij 3 william boteler of teston esq kent 312 julij 5 sir thomas hatton of long-stanton knight . cambr. 313 julij 7 thomas abdy of felx-hall esq essex 314 julij 14 thomas bampfield of poltmore esq devon. 315 julij 14 sir john cotton of landwade knight . cambr. 316 julij 15 sir simonds d'ewes of stow-hall knight . suff. 317 julij 15 henry frederick thinne of cause-castle esq salop. 318 julij 15 john burgoyne of sutton esq bedf. 319 julij 16 john northcote of haine esq devon. 320 julij 17 sir william drake of sherdelow knight . buck. 321 julij 23 thomas rous of rouse-lench esq wigorn. 322 julij 23 raphe hare of stow-bardo●e esq norff. 323 julij 24 sir john norwich of brampton knight . northamp . 324 julij 26 john brownlow of belton prope grantham esq ( extinct ) . linc. 325 julij 27 william brownlow of humby esq linc. 326 julij 28 john sidenham of brimpton esq somers . 327 julij 28 henry prat of coleshall esq ( extinct ) . berks. 328 julij 28 francis nichols of hardwick esq northamp . 329 julij 30 sir william strickland of boynton knight . ebor. 330 aug. 4 sir thomas wolriche of dudmaston knight . salop. 331 aug. 4 thomas mauleverer of allerton mauleverer esq ebor. 332 aug. 4 william boughton of lawford esq uuarw. 333 aug. 4 john chichester of raleigh esq devon. 334 aug. 4 norton knatchbull of mersham-hatch esq kent 335 aug. 4 hugh windham of pilsden-court esq ( extinct ) . dors. 336 aug. 9 rich. carew of antony esq cornub. 337 aug. 9 william castleton of saint edmonds-bury esq suff. 338 aug. 9 ric. price of gogarthan esq cardigan . 339 aug. 10 hugh cholmley of whitby esq ebor. 340 aug. 11 william springe of pakenham esq suff. 341 aug. 11 thomas trevor of enfield esq ( extinct ) . midd. 342 aug. 11 sir john curson of kedleston ( baronet of scotland ) . derb. 343 aug. 11 hugh owen of orrelton esq pembr . 344 aug. 12 morton briggs of haughton esq salop. 345 aug. 12 henry heyman of somerfield esq kent 346 aug. 12 thomas sandford of howgill-castle esq westmerl . 347 aug. 14 sir francis rhodes of barlbrough knight . derb. 348 aug. 14 richard sprignell of coppenthorpe esq ebor. 349 aug. 14 sir john potts of mannington knight . norff. 350 aug. 14 sir john goodrick of ribstan knight . ebor. 351 aug. 16 robert bindlosse of borwicke esq lanc. 352 aug. 16 will. walter of saresden esq dron . 353 aug. 16 thomas lawley of spoonhill esq salop. 354 sept. 6 william farmer of eston-neston esq northamp . 355 sept. 9 john davye of creedy esq devon. 356 sept. 23 thomas pettus of rackheath esq norf. 357 dec. 11 william andrews of denton ( alias dodington ) esq northamp . 358 dec. 11 john meaux of in the isle of wight esq hants . 359 dec. 14 sir richard gurney , knight . the signally loyall lord mayor of london ( extinct ) . lond. 360 dec. 15 thomas willys of fen-ditton fsque cambr. 361 dec. 15 francis armitage of kirklees esq ebor. 362 dec. 18 rich. halford of wistow esq leic. 363 dec. 24 sir humphrey tufton of the mote , juxta maidston knight . kent 364 dec. 30 edward coke of langford esq derb. 365 jan. 21 isaac astley of melton-constable esq ( extinct ) . norff. 366 jan. 21 sir david cunningham baronet of scotland ( extinct ) . lond. 367 jan. 22 sir john rayney of wrotham , baronet of scotland . kent 368 jan. 29 revet eldred of saxham magna esq ( extinct ) . suff. 369 jan. 29 john gell of hopton esq derb. 370 jan. 29 sir vincent corbet of morton-corbet knight . salop. 371 febr. 4 sir john kay of woodsome kt. ebor. 372 febr. 5 thomas trollop of casewick esq linc. 373 martij 3 edward thomas of michaells-towne esq glam . 374 martij 4 sir william cowper of ratling-court , baronet of scotland . kent 375 martij 5 denner strut of little worley hall esq essex 376 martij 8 william st. quintin of harpham esq ebor. 377 martij 14 sir robert kempe of gissing knight . norff. 378 martij 16 john reade of brocket-hall esq hartf . anno dom. 1642. & regis car. 1. xviij . 379 apr. 9 james enyan of flowre esq ( extinct ) . northamp . 380 apr. 19 sir edmund williams of marnehull knight ( extinct ) . dors. 381 apr. 22 john williams of minster in the isle of thanet . kent 382 apr. 29 george wintour of huddington esq uuigorn . 383 maij 4 john borlase of bockmer esq buck. 384 maij 6 henry knollys of groveplace esq ( extinct ) . hants . 385 maij 11 john hamilton of london esq lond. 386 maij 12 edward morgan of llanternam esq monm . 387 maij 13 sir nicholas kemeys of keven-mabley knight . glam . 388 maij 14 trevor williams of llangibbye esq monm . 389 maij 16 john reresby of thribergh esq ebor. 390 maij 17 will. ingilby of ripley esq ebor. 391 maij 18 poynings moore of loseley esq surr. 392 maij 19 christopher dawney of cowick esq ebor. 393 junij 3 thomas hampson of taplow esq buck. 394 junij 3 thomas williamson of east-markham esq nott. 395 junij 3 william denney of gillingham esq ( extinct ) . norff. 396 junij 3 sir richard hardres of hardres kent 397 junij 11 christopher lowther of whit-haven esq cumber . 398 junij 13 sir tho. alston of odell kt. bedf. 399 junij 20 edward corbet of leighton esq montgom . 400 junij 24 george middleton of leighton esq ( extinct ) . lanc. 401 junij 28 edward payler of thoraldby esq ebor. 402 julij 9 sir william widdrington of widdrington knight ( english baron viz. lord widdrington ) . northumv . 403 julij 20 matthew valckenburg of middle-ing esq ebor. 404 julij 20 philip constable of everingham esq ebor. 405 julij 30 ralph blackston of gibside esq durh. 406 aug. 8 sir edward widdrington of cartington , baronet of scotland . northumb. 407 aug. 15 robert markham of sedgbrook esq linc. 408 aug. 15 philip hungate of saxton esq ebor. 409 aug. 15 stephen lennard of west-wickham esq kent 410 aug. 24 sir william thorold of marston knight . linc. 411 aug 29 walter rudston of hayton esq ebor. 412 aug. 30 walter wrotesley of wrotesly esq staff. 413 aug. 30 thomas bland of kippax-park esq 414 sept. 1 robert throckmorton of coughton esq uuarw. 415 sept. 10 will. halton of samford esq essex 416 sept. 26 brocket spenser of offley esq hartf . 417 sept. 27 edward golding of colston-basset esq nott. 418 sept. 27 william smith of crantock esq cornub. 419 oct. 1 henry henn of wingfield esq berks. 420 oct. 5 walter blount of sodington esq wigorn. 421 oct. 14 adam littleton of stoke-milburge esq salop. 422 nov. 2 thomas lidell of ravensholme-castle esq durh. 423 nov. 9 richard lawday of the city of exeter esq ( extinct ) . devon. 424 febr. 4 thomas chamberlain of wickham esq oxon. 425 febr. 28 henry hunloke of wingarworth esq derb. 426 febr. 28 thomas badd of cames-oysells esq hants . 427 martij 20 richard crane of wood-rising esq ( extinct ) . n●rff . 428 martij 21 samuel danvers of culworth esq northamp . anno dom. 1643. & regis car. 1. xix . 429 julij 3 henry anderson of penley esq hartf . 430 william vavasour of esq ( extinct ) ebor. 431 julij 25 sir henry jones of abermarles knight . caernarv . 432 aug. 1 sir edward waldgrave of hever-castle knight . kent 433 oct. 28 john pate of sysonby esq ( extinct ) . lric. 434 nov. 9 john bale of carleton-curley esq ( extinct ) . lric. 435 nov. 13 brian o nele of in comm. dublin esq irish. 436 nov. 16 willoughby hickman of gaynesborough esq linc. 437 dec. 7 john butler of bramfield esq hartf . 438 jan. 17 edward acton of aldenham esq salop. 439 martij 14 sir francis hawley of buckland knight . ( irish baron viz. l. hawley ) somers . anno dom. 1644. & regis car. 1. xx . 440 apr. 1 john preston of the mannour in furnesse esq lanc. 441 apr. 2 john web of odstoke esq uuilts . 442 apr. 25 thomas prestwich of holme esq lanc. 443 maij 4 henry williams of guernevet esq breckn . 444 maij 20 gervase lucas of fenton esq governor of belvoir-castle for king charles the i. in time of the late horrible rebellion ( extinct ) . linc. 445 junij 14 robert thorold of hawley esq linc. 446 julij 23 john scudamore of balingham esq heref. 447 oct. 8 sir henry bard of stanes knight , a commander in the late kings army , and embassadour from our present soveraign to the emperour of persia ( irish viscount viz. vic. bellamount extinct ) . midd. 448 febr. 12 sir richard vivian of trelowren knight . cornub , 449 febr. 28 william van-colster of amsterdam in holland . 450 martij 21 william de boreel of amsterdam in holland . ( v. hugh ackland jan. 21. 1677 ) . ( v. francis edwards apr. 22. 1678 ) . anno dom. 1645. & regis car. 1. xxj . 451 maij 9 george carteret of metesches in the isle of jersey vice-chamberlaine of the kings houshold , one of his majesties most honorable privy-councill , treasurer of the navy , since whose decease sir george his grandson and heir is lately created an english baron viz. lord carteret . jersey . 452 nov. 25 thomas windibanke of haynes esq uuilts . 453 febr. 7 benjamin wright of dennington esq ( this patent was afterwards superseded by the kings warrant ) . suff. 454 martij 6 edward charleton of hesleyside gent. northumb. anno dom. 1646. & regis car. 1. xxij . 455 junij 11 sir richard willis knight ( brother to sir thomas willis of fen-ditton ) colonel of a regiment of horse ; as also colonel general of the counties of lincoln notingh . and rutland , and governour of the town and castle of newarke . cambr. baronets created by k. charles the second . anno dom. 1649. & regis car. 2. primo . 456 sept. 1 richard browne of deptford esq ( for several years resident for king charles i. and his now majesty with the french kings lewis the 13th and the present king lewis the 14th and one of the clerks of his majesties most honorable privy council ) by letters patents , dated at st. germans in france . kent 457 sept. 3 henry de vic of the isle of garnsey ( resident for his late majesty near twenty years in bruxells ) afterwards chancelour of the most noble order of the garter , by letters patents , dated at st. germans in france . garnsey 458 sept. 18 richard forster of stokesley esq ( by letters patents dated at st. germans abovesaid ) . ebor. anno dom. 1650. & regis car. 2. iij. 459 sept. 2 richard fanshaw ( a younger brother to thomas lord viscount fanshaw of dromore in ireland ) secretary of state to his majesty at worcester battel , where he was taken prisoner ; master of the requests ( since his majesties restauration ) and embassador extraordinary in spain and portugal . anno dom. 1652. & kegis car. 2. v. 460 apr. 2 william curtius then resident for his majesty with gustavus king of sweden and the princes of germany . anno dom. 1657. & regis car. 2. ix . 461 octob. 19 sir arthur slingsby of near canterbury ( by letters patents , dated at bruges in flanders ) . kent anno dom. 1658. & regis car. 2. x. 462 thomas orby of esq servant to the queen mother ( by letters patents bearing date at bruxells in brabant ) . linc. 463 tho. bond esq ( servant to the queen mother ) by letters patents bearing date at bruxells . 464 aug. arthur marigny carpentier ( a frenchman ) at bruxells . anno dom. 1659. & regis car. 2. xi . 465 julij 1 henry browne of kiddington esq ( son of sir peter browne knight , slain in the service of k. charles the first ) for default of issue male , to francis his brother &c. dated at bruxells . oxon. anno dom. 1660. & regis car. 2. xij . 466 apr. 2 jeremy whichcot of the inner-temple london . bruxells 467 sir anthony de merces ( a frenchman ) extinct . 468 maij 29 ( stilo novo ) sir john evelin of by letters patents bearing date at the hague in holland . 469 maij 30 ( stilo novo ) sir gualter dc raed of in holland . 470 junij 7 sir orlando bridgeman of great lever knight , chief baron of the exchequer , then lord chief justice of the common pleas and afterward lord-keeper of the great seale of england . lanc. 471 junij 7 sir geofrey palmer of carleton kt. attourney general to his majesty . northamp . 472 junij 7 sir heneage finch of raunston kt. sollicitor general to his majesty , then attourney general , now lord chancellor of england and english earl viz. earl of nottingham . buck. 473 junij 7 sir john langham of cotsbrooke knight alderman of london . northamp . 474 junij 9 humphrey winch of hannes esq now one of the commissioners of the admiralty . bedf. 475 junij 9 sir robert abdy of albins kt. essex 476 junij 9 thomas draper of sunninghill-parke esq berks. 477 junij 11 henry wright of dagenham esq ( extinct ) . essex 478 junij 12 jonathan keate of the hoo esq hertf. 479 junij 12 sir hugh speke of hasilbury knight . wilts . 480 junij 13 nicholas gould of the city of london esq ( extinct ) . lond. 481 junij 13 sir thomas adams knight alderman of london . lond. 482 junij 13 richard atkins of clapham esq surr. 483 junij 14 thomas allen then lord mayor of london . lond. 484 junij 14 henry north of mildenhall esq suff. 485 junij 15 sir william wiseman of rivenham knight . essex 486 junij 18 thomas cullum of hastede esq suff. 487 junij 20 thomas darcy of st. cleres-hall in st. osith's , esq essex 488 junij 20 george-grubham how of cold-barwick esq wilts . 489 junij 21 john cuts of childerley esq ( extinct ) . cambr. 490 junij 21 solomon swale of swale-hall esq ebor. 491 junij 21 william humble citizen of london . lond. 492 junij 22 henry stapleton of miton esq ebor. 493 junij 22 gervase elwes of stoke juxta clare . suff. 494 junij 22 rob. cordell of melford esq suff. 495 junij 22 sir john robinson knight , lord mayor , and lievtenant of the tower , of london lond. 496 junij 22 sir john abdy of moores knight ( extinct ) . essex 497 junij 25 sir robert hilliard of patrington knight . ebor. 498 junij 25 jacob astley of hill-morton esq warw. 499 junij 25 sir william bowyer of denham knight . buck 500 junij 25 thomas stanley of alderley esq cestr 501 junij 26 john shuckborough of shuckborough esq uuarw. 502 junij 27 william wray of ashby esq linc 503 junij 27 nicholas steward of hartley-mauduit esq hants 504 junij 27 george warburton of areley esq cestr 505 junij 27 francis holles of winterburn esq ( son and heir to denzill lord holles ) english baron viz. lord holles . dors 506 junij 28 oliver st. john of woodford esq northamp 507 junij 29 ralph de la val of seton esq northumb 508 junij 30 andraeas henley of henley esq somers 509 junij 30 thomas ellis of wyham esq linc 510 julij 2 john covert of slangham esq suss 511 julij 2 peter lear of london gent. lond 512 julij 2 maurice berkley of bruton esq ( irish visc. viz. vic. fitz-harding ) . somers . 513 julij 3 henry hudson of melton-moubray esq leic. 514 julij 3 thomas herbert of tinterne esq monm . 515 julij 4 tho. middleton of chirk esq denb . 516 julij 6 verney noell of kirkby esq leic. 517 julij 7 george buswell of clipston esq northamp . 518 julij 10 robert austen of bexley esq kent 519 julij 12 robert hales of bekeskurne esq kent 520 julij 13 sir william boothby of bradley-ashe knight . derb. 521 julij 14 wolstan dixey of market-bosworth esq leic. 522 julij 16 john bright of badsworth esq ebor. 523 julij 16 john warner of parham esq 524 julij 17 sir job harby of aldenham knight . hartf . 525 julij 18 samuel morland , alias morley of suthamstede-banaster esq one of the gentlemen of his majesties privy-chamber in ordinary and master of the mechanicks . berks. 526 julij 19 sir thomas hewit of pisho-bury knight . hartf . 527 julij 19 edward honywood of evington esq kent 528 julij 19 basill dixwell of bromehouse esq kent 529 julij 22 richard browne lord mayor of london . lond. 530 julij 23 henry vernon of hodnet esq salop. 531 julij 23 sir john aubrey of llantrithied knight . glam . 532 julij 23 william thomas of fowington esq suss. 533 julij 25 thomas sclater esq ( of cambridge ) . cambr. 534 julij 25 henry conway of botrithan esq flint . 535 julij 26 edward green of sonpford esq essex 536 julij 28 john stapeley of patcham esq suss 537 julij 30 metcalfe robinson of newby esq ebor. 543 aug. 6 anthony oldfield of spalding esq linc. 544 aug. 10 peter leicester of tabley esq cestr. 545 aug. 11 sir william wheeler of the city of westm. knight , with remainder to charles wheeler cosin to the said sir william and the heirs males of the body of the said charles . midd. 546 aug. 16 john newton of barscote fsque glouc. 547 aug. 16 thomas lee of hartwell esq buck. 548 aug. 16 thomas smith of hatherton esq with remainder ( for want of issue male of his body ) to laurence smith his brother , &c. and for want of issue male of laurence , to francis smith his brother , &c. cestr. 549 aug. 17 sir ralph ashton of middleton knight . lanc. 550 aug. 17 john rous of henham esq suff. 551 aug. 22 henry massingbeard of bratosts-hall esq linc. 552 aug. 28 john hales of coventre esq warm . 553 aug. 30 ralph bovey of hill-fields esq ( extinct ) . uuarm. 554 aug. 30 john knightley of offchurch esq uuarm. 555 aug. 31 sir john drake of ashe kt. devon. 556 sept. 5 oliver st. george of carickermrick in the county of trim esq ireland 557 sept. 11 sir john bowyer of knipersley knight . staff. 558 sept. 13 sir william wilde knight , recorder of the city of london , afterwards one of the justices of the kings bench. lond. 559 sept. 19 joseph ashe of tittenham esq midd. 560 sept. 22 john how of compton esq glouc. 561 sept. 26 john swinburne of chap-heton esq northumb. 562 oct. 12 john trot of laverstoke esq ( extinct ) . hants . 563 oct. 13 humphrey miller of oxenheath esq kent 564 oct. 15 sir john lewes of ledston knight ( extinct ) . ebor. 565 oct. 19 john beale of maidston esq kent 566 oct. 16 sir richard fraklin of moore-parke knight . hartf . 567 nov. 8 william russell of langhorn esq caerm . 568 nov. 9 thomas boothby of friday-hill in the parish of chingford esq ( extinct ) . essex 569 nov. 9 william backhouse esq grandchild to rowland backhouse late alderman of london ) ( extinct ) . midd. 570 nov. 12 sir john cutler of the city of london knight . midd. 571 nov. 16 giles mottet of leige esq 572 nov. 21 henry gifford of burstall esq leic. 573 nov 21 sir thomas foote knight , citizen of london . v. arthur onslow maij 8. 1674. midd. 574 nov. 22 thomas manwaring of over-pever esq cestr. 575 nov. 22 thomas bennet of baberham esq cambr. 576 nov. 29 john wroth of blendenhall . kent 577 dec. 3 george wynne of nostell esq ebor. 578 dec. 4 heneage fetherston of blakesware esq hartf . 579 dec. 4 humphrey monnox of wotton esq bedf. 580 dec. 10 john peyton of dodington within the isle of ely esq ( extinct ) . cambr. 581 dec. 11 edmund anderson of broughton esq. linc. 582 dec. 11 john fagg of wiston esq suss. 583 dec. 18 matthew herbert of bromfield esq salop. 584 dec. 19 edward ward of bexley esq norff. 585 dec. 22 john keyt of ebrington esq glouc. 586 dec. 22 william killegrew of arwynike esq with remainder to peter killegrew of arwynike aforesaid esq son of sir peter killegrew knight . cornub. 587 dec. 22 john buck of lamby grange esq linc. 588 dec. 24 william frankland of thirkelby esq ebor. 589 dec. 24 richard stiddolph of norbury esq ( extinct ) . surr. 590 dec. 24 william gardner citizen of london . midd. 591 dec. 28 william juxon of albourne esq suss. 592 dec. 29 john legard of ganton esq ebor. 593 dec. 31 george marwood of little-buskby esq ebor. 594 dec. 31 john jackson of hickleton esq ebor. 595 jan. 2 sir henry pickering of whaddon knight . cantab. 596 jan. 2 henry bedingfield of oxbrough esq norff. 597 jan. 4 walter plomer of the inner-temple london esq midd. 598 jan. 8 herbert springet of broyle esq ( extinct ) . suss. 599 jan. 23 william powell ( alias hinson ) of pengethley esq heref. 600 jan. 25 robert newton of the city of london esq ( extinct ) . midd. 601 jan. 29 nicholas staughton of staughton esq surr. 602 jan. 29 william rokeby of skyers esq ebor. 603 febr. 2 walter ernley of new-sarum esq uuilts . 604 febr. 2 john hubaud of ipsley esq uuarw. 605 febr. 7 thomas morgan of langattock . monm . 606 febr. 9 george lane of tulske in the county of roscommon irish viscount viz. vic. lanesborough . ireland . 607 febr. 13 george wakefren of beckford esq glouc. 608 febr. 15 benjamin wright of cranham hall essex 609 febr. 18 john colleton of the city of london esq midd. 610 febr. 18 sir james modyford of the city of london knight . midd. 611 febr. 21 thomas beaumont of stoughtongrange esq leic. 612 febr. 23 edward smith of eshe fsque durh. martij 4 john napier , alias sandy esq with remainder to alexander napier , &c. with remainder to the heirs male of sir robert napier knight grandfather to the said john : and with precedency before all baronets made since the four and twentieth of september anno 10. regis jac. at which time the said sir robert was created a baronet . which letters patents so granted to the said sir robert napier , were surendred by sir robert napier ( father of the said john and alexander ) lately deceased ; to the intent that the said degree of baronet should be granted to himself , with remainder to the said john and alexander . 613 martij 4 thomas gifford of castle-jordan in the county of meath ( extinct ) . ireland . 614 martij 4 tho. clifton of clifton esq lanc. 615 martij 4 william wilson of eastborne esq suss. 616 martij 4 compton read of barton esq berks. 617 martij 10 sir brian broughton of broughton knight . staff. 618 martij 16 robert slingesby of new cells esq hartf . 619 martij 16 john crofts of stow esq suff. 620 martij 16 ralph verney of middle-claydon esq buck. 621 martij 18 robert dicer of uphall esq hartf . 622 martij 20 john bromfield of south warke fsque surr. 623 martij 20 thomas rich of sunning esq berks. 624 martij 20 edward smith of edmundthorpe esq leic. anno dom. 1661 & regis car. 2. xiij . 625 martij 26 walter long of whaddon esq wilts . 626 martij 30 john fetiplace of chilrey esq bexks . 627 apr. 8 walter hendley of louchfield esq suss. 628 apr. 9 william parsons of langley esq buck. 629 apr. 9 john cambell of woodford esq ( extinct ) . essex 630 apr. 20 william morrice of werrington esq eldest son to william morrice knight ( one of his majesties principall secretaries of state ) . devon. 631 apr. 20 sir charles gawdey of crowshall knight . suff. 632 apr. 29 william godolphin of godolphin esq cornub. 633 apr. 26 william caley of brumpton esq ebor. 634 apr. 30 thomas curson of water-perry esq oxon. 635 maij 1 edmund fowell of fowell esq devon. 636 maij 7 john cropley of clerkenwell esq midd. 637 maij 10 william smith of red-cliff esq buck. 638 maij 10 george cooke of wheatley esq ebor. 639 maij 10 charles llhoyd of garth esq montgom . 640 maij 10 nathaniel powell of ewhurst esq essex 641 maij 15 denney ashburnham of bromham esq suss. 642 maij 16 hugh smith of long-ashton esq somers . 643 maij 18 robert jenkinson of walcot esq oxon. 644 maij 20 william glinne of bisseter alias burncester esq oxon. 645 maij 21 john charnok of holcot esq bedf. 646 maij 21 robert brooke of netton esq suff. 647 maij 25 thomas nevill of holt esq leic. 648 maij 27 henry andrews of lathbury esq buck. 649 junij 4 anthony craven of spersholt esq berks. 650 junij 5 john clavering of axwell esq durh. 651 junij 8 thomas derham of west-dereham esq norff. 652 junij 17 william stanley of houton esq cestr. 653 junij 17 abraham cullen of east-shene esq surr. 654 junij 17 james roushout of milnst-maylers esq essex 655 junij 17 godfrey copley of sprotborough esq ebor. 656 junij 17 griffith williams of penrhin esq caern . 657 junij 18 henry winchecumbe of buckdebury esq bexks . 658 junij 18 clement clarke of lande-abby esq leic. 659 junij 18 thomas viner alderman of london . midd. 660 julij 18 john sylyard of de la warre esq kent 661 julij 10 christopher guise of elsmore esq glouc. 662 julij 11 reginald forster of east-grenewiche esq kent 663 julij 16 philip parker of erwarton esq 664 julij 16 sir edward duke of denhall knight . suff. 665 julij 21 charles hussey of caythorp esq linc. 666 julij 21 edward barkham of waynflete esq linc. 667 julij 23 thomas norton of the city of coventry esq warw. 668 julij 23 john dormer of the grange esq buck. 669 aug. 2 thomas carew of haccombe esq devon. 670 aug. 7 mark milbanke of halnaby ebor. 671 aug. 16 richard rothwell of ewerby and stapleford esq linc. 672 aug. 22 john bankes of the city of london . ( now of alesford in kent ) . midd. 673 aug. 30 henry ingoldsby of lethenborow esq buck. 674 sept. 3 francis bickley of attilborough . norff. 675 sept. 5 robert jason of broad-somerford esq wilts . 676 sept. 26 sir john young of culliton knight . devon. 677 oct. 4 john frederick van freisendorf of herdick , lord of kymp , of councill to the king of sweden , and embassadour extraordinary to his majesty king charles the ii. 678 nov. 8 william roberts of willesdon esq bidd . 679 nov. 15 william luckin of waltham . essex . 680 nov. 28 thomas smith of hill-hall . essex 681 dec. 3 edwyn sadler of temple-donesley esq hartf . 682 dec. 9 sir william windham of orchard-windham knight . somers . 683 jan. 24 george southcote of bliborough esq linc. 684 jan. 24 george trevilian of nettlecombe esq somers . anno dom. & regis car. 2. xiv . 685 febr. 4 francis duncombe of tangley esq surr. 686 febr. 7 nicholas bacon of gillingham esq norff. 687 febr. 7 richard cox of dumbleton . glouc. 688 febr. 11 john osburne of chicksand esq bedf. 689 febr. 27 john coriton of newton esq cornub. 690 febr. 28 john llhoyd of woking esq surr. 691 martij 1 edward moore of moorehall esq note that this patent to edward moore , though at this time the recepi was made , did not pass the seal until 22. nov. 1675. lanc. 692 martij 7 tho. proby of elton hall esq hunt. 693 martij 20 miles stapleton of carleton esq ebor. anno dom. 1662. & regis car. 2. xiv . 694 apr. 16 sir richard braham of new-windsor knight . berks. 695 maij 2 sir john witerong of stantonbury knight . buck. 696 junij 13 philip matthews of great gobions in collyer-rowward esq essex 697 julij 1 robert bernard of huntingdon esq serjeant at law. hunt. 698 julij 15 roger lort of stock-poole esq pembr . 699 julij 15 edward gage of hargrave esq suff. 700 julij 22 thomas hooke of flanchford . surr. 701 julij 24 john savile of copley esq ebor. 702 aug. 5 christopher wandesford of kirklington esq ebor. 703 aug. 13 richard astley of patshull esq staff. 704 aug. 16 sir jacob gerard of langford knight . norff. 705 aug. 21 edward fust of hill esq glouc. 706 sept. 1 robert long of the city of westminster esq auditor general of the exchequer and one of his majesties most honorable privy council with remainder for lack of issue male upon john long of draycot-cerne in com. wilts . and the heirs male of his body . bidd . 707 sept. 13 sir robert can of compton-greenfield knight . glouc. 708 oct. 24 william middleton of belsey-castle esq northumb. 709 nov. 17 richard graham of norton-coniers esq. ebor. 710 nov. 17 thomas tankard of burrow-brigg esq ebor. 711 nov. 20 cuthbert heroh of chipchase esq northumb. 712 nov. 29 sir francis wenman of caswell knight . dron . 713 dec. 4 henry purefey ( son and heir to george purefey of wadley esq ) berks. 714 dec. 9 thomas cobb of adderbury esq dron . 715 dec. 12 henry brook of norton esq cestr. 716 dec. 22 peter pindar of edinshaw esq cestr. 717 jan. 19 sir nicholas slaning of mariston knight of the bath and standard bearer to the band of gentlemen pensioners . devon. 718 jan. 22 sir george reeve of thwayte knight . suff. anno dom. & regis car. 2. xv . 719 martij 18 thomas brograve of hammels esq hartf . anno dom. 1663. & regis car. 2. xv . 720 apr. 7 sir thomas bernardeston of ketton alias kedington knight . suff. 721 maij 11 samuell bernardeston of bright-hall esq and to the heirs males of his boby ; and for want of such issue to nathaniel bernardeston of hackney esq &c. with remainder to pelitiax bernardeston of london esq &c. suff. 722 junij 1 sir john daws of putney kt. bidd . 723 junij 1 sir john holman of banbury knight . dron . 724 junij 29 william cook of bromehall esq norff. 725 junij 30 john bellot of moreton esq cestr. 726 julij 1 sir george downing of east-hatley knight , embassador in holland , secretary to the treasury and now one of his majesties commissioners of the customes . cambr. 727 julij 13 william gawdey of west-herting esq norff. 728 julij 14 sir charles pym of brymmore knight . sonters . 729 julij 29 sir william d'oyley of shottesham knight . norff. 730 aug. 12 sir john marsham of cuckston knight . kent 731 aug. 15 robert barnham of boughton munchensye esq kent 732 dec. 15 francis leeke of newarke upon trent esq governor of gravesend . nott. 733 dec. 30 john st. barbe of broadlands esq hants anno regis car. 2 xvj . 734 febr. 12 thomas cambell of clay-hall esq essex 735 febr. 22 james pennyman of ormesby in cleveland esq ebor. 736 martij 1 thomas muddiford of lincolns inne esq midd. 737 martij 3 george selby of whitehouse esq durh. anno dom. 1664. & regis car. 2. xvij . 738 martij 31 sir edmund fortescue of fallowpit knight . devon. 739 martij 31 samuel tuke of cressing-temple esq essex 740 maij 25 john tempest of tonge esq ebor. 741 junij 25 littleton osboldeston of chadlinglington esq oxon. 742 julij 1 giles tooker of maddington esq uuilts . 743 julij 13 stephen anderson of eyworth esq bedf. 744 aug. 31 thomas bateman of how-hall esq norff. 745 sept. 26 thomas lorrayne of kirke-harle esq northumb. 746 sept. 27 thomas wentworth of bretton esq ebor. 747 nov. 2 sir theophilus biddulph of westcombe knight . kent 748 nov. 2 william greene of micham esq ( extinct ) . surr. 749 dec. 24 william cookes of norgrave esq wigorn. 750 jan. 10 sir john wolstenholme of london kt. ( one of the farmers of the customs ) . midd. 751 jan. 11 sir john jacob of bromley knight , ( another of the farmers of his majesties customs ) . midd. 752 jan. 12 john yeomans of the city of bristol esq somers . 753 jan. 13 john pye of hone esq derb. 754 jan. 18 thomas taylor of the parkehouse in the parish of maydston esq kent anno dom. car. 2. xvij . 755 martij 3 william leman of northaw , alias northall esq hartf . anno dom. 1665. & regis car. 2. xvij . 756 martij 30 sir robert smith of upton knight . essex 757 apr. 14 sir nicholas crispe of hamersmith knight . midd. 758 apr. 15 sir john shaw of the city of london knight , ( one of the farmers of his majesties customs ) . midd. 759 maij 10 john browne of caversham esq oxon. 760 maij 20 george rawden of moira in com. downe esq ireland 761 junij 8 robert jocelyn of hyde-hall esq hartf . 762 junij 16 robert duckenfield junior of duckenfield-hall esq cestr. 763 julij 6 john lawson of brough esq ebor. 764 julij 20 philip tyrrell of hanslap and castlethorpe esq buck. 765 julij 25 francis burdet of burchet esq ebor. 766 julij 26 george moore of mayds-morton esq buck. 767 sept. 9 abell barker of hambleton , alias hambledon esq kotel . 768 dec. 12 sir william oglander of nunwell in the isle of wight knight . hants . 769 jan. 31 william temple of sheene esq resident for his majesty at bruxells . afterwards embassador to the states general of the united provinces and one of his majesties plenipotentiaries at the treaty of nimmegen . surr. 770 martij 1 sir william swan of southflete knight . kent 771 martij 6 anthony shirley of preston esq suss. 772 martij 6 maurice diggs of chilham-castle esq ( extinct ) . kent 773 martij 6 peter gleane of hardwick esq norff. anno dom. 1666. & regis car. 2. xviij . 774 maij 10 john nelthorpe of grays-inne esq midd. 775 maij 10 sir robert viner lord mayor of london knight . midd. 776 junij 13 sir thomas twysden of bradburne juxta east-malling knight , one of the justices of the kings bench. kent 777 julij 4 sir anthony aucher of bishops bourne knight . kent 778 julij 7 john d'oylie of chiselhamton esq oxon. 779 julij 12 edward hoby of bisham esq berks. 780 julij 21 thomas put of combe esq devon. 781 oct. 22 john tirell of siringfield esq son and heir apparent of sir john tirell of heron in com. essex knight . essex 782 nov. 17 gilbert gerard of fiskerton , entayling the same title upon his issue male by mary his second wife , daughter to dr. john cozens lord bishop of durham . linc. 783 dec. 31 sir robert yeomans of redlands knight . glouc. 784 jan. 16 carr scroope of cockerington esq linc. 785 jan. 29 peter fortescue of wood esq devon. anno regis car. 2. xix . 786 feb. 7 sir richard bettenson of wimbleton knight . surr. 787 martij 21 algernon peyton of dodington in the isle of ely. cantabr . anno dom. 1667. 788 martij 28 roger martin of long-melford esq suff. 789 maij 7 richard hastings of redlench esq somers . 790 maij 24 william hanham of winburne esq dors. anno dom. 1668. & regis car. 2. xx . 791 julij 25 francis topp of tormarton esq glouc. 792 aug. 28 william langhorne of the inner-temple london esq lond. anno dom. 1669. car. 2. xxij . 793 apr. 28 edw. mostyn of talacre esq flynt . 794 maij 5 sir george stonehouse , for life ( having surrendred his former patent by a fine ) with remainder to john stonehouse his second son and to the heirs male of his body ; and for lack of such issue to james his third son &c. with precedency to him and his sayd sons according to the first patent dated 7. maij 1628. berks. 795 junij 4 philip carteret of st. owen esq iersey 796 oct. 25 fulwar skypwith of newbold-hall esq uuarw. anno dom. 1670. car. 2. xxiij . 797 martij 22 sir john sabin of eyne in the parish of gravenhurst knight . bedf. anno dom. 1671. car. 2. xxiiij . 798 junij 28 william chater of croft-hall esq ebor. 799 nov. 18 herbert croft of croft-castle ( son and heir to the bishop of hereford . ) heref. 800 dec. 11 john st. aubin of clowance esq cornub. anno dom. 1672. car. 2. xxv . 801 nov. 13 robert eden of west-aukland esq durh. 802 nov. 28 john werden esq secretary to his royal highness the d. of york . chesh. 803 febr. 7 thomas allen of blundesdon a captain at sea , sometime admiral in the streights , then controler of the navy and one of the commissioners thereof . suff anno dom. 1673. 804 junij 2 francis warre of hestercombe esq somers . 805 nov. 12 orlando bridgeman of ridley esq second son to sir orlando bridgeman knight and baronet lord-keeper of the great seal of england . chesh. 806 nov. 18 francis windham of trent esq somers . 807 dec. 1 arthur harris of stoford esq devon. 808 dec. 12 william blaket of newcastle esq northumb. 809 dec. 12 john thompson of haversham esq buck. anno xxvi . car. 2. 810 junij 7 halsewell tint of halsewell esq somers . anno dom. 1674. car. 2. xxvij . 811 martij 25 cornelius martin trump vice-admiral of holland and west-friezland . 812 maij 22 sir robert parker of ralton in the parish of willingdon esq suss. 813 maij 20 john sherrard of lopthorpe esq linc. 814 maij 8 arthur onslow of west-clandon esq in reversion after the death of his father in law sir thomas foote , without issue male ( who was created 21. nov. 1660. ) and with the same precedency . surr. 815 oct. 30 walter cleargis of st. martins in the feilds esq midd 816 nov. 2 thomas williams of eltham esq his majesties physitian in ordinary . kent 817 dec. 26 robert filmer of east-sutton esq kent anno dom. 1674. car. 2. xxviij . 818 febr. 24 sir edward nevill of grove knight . nott. anno dom. 1675. car. 2 xxviij . 819 apr. 23 sir richard tulpe of amsterdam in the province of holland knight . 820 dec. 22 thomas samuell of upton esq northamp 821 jan 24 charles rich of the city of london gent for life with remainder to rober● rich of sonden in com. essex esq. mi● 822 martij 11 benjamin maddox of wormle esq. hert anno dom. 1676. car. 2. xxix . 823 martij 29 will. barker of bockenhall esq e● 824 junij 13 john brookes citizen of york esq ebor. 825 junij 19 rich. head of rochester esq kent 826 junij 21 william pennington of moncaster esq cumbr. 827 dec. 18 bennet hoskins of harwood esq heref. 828 febr. 8 richard standish of esq lans . 829 febr. 26 alexander robertson , alias colyear of the province of holland . 830 martij 3 tho. dike of horeham esq su●● . anno dom. 1677. 831 martij 29 sir robert cotton of cumbermeir knight . chesh. 832 apr. 7 francis willoughby of wollaton esq ( with remainder for lack of issue male to thomas his brother and to the heirs male of his body ) . nott. 833 junij 29 ignatius vitus , alias white ( second son of sir dominlck white of lymerick in ireland ) for want of issue male , to his nephew ignatius maximilian vitus , and to the heirs male of his body . ireland 834 julij 13 john barlowe of slebege esq pembr . 835 julij 24 richard newdigate of erdbury serjeant at law . warw. 836 sept. 29 richard cust of stanford esq linc. 837 oct. 8 francis anderton of lostoke esq lanc. 838 oct. 18 james simeon of chilworth esq oxon. 839 oct. 25 james poole of poole in worrell esq for lack of issue male to william his brother , and to the heirs male of his body . chesh. 840 dec. 31 george wharton of kirkby-kendall treasurer of the ordnance . uustmerl . 841 jan. 21 hugh ackland of columb-john esq with a special clause for precedency before all baronets created since the year 1644. devon. anno dom. 1678. car. 2. xxx . 842 apr. 22 francis edwards of shrewsbury esq and to the heirs male of his body , with remainder to thomas , benjamin , herbert and jonathan and the heirs male of their bodies &c. and a speciall clause for precedency before all baronets created after the year 1644. salop. 843 maij 8 sir henry oxenden of deane kt. lanc. 844 maij 18 sir james bowyer of leighthorne baronet , grandson and heir to sir thomas bowyer baronet ( created 23. julij 3. car. 1. ) surrendring his patent , had now a new creation to that dignity , for life only ; the remainder to henry goring of highden in the same county esq and to the heirs males of his body , with the same precedency as the said sir thomas bowyer enjoyed . suss. 845 junij 20 walter curle of suberton esq hants . 846 junij 22 raphe dutton of sherborne esq glouc. 847 julij 6 william dyer of totenham esq hertf. 848 julij 18 josias childe of wansted esq essex 849 julij 27 sir thomas skypwith of metheringham knight . linc. 850 dec. 6 walter hawkesworth of hawkesworth esq ebor. 851 junij 25 jeremy snow of salesbery esq hertf. anno dom. 1679. car. 2. xxxi . 852 martij 29 william kenrick of whitley esq berks. 853 julij 16 sir samuel marrow of berkswell knight . warw. 854 nov. 17 sir roger bradshaigh of haigh knight . lanc. 855 dec. 20 william stapleton esq governor of the leeward-islands in america . 859 jan. 27 thomas-pope blount of tittenhanger esq hertf. 857 jan. 28 sir george walker of bushey knight . hertf. anno 1680. xxxij . car. 2. 858 oct. 22 gelebrand sas van bosch ( a servant to the prince of orange . ) 859 febr. 2 john roberts of bowe esq essex anno 1681. 860 apr. 15 roger beckwith of alborough esq ebor. 861 maij 18 thomas parkyns of bonney esq nott. 862 junij 29 thomas bunbury of bunbury and stanney esq chesh. 863 julij 1 hugh parker of the city of london esq and to the heirs male of his body : with remainder to henry parker of hunnington in com. warwick esq &c. land. 864 julij 4 henry seymour esq son and heir to henry seymour , one of the groomes of his majesties bed-chamber , and to the heirs mal● of his body ; with remainder to the said henr● the father , and to the heirs male of his body . finis . an exact alphabetical catalogue , of all the shires , cities , burrough-towns , cinque-ports in england and wales ; specifying the number of the knights of the shires , citizens , burghesses , and barons of the cinque-ports , they do respectively elect , to serve as their representatives in parliaments . before each shire and burrough of wales a w is prefixed . after the name of each shire , is set down the number of burghesses citizens and knights chosen in that shire . bur. abington berk-shire burghess 1 amondesham vide amersham bur. st. albans herford-shire burg. 2 bur. aldborough suffolke burg. 2 bur. aldborough york-shire burg. 2 bur. alesbury or aylesbury bucks burg. 2 allerton v. north-allerton bur. amersham alias agmondesham bucks burg. 2 bur. andover hantshire burg. 2 w. shire anglesey parliament men 2 ; burg. 1 and knight 1 bur. appleby westmorland burg. 2 bur. arundel sussex burg. 2 bur. ashburton devonshire burg. 2 bur. banbury oxford-shire burg. 1 bur. barnstable devon-shire burg. 2 city bath somerset-shire citizens 2 shire bedford-shire p. m. 4 ; burg. 2 , and knights 2 bur. bedford bedford-shire burg. 2 bedwyn v. great-bedwyn bur. berealston devon-shire burg. 2 shire berks or berkeshire p. m. 9 ; burg. 7 ; and knights 2 bur. berwicke upon tweed northumberland burg. 2 bur. beaerly yorkshire burg. 2 bur. bewdlye worcester-shire burg. 1 w. bur. bewmorris anglesey burg. 1 bur. bishops-castle shrop-shire burg. 2 bur. blechingly surry burg. 2 bur. bodmin cornwall burg. 2 bur. bossiney cornwall burg. 2 bur. boston lincoln-shire burg. 2 bur. brackley northampton-shire burg. 2 bur. bramber sussex burg. 2 w. shire brecon alias brecknock-shire ; p. m. 2 ; burg. 1 , and knight 1 w. bur. brecon alias brecknock brecknock-sh . burg. 1 bur. bridport dorset-shire burg. 2 bur. bridge-north , alias bruges , shropshire burg. 2 bur. bridgwater somerset-shire burg. 2 city bristol somerset-shire citizens 2 bruges v. bridge-north shire bucks alias buckingham-shire p. m. 14 burg. 12 , and knights 2 bur. bucks alias buckingham buckinghamshire burg. 2 bur. burroughbridge or burroughbrig yorkshire burg. 2 bury v. st. edmonds-bury bur. calne wiltshire burg. 2 shire cambridge-sh . p. m. 6 ; burg. 4 , and knights 2 bur. cambridge university burg. 2 town burg. 2 city canterbury kent citizens 2 bur. camelford cornwall burg. 2 w. shire cardigan-sh . p. m. 2 , burg. 1 , and knight 1 w. bur. cardigan cardigan-shire burg. 1 w. bur. cardiffe glamorgan-shire burg. 1 w. shire carmarthen-shire p. m. 2 ; burg. 1 , and knight 1 w. bur. carmarthen carmarthenshire burg 1 w. bur. carnarvon carnarvon-shire burg 1 city carlile cumberland citizens 2 bur. castle-rising norfolke burg 2 shire chester p. m. 4 ; citizens 2 , and knights 2 city chester cheshire citizens 2 city chichester sussex citizens 2 bur. chippenham wiltshire burg. 2 bur. chipping-wicomb bucks . burg. 2 bur. christs-church hantshire burg. 2 bur. cirencester gloucester-shire burg. 2 clifton v. dartmouth bur. clithero lancashire burg. 2 bur. cockermouth cumberland burg. 2 city colchester essex citizens 2 bur. corfe-castle in the isle of purbecke dorsetshire burg. 2 shire cornwall p. m. 44 burg. 42 , and knights 2 city coventry warwickshire citizens 2 crampound v. grampound . bur. cricklade wiltshire burg. 2 shire cumberland p. m. 6 burg. 4 , and knights 2 bur. dartmouth clifton , and hardness devonshire burg. 2 w. shire denbigh-shire p. m. 2 , burg. 1 , and knight 1 w. bur. denbigh denbigh-shire burg. 1 shire derby-shire p. m. 4 burg. 2 , and knights 2 bur. derby derby-shire burg. 2 shire devonshire p. m. 26 ; burg. 22 , citizens 2 and knights 2 bur. the devizes wiltshire burg. 2 shire dorsetshire p. m. 20 ; burg. 18 , and knights 2 bur. dorchester dorset-shire burg. 2 cinq . p. dover kent barons 2 bur. downton wiltshire burg. 2 bur. droitwich worcestershire burg. 2 dunhevet or dunhivid v. lanceston bur. dunwich suffolk burg. 2 shire durham p. m. 4 ; citizens 2 , and knights 2 city durham citizens 2 bur. east grinstead sussex burg. 2 bur. east-low cornwall burg. 2 bur. east-retford nottingham-shire burg. 2 bur. st. edmonds-bury suffolk burg. 2 shire essex p. m. 8 , burg. 6 , and knights 2 bur. evesham worcester-shire burg. 2 bur. eye suffolk burg. 2 city exeter , alias exon devonshite citizens 2 w. shire flintshire p. m. 2 ; burg. 1 and knight 1 w. bur. flint flintshire burg. 1 bur. fowey , or foy cornwall burg. 2 bur. gatton surry burg. 2 bur. st. germains , or jermins cornwall burg. 2 w. shire glamorganshire p. m. 2 ; burg. 1 and kt. 1 shire gloucestershire p. m. 8 ; burg. 4 , citizens 2 , and knights 2 city gloucester gloucestershire citizens 2 bur. grampound or crampound cornwall burg. 2 bur. grantham lincoln-shire burg. 2 bur. great-bedwyn wiltshire burg. 2 bur. great-grimsby lincoln-shire burg. 2 bur. great-marlow bucks burg. 2 bur. great-wenlock shrop-shire burg. 2 bur. great-yarmouth alias north-yarmouth norffolk burg. 2 grnistead v. east-grinstead bur. guilford surry burg. 2 shire hampshire or hantshire , alias southampton p. m. 26 ; burg. 22 , citizens 2 , and knights 2 hardness v. dartmouth bur. harwich essex burg. 2 bur. haslemere surry burg. 2 cinq . p. hastings sussex barons 2 w. bur. haverford-west pembrook-shire burg. 1 bur. helston cornwall burg. 2 shire hereford-shire p. m. 8 ; burg. 4 , citizens 2 , and knights 2 city hereford hereford-shire citizens 2 shire hertford p. m. 6 ; burg. 4 , and knights 2 bur. hertford hertford-shire burg. 2 bur. hetsbury or heitsbury wiltshire burg. 2 bur. heydon yorkshire burg. 2 bur. higham-ferrers northampton-shire burg. 1 bur. hindon wiltshire burg. 2 bur. honiton devonshire burg. 2 bur. horseham sussex burg. 2 hull v. kingston upon hull shire huntingtonsh . p. m. 4 , burg. 2 and knights 2 bur. huntington huntington-shire burg. 2 cinq . p. hyth kent barons 2 st. jermins v. st. germains bur. ilcester somerset-shire burg. 2 bur. ipswich suffolk burg. 2 bur. st. ives cornwall burg 2 shire kent p. m. 10 ; burg. 4 ; citizens 4 , and knights 2 bur. killington cornwall burg 2 kings-lyme , v. lyme-regis kings-lynn , v. lyn-regis kings-melcomb , v. melcomb-regis bur. kingston upon hull yorkshire burg. 2 bur. knaesborough yorkshire burg. 2 shire lancaster , or lancashire p. m. 14 ; burg. 12 and knights 2 bur. lancaster lancashire burg. 2 bur. lanceston launcestoun or launston alias dunhevet cornwall burg. 2 shire leicestershire p. m. 4 ; burg. 2 , and knights 2 bur. leicester leicestershire burg. 2 bur. lempster herefordshire burg. 2 bur. leskard cornwall burg. 2 bur. lestathiel , lestwithiel , or lostwithiel cornwall burg. 2 bur. leverpoole , or liverpoole lancash . burg. 2 bur. lewes sussex burg. 2 bur. limmington hantshire burg. 2 shire lincolnshire p. m. 12 ; burg. 8 , citizens 2 , and knights 2 city lincoln lincolnshire citizens 2 city litchfield staffordshire citizens 2 city london middlesex citizens 4 lostwithiel v. lestuthiel low v. east-low west-low bur. ludgershall wiltshire burg. 2 bur. ludlow shropshire burg. 2 bur. lyme-regis alias kings-lyme dorsetshire burg. 2 bur. lynn-regis , alias , kings-lynn norfolk burg. 2 bur. maidston kent burg. 2 bur. marlborough wiltshire burg. 2 bur. malden essex burg. 2 bur. malmesbury wiltshire burg. 2 bur. malton yorkshire burg. 2 marlow v. great-marlow bur. st. mawes cornwall burg. 2 medena v. newport bur. melcomb-regis alias kings-melcomb dorsetshire burg. 2 w. shire merionethshire p. m. 1 ; viz. knight 1 bur. st. michael cornwall burg. 2 shire middlesex p. m. 8 , citizens 6 , and knights 2 bur. midhurst sussex burg. 2 bur. milborn-port somerset-shire burg. 2 bur. minehead somerset-shire burg. 2 w. shire mongomery-shire p. m. 2 ; burg. 1 , and knight 1 w bur. mongomery mongomery-shire burg. 1 shire monmouth-shire p. m. 3 ; burg. 1 , and knights 2 bur. monmouth monmouth-shire burg. 1 bur. morpeth northumberland burg. 2 bur. newarke upon trent nottinghamsh . burg. 2 bur. new-castle under line staffordshire burg. 2 bur. new-castle upon tine northumber . burg. 2 bur. newport cornwall burg. 2 bur. newport alias medena in the isle of wight hantshire burg. 2 cinq . p. new-rumney kent barons 2 new-sarum v. salisbury bur. new shoreham sussex burg. 2 bur. newton or newtown in the isle of wight hantshire burg. 2 bur. newtown or newton lancashire . burg. 2 bur. new windsor berkshire burg. 2 bur. new woodstock oxfordshire burg. 2 shire norfolk p. m. 12 ; burg. 8 , citizens 2 , and knights 2 bur. north-allerton yorkshire burg. 2 shire northamptonshire p. m. 9 ; burg. 5 , citizens 2 , and knights 2 bur. northampton northamptonshire burg. 2 shire northumberland p. m. 8 ; burg. 6 , and knights 2 north yarmouth v. great yarmouth city norwich norfolk citizens 2 shire nottinghamshire p. m. 8 ; burg. 6 , and knights 2 bur. nottingham nottinghamshire butg . 2 bur. oke hampton devonshire burg. 2 bur. old-sarum wiltshire burg. 2 shire oxon alias oxford oxfordshire p. m. 9 ; burg 5 , citizens 2 , and knights 2 city oxon alias oxford oxfordshire university burg. 2 city citizens 2 bur. ortford suffolk burg. 2 w. shire pembrokeshire p. m. 3 ; burg. 2 , and knight 1 w. bur. pembroke pembrokeshire burg. 1 bur. penryn cornwall burg. 2 city peterborough northamptonshire citizens 2 bur. peterfield hantshire burg. 2 bur. plymouth devonshire burg. 2 bur. plympton devonshire burg. 2 bur. pomfret alias pontefract yorkshire burg. 2 bur. pool dorsetshire burg. 2 port pigham v. west-low bur. portsmouth hantshire burg. 2 bur. preston in amounderness , or anderness lancashire burg. 2 bur. queensborough or quinborough kent burg. 2 w. shire radnorshire p. m. 2 , burg. 1 , and knight 1 w. bur. radnor radnorshire burg. 1 bur. reading berkshire burg. 2 retford v. east-retford bur. richmond yorkshire burg. 2 bur. rippon yorkshire burg. 2 city rochester kent citizens 2 rumney v. new-rumney shire rutland p. m. 2 , viz. knights 2 cinq . p. rye sussex barons 2 bur. ryegate surry burg. 2 city salisbury alias new-sarum wiltsh . citizens 2 salop county v. shropshire town v. shrewsbury bur. saltash cornwall burg. 2 cinq . p. sandwich kent barons 2 sarum new-sarum v. salisbury old-sarum bur. scarborough yorkshire burg. 2 cinque p. seaford sussex barons 2 bur. shaftsbury alias shafton dorsetshire burg. 2 shoreham v. new-shoreham bur. shrewsbury alias salop , shropshire burg. 2 shire salop alias shropshire p. m 12 , burg. 10 , and knights 2 shire somerset-shire p. m. 18 , burg. 10 , citizens 6 , and knights 2 southampton the county v. hampshire bur. southampton hampshire burg. 2 bur. southwarke surry burg. 2 bur. south-yarmouth in the isle of wight hantshire burg. 2 shire staffordshire p. m. 10 , burg. 6 , citizens 2 , and knights 2 bur. stafford staffordshire burg. 2 bur. stamford lincolnshire burg. 2 bur. steyning sussex burg. 2 bur. stockbridge hantshire burg. 2 bur. sudbury suffolk burg. 2 shire suffolk p. m. 16 , burg. 14 , and knights 2 shire surry p. m. 14 , burg. 12 , and knights 2 sh. sussex p. m. 20 , burg. 16 , citiz. 2 , and knights 2 bur. tamworth staffordshire burg. 2 bur. tavistocke devonshire burg. 2 bur. taunton somersetshire burg. 2 bur. tewksbury gloucestershire burg. 2 bur. thetford norffolk burg. 2 bur. thirske yorkshire burg. 2 bur. tiverton devonshire burg. 2 bur. totnes devonshire burg. 2 bur. tregony cornwall burg. 2 bur. truro cornwall burg. 2 vizes v. devizes bur. wallingford berkshire burg. 2 bur. wareham dorsetshire burg. 2 shire warwickshire p. m. 6 , burg. 2 , citizens 2 and knights 2 bur. warwick warwickshire burg. 2 bur. webly or weobly herefordshire burg. 2 city wells somersetshire citizens 2 wendlock v. great wendlock burg. 2 bur. wendover bucks burg. 2 bur. westbury wiltshire burg. 2 bur. west-low alias port-pigham cornw. burg. 2 city westminster middlesex citizens 2 shire westmorland p. m. 4 , burg. 2 , and knights 2 bur. weymouth dorsetshire burg. 2 bur. whit-church hantshire burg. 2 wiccomb v. chipping wiccomb bur. wigan lancashire burg. 2 shire wiltsh . p. m. 34 , burg. 30 , citi. 2 , and knights 2 bur. wilton wiltshire burg. 2 cinq . p winchelsey sussex barons 2 city winchester hantshire citizens 2 windsor v. new-windsor woodstock v. new-woodstock bur. wooton-basset wiltshire burg. 1 shire worcestershire p. m. 9 , burg. 5 , citizens 2 , and knights 2 city worcester worcestershire citizens 2 yarmouth v. north-yarmouth south-yarmouth v. great-yarmouth shire yorkshire p. m. 30 burg. 26 , citizens 2 , and knights 2 city york yorkshire citizens 2 the total number of all the knights of the shires , citizens , burghesses , and barons of the cinque-ports of england and wales , which ( when the kings majesty summons a parliament ) are respectively chosen by the several shires &c. as the representatives of all the commons of england . knights of the shires , 2. for each of the 40. shires in england reckoning monmouthshire , as one 80 citizens for the 25. cities in england ; for london 4 , for each of the other cities 2. 52 burghesses 2. for each of the 2. universities , and for each of the 171. burrough-towns in england , except for abington , banbury , bewdly , higham-ferrers , and monmouth , for each of which only 1. 341 barons of the cinque-ports , viz. hastings , dover , hyth , rumney ; and the 3. principal members of the cinque ports , winchelsey , rye , and seaford , of each 2. 16 knights of the shires 1. for each of the 12. shires of wales 12 burghesses 1. for each of the 12. burrough-towns of wales 12 the full and compleat number of all the members of the house of commons . 513 a true and perfect catalogue of the nobility of scotland the bookseller to the reader . the frequent complaints i have heard , from several learned and ingenuous persons , of the errors and defects in all the catalogues , of late printed , of the nobility in his majesties dominions , created in me a belief , that the publication of exact and correct catalogues thereof , wou'd be very acceptable to the publick . and this induced me , to attempt it . in order whereunto , i obtained the preceeding catalogue of the nobility of england , from the author of the aforegoing treatise , a person who by reason of his office of garter , is best enabled to publish it most correctly and authentickly . and in august last ( the parliament of scotland then sitting ) by the favour of a freind there . i procured a copy , of the then lord r●gister his role of the nobility of scotland . but their christian names not being inserted therein , my correspondent was so careful and industrious , as to inform himself thereof , either from the several noblemen themselves , then assembled into parliament , or from the near relations , or intimate acquaintances of those absent ; and for those few christian names of which he could receive no certain information , he hath left blanks ; and having thus procured it , he transmitted it to me . since when it hath been communicated to several , very intelligent persons in the affairs of that kingdom , who have very well approved thereof , so that i may with a modest assurance affirm this present catalogue to be more accurate then most of this nature hitherto publish'd . and yet i will not confidently averr that there are no errors therein , for i am told the nobility of scotland are no more careful , then the noblemen of england , to register their descents and successions ; the defect of which doth almost occasion an impossibility , with an accurate exactness to publish any catalogue of this nature . but if any person shall percieve any error or defect therein , or any nobleman judges himself injured , either by any omission or misrecitall of his name or title , if he shall be pleased to notify it to me , with directions how it ought to be corrected and supplyed , or to inform therein mr. robert meine post-master of ( edinburgh ) i shall take all possible care that in the next edition all the errors may accordingly be amended , and all due right don to every individual nobleman . to the present catalogue , is annexed a list of all the shires and royal burroughs in scotland , with the number of barons , commissioners , and burghesses they do respectively retaine to serve in parliament . which i have don in the same manner , as in compliance with the desires of several persons , i have published the preceeding alphabetical catalogue of all the shires , cities , burroughs and cinque-ports in england and wales . a true and perfect catalogue of the officers of state , nobility , lords spiritual and temporal of the kingdom of scotland , according to their respective precedencies . his majesties high-commissioner his royal highness james duke of albany princes of the blood royal james duke of albany , his majesties aforementioned high-commissioner , and lord high admiral of scotland , ( duke of york in england , and earl of ulster in ireland ) archbishops ( ii ) , and great officers ( iv ) , ( who in respect of their offices , precede all the nobility except those of the blood royal ) the lord high chancellor this office is now vacant the arch-bishop of st. andrews lord primate and metropolitan of all scotland dr. alexander burnet lord arch-bishop of st. andrews the lord high treasurer this office is now executed by commissioners the arch-bishop of glasgow lord primate and metropolitan of scotland dr. arthur ross lord arch-bishop of glasgow the lord president of the privy council john duke of lauderdale the lord privy seal john marquess of atholl dukes ( iv ) william hamilton duke of hamilton * james scot , duke of buccleugh , lord high chamberlain of scotland ( and duke of monmouth in england ) * john maitland duke of lauderdale , lord president of the privy council in scotland ( and earl of guilford in england ) * charles lenos duke of lennox ( and richmond in england ) marquesses ( iv ) george gordon marquess of huntley william douglas marquess of douglas james grahame marquess of montrose john murray marquess of atholl ( lord privy seal and admiral deputy of scotland ) earls ( lxii ) and ( i ) countess the lord secretary of scotland , in respect of his office , preceeds all of his degree , and at present , that office is executed by an earl , viz. alexander earl of murray archibald campbell earl of argyle john lindsay earl of crawford john hay earl of arroll ( lord high constable of scotland by inheritance ) george keith earl marshal ( great marshal of scotland by inheritance ) george sutherland earl of sutherland charles erskeine earl of marre william grahame earl of menteith and airth john lesley earl of rothes william douglas earl of morton william erskeine earl of buchan john cunningham earl of glencairn alexander montgomery earl of eglinton john kenedie earl of cassils george sinclare earl of caithness alexander stewart earl of murray ( lord secretary of scotland ) robert maxwel earl of nidisdail george seaton earl of winton george levingston earl of linlithgow james home earl of home james drummond earl of perth james seaton earl of dunfermling john fleming earl of wigton patricke lyon earl of strathmore and kinghorne hamilton earl of abercorne robert kerr earl of roxburgh alexander ereskeine earl of kellie charles hamilton earl of hadington william stewart earl of galloway kenneth mac-kenzie earl of seaforth robert carr earl of lothian william hay earl of kinnoul john campbell earl of loudoun william crichton earl of drumfreis william douglas earl of queensberrie william alexander earl of sterling robert bruce earl of elgin ( and aylesbury in england ) robert carnegie earl of south-eske john stewart earl of traquaire charles carr earl of ancram david weimes earl of weimes william ramsey earl of dalhousie james ogiluie earl of airlie james ogiluie earl of finlator james dalziel earl of carnwath alexander levingston earl of callander david leslie earl of leven william johnstoun earl of annandail elizabeth ( present dutchess of lauderdale ) countess of dysert , daughter and coheir of william murray earl of dysert ( first marryed to sir lionel talmach baronet of england , her eldest son by whom , now beareth the title of lord hunting-tower , being heir in succession to the earldom of dysert ) george mauld earl of panmeure john hay earl of twedall . david carnegie earl of north-eske alexander bruce earl of kincarden colin lindsay earl of balcarres archibald douglas earl of forfar charles middleton earl of middleton . charles gordon earl of aboyne walter scot earl of tarras james levingston earl of newbrugh william boyde earl of kilmarnocke william cochraine earl of dandonald george douglas earl of dunbarton john keith earl of kintor john campbell earl of braid-albin and holland viscounts ( xiii ) anthony carey viscount falkland robert constable viscount dunbar david murray viscount stormont william gordon viscount kenmeare robert arbuthnet viscount arbuthnet william crichton viscount frendraught alexander seaton viscount kingston robert mackgill viscount oxenford edward ingram viscount irwing james levingston viscount kilsyth peregrine osburne viscount dumblane richard grahame viscount preston james cheney viscount newhaven bishops ( xii ) dr. john patterson l. b. of edinburgh dr. james atkins l. b. of galloway dr. andrew bruce l. b. of dunkell dr. patrick scougall l. b. of aberdeen dr. colin falconer l. b. of murray dr. alexander young l. b. of ross dr. george halliburton l. b. of brechen dr. james ramsey l. b. of dumblane dr. andrew wood l. b. of cathness dr. archibald grahame l. b. of the isles dr. hector mack-clene l. b. of argyle dr. murdo mack-kenzie l. b. of orkney in the same order , as the several bishopricks are here inserted , the respective bishops do constantly precede each other , without regard to the seniority of their consecrations . lords ( xlvii ) alexander forbes lord forbes alexander frazer lord salton robert gray lord gray allan cathcart lord cathcart henry saintclare lord saintclare james douglas lord mordington francis semple lord semple john elphingston lord elphingston charles oliphant lord oliphant hugh frazer lord louat john borthwick lord borthwick george ross lord ross walter sandilands lord torphichen john leslie lord lindoris john elphingston lord balmerinoch and ld. cowper henry erskeine lord cardrass alexander stewart lord blantyre james cranston lord cranston john balfour lord burgleigh robert kerr lord jedburgh david drummond lord madertie george meluil lord meluil archibald napier lord napier henry fairfax lord fairfax of cameron henry richardson lord cramond walter aston lord aston of forfare donald mack-ray alias forbes lord rae james forester lord forester alexander forbes lord pitsligo john mackleland lord kirkudbright charles frazer lord frazer john hamilton lord bargeny george ogiluie lord bamff patricke murray lord elibank thomas galloway lord dunkell alexander falconer lord hackerton john hamilton lord belhaven john carmichael lord carmichael james sutherland lord duffes andrew rollo lord rollo robert colvil lord colvil david ruthuen lord ruthuen john rutherford lord rutherford john bellenden lord bellenden david leslie lord newark james weimes lord burnt island david nairne lord nairne other officers of state these have the title of lord and precedency of all under the degree of noblemen and their eldest sons . charles maitland of hatton lord treasurer depu. sir george mack-kenzie of torbat lord register sir george mack-kenzie of roshaugh lord advocat richard maitland of duddip lord justice clerke a list of the xxxiii shires in scotland each of which send : ii barons commissioners , to serve in parliament , as the representatives of the several respective shires . edinburgh hadington berwick roxburgh selkirk peeblis lanerick drumfreis wigton aire dunbarton bute renfrew sterling linlithgow perth kincarden aberdeen innerness nairne cromartie argyle fife forfar bamff the stewarty of kirkcudbright sutherland cathness elgin orkney clackmannan ross kinross the number of the barons commissioners for the shires . lxvi a list of the royal burroughs in scotland ; each of which send only one burghess to parliament , as their representative except edinburg which sends two burghesses commissioners edinburgh perth dundee aberdeen sterling linlithgow st. andrews glasgow aire hadington dysert kirkcaldie montrose cowper in fife east-anstruther drumfreis innerness burnt island inner-keything kinghorne brechen irwing iedburgh kirkcudbright wigton dunfermling sanyhuar new galloway fort-ross dingwall dornoch queens ferrie innerara pittenweem selkirk dunbarton renfrew dunbar lanerick aberbrothock elgin peeblis crail tayne culross bamff whitherne forfar rothesay nairne forres rutherglen north berwick callen kilrinnie lauder kintor annand lochmaben inner-durie rosemarkie cromartie wick kirkwall inner-beruie the number of burghesses commissioners for the royal burroughs . lxv * note that since this present catalogue was committed to the press archibald campbell earl of argyle hath been and is attainted of high treason . finis . a true and perfect catalogue of the nobility of ireland . to mr. moses pitt at the theater in oxford sir whitehall 24. jan. 1681 / 2. your letter to my lord chamberlaine of 22. of this month his lordship hath sent me to be answered ; but the time you allot for it being the very next post , or else you say the irish catalogue will be printed , in which said catalogue t is questioned whether the present lord ossory be a peer : none can resolve that point better then my lord vicount lansbrough , who is now in ireland ; and was secretary to my lord of ormond , and concerned for his grace , and his sons , at such times when those additional honours were conferr'd upon them in england and ireland ; so that unless i be allowed time to receive his lordships answer , i dare not take upon me to speak to the point in question , so as to justifie the printing thereof . i am your most humble servant richard mulyse to my best remembrance i have heard my lord lansbrough say , that thomas butler the late earl of ossory had his place in the parliament of ireland by the kings writ as earl of ossory ; ( and to precede all other earls , but not to be a president for the future ) and in england as thomas butler baron of moore park : and that by vertue thereof james butler the present earl of ossory was to succeed to his father in the same places and honours . however i will send this night to ireland for better information . a true and perfect catalogue of the great officers of state , nobility , lords spiritual and temporal of the kingdom of ireland , according to their respective precedencies . the lord lievtenant or cheif governor james duke of ormond . princes of the blood-royal . * his royal highness james earl of ulster , duke of york in england and albany in scotland . arch-bishops ( iv ) and great officers ( ii ) ( who in respect of their offices , precede all the nobility except those of the blood-royal ) the lord arch-bishop of armagh primate of all ireland dr. michael boyle lord arch-bishop of armagh the lord chancellor michacl lord arch-bishop of armagh beforementioned the other arch-bishops the lord arch-bishop of dublin primate of ireland dr. francis marsh lord arch-bishop of dublin the lord arch-bishop of cashels dr. thomas price lord arch-bishop of cashels the lord arch-bishop of tuam dr. joseph vesey lord arch-bishop of tuam . the lord treasurer richard earl of cork dukes * james butler duke of ormond lord lievtenant of ireland ( and earl of brecknock in england ) marquesses randolph macdonnel marquess of autrim earls ( xxx ) john fitz-gerald earl of kildare henry o bryen earl of thomond william burgh alias bourke earl of clanrickard james touchet earl of castlehaven ( and baron audley in england ) richard boyle earl of cork lord treasurer of ireland by inheritance ( and earl of burlington in england ) thomas nugent earl of westmeath wentworth dillon earl of roscomon robert ridgway earl of london-derry william fielding earl of desmond ( and denbigh in england ) william brabazon earl of meath richard barry earl of barrimore richard vaughan earl of carbery ( and baron vaughan in england ) luke plunket earl of fingall thomas cromwel earl of arglas ( and baron cromwel in england ) arthur chichester earl of donnegall lambert earl of cauan william o brien earl of inchequin donnugh macarty earl of clancarty richard boyle earl of orrery charles coot earl of montrath henry moore earl of drogheda charles talbot earl of waterford and wexford ( and shrewsbury in england ) hugh montgomery earl of mount-alexander roger palmer earl of castlemain richard butler earl of arran ( and baron butler of weston in england ) nicholas taaf earl of carlingford richard power earl of tyrone richard jones earl of rannelagh francis aungier earl of longford charles-henry kirkhoven earl of bellomont ( and baron wotton in england ) uiscounts ( xlix ) jenico preston viscount gormanston david roch viscount fermoy richard butler viscount mountgarret william viliers viscount grandison arthur annesly viscount valentia ( and earl of anglesey in england ) thomas dillon viscount dillon of costillogallen nicholas nettervile viscount nettervile of dowth arthur luftus viscount luftus of elye beaumont viscount beaumont of swords arthur magenis viscount magenis of evagh thomas needham viscount kilmurry david sarsfeild viscount sarsfeild of kilmallock edward conway viscount killultagh ( and earl of conway in england ) miles burgh viscount burgh of mayo george sanderson viscount castleton patricke chaworth viscount chaworth of armagh john scudamore viscount scudamore of slygoe richard lumley viscount lumley of waterford ( and baron lumley in england ) thomas smith viscount strangford philip wenman viscount wenman of tuam carol molineux viscount molineux of marybourgh william fairfax viscount fairfax of emmely james butler viscount ikerine thomas fits-williams viscount fits-williams of merion lewis odempsi viscount glanmaleyra brien cockain viscount cullen tracy viscount tracy francis smith viscount carington of barrefore ( and baron carington in england ) richard bulkley viscount bulkley of cashells william brounker viscount brounker of lyons richard ogle viscount ogle of catherlough peircy butler viscount galmoy henry barnwell viscount kingland henry boyle viscount shannon john skeffington viscount masarene hugh cholmondley viscount cholmondley of kellis evelyn fanshaw viscount fanshaw of dromore william dungan viscount claine daniel o brien viscount clare lewis trevor viscount dungannon charles boyle viscount dungaruan ( and beareth the title in england of lord clifford ) maurice berkley viscount fitzharding of beerhaven william caulfeild viscount charlemount foliut wingfeild viscount powers-court murrogh boyle viscount blesington arthur forbes viscount granard george lane viscount lanesbrough john dawney viscount downe richard persons viscount ros bishops ( xviii ) dr. anthony doppin l. b. of meath dr. william morton l. b. of kildare dr. hugh gore l. b. of waterford dr. edward wolley l. b. of clonfert dr. john hudson l. b. of elphin dr. richard boyle l. b. of fernes and laghlin dr. roger boyle l. b. of clogher dr. essex digby l. b. of dromore dr. thomas otway l. b. of ossory dr. ezekiel hopkins l. b. of derry dr. thomas hacket l. b. of down dr. john roan l. b. of killallow dr. edward wettenal l. b. of corke dr. simon digby l. b. of limericke dr. patricke sheridan l. b. of cloyne dr. tenison l. b. of killalla dr. smith l. b. of rapho dr. william sheridan l. b. of kilmore the bishop of meath in respect of his bishoprick is always a privy counseller , and he and the bishop of kildare have constantly precedency before the rest of the bishops who take place according to the seniority of their consecrations . barons ( xxxii ) francis bermingham lord bermingham of athenry almericus ceurcy lord courcy of kingsale william fitz-morrice lord of kerry and lixnaw randolph flemming lord slane thomas st. laurence lord of howth robert barnwell baron of trimleston christopher plunket lord of dunsany peircy butler lord of dunboyne brien fitz-patricke lord of upper ossory matthew plunket lord of lowth william bourke lord bourke of castle-connel theobald butler lord of cahire toby bourke lord bourke of brittas steward lord steward of castle steward foliot lord foliot of balishannon william maynard lord maynard of wickelow ( and baron maynard in england ) richard george lord george of dandalk simon digby lord digby of geashil william fitz-williams lord fitz-williams of lifford . henry blany lord blany of monaghan henry herbert lord herbert of castle-island ( and baron herbert of chirbury in england ) john calnert lord baltimore william brereton lord brereton of laghlin henry hare lord colrane benedict sherard lord sherard of letrim claud hamilton lord hamilton of strabane francis hawly lord hawly of donamore william allington lord allington of killard john king lord kingston richard coot lord colonel richard barry lord santry altham anesly lord altham a list of all the shires cityes and burroughs of ireland which make returns of parliament with the number how many each place returns comitatus armagh 2 burrough of armagh 2 bur. of charlemount 2   6 com. antrim 2 bur. of belfast 2 bur. of carickfergus 2 bur. of lishbon 2 bur. of antrim 2   10 com. catherlaugh 2 bur. catherlaugh 2 bur. old leighlin 2   6 com. corke 2 city of corke 2 bur. of mallow 2 bur. of baltimore 2 bur. of cloghnekilty 2 bur. of bandon bridge 2 bur. of kingsale 2 bur. of younghall 2   16 com. cavan 2 bur. of cavan 2 bur. of belturbet 2   6 com. clare 2 bur. of inish 2   4 com. dublin 2 city of dublin 2 university of dublin 3 bur. of new-castle 2 bur. of swords 2   11 com. downe 2 bur. of downe 2 bur. of newtown 2 bur. of newry 2 bur. of balkillaleagh 2 bur. of bangor 2 bur. of hilsborough 2   14 com. donegal 2 bur. of lifford 2 bur. of ballyshannon 2 bur. of killbeggs 2 bur. of donegal 2 bur. of sir johns town 2   12 villa . de drogheda 2   2 com. gallway 2 bur. of gallway 2 bur. of athenry 2 bur. of tuam 2   8 com. fermanagh 2 bur. of eniskilling 2   4 com. kerry 2 bur. of traley 2 bur. of dingleicough 2 bur. of ardfart 2   8 com. kilkenny 2 civit. kilkenny 2 bur. of cullen 2 bur. of thomas town 2 bur. of gowran 2 bur. of enisteoge 2 bur. of knoctopher 2 bur. of st. kennis 2   16 com. kildare 2 bur. of kildare 2 bur. of naas 2 bur. of athy 2   8 com. regis 2 bur. of philips town 2 bur. of banagher 2   6 com. letrim 2 bur. of james town 2 bur. of carricdrumrasck 2   6 com. lymerick 2 civit. lymerick 2 bur. of kilmallock 2 bur. of askeaton 2   8 com. longford 2 town of longford 2 bur. of sir johns town 2 bur. of lanesborough 2   8 com. lowth 2 bur. carlingford 2 bur. of dundalke 2 bur. of atherdee 2   8 com. london-derry 2 civit. london-derry 2 bur. of colraine 2 bur. of limauddy 2   8 com. mayo 2 bur. of castlebarr 2   4 com. meath 2 bur. of trym 2 bur. of kells 2 bur. of navan 2 bur. of athbay 2 bur. of duleeke 2 bur. of ratooth 2   14 com. monaghan 2 bur. of monaghan 2   4 com. reginae 2 bur. of ballinakin 2 bur. of maryborough 2   6 com. roscomon 2 bur. of roscomon 2 bur. of tulske 2   6 com. sligoe 2 bur. sligoe 2   4 com. tipperary 2 bur. of clonnel 2 bur. of fetherd 2 town of cashells 2   8 com. tyrone 2 bur. of donegal 2 town of clogher 2 bur. of agber 2 bur. of strabane 2   10 com. waterford 2 civit. waterford 2 bur. of dungaruan 2 bur. of lismore 2 bur. of tallow 2   10 com. westmeath 2 bur. of athlone 2 bur. of fower 2 bur. of kilbegan 2 bur. of molingra 2   10 com. wicklow 2 bur. of wicklow 2 bur. of caresford 2 bur. of baltinglass 2   8 com. wexford 2 town of wexford 2 town of ross 2 bur. of eniscourthy 2 bur. of feathard 2 bur. of banow 2 bur. of cloghmaine 2 bur. of tughman 2 bur. of newborough 2   18 the total of parliament men returned in the whole kingdom of ireland . 275 a catalogue of books printed at the theater in oxford , since the first printing there which was in the year 1672 to 1682 ( with several others ) and sold in london , by moses pitt at the angel against the great north-door of st. pauls-church . 1682. in folio . bible for churches with chronology and an index . the english atlas vol. 1st . containing the description of the north-pole , as also muscovy , poland , sweden and denmork . the second vol. of the atlas containing half the empire of germany . the fourth vol. containing the 17 rovinces . and the third vol. containing the other half of the empire of germany . now in the press . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 sive pandectae canonum s. s. apostolorum & conciliorum ab ecclesia graeca receptorum , nec non canonicarum s. s. patrum epistolarum una cum sholijs antiquorum singulis annexis , & scriptis alijs huc spectantibus , quorum plurima e bibliothecae bodleianae , aliarumque mss. codicibus nunc primum edita , reliqua cum iisdem mss. summa fide & diligentia collata . totum opus in duos tomos divisum , gul. beveregius ecclesiae angl. presbyter recensuit , prolegomenis munivit , & annot. auxit . catalogus impressorum librorum bibliothecae bodleianae in acad. oxon. historia universitatis oxoniensis duobus voluminibus comprehensa . autore antonio a wood. oxonia illustrata , sive omnium celeberrimae istius univesitatis collegiorum , aularum &c. scenographia per dav. loggan . plantarum umbelliferarum distributio nova per tabulas cognationis & affinitatis , ex libro naturae observata & detecta , aut. rob. morrison , prof. botanico : plantarum historiae universalis oxoniensis pars 2d . seu herbarum distributio nova , per tabulas cognationis & affinitatis ex libro naturae observata & detecta . autore rob. morrison medico & professore botanico regio 1680. the history of lapland english. marmora oxoniensia , ex arundelianis , seldenian is , aliisque conflata , &c. cum notis lydiati & aliorum . per humph. prideaux . the natural history of oxford-shire , being an essay towards the natural history of england . by r. plot , l. l. d. theatri oxoniensis encaenia , sive comitia philologica , jul. 6. anno 1677. celebrata . dr. pocock's commentary on micha and malachi . iamblichus chalcidensis de mysteriis aegyptiorum graec. lat. interprete t. gale. regis aelfredi vita , cum notis . a short view of the late troubles in england from the year 1637 to 1660 by sir william dugdale kt. garter king of arms ( this book was presented the queens majesty by the university of cambridge when they entertained the king and queen in the year 1681 ) . d. cypriani opera notis illustrata . in the press . gualteri charletoni m. d. onomasticon zoicon , editio secunda , priori longe auctior . josephus gr. lat. cum notis . in the press . irenaej opera . gr. lat. provinciales constitutiones angliae , per guil. lyndwood . hugonis grotij opera omnia theologica intres tomos divisa . lond. 1679. labbaei glossaria latino-graeca & graeco-latina . paris 1679. huetii ( pet. dan ) demonstratio evangelica ad serenis . delphinum paris 1679. episcopij ( simonis ) opera theologica cum horis hebraicis & talmudicis in acta apostolorum . 1678. charras pharmacopoea , galenical & chymical . websters display of witchcraft , wherein is affirm'd that there are many sorts of deceivers and imposters . 1677. the history of the council of ttent written by patre paolo , translated into english , to which is added his life . the journal of st. amour dr. of sorbonne , concerning the five famous propositions . johan . scotus de divisione naturae . de ratione ac jure finiendi controversias ecclesiae disputatio authore herb. thorndike . theses theologicae variis temporibus in academia sedanensi editae , & ad disputandum propositae . authore ludovico le blanc verbi divini ministro & theologiae professore . in quibus exponitur sententia doctorum ecclesiae romanae , & protestantium . 1675. price 20 s. dr. henry hammond's sermons . 1675. a table of ten thousand square numbers , by john pell d. d. sticht , 1 s. 6 d. tuba stentoro-phonica , or the speaking-trumpet ; being an instrument of excellent use both at sea and land ; by sir samuel morland . price of the book 1 s. of the instrument 2 l. 5 s. catalogus librorum in regionibus transmarinis nuper edirorum . the commentaries and life of julius caesar , containing his wars in gallia , and the civil wars betwixt him and pompey , with the notes of clement edmonds . 1677. 16 s. taverneirs travels into persia , the east indies , tounquin &c. vol. 2. in quarto . several english bibles with the liturgy , apocrypha , singing psalms and chronology . icones & descriptiones rariorum plantarum siciliae , melitae , galliae & italiae . autore paulo boccone . common prayer-books . theophilus and philodoxus , 4 controversial dialogues , of prayer in an unkown tongue . the half communion . the worshipping of images . the invocation of saints . by gilb. cole d. d. the divine authority of scripture , a sermon by dr. allestree . the character of the last days , a sermon by dr. johu fell lord bishop of oxford . tractatus maimonidis de donis pauperum , cum versione latina & notis hum. prideaux art. mag . ex aed . chr. historia jacobitarum in aegypto , lybia , nubia , aethiopia tota , & parte cypri insulae habitantium , per jos. abudacnum . a view and survey of the dangerous 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visum ) dialogo de causis corruptae eloquentiae , quae omnia notis illustrantur . nemesii philosophi & episcopi● de natura hominis lib. unus , denuo recognitus & manuscriptorum collatione in integrum restitutus , annotationibusque insuper illustratus , graec. lat. west barbary , or a short narrative of the revolutions of the kingdom of fez and morocco , with an account of the present customs , sacred , civil , and domestic , by l. addison . homeri ilias , cum scholiis didymi gr. theocritus cum scholiis graecis . aratus cum scholiis gr. suetonius tranquillus , cum notis . de ecclesiae graecae statu hodierno epist. per tho. smith s. s. th. bac. gul. oughtredi opuscula hactenus inedita . caii plinii caecilii secundi epistolae & oratio panegyrica , cum notis illustratae . rhetores selecti , gr , lat , demetrius philereus , de elocutione ; tiberius rhetor , de schematibus demosthenis ; anonymus sophista , de rhetorica ; severi alexandrini ethiopoeiae . demetrium emendavit , reliquos e mss. 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solutionibus . 1655. francisci redi experimenta circa res diversas naturales , speciatim illas quae ex indiis adferuntur , 1675. aulus gellius . besterfeldus redivivus . herls wisdoms tripos . wilkins beauty of providence . gramatica rationis . bishop andrews devotions gr. lat. athenagorae apologia pro christianis & de resurréctione mortuorum gr. lat. lactantius de mortibus persecutorum & passionibus s. perpetuae & felicitatis . several other antient books and ms. preparing for the press . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a36790-e1160 * * i was assured by mr. william burton of lindley in leicestershire that mr. erdswike did to him acknowledge , he was the author of that discourse , though he gave leave to mr. wyrley ( who had been bred up under him ) to publish it in his own name . this mr. erdswike from pulick records and antient evidences compiled a brief , but elaborate work , of the antiquities of staffordshire , as yet not made publick by the press , which is now in the hands of an eminent and learned gentleman of that county , walter chetwind esq † † see more of him in the institution of the garter of el. ashmole esq. * * this was done in a poem then published in print by the say'd mr. wyrley an . 1592. of these two persons , but writ by mr. erdswike . * * this jaques d'arvell was a wealthy citizen of gant , and had great interest and authority in flanders under k. edw. 3. in opposition to the french , as the hist , of that time do amply shew . * * viz in the poem mentioned in the margent of pag. 1. † † such as lie cross-legg'd are those who were in the wars of the holy land , or vowed to go and were prevented by death . in the collegiate church of houden in yorkshire lyeth a fair cross-leg'd figure of a man in armour of male ; on whose sheild is the arms of metham of metham a worshipful family in those parts ; as also another of his wife lying close by him , with her leggs also a cross ; by which it may seem that she accompanied him in one of these expeditions . * * this must be understood of subjects ; for k. edward the confessor did use a seale . * * taken out of his papers in the cottonian library . * * henr. spelmanni aspilagia impr. lond. 1654 pag. 140. * * the theatre of honour &c. by andrew favine a french man , translated into english , printed at london an . 1623. lib. 1. cap. 1. pag. 11. a a any kind of partitions . b b flanching bearing upon flanches . c c partitions in base of any sort . d d placing something over all . e e a forme of dancetty . f f turned and counterchanged . g g all sorts of ermins and vairy . h h lozenges rarouranal pierced . i i with the bend. k k double-cotized . l l embatelled m m chardg'd with six leaves of any sort . the elements of armories bolton, edmund, 1575?-1633? 1610 approx. 296 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 117 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2005-03 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a16308 stc 3220 estc s114354 99849580 99849580 14737 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a16308) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 14737) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1475-1640 ; 655:3) the elements of armories bolton, edmund, 1575?-1633? [16], 201, [15] p. : ill. (woodcuts) printed by george eld, at london : 1610. dedication signed: e.b., i.e. edmund bolton. includes index. a variant (stc 3220.5) has title "edm: bolton his elements of armories". reproduction of the original in cambridge university library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng heraldry -early works to 1800. 2004-02 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2004-03 spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images 2004-11 andrew kuster sampled and proofread 2004-11 andrew kuster text and markup reviewed and edited 2005-01 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the elements of armories . at london printed by george eld . 1610. c. sallvstivs crispvs . verumenimuerò is demùm mihi viuere , et frui animâ videtur , qui aliquo negotio intentus , praeclari facinoris , aut artis bonae famam quaerit . to the right honorable , henrie , earle of northampton , baron howard of marnhill ; lord privie sealt ; lord warden of the cinqve forts ; one of the lords , commissioners for the earle-marshalship of england ; knight of the most noble order of the garter : vvorthie of all the honors dve to high vvisdome , virtve , and learning ; his most honored good lord . e. b. vvillinglie , hvmblie , and deservedlie , dedicateth these his elements of armories . the opinions , and offices of sundry choyce , and quallified gentlemen , friendes to the author , touching these his elements of armories . a letter to the author from the worthy , william segar esquire , garter , principall king of armes . syr , i haue viewed your elementary booke of armories , and , in my poore iudgment , doe approue the same no lesse singular for the deuice , then generall for the matter , and absolutely the best of any in that kind . your labours deserue encouragements by how much they are written freely , and ingeniously , and may be called as well the aliments as the elements of armories , for that they nourish the mind of the reader with a profitable , and pleasing satiety of excellent matter . finis coronat opus , your good wine needs no garland . yet because it was your pleasure i should deliuer you mine opinion thereof , i haue aduentured to say thus much . and with the same recommend my loue vnto you . 14. april . 1610. your louing friend william segar , garter a letter to the author from the excellently learned in our antiquities and in all other humane literature william camden esquire , clarencevx king of armes . syr , whereas your desire is that i should deliuer my full opinion of your booke which you lately sent , and submitted to my censure . i assure you if my iudgement be any ( which i acknowledge to bee very little ) you haue with that iudicious learning , & insight handled armorie the subiect of my profession ▪ that i cannot but approue it , as both learnedly , and diligently discouered from his first cradle : and could not but allow it , if i were censor librorum publicâ authoritate constitutus , as you know i am not . pardon me that i am so breefe , for neyther my head , nor my hand can as yet performe that which they should , and would , vntill the almighty shall restore me to former ( health ) to whose protection i commend you , and yours , resting 11. iune . 1609. your louing friend william , camden , clarencevx . a letter to the avthor from his late deare friend the graue , and courtly thomas bedingfield esquire , late maister of his maiesties tents , and toilz &c. deceased . syr , your elements of armories , i haue seene , but censure them i dare not : blinde eyes can iudge no colours , and ignorance may not meddle with excellent conceit . this only : i will admire your work , & wish you to proceed . if you permit these discourses to wander abroad , they shall meet with more men to maruail , then vnderstand them . that is the worst : i returned them in haste ; fearing to foule the paper , or iniury the inck. from clerckenwel . 27. mar. 1609. your very louing friend thomas bedingfield . postscr . syr , if you adde , or write more , i pray you make me a partaker . i say with petrark . stanco non satio mai . a letter to the avthor , from the learned young gentleman . i. b. of grace-dieu in the county of leicester esquier . syr , i haue here with many thanks returned to you , your profound discourse of the elements of armories , which i haue read ouer with great profit , & delight : for , i confesse , that till now i neuer saw any thing in this kind worthy the entertainment of a studious mind , wherin you haue most commendably shewed your skill , finding out rare , and vnknowne beauties in an art , whose highest perfection , the meanest wits , if they could blazon , and repeat pedigrees , durst heretofore ( but shall not now ) challenge . our sight ( which of all senses wee hold y e dearest ) you haue made more precious vnto vs , by teaching vs the excellent proportions of our visible obiects . in performance wherof as you haue followed none , so haue you left it at a rash , and desperate aduenture for any to follow you : for he , that only considers your choice copie of matter without forcing , will find it an hard talk to equall your inuention , not to speake of your iudiciall method , wherin you haue made your workmanship excell your subiect , though it bee most worthy of all ingenuous industry . beleeue me syr in a word , i cannot but highly admire your attempt so wel performed , and among many others will be an earnest furtherer of that benefit , which this dull age of ours ( in this our country , carelesse of al but gainful arts ) claimeth at your hands . in which hope i rest . 29. nouemb. 1609. your most louing friend iohn beavmont . h. c. to the gentleman reader . if thou desire to knowe the reason why , thou doo'st in sheild the armes of honour bear , this booke will say that they by nature were the hieroglyphicks of nobility . it shewes beside , how art doth beautifie what nature doth inspire , and how each-where all arts conion'd in this art do appeare , by structure of a choyce phylosophie . geometrie giues lines in ordred place , numbers arithmetick , and thou may'st see how all in optick colours honour thee . but since that virtue which adorn'd the race from whence thou did'st descend was ground of al , haue care to follow it , or all will fall . m r. hvgh holland to his learned friend m r. e. b. the author vpon his elements of armorie's . my maister camden , sacred king of armes , who bounds with heau'n , aswell as sea our soile , so prosed and so praised hath thy toyle , as here no need is of my sorry charmes . to boast it though , my braines apollo warmes , where ( like in iove's ) minerva keeps a coile , yet i a drone shall but thy hony spoile , thou art the * maister be of all the swarmes . deepe is his iudgement , spatious is his witte , and high his fame that can in armes enfold vvhat eyther sea , or land , or heauen hold : philosophers are in a greeuous fitte to see ( whil'st enuy doth with reason storme ) new elements , new matter , and new form. another of the same by apostrophe to phoebvs , finishing in a symbolicall allusion , to the most noble earle of northhampton . on , bolt on phoebvs , spend thy golden shafts , and guild these papers with thy glorious rayes : crown euery leaf with leaues of flowring bayes , and crown the author with thy laurell grafts . they treat the mystical'st of generous crafts , that shewes what arms were born in antique daies , by whom , & where , why , and how many wayes , on sheilds , and blades not set in dugeon haftes . thou , & minerva grace them in the sight of that great lord , whose iudgment they rely on , for as no eye dare face thy glorious light vvhen as thou reignest in the golden lion. so dare no curre against them ope his iaw , once seis'd into the silver lion's pawe . the author to the generous , and learned reader . in foure bookes it seem'd to mee , that the matter of armo'ries ( neuer as yet deliuer'd in the better , and remoter parts thereof , but euen vntill this day ( for ought that euer i could gather to the contrary ) remaining altogether vntoucht ) was aptly ( as in a pandect , or digest ) comprehensible . and those foure ( as i conceiued ) might bee these : their 1. elements . 2. fabrick . 3. mysteries . 4. vindex . 1. the elements teaching the simple , abstract , pure , and remote materials , and causes of armo'ries , of which ( as words of letters ) they consist . 2. the fabrick teaching the putting-together of those elements , and how they constitute armorial bodies ; with other speculations proper to the compositiue part . 3. the mysteries teaching what those armoriall bodies so constituted do purport , meane , or signifie ; all cleared with rules , and examples . 4. the vindex , assertor , or champion , teaching how this philosophie may bee freed from contempt , and who is truly noble , and worthy to bee honored with armories . but , generous , and learned reader ( for to such onely doth this part of humane letters appertaine ) of those foure in proiect ( through manifold inter-turbations ) there is only , and scarce performed vnto thee the first : the elements of armories ; which here thou hast . my farther scope , and counsels thou shalt bee priuie vnto ▪ if thou make the tenth chapter of the booke worthy thy thorough-view ; whether i transmit thee . onely i must not here forget , that ( without respect to my priuate ) i haue , vpon occasion in all the course of my present youth spent much time , and coyne , to view in person the chiefe places of england , and ireland , to conuerse the better with our antiquities in that kind , aswell to perfect thereby mine owne speculations , as that i might ( whē opportunity would ) deliuer vnto thee things certain & pure , without abuse , or innouatiō . other things briefly to praemonish thee of are these . 1. that a competent reader cannot lack so much language as may serue to interpret betweene him-selfe , and some few harder words , or places in the booke . 2. that language onely , or common diligence can make no armorist without genius , and a maister . 3. that the way to learne excellently , is to beleeue excellently , for a meane conceit of a profession begets but a small proficience . 4. that in the deliuery of elementarie matter i haue , for thy cause , rather vsed interlocution , then set , or continuous speech , as more apt to enter a learner , for whose cause also at the end of the booke are annexed sundry tables . 5. that at the first reading to lay them downe , or away , either as too hard , or as now too stale , doth argue alike vanitie , the one of too much abiection , the other of too little stedfastnesse . 6. that if thou wilt vse the pleasant obiects , and condimentall parts thereof to relish , and draw-on the rest the better , thou holdest the right rule of profiting thy selfe . 7. that all is properly meant , and written herein to them that are filij artis , and willing to coöperate with the fauour of the armoriall muse. how thou ( my reader ) doo'st in present thinke of armories , and what minde thou bringest with thee , as i know not , so ( howsoeuer ) i may yet say a little in this place , notwithstanding that which is spoken throughout my whole booke , to the same purpose , considering the generall state of opinions touching them , that thou mai'st the rather be induced to thinke thy diligence in perusall of the whole , not ill-emploid ; or i , in thy riper , and sounder iudgment stand the more iustified , or at leastwise the lesse condemned for hauing taken so much paine to pleasure thee . armories therefore occurring euery-where , in seales , in frontes of buildings , in vtensils , in all things ; monarcks vsing them , mighty peeres , and in briefe , all the noble tàm maiorum , quàm minorum gentium , from caesar to the simplest gentleman , yet all of them ( for the more part ) most vnknowingly , very few ( euen of the most studious ) do sildome goe any farther then to fill vp a wide wardrobe with particular coates : whose zeale notwithstanding is worthy to know the ▪ better things thereof : that other beeing no more the thing , then bookes not vnderstood are learning . for in them ( i may without racking the value affirme ) are all the thems , and theorems of generous knowledges , from whence doth breath so sweet an aër of humanity as thy manners cannot but take , and mix thereby with true gentility , and noblesse . the outward parts of her palace are beautifide with infinit obiects full of all variety & comlinesse : the walks ▪ & mazes which she vseth are those enwrapped circles of ingenuous sciences which the learned do entitle cyclopaedie : her presence , and most inward retirements haue all the most christian , haeroick , and cardinall virtues , & for handmaides excellent affections , without which the arguments , & externall testimonies of noblesse are nothing worth . hee that in the trust of any auditories ignorance , or basenesse shall say , all this is vaine , must be answered , that this is no otherwise vaine then as omnia vanitas . in any other good or honorable sense thou canst not ( i thinke ) but confesse that armorie is a maiesty worthy thy seruice : wherevnto if names of men , rather then things themselues can perswade , thou canst not bee vnknowing how many of our late , and presently both greatest , and wisest haue heretofore , and now in present doe honor it . neither doth she want her part also in our cōmon-weal●● and they , who sit chiefe in the primum mobile of state , be thinke themselues , how to enlighten britain with the beams of restored honor. to praeöcupate more satisfaction till thy minde bee farther knowne , were meerely for me to diuine of obiections , but when thou expoundest thy selfe vnto mee , thou shalt be most assured of my farthest diligence to keepe thee mine . fare-well . the elements of armo'ries . the contents . 1. the conference betweene two knights , sir evstace , and sir amias , begun by apostrophe . 2. the motiues thereof . 3. single coates , and their elements the matter . 4. vlysses taxation of his antagonist proper to our ignorant gentlemen . 5. the maisters high perswasion of the studie . 6. wisdome in it . 7. marbles , coynes , characterismes , hieroglyphicks , and the like , not so worthy of obseruation . 8. the maister giues his lawes of hearing , and is endented-with for a familiar method . chap. 1. evstace . bvt sir , the happy confederacie of fit time , and place with my desires , hauing brought you into those straits out of which there is no euasion , saue onely by the abrupt of discourtesie ; i must briefly presse you concerning the elements of armoiries . a. i perceiue you are loth ( good sir evstace ) to be any longer ignorant . e. how can i choose but bee very loth , hauing accidentally the other day seene at your hands a sample of the ware , and since found it full of rich metall , and not to bee base marckasite , or stuffe vnworthy the garnish of honor : as also no lesse , for that now i can neuer close vp a letter , but my very seale , though dumbe , as it is , vpbraids mine ignorance , wherein when i behold mine ancestors peculiar coat of armes , i must confesse they haue left me that , by which though i claime to bee a gentleman , yet neither know i what it symboliseth , nor out of what elements , reasons , or grounds of arte , ( your promised and singled vndertaking ) mine or the like are composed . a. and what though you know not ? e. mary , i might very well resemble my selfe to one of those blew-gown'd targat-bearers , who in london vpon their lord mayors day , beare shields of armes , with as little knowledge what they are , as proprietie in them : standing dully thereby ( as hitherto i haue done ) within full distance of that scorne , — neque enim clypei caelamina-norit , where-with the prudent greeke taxed his antagonist , in the strife of achilles shield . a. some-what you say now sir evstace : and as for mee , my youth , and leisure haue euer , i must confesse ( to deale ingenuously with you ) been taken with the study , as with that which seem'd , euen at first , the proper of noblesse , but afterward , of wisdome also . which speculation , as ordinary diligence can hardly reach vnto , so yet , if it shall not be found eccentrick to the philosophers greatest circle , but mouing vpon the self-same axell with vniuersall knowledge ( i will not say comprehending it ) neither may the speculation before-said seeme illusiue , nor hee , who neglects their deeper sense ( seeing armes haue their certaine principles , method , vse , and theorie ) and yet will challenge the honorable right of bearing them , disdeine to heare with the same antagonist , postulat vt capiat quae non intelligit arma . e. it can therefore be no vniust complaint , that no man hath hitherto handled this whole argument according to the dignity , as if the fate thereof , and of our countries historie were the same , which as yet hath found no muse. a. an hard fate , you will easily confesse . e. a very hard , and very vnworthy . if therefore i can be content for the antiquities sake , to pore on a coine halfe-worne out , or ( for like reason ) on a marble , where ( though the letters were whole , and vndefaced ) yet the antique character would make it hard to read , why not then as soone on the hieroglyphicks of armes , seeing armes , or armoiries , are no lesse properly the cypher of true armorists , then hierogramms of the aegyptian sages ? a. true. e. so shall it be my contentment ( gentle sir amias ) to obtaine by your friendship , the lustre , and aduantage which knowledge giues to them that haue it , aboue others . a. yet so , as still i submit my selfe , and iudgment to theirs , that are indeed true maisters of this mysterie . onely looke not heere in the proofe of doctrines for vouchmēts of many authors ( which are but as rubs in a familiar discourse , and the proper ambition of schollers ) but rather in a place by themselues , if need require heereafter . for , seeing you will needes draw mee into this new , and perilous sand , you are not as yet to hope any higher priuiledge then as of a puny auditor , whose chiefe part is to beleeue . how-beit ( not altogether to tyrannize your obedience ) take vnto you the liberty of demaund , and , where i chance to bee magistrall , rest assured , that it is far from imposture in me , or wilful negligence . although you might looke that i should perhaps haue bene more exact , and punctual , had i made it the maine of my course , and not parergon , landskep , and by-worke onely ; but much more , for that misdoubting my youth , and iudgement , i had laid the thought thereof aside for the ninthe yeares censure . a rule not lesse important , and necessary for him that shall dare so high , and new a way in this kinde , as for those who meditate matter for eternity in poems . e. i accept the law you giue . neuerthelesse , though it bee not a schollers office to prescribe a method to the doctor , yet , because it is a principall rule of decorū to speake to the vnderstanding of the party , and i knowe best what sutes my selfe ; vse i pray so meere a catechizing method , as if you would instruct mee how to spell the crosse-row of armes , for perhaps it may doe good the rather . a. i am not affraid least my playnesse may bee called insufficiency . the contents . 2. vvhat the maister vnderstands here by armoiries , and gentlemen 2. of their supposed first deuisers . 3. that in god only their originall is to be found . 4. the notion of ensignement , naturall . chap. 2. evstace . what therefore meane you by armes ? a. such painted , hereditable , and armoriall marks , as by which gentlemen are knowne , first from the ignoble , and then one from the other . e. why say you painted ? a. because colors giue them life , and they seeme not aliue , but ( like the promethean man of clay ) both blind , and dead as it were , till quickned with the light of colours , as the other with fire from heauen . e. why hereditable rather then hereditary ? a. as wel for that those armoiries which ar of the first bearing , as those which escheat , or are buried with the owners for want of heires , are not hereditary , though both of them are hereditable : for they of the first sort came not from ancestors , and yet may descend , ( that is , may be inherited , if the prime atchieuer , or purchasour haue a line all successor ) & if the other do not descend , it is only through a faile , or fault in the bearer : but , how-soeuer , if they answer not the rules of armory ( a word of large content , and comprehension ) and that also with such analogie as the qualities of circumstances do require ( in which the reason of bearing liues , and whereof the skill is properly an appurtenance of symbolicall phylosophy , which handleth the causes and misteries of armes ) all the rest are nothing . e. who is then your gentleman ? a. simply , and onely for the present , the lawfull bearer of such markes , or tokens of noblesse . e. who first ordayned them ? a. meane you what man , or woman ? e. i doe . a. you think that thing is knowne to heralds , or to armorists , but i suppose it is not . for , neyther olybion , nor asterial , nor any such cloud-borne creature euer did , as i conceiue , ordaine them . although , i cannot be ignorant , that the glory hereof is giuen by herodotvs to the cares ( people of asia the lesse ) by others to the aegiptians : but both , with like proof , as the inuention of letters to the phoenicians , vnlesse wee confesse them more ancient then the hebrevves . e. indeed the chiefes , and , as they are called , coryphes in euery profession , are commonly blazed the founders , as atlas in astronomy , aescvlapivs in medicine , whose only fortune it was , to com after their fore-fathers obseruations , with better'd wits , and more dilligence . when as indeed , sciences haue their foundations in nature , and neyther growe , nor decrease , but onely to vs , to whome time , and obseruation doe vnlocke them . a. be that as it will , or may , i , for my part , know not him ( to speake after my manner , that is , plainly ) who first bare armes ( to vse the vulgar word ) nor doe i acknowledge any primary author , but in almighty god , the prototypon , arch-type , or original paterne . e. no ? how then ? a. had armes , or ensignes ( like heresies , or some mechanical crafts , as printing , and artillery ) any first certaine author , it were a plaine demonstration against their primaeuity ; but , if you wil haue me declare my selfe , my opinion is , that the notion of ensignement is vniuersal , and natural , and that vse in warre did first deduce , or communicate distinguisht sheildes , from that notion , & ( after bloudy warre ) that ambition , to retaine in peace the honors , gotten by armes , might take them downe from their triumphant tholes , and sacred trophaees , and so conueigh them to posterity ; the sonne , holding him-selfe , no lesse the heire of his auncestors glory , then of his name , and lands , by which , thinges haue in time growne so exact , and complete , as now wee see . e. your opinion leads mine , though it seemes you straine the word armes beyond the proper vse . a. to march strōg toward my iustificatiō , i therfore added ensignement , or ensigne , which comprehends the other , being in it selfe equiuocall to armories , and all other notes of noblesse , honor , or praeeminence . e. so as you would bee thus vnderstood , that ensignes , or ensignement , began with the creation of things , and that the notion is imprinted in nature , though the whole vse , and limitation ( as to the purpose of our present armories ) bee not . a. you haue taken the iust height of my meaning . the contents . 1. the knowne vse of armes , as antient at least as moses . 2. vnknowne to the maister , by what degrees they came to their present excellence . 3. not very much to bee found of them in remotest antiquities . 4. the maisters opinion of some shields in the famous old poets . 5. about the time of charles the great , they began to take a rule , and in these later ages perfection . 6. the fucus , and vnsure glosse of doubtfull , or forged antiquities disauowed . chap. 3. evstace . armes then , euen in our sence , haue beene of long continuance . a. they haue : for they who , out of singularitie , or waxen seales about the norman conquest , argue to the contrary , doe make their flight but with icarvs wings . e. when began they ? a. that also is to mee vnknowne , but the eldest , and best record of their generall vse , is in the sacred stories written by moses . but i can aswell show the growth of a flowre , or the instances of motion in the shadow of a diall , as sodeinly how , or when they came by degrees to the present magnificence , and flourishing estate wherein they are . e. hath the encrease beene so insensible ? a. the want of written monuments makes it seeme so . e. certainly , the greekes , with whom hath bin the vniuersall staple of antiquities ( for , as for the latins ( who but as it were a while since came to be learned ) they haue not much , and the syrian , caldean , and more profoundly learned aegyptian ( as the people , among whom the hebrevvs , gods owne scholers , dwelt ) haue little obuious ) do heere , and there , make famous commemoration of shields , and crests . a. they do . but those deuises were , for the more part , arbitrary , not armorially formall . for , neither had achilles shield in homer , nor that more artificiall one ( if it bee lawfull to commit two such poets together ) of aeneas in virgil , any thing , almost , of that which armorists call a coate , and whereof we entreate , but were rather , certain places of art , for disposition , & conueiance , where the poets tooke occasion to vtter some maiesticall inuention , by way , either of abridgment , induction , recapitulation , or the like . nor let any one imagin , that agamemnons deuise ( or other described by homer ) was precisely a faire coat of armes , vnlesse you would take some one , or two principall things of many ; and the like is to bee said of those in virgil . neuerthelsse their examples do strongly conuince the antiquity , or antienty of armes , which from the time of charles the great haue both growne more familiar , & by industrious men from time to time ( the care of christian honor then most florishing ) beene refined , lawes established for their due bearing , and finally augmented with obseruations , applied to the seuerall dignities of seuerall persons . so that now i see not why wee should not thinke them absolute in all their numbers , as one of the things ( among very few ) reseru'd to bee finished in these our daies . e. the common opinion is , that armes had a more certaine beginning . a. perhaps so ; for there are not wanting , who do say that almost before the flowd , such a prince , commonweale , or kingdome bare such , and such a shield , or painted symboll . in so much , that i , for my part , haue euer look'd , when on a sodaine these marueilous men would as readily tell vs what armes , or badge noahs arke it selfe did carry in the sterne , as we out of the acts of the apostles written by s. lvke , can informe our selues what name the ship which transported s. pavl was known by . and albeit i am exceedingly farre from dishonoring , or from not zelously honoring , any venerable moniments of wit , or antiquity , yet am i as far from promiscuous subscription to vncertaine glosses , or of vouching them to make a fucus . the contents . 1. the maister is necessarily drawne backe to demonstrate that the notion of ensignement ( true fountaine of armoiries ) is naturall ▪ 2. scene in the heauens and countenances of men . 3. proued in natures owne practise , marking out her chiefe workes with notes of noblesse , 4. examples , alexander the monarch , octavivs cesar , and our souereign , king iames him selfe . 5. their natiue markes . 6. instinct , and common notion causes of like armes to tydevs , and miramammoline . 7. the like of caspar , and balthasar two of the mages , or kings in s. mathews gospell . chap. 4. e. may i beleeue that armes and ensignes , and the notion of ennobling by notes is vniuersall , and so , primarily founded in nature ? a. i intend not , as i said before , to encumber the leuell of my present way with many proofs ; and yet it should seeme , like one of the incredulous , you craue a signe . elements are the pole-star of my voiage ; elements the subiect matter of my discourse , and you may safely , in the meane space , beleeue . e. yet a slight tast of this truth would do well . a. whatsoeuer is vniuersally so taken vp , as that it is found , and practised ( at leastwise in proportion to their knowledges ) among all nations , aswell ciuill as barbarous , that ( vndoubtedly ) hath foundation in nature , and therfore ennoblishment by external notes as well as embasements , or brandings : for of contraries the reason is the same . e. your antecedent is granted , but , that ensignement is vniuersall , and the notion thereof ( true fountaine of armories as you pretend ) naturall , which you assume to prooue , how doth that appeare ? a. it will appeare as soone as you but cast your eye ( though with-out enlarging spectacles ) vpon the goodly booke of the world , the noble creatures wherein are admirably distinguished , with signes of that nobility . the heauens haue their ensignes , and notes , their colours , and charges , and of them some apparently more excellent then the other : and ( not to make an exact enumeration of parts ) doe but behold the countenances of men , how , like to seuerall coates of armes , by complexion , lineament , and a thousand alterations of aspect , they are diuersifi'd , and that with degrees of dignitie , one from the other . nature her selfe , for farther confirmation , shall present vnto you figures , wrought by her own hand , and penicill , as marking out by them her cheife maister-peeces . for , of what other sort are ( i beseech you ) the genitiuall notes printed vpon some supereminent princes in their mothers womb ? alexander the great was borne with the impression of a lion , if i mistake not the figure : nor lesse to bee admired was that , which svetonivs writes of octavivs cesar , vpon whose brest , & bellie genitiuae notae . as he calls them , were so dispeirst , as they imitated , both in their order , and number , the stars in the celestiall beare . but i were too inofficious , if i should not here remember our own most renowned king , with those two , the principall maiesties of the former worlds , for so much as , vpon him also , the figure of a lyon was alike naturally set . e. wee haue heere ( in mine vnderstanding ) natures heraldry in her owne works . a. which workes as she hath thus ennobled , so common notion ( deriued out of her ) taught tydevs ( if i mis-remember not his armes in aeschylvs ) and miramammoline , a king of moores tydevs miramammoline . ( if spanish heralds say true ) to beare , in their seuerall sheilds , the resemblances of the starry firmament with slender variations : though men so far in sunder as thebes , and toledo , farther in time , farthest in knowledge one of the other . their countries , their languages , their religions , their habits , their manners , ( the one a greek , the other a b●rbarian ) beeing most discrepant . which effect of common notion ( hauing so celestial a paterne ) is the more to bee wondered at , if two of the kinges ( commonly called of colein , for that belike their reliques are there ) who guided by the orientall starre came to worship our saviovr iesvs christ , bare the like arguments in their sheildes as virgilivs pictor the norimberger , caspar . balthasar . in his booke of printed scucheons beares vs in hand . the pictures of which ( more for pleasure in the variety , then for any canonicall proofe , although i neyther can , nor doe disproue them ) i haue heere bestowed vpon you . and thus much credit besides , must i needes doe this tradition , that in the most noble mother church of our nation , canterbvrie , you may vpō a wal , on the left hand , as you enter into the north i le of the first quire , behold in uery ancient worke , two armories like to these , plainly painted in the banners of those kinges , where the whole story of their comming to adore our lord , then newly borne , is pourtraid : which doth sufficiently discharge that norimberger from hauing first deuised them , those paintings beeing vndoubtedly far older then his grand-great-grand-father . the contents . 1. the state of things , in their first rudenesse , surest test to try the former proposition . 2. the necessity shewes their vniuersality . 3. how far we are to extend the word barbarous in speaking of the barbarovs , or savages . 4. the analogie of outward distinctions , with the persons by them distinguished . 5. names among the barbarovs . king holata ovtina his distinctiue notes . 7. the nobles of mexico . 8. a secret fountaine of true armories . chap. 5. evstace . if i saw the vse vniuersall i could not but beleeue that the notion were naturall . a. the vniuersality of the vse of ensignements , or of ennoblishing by outward notes , is not hardly proued . let the ciuil worlds , and people passe , as in the which it may truly be obiected , that there ( like other ornaments ) they might be perhaps excogitated , and reflect wee but vppon tramountain antiquities , or the state of people , and things such as they were in their first rudenesse , as the surest test , and touch to trye this proposition by , nothing then will wee bee more demonstrable . for , from pole to pole , and ouer the whole globe ordaind for the dwellings of men , no people is so forlorne , which affords not proofe to this point , nor that as it were by a contagion , or taking from one and other , but meerely out of common notion , which concluding the necessity of outward distinctions ( for how otherwise shall the soueraigne bee knowne from the subiect , or one worthy subiect from another ? & my hope is that no man will be so super-paradoxall , as to deny a subordination in nature among men , and differences of degrees , and states , as there are of vse , and merit ) by that naturall light disposeth of those shapes which imagination tendreth for vsefull , and that also with some analogy betweene the quality of the person bearing , and the ensigne borne . for when wee talke of barbarous nations , no man of any iudgement depriues them of their resonable part , though they want elegancie , and ciuill formes , or knowledges . this therefore being a matter falling necessarily into common sense , and vse , hee were very vnmindefull of the honour of our creation , who shold imagine that any people ( how brutish soeuer ) could be without ensignement , & seuerall externall notes , and those also ( out of the same naturall ground ) not wanting the analogy , and proportion whereof wee formerly spake . which wee may gather by the names among the sauage indians , those of their princes , and peers being found to beare lofty significations , but the vulgar not so . and so farre forth doth nature instruct men to be obseruant hereof , that the very canibals ( anthropophages , or men-eaters of america ) are called among thēselues by the names of cruel beastes . hence it is that you shall not truely read , or heare , that among any barbarous , the lions skin , or like spoiles of the nobler creatures , are the indument of an ordinary groome ; or that euery common soldier doth weare such feather , colour , or other distinction with those of prime quality . so , holata ovtina ( interpreted ( i thinke ) king of kings ) in florida was painted red , and none but he were so coloured , saue onely some such choyse young soldiers as were of principall agility . common sense tells the rudest nations , that names of high signification ( such as glorious starre , light of the world , lamp of glorie , or as of ther gods themselues , as was vsed in mexico , where all the noble had denomination of some one , or other of their idols ) do no way sort with a worthlesse groundling , or ignoble companion . but of this ( as a secret fountaine of true armories , and not the least mystery in the wisdome of nature , taught vs in symbolicall philosophie , in which the matter of armes is truely comprehended ) elsewhere . hereby it is ( as i coniecture ) cleared , that the notion is vniuersall , and therefore natural , and againe ( turning but as it were the tables ) we may say naturall and therefore vniuersall . many fest examples whereof it were not hard to depourtray vnto you out of the barbarous worlds ; the same being no lesse verifiable in the ciuill . and from this common notion ; imprest in nature , armes , or armories ( the present matter of our conference ) claime their parentage . the contents . 1. things elementary to the elements of armories . 2. the maister refuseth not farther to demonstrate their vniuersality , 3. without helpe of examples from the hebrews , greeks , or romans . 4. indian anthropophages , floridians , and virginians . 5. their markes . 6. notes of vassallage no original of armes . 7. the maister beginns his vniuersall suruey . 8. the brigants , & other britanns . 9. resembled by a famous antient writer to the old worthies at troy . 10. blew colour symbolicall to the britans . 11. the agathyrsian paintings . 12. gildas vouched . 13. probable that the britans had figures aswell as colours vpon their bodies , and bucklers , 14. and the picts , or pightiad . 15. tomitans , or getes . 16. of the germans , and saxons . 17. a famous place in tacitvs of the german shields , seconded with some other from thence of strange seeming purport . 18. our hengist the saxon his name , and probable armes . 19. in the rere of examples , cimbers , ambrons , tevtons . 20. a cimbrian pauis , or targat . 21. the deuise of a celt . 22. the galls had peculiarly painted armes . 23. the shield of a sagvntine . 24. from evrop into africa . chap. 6. evstace . shall i deale ingenuously with you ( sir amias ) for mine own better instruction ? a. in any wise i beseech . e. first , sir then i must needs confesse , and do , that these are very sound sinews of argument for so much , but because the farther handling of the naturall originall of ensignements seemes to me a matter of very special momēt rightly to enduce your future speech of the elements of armories , as being elementary euen to those elements , i could desire a more spred , and dilated proofe , altogether sutable to mine ignorances , did i not feare your to much trouble . a. you meane , it should seeme , by a more spred , and d●lated proofe , the view be like of some particular examples of ensignement in al ages , and places . e. i do indeed . for so i may behold not onely the infancy , and cradle-age of armories , but also what they were in their embrion , nay , what they were in their seed . a. you hope to much sir evstace . neuerthelesse i may not enuy some touches of example vnto you out of the barbarous , and lesse ciuill worlds , as most forcible : sequestring the hebrews , greeks , and romans , as to polit for that purpose , and as reserued for some more eminent vses : though you turne mee thereby to the vniuersity againe as it were , for that i cannot satisfie your allowable desire , but by the vse of some such pickt flowers , as heretofore , in that sweet noursery of generous knowledges , came to my hand howsoeuer . e. they can hardly be better employd . a. the new worlds therefore ( as is said ) are instead of all , as presenting to vs the prime simplicity of our creation , where , vpon the first discoueries , nothing being super-induced by commerce , were not yet the said barbarous , and more then barbarous canibals , or tovovpinambavlts found with distinctions among them , and ( in their kind ) cognisances vpon them ? the shoulders of the naked floridians are badged with the markes of their lords . but i had rather ( for that they are knowne vnto vs by the noble trauailes of our english ) exemplifie the like out of the descriptions of virginia . this marke consisting of three parallel arrowes trauersed barre-wayes as you see , is the branded badge of sundry principall men in secota , and set vpon the backs of their vassals there . and this of the chiefe lords in pomeiooc , and aqvasgacock . the like vsage was among the romans , and others of old ( who yet neuer heard , nor dreampt of america , neither do all of vs ( as i suppose ) beleeue , that plato his atlantick iland was it ) as may most authentically be proued . let any one now shew to mee what other ground can be giuen for this , but common notion ? e. these ( by your fauour ) seeme to countenance marchants markes , rather then the armes of gentlemen . a. i imagin'd by your smiling that you had some such conceit . but sir ( by your fauour ) in these rude skores i truely see the seed of arms , for nature ( like a raw scholar ) began in these to practise her notion . neither are they of so diuerse forme from armes , or armories in their perfection , as an excellent peice of architecture from the first elements of geometry , out of which notwithstanding it rose . as for the countenance you thinke may come from these sorry liueries to marchants oker-marks , if it be any , let them enioy it . e. indeed they cannot giue much , for they are notes of vassallage , not of honor , therefore armes ( i hope ) haue no such originall . a. that which diodorvs sicvlvs reports of the galls ( the most probable fore-fathers of the britans ) i may not omitte , as comming nearest to the quicke of our purpose , for they ( saith he ) had sheildes 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which whether by way of superior assignation , priuate assumption , hereditary deuolution , or howsoeuer , were variously painted with some deuise peculiar to the bearer . our greek maister made it in latin , word for word , thus : variegata proprio modo . the sagvntine in silivs , bare in his sheild the semblants of an hundreth snakes . his wordes are centùm angues idem caelatum insigne ferebat . but many yeares before that poet was borne , virgil had those centùm angues — in a sheild , which deuise , and words the other doth rather seeme to transcribe then imitate . and here , for that from spain ( where famous sagvntvm once did stand ) the cutte is short out of evrope , wee will waft ouer into africa . the contents . 1. amazons , their helmes , and sheilds called pelts . 2. other africans in generall , their helmes , and crests . 3. carthaginers . 4. barchinvs asdrvbal his image in a siluer sheild of great weight . 5. antient aegiptians . 6. armes had not their original from hieroglyphics . 7. ought to relish of hieroglypicks as wel as , or rather then impreses . 8 : protevs his transfigurations . 9. the antient , and moderne african sheilds . 10. referment to the late discoueries . 11. from africk into asia . chap. 7. evstace . we are now therefore in old africa . a. it is anciently written ( in diodo●vs ) that the lybian amazons went armed with the scalie skinnes of serpentes . if you suspect that it was for defence , not distinction , doubt you not but that the noblest ladies among them had the most dreadfull helmets . the amazons had also a peculiar kind of round sheild called pelta , and , we should be very strict , if allowing to them of libya the like , we should deny them distinctiue notes . clavdianvs ( most neat , and courtly poet ) reports in general of the africans , that their caskes or helmes were of such stuffe , serpentum gestant patulos pro casside rictus . the wordes in him sound thus much ; that they arm'd their heades with the heades of those hideous monsters . but i could rather suppose that they were the crests of their nobles , & that the shutting-vp of the wearers heads in the sloughs , spoiles or cases of serpents , is but a poeticall finenesse . stativs ( most neare imitator of incomparable virgil ) saith of the parthians ore ferarum , et rictu horrificant galeas — which beeing rightly mark't confirmes my coniecture , for it seemes they drew the skinnes flead from the heads of sauage beasts , ouer their helmets , to make them appeare more terrible : for otherwise i should suppose that the scalp of a gaping beast , would proue both a brittle , and vneasie head-peece , and their hides a worse . in this part of the world stood the dangerous great riuall cittie to rome , carthage , whose cittizens , and subiects were so magnificent , and sumptuous in the matter of ensignments , as that in asdrvbals campe , when hee was slaine , and the campe was spoild by the romans , there was found an honorary sheild of pure siluer , with the image of barchinvs asd●vbal vpon it , which ( saith livivs ) weighed one hundreth , thirty and eight poundes . the ancient aegyptians ( sharers in african foyle ) afford so great proofe for our purpose , as some learned ( pierivs for one ) haue held that wee deduce our armories from their hieraticall figures , or sacred sculptures , though it be farre otherwise : yet is it not to be denied that some armories haue beene euen copyed by hierogrammes , or coyned out of them , & armories indeed , as wel as , or rather then impreses ought to taste of them , for that they are mute bodies only without any mott , or word to enspirit them . the famous transfigurations of protevs king of aegipt , were not fained vppon other ground ( witnesse all mythologers ) then his frequent shifting of crestes , and ensignes of maiesty . nor was it singular in him , if ( as svidas writes ) geryon was fabled to haue three heads , for that hee wore three crestes . but the africans in generall had painted sheilds , and by a proper name called cetrae , as the amazonian were named pettae . of these african discoloured sheilds , the noble-borne , and thrice-honorable silivs sung , versicolor contrà cetra — which sheilds , onely a litle chang'd , they at this day retaine , and engraue , or paint with sundry formes . to bee short , examine the first state , & face of things in congo , and all the prouinces of africa lately discouered , and you shall easily track out among them these effects of naturall instinct concerning ensignments , one or other . the contents . 1. somwhat about the holy land . 2. sir amias his uertical point to inflame with loue of honour to a truly christian end . 3. force of examples drawn in asia . 4. the babilonians . 5. their ensignes . 6. the place of the prophet ieremie conce●ning semiramis . 7. her armes , and name agreeing . 8. cvropalates of the assyrians ensigne . 9. xenophon of the persian . 10. symbolicall images in holy scripture . 11. the fiercer asiatick nations . 12. the tvrkes ensignes . 13. the cheselbas , or modern persian . 14. a rare example of armes out of china . 15. sparkles of diuine essence . 16. from asia into america . chap. 8. amias . palestine ( once gemme , and eye of asia ) may not bee ouer-past without teares , for that in stead of the most triumphal crosse ( glory of so many crestes , and coates of right christian armes ) a lewd tvrkish ensigne standes . which one day yet ( ô god ) thou wilt raze by the martiall armes of some zealous prince , who shall beare it in the canton of his royall coat-armour for perpetuall memory of the conquest . to such a most glorious enterprize the loue of honour must needs bee very auaylable , toward the kindling of which so noble , and excellent affection i wish my labours could but giue the hope of a little sparke . therevnto certainly shall both this our conference , and all other our like indeauors ( as vnto their verticall point ) aspire , there beeing no felicity , but as wee may , to seeke the glory of god. the rest of asia ( for palestine is but a very little specke ) would answer the hugenesse of her comprehension with the multitude of examples fit for our purpose , but i will not surbate your attention too much . the babilonians ( ancient cittizens of assyria ) walkt not ( as saith herodotvs ) without their scepters , or rods , on the tops whereof some symbolicall images , or other ( as of a bird , a fish , a flowre , a starre or the like ) were fixt , which as you may in them ( beeing noted for such studies ) take to bee some superstitious rite , so i could rather incline to thinke them ensignes , borne after that manner in times of peace to distinguish the honourable from the vulgar . the terrible doue in ieremie , whose words are facta est terra eorum in desolationem a facie irae colvmbae , is taken ( as i haue heard ) to be meant by semiramis , queene of that babilon , whose symboll , or armes ( as they are in tradition ) were a doue , which also her name signifies , for semiramis ( saith ancient diodorvs ) is in the syriac a doue . it were pleasing but not much pertinēt here , out of one authentike author to declare that the assyrians bare a dragon , out of another that cyrvs the persian monarck bare a golden eagle , and the like innumerable . many prophesies of holy scripture are full of allusions concerning the princes , and people of asia , painted out vnto vs in symbolicall images , which yet i do not say were their armes . more for our present purpose are the ancient fiercer nations of asia ; scythians , parthians , bactrians , hircans , sogdians , and the like in great numbers , to whose antiquities i referre you , and those which yet retayne their whole barbarisms , as the tartars which are stil a puissant people . the tvrks ( a crooked slip of a scythian crabbe ) haue their golden globes , their crescents , their colour'd horse-hairs ( a most ancient ornament for crestes ) and the like ensignements , into which whether you will account the red caps , which the persians haue taken vp to weare , and of them are called in their owne tongue cheselbas , to distinguish them from their contrary sect in mahvmetism , i leaue to your selfe . not to be any longer , but to quit asia ( china is in asia ) looke vppon this sheild . e. i do behold it . a my friend maister camden , clarencevx , shewed it to mee out of marcvs velservs ( a learned , and a principall gentleman of avgspvrg ) who deliuers it for armories belōging to a chinoi , hauing in it for the mayne charge a panther , and besides that , helme , crest , and mantle , in a manner resembling ours of evrope . at which a man may worthily wonder , for that velservs is plaine , that it neuer proceeded from imitation , but from wise nature , or more immediately , and truly from almighty god himselfe , as planting in his best mortall worke , but not in his mortall part , certaine sparkes of the diuine inteligence to enlumin the microcosm . by the onely light whereof , nations most distant touch often vppon the same thinges , without hauing the least correspondence one with the other . as these of china doe not onely concurre with vs in the notion of ensignement , but also in the regularity , and whole complement of armes . which yet were the more to be admired , if ( as is constantly reported ) they had not already beene before vs in our two most eminent , and principall late inuentions , artillery , and typography . the contents . 1. examples of speciall moment in america . 2. of paracovssi in brasilia . 3. the ingva's kings of perv , their armes . 4. of acamapixtli , first king of mexico . 5. the mexicains ( once navatalcas ) were not from evrop . 6. pengwin an american bird with a welsh name . 7. whole books of the mexicain armories . 9. the ensigne of their cittie , and the cause why it was borne . 10. the artick , and antartic worldes . 11. a strange kinde of inlayes , and embossements on sheildes . 12. the suruey ends . chap. 7. evstace . eevrope , africk , and asia being thus with great pleasure glanced ouer , we may now almost ferrie into america . a. those therefore of perv , and mexico had very armories as iosephvs acosta diligently notes , and as in sundry other bookes is most apparent . one , or two of a multitude i will spare you for the rarity , and at which you may iustly maruayle . ingva was the hereditary name of the perv kings , and the gentilitial armes of the ingvas were a rain-bow with two snakes extended . here we will take leaue of america , and returne : for , to make farther demonstration of the vniuersality of ensignements ( to conuince the naturalnesse of the notion ) out of those icie worldes which lye vnder eyther pole , it is meete wee stay till they bee discouered , but as little as yet they are knowne , they will not faile to concurre . so confident i am that no people which had any forme of common-weale , and that did but worship any thing what-soeuer , were it but slata baba , the idol of the goldē witch ( with the hords of hors-fed tartas ) or a square red cloath for the sunne ( with the furr'd sauages neare to the icie , and hyperborean sea , ) eyther did , or could be destitute of the notion of ensignement , and externall variation . and neyther they , nor other barbarous hauing sheildes , but are likely both to vse emblems ( taking the word with lvcilivs for inlayes , or marquetry ) and embossments also , that you may not bee ignorant of their elegancies . for they who know not how to draw lines , or temper colours , can beat grains of gold , or other glittering stuffe into them , or fixe the heades , or pawes of conquerd beasts vppon them . thus hauing in a lesse time then drake , or candish compast the whole terrestriall globe , we are returned . the contents . 1. an externall signe set vpon man almost before mankinde . 2. the rainbow after the floud . 3. sir evstace summes the suruey . 4. the lesse proued in the more . 5. praeoccupation of some foreseen reproofes . 6. vitellivs his new minerva's sheild , and plavtvs his epistles , fitt armes , and study-books for whom . 7. some principall common places of discourse belonging to the present , briefly touched . 8. the valew of heroical literature depends not vpon opinion . 9. satisfaction tendred for refusall to expatiate farther . 10. syr evstace confesseth his former doubtes cleared , but maintaines their causes were iust . 11. the maisters short conclusion of the praemis●es , and simile of painting . 12. what of armes remaines with art and vse . 13. elephantine births . 14. indentment for a familiar method renew'd . chap. 10. evstace . you haue super-abounded ( syr amias ) in your performances , hauing brought the whole world as it were , out of the gloom of antiquity to witnesse with you not only for the vniuersal practise of rude ensignments , but some-what also for armories . a. yet haue i not put you in mind of one instance of personall outward marks , euen before noaahs floud , nay almost before mankind . e. may it be ? a. god him selfe set a marke vpon cain . but you perhaps will say , that was stigma , and not digma , a brand , not an ornament . whether it were or no , it valews alike much for our purpose , according to the rule of contraries . and that , whose examples are drawn from god ( the author of nature ) is much the more in nature . the rainebow set in the clowds immediately after the deluge ( from which some deriue an authority wherwith to grace impreses , and heroical deuises ) was indeed a signe , but of a far differēt kind from these of ours , & therfore not at al to be screw'd into our discourse for farther countenance or confirmatiō . e. it were absolutely needlesse . for what can be more apparent , after so many most lightful demōstrations , then that the notion of ensignment is vniuersall , and consequently natural ? giue mee leaue now , as well for setling my memory , as for crowning your assertion , summarely to binde vp into a garland the principall of those cul'd flowers which out of the paradises of antiquity , you haue strew'd the threshold , or porch of honor with . to this purpose the names of the barbarous answring the analogie of nature in their significations , and the brands of the virginians pointed vnto by you , suting the practise of the romans , are very pertinent . in evrop i see the azure targats of the britans , and allow your well-grounded diuinations , that they had other , and those lineamentall , or figured distinctions . much the rather , for that you haue inuincibly confirm'd vnto me , that the galls , and germans had . the rest of proofes which troup-vp close to their quarter , and which you produce out of the shrines of evropean moniments , who can but embrace ? the famous carthagenians rise with honour , and allowance there-vnto . nor are the most ancient mizraim , or aegyptians , second to any , and protevs cannot there so disguise , and transfigure himselfe as to escape the vse you put him to ; all africans subscribing . in spatious asia ( where your piety tooke occasion to expresse it self ) the babilonians , sundry great princes , and other asiatick nations make a strong squadron for your party , not meanely flankred by the rare example out of china . as for america , it exceedes all expectation in her ingvas , and mexicains , and i most willingly allow your coniecture of barbarous elegancies , touching inlaies , & embossements . the whole summe being sealed-vp with the most authentike antiquity of the marks of cain . in all which , this is worthily to bee accounted rare , that no example there , is so young as a thousand yeares , excepting those of the new worlds , in whose nouelty we do not only see antiquities of a thousand yeares , but antiquity it selfe . a. your memory deales truly with you in your rehersal . but whereas our intended matter is of the elements of armories , that is to say of such ensignements as now are in vse , and the maine difficulty lying betweene your sight , and their originall , beeing onely the doubt of the vniuersality of ensignement in generall , for bailing you from that doubt i needed not ( so as i haue don ) to haue made my demonstrations so much wider then the last , as to haue giuen you thē out of examples , which are in a sort of the same kind with perfect armories . yet i hope i shal not stand accused of excesse , or fayling in the point , it being most true that the lesse ( to weet , those rude first draughts , natural essayes , and ouertures of true armories , which you ( & not improperly ) called elementarie to our elements ) is fully proued in the more , that is to say , in shewing honorable marks vpō sheilds ; they being amōg the most perfect bodies that are made according to symbolical doctrine . neuerthelesse that i may not stand accountable for wilful wast , hauing so far exceeded in my proofes ( the charge which lay vpon me vrging no farther then to make plaine that ensignements in general , of what kind soeuer , were vniuersal ) that vse may be drawne from those scattered shadowes , and limbs of our elements , as by planting the eye at the true place of sight , may giue a faire , and complete body in perspectiue , answerable in all the lineaments to the idaea which i follow . e. it is a noble vse , and the art not common , considering that those shadowes ( as you cal them ) and praeceding examples are dispersed among so many worldes , and in so different ages . but why make you a sodain pause , or stand ? or what may be the reason of your almost frowning silence ? a. the feare least that some , seeming , and affecting to seeme wise , wil censure all our diligence vaine , though imployd in the proper subiect of honour , which the most high , and noble phylosopher plato rightfully calleth diuinum bonum . e. trouble not your selfe ( good sir amias , ) for i haue found out a new minerva's sheild for such censors , which wil bee more gratious to them then any coat of armes , or poynt of noblesse . svetonivs is mine author , that in one consecrated dish , or charger ( which the gluttonous emperor vitellivs for the vast bignesse thereof called minervas shield ) such strange , & costly delicacies , fetcht from the vtmost bounds of the romane world , were serued-in , as that this one salad royall ( or salad belial , whither you will ) was iudged to haue gone farre beyond his brothers feast of welcome , wherein ( it is said ) there were two thousand choisest fishes ( wonder you gourmôns ) and seauen thousand fowles . and for the vse of their more retired studies , and profoundest meditations , i could assigne those — literatas fictiles epistolas pice signatas — which the smart , and sauourie plavtvs puts into the mouth of syncerastvs in his pohnvlvs , that is to say , notable deepe pitchers , and court-iacks full of wine . a. in very faith ( sir evstace ) you haue found out an armes will better please then the resplendent targat of pallas , and such a librarie as , i dare vndertake , they had rather tosse then to bee deipnosophists in athenaevs , or glowe-wormes in the medicaean , or vatican , the most renowned armaries of bookes in all the world . but epicures ( o good sir evstace ) are not the onely renegados to the dignities of their creation , by eschewing the naturall splendor of testified vertue , and the shine which the studies of honor do illumine the soule of man with . there are many factions besides . some of which might deserue to bee recall'd , but that in the compasse of life they constitute a false center , as if wisedome were alwaies to grouell with them in immoderate cares for things of present vse , & they neuer to aspire to her high throne with the humble seruice of all they haue ; and finally , for that they maske their neglect of armes , & of heroicke vertue it selfe ( the only competent weilder of armes ) vnder the goodly visours of accidentall debasements , such as vulgarization , disproportion , and like mosse growne vpon them in tract of time , by a fortune not more fatally theirs , then other noble knowledges . by which preiudice they mingle sacred , & prophane , and proclaime new tables as it were , to all goodnesse , and glory . admit that pretious metall were dropt in into the cynders ; who throws away gold for the drosse it is wrapt in ? if the misteries of honor lie contemn'd in the huske , and bran of vulgarity , or of other casuall debasement , which setts foote on the necke of glory : must they to whome the protection , and profession thereof belongs runne madd with the multitude ? the holy , and most maiesticall name of god almighty hath falne in our daies , by manifould deuolutions of impiety , into such blasphemous abuses , as wee all of vs haue lately seene it faine to bee rescued from those indignities ( or sacriledges rather ) by mayne act of parliament . should that rule then bee the mesure of worth , in an age so blancke , and famously bare of all heroick qualities , as , ours where should any beame , or smallest timber of the whole frame of virtue be seene to stand ? should not angels , men , & things detorted , or degenerated from their first institution , be so cast of ? and should not so an vtter voydnesse be brought vpon humanity ? therefore the rise , or fal of mens opinions concerning things which borrow not their value by estimation , as pearle , and stone , but containe it in themselues , as wisdome , & virtue , are but a very carpenters beuill , a false , leaden , and lesbian rule to mesure by , and the redy way ( in constituting multitudes our iudges ) to assubiect our selues to the worst tribunal of the world , meere popularity . as for the rust , or fog of contempt which sitts thick vpon this , & all other generous science , honor hath long supplicated maiesty for an hand to mount by , and cannot bee euer without it . meane while , no iniquity of men , or times can giue from vs , to enioy the secret nourishment of noble thoughts , without imprudently slightng the present sway ( though of most corrupted iudgements ) or without frailty contemning our selues . for we are such , and so taught , as must not like chap-men aske how the market goes , thereby to lay out our time vpon a parcell of vertue , or honor , so , as wee may in a mount-banke fashion gaine an opinion by retaile thereof aboue our value , but really embrace it for it selfe , and earnestly fauour , and foster it in others , that ( if cause require ) we may afford to our country , and to other our obligers , true offices , and not deceiuable . as for one ordinary cauill vsed by many , concerning the vulgarization of notes of honour , that certainly doth not trouble mee , for good ( simply such ) is bettered in proportion to the community thereof , and how happy were the nation which had as many noble in partes , as in markes ? but it is farre otherwise , god knowes , whose , and the worke of soueraigne princes the reformation is , and not of a satyr , wherein i haue no kind of skill , and much lesse , wil. in present let not any suppose ( for i will make a shorte turne out of morall discourse into armorial ) that i create these elements of my selfe . for they who first skored the heauens with mathematicall and imaginary lines , made not the heauens , nor any part of them , no more then he made speach , who first deuised grammar ; both they , and these hauing their true state , and condition of being in their seueral subiect matters , though to vs eclypst , and shadowed : much lesse ought it bee conceaued , that in the farther , and finall prosecution of this affaire , i ought be tyed to quotations , where neuer author hath gone before : seeing frequent , and filed obseruation is the only proper key to inlarge these elements out of their chaos , and imprisonment , and not variety of readings , where ( for any thing is knowne to me on the contrary ) all books faile . which whether it shall happen to be imputed as an youthly ouer-hardinesse , or reputed for praise-worthinesse , i must put in hazard . the things them-selues , that is to say , innumerable armories , duly , and perpetually considered , and not any maister , haue beene the flint , and steel to hammer out this what-souer light ; a genius ( with the stay , and lampe of the acuter knowledges ) beeing there-vnto more auaylable , then infinite volumes . e. i acknowledge it , and therefore long to bee vnder saile . a. you shall immediately , as soone , as i haue taken a little farther order with you , for answering some obiections , or expectations rather , of methodists , least not hauing discharged custome answerable to the parcels requisite in such a cocquet , i be laid aboord by criticall searches , or raked through the sides with their shot . our conference therefore being of such quality as you see to weet , concerning the elements of present and complete armories , they will perhaps contend , that i ought not put into the deep , til i had gon farther in their pedigree , bringing it downe from those first rude draughts to the present : which they may suppose not to be altogether the most impossible , for that the face ( or remaines at least ) of symbols do continually glimmer in histories , though sparingly , because the records of the proper officers of armes among the ancients , are quite lost , and al sorts of learning maimd in the irrecouerable decayes of infinite volumes , which hath setled a notable darknesse vpō the greater , & better part of things , the riches of obliuiō surmounting those of memory . they may also farther alleadge that we should parallelize our armes with those of the hebrevves , greeks and romans , hetherto of purpose by me omitted , as more exact in their institutions , then stood with the necessary proofe of the assumed proposition ( best maintained by examples out of rudest nations ) or at least wise shew of what nature they were , & how , wherin , & when dissonant , or cōcording with the modern ; they might also expect sundry other things , as logicall diuisions , and subdiuisions of symbolical notes , comparisons , or parellelisations of anciēt seales among those three politest nations with sheildes , their seueral stuff , figures , vses , with inumerable other points sufficient to moor-vp our discourse to an vnreasonable tarriance . to al which i answer briefly , & truly , that euery one of these beeing in a manner an whole work , & the maisters intention , not other mens expectations , being the proper limit of voluntary undertakings , i acknowledge my self to haue already trespast in the excesse , & out of this plain praeocupation i pray excuse me to your self . mary , if you as yet be entangled , or vnsatisfied in any of the dilated praemises , let me know , for i mean not to take you into the armorists argo till you see the weather vnlike to ouer-cast , at least-wise in that coast which we leaue behind . e. there is no clowd in that particular horizon which you haue not clear'd my prospect frō . neuerthelesse i hold , that my scruple concerning the naturalitie , and vniuersal practise of ensignements was at first iust in mee , for they ( as i my selfe did ) who at a glympse , or inconsiderately view the present multitudes of armories , their formal elegancies , and setled order , which all speake nothing but art , would verely thinke that they were euen at the first but the worke of witte , without any spring-head to bee found for them vppon so high an alp , as god him-selfe . a. i grant , and thinke you iustifie your selfe , very seasonably . but let no man be troubled ( good syr evstace ) when hee beholdes the wondrous worke of armes , ( so daedalean , and so various ) raised out of that one true natural ground , as if it were not the ground , for all the lights thereof are kindled ( as you see ) at that one ray of vniuersal notion . which neuerthelesse to weake eyes seemes wrapt vp , or rather lost in the many foldes of art , but will most readily appeare if thus sought . for as to imitate is generally imprest in the nature of man , so picture ( deriued from that property ) was yet at first ( notwithstanding the naturality , and vniuersality thereof ) but of that kinde onely which the grecians call monogrammos , or lineary , & afterward from monogrammos spread it selfe into that which plinie calleth monochroma , that is to say , from consisting of one line , to consisting of one colour , and from monochroma did by degrees ascend to such excellence , as rather more then moulding , or imagery contended with spirit , or life it selfe , and is productiue of as many seuerall formes , as the eye , or imagination hath obiects . hee therefore , that by example of picture , or of any other like flourishing inuention , which hath complement from art , but originall from nature , shall lift his sight ouer to the first state of things , must confesse , that the present glory , and method of armories , no more then of those other can take away the grant of a ground , fountaine of the one and of the other . but in armes we owe nothing more truly to nature then the very light of differencing worths by outward notes . the inuention , application , and disposition notwithstanding of those notes are meerly with art , and vse ; which two mighty powers after a very long space of time ( for excellent things are of elephantine birth ) did at last with infinite labour , and like felicitie , first gather the scattred-materials , such as that vniuersall notion of ensignement had rudely in seuerall ages afforded , and afterward so admirablie wrought-out perfect symbols , and absolute armories as wee now behold . our next steppe is into the maine of our businesse , god permitting . e. neuer too soone , so as you but holde the course for which at first i capitulated with you , that is to say , so meere a catechising method as if you would instruct mee how to spell the very crosse-rowe of armes . a. though it may seeme a great stoope from the high pitch , which contemplation lyes at to the neerer points of practise , and that the tenor you exact , will but appeare like the bare skeleton , or cage-worke of ribbes , and bones , before any flesh , or fashion be ouer-laid , in regard as it were of the sanguin complection , and complete body of a full discourse : yet forsomuch as those neerer points of practise are the lists more proper to enter a yong beginner , in the noble studie of armorie , and that the aspiring to other more mounted , and towring eminencies of speculation , comprehending innumerable mysteries , in any other sort then as by the due degrees of the elementarie , compositiue , and other parts thereof , is but to cast a man vp into the winde , there to houer emptily like one of those flying , or floating paper-birds , ( not made with that arte as the automs of daedalvs which hung aloft by meanes of equall poises ) but which wee haue seene boyes raise by a string ( after they are once mounted ) to an incredible heighth in the ayre . therefore ( presupposing with-all , that you forget not what in the beginning of our conference i deliuer'd to bee my sense for the present , concerning armes , and gentlemen ) i will ( according also as at first i yeelded ) gratifie you with the course for which you capitulate , without fearing least my profitable , and needfull plainnesse take a rubbe , or twentie , at the suspition of insufficiencie . the contents . 1. this part peeced to the beginning with repetitions concerning armes , and gentlemen . 2. blazon . 3. the two first considerations . 4. the continent of armories . 5. the triangular , or samnite shield ours . 6. the ancient vsuall stuffe of shields . 7. the black princes honorarie targat at canterbvrie . 8. froisard cited . 9. a zealous digressiō to our prince . 10. iohn of gavnts honorarie shield in saint pavles . 11. the like in antiquitie . 10. blazon makes nothing to the present purpose . chap. 11. evstace . i forget not what you deliuered in the beginning , and thinke it worth the labour to approue my memory vnto you therein by repetition . arms ( speaking in the vulgar , and aequiuocall extension of the word ) were , you said , certaine painted , hereditable , and armoriall markes of honor , by which gentlemen were distinguisht first from the vulgar , and then one from the other : and gentlemen ( simply , and for the present only , for it is to bee supposed that you would giue a more exquisie idaea , did you depourtray him vnto vs in his perfection ) were the bearers of such markes , or tokens . to these , if you thinke good to adde for mee the knowledge of what blazon is before you proceed any farther , i shall seeme to haue the whole praeparatorie generalities of matter to ensue . a. blazon is the description of armes , and their appurtenances , by the receiued termes , or other apt expression of things by words . e. to blaze then is in armory the same , which in other faculties is to describe , and blazon , and description are vniuocall . a. so i suppose , though some maisters teach , that wee must not before a soueraigne prince vse the terme ( blaze ) but ( descriue ) so as then an armorist shall not bee said to blaze , but to descriue a coate . e. what things are first now in the name of god , to bee considered ? a. two. the continent and the content . e. are there any such terms in armory , or do you only borrow them to expresse your selfe . a. borrow them onely , as i shall perhaps bee enforced to do many others . which all men that write either new things , or newly of old matters will not onely pardon , but approue . e. what do you call the continent in armories ? a. the very same which the word importeth , and no other , that is , the shield , or contayning part of it selfe considered , without any mixture or marke . e. what forme hath the shield ? a. it hath as many as caruers , or painters please , but this triangular is become most vsuall , and in a sort the proper , for that the shield in generall , beeing inuented for defence of the body of man , and applied therevnto , carries a three-cornerd , or triquet-figure , the body of man decreasing as it were in latitude from the shoulders downeward . and as the chiefe of romane historians ( sallvst ) writes , that his nation borrowed their armes , and militarie weapons from the samnites , so was this the peculiar figure of the samnite sheild , as the noble author titvs livivs patavinvs describes it , and giues the reason of that shaping , to bee mobilitatis causâ . the romans digrest notwithstanding from this paterne , rather vsing oual , imbricate , and other figures . heere i could create a new worke , did i take occasion to dilate of the figures of sheilds , which were scarse the same in any two nations . polybivs , and other famous writers make it cleare , that the hides of beasts were the common couerings of sheilds , the ordinarie stuffe vnderneath beeing some tough wood , or other , as sallow , and some-time for the more lightnesse , twiggs wouen , for so i vnderstand that of lvcan . — nudâ iam crate fluëntes inuadunt clypeos — our saxon ancestors vsed shields of skin , among whom for that the artificer put sheep-fells to that purpose , the great athelstane king of england , vtterly forbad by a lawe such deceit , as in the printed booke of saxon lawes is extant to bee seene . with this vsage of agglewing , or fastning hard tanned hides for defense , agrees their etymologie , who deriue scutum the latin of a shield , from the greeke word 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a skinne . the triangular ( or samnit ) was vniuersallie among vs the antient fashion of shields for men of armes , but not the onely . for assurance whereof , i will delight you with two diuerse proportions , the one of an honorary belonging to the most renowned edvvard , prince of wales , the other ( an honorarie also ) appertaining to his third brother , king of castile , and leon , duke of lancaster . the sayd victorious princes toombe , is in the goodly cathedral church erected to the honor of christ in canterbvrie : there ( beside his quilted coat-armour with halfe-sleeues , taberd-fashion , and his triangular sheild , both of them painted with the royall armories of our kings , and differenced with siluer labels ) hangs this kinde of pauis , or targat , curiously ( for those times ) embost , and painted , the scucheon in the bosse beeing worne out , and the armes ( which it seemes were the same with his coate-armour , and not any peculiar deuise ) defaced , and is altogether of the same kinde with that , vpon which ( froisard reports ) the dead body of the lord robert of dvras , and nephew to the cardinall of pierregovrt was laid , and sent vnto that cardinall , from the battell of poictiers , where the blacke prince obtained a victorie , the renowne whereof is immortall . i can hardly here containe my selfe from offring vp a duty of praise to the remembrance of this matchlesse gentleman , lambe in peace , lion in warre , and of all the world in his time the most martiall worthy , and most fortunate generall . aspire right excellent henrie ( ô let it need no expiation , that thy great fathers most lowely subiect should thus presume ) by his example ( to whose title , and principalitie thou art lineall successor ) to things greater then the example . that as thou art the proper blossome of all the royall henries , and edvvards of this thy fathers inheritance , so wee may in thee acknowledge the summe of all their christian vertues , proouing thy selfe thereby a greater thing then to bee the monarch , not onely of all great britaine , but of all the world. the other honorarie shield is in the most magnificent temple dedicated to the memorie of the glorious apostle saint pavl in london , where it hangs at the sayd dukes moniment , and is farre different from the first . in the curious neere view , and handling whereof , as i tooke singular delight , so was it worthy no lesse diligence , and therefore i will heere showe you both the figure , and fabrick . it is very conuex toward the bearer , whether by warping through age , or as made of purpose . it hath in dimension more then three quarters of a yeard of length , & aboue halfe a yeard in breadth ; next to the body is a canuas glew'd to a boord , vpon that thin board are broad thin axicles , slices , or plates of horne , naild fast , and againe ouer them twenty and sixe thicke peeces of the like , all meeting , or centring about a round plate of the same , in the nauell of the sheild , and ouer all is a leather clozed fast to them with glew , or other holding stuffe , vppon which his armories were painted , but now they , with the leather it self , haue very lately and very lewdly bin vtterly spoild . now as som learned vnderstand that old greek adage 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( ment of such as are astonished at the sodain sight of a thing ) of the vgly feareful figures limn'd vpon sheilds couer'd with them , so certainly in the rare fabrick hereof , their etymus is approued , who with varro ( the most learned roman ) deriue scutum from sectures , slices , or pieces , of which wee behold the strength of this massie sheild belonging to the said great prince , iohn surnamed of gavnt , doth consist . the like was also among the ancient . ammianvs marcellinvs writes that ivlianvs ( before he was emperour ) in an exercise of warre at paris shooke his sheild so sternely , that axiculis queis orbis erat compaginatus — the axicles , plates , or pieces of which it was compact , flew abroad into the field , leauing nothing but the handle in his gripe . the figure of sheilds now vsed in painting is ( as hath bene before declared ) triangular , which we intend not to vary from . e. i vnderstand you , and know now what the continent in armories is , and the vsuall figure of present sheilds in painting . but what is the content ? a. you shal know before long . e. meane you not at all to instruct mee in blazon ? a. no indeed , as well because the particulars are innumerable , and eyther now are , or will shortly by some other bee so taught , as little helpe will serue , but principally for that it is only conuersant in descriptions of the superficiall , and mechanicall parts of armories , which set no sharpe edge vpon the witte , as hauing little in them abstract , or deepe . the contents . 1. of beginning at the crosse. 2. figured in constantine the great 's sheild 3. a coniecture concerning our english crosse . 4. the three legs in the armes of the i le of man , and the old greek coynes of sicilia . 5. the crosse improper to the elementary part which deales with no charges . chap. 12. evstace . had you beene so pleased i could tell where i would haue had you begun . a. where ? e. at the christian signe of the crosse. a. so gerard leigh harh done very commendably , as well because we are christians , as also because ( his discourse or booke beeing of armes borne , & how they were to be blazed ) that signe is in christian armories most honorable . nor know i a better omen to begin with , for it was an happy presage to great constantine , who therfore in the siluer bosse of his imperiall sheild , bare a crosse , as nicetas coniates writes , the colour of which crosse though nicetas name not , yet was it in likelyhood of none other then of the same which is now in the flag of england ( red in white ) where ( when it was old britain ) him-selfe a britan was borne . e. it may be thence it is that england beares it in honor of him , casting the title erroniously vpon s. georg . a ▪ i say not absolutely so , though it is euident ( according to evsebivs one of constantine's bishops ) that it appeared to him very miraculously when it was now a litle past noone , and aboue the sunne , consisting wholy of shining light , with a greek sentence importing victory against maxentivs , and his other enimies , and that in religious , and gratefull memory therof , he bare it in his imperial standard , or labarvm , as also in like memory of christe's appearing to him in a vision the same night , he caused his monies to be honored with symbolicall characters , as by his coyne yet extant may bee collected , being ( as here you see ) a stamp compounded of the two first greek capitals in christes name . with more vehemency of likely-hood we may affirme , that the armories of the i le of mann were deriued from the semblable figure which the grecians in sicilia did long since vse vpon their coynes . e. i remember to haue seene them not without some wonder . a. the cause in them was elegant , but nothing agreeable to the kingdome , or i le of mann , though som-what to the three realms ( england , scotland , and ireland ) which it respects . e. what was the cause ? a. the three legs meeting so in the center did symbolize , or signifie the three corners , capes , or promontories of that iland , which was therefore called trinacria . e. the cause was apt indeed , and would well correspond to our penile of england , which is triquet or triangular . a. it would . but surely in those monyes this was also strange , that in the very iuncture of the legs , you should sometime see a mercvries head , betokening ( as it seemes ) the witty arts of the ilanders , somtime the head of ceres to signifie the fertility , or rape of proserpine , and some-time other things . yea , the imitation of the like in armories to that publike deuise of legs hath crept into priuate families , for the tremains ( a cornish , or westerne house of gentlemen ) beare three armes so disposed , the hands directed toward the angles of the sheild . but wee haue once againe almost lost our selues . e. the time so spent is not lost , but gaind . a. as for beginning at the crosse ( which were , i yeeld , not only auspicious , but pious ) wee haue a great iourney thether , because it fals not to bee handled till wee come ( if wee doe come at all ) to treat of charges or armorial bearings , and is the last part of this argument , saue the mystical which openeth the significations . the contents . 1. the content of armories . 2. brvte . 3. the continent , and content explaned in movbray's coat . 4. a seeming contradiction crept-out-of by the maister . 5. imagination , the organon here of vnderstanding . 6. continents distinguished . 7. the bounding line or perimeter in a coat of armes . chap. 13. evstace . about what most is your present doctrine conuersant ? a. about the content of armories , and subiect of blazon . e. what ( good syr amias ) is the content of armories ? a. that which it is in other things , to weet , the thing contayned . for example . in the armories credited for brvte's , by vpton following architrenivs , and other , who in those dayes were so farre from making doubt of brvte , as that they , and hee affirme , there were eight kings lineally from him descending , and farther , that the lions in the armories both of scotland , and wales , were contriued out of this , beeing , or , a lion passant gardant gules . howbeit , because wee deale vpon demonstration , which is euer of certainties , let this bee the example . e. whose coate is this ? a. it belonged to the noble name , and familie of movvbray , dukes of norfolke , and quartred at this day by the illustrious , and princely house of hovvards . e. which is the continent , and which is the content herein ? a. the continent is left to imagination , being only so much as the content couers , which is here the matter of the armories , to weet , the field , and the lion. and you must vnderstand , once for all , that i speake not any where of an armes , as it is onely painted on a paper , but do alwayes suppose a subiect sheild . e. you taught mee before , that the continent was the sheild , or thing containing , and now you say that the field , and the lion are the content , which being so , then are the content , and the continent ( because the field containes the lion ) either confounded , or there are two continents , one which comprehends the whole armories , and the other which containes a part . a. my assertion is true . for the field ( that is the superficies ) is no part of the continent in my meaning , but is it selfe contained , as the lion is : and yet your auerment is not absurd , for , seuering the charge from the field ( which here is red ) you may , and that not altogether the most improperly hold , that the field is the continent of the contained body , be it lion , or whatsoeuer else . e. i do not fully conceiue it . a. reflect but vpon the description which i gaue you of the continent , and there you shall learne to bring with you an abstractiue , or mathematicall consideration , for although a shield , beeing a solid , and geometricall body , hath in it three dimensions , yet know with-all that it hath a superficies as of it selfe , which is nothing to the making vp of armories , because there-vpon may bee painted any thing else , and a shield of any matter what-so-euer , timber , mettal , horne , shell , hath nothing of a coate but onely potentially , and in power . e. this i apprehend . a. let mee heere how . e. we must ( sir ) by imagination seuer the content of armories from the matter , or thing wherevpon they are , yet so , as by the beeing of armories vpon it , the shield immediatly becomes the containing part of the whole armes . a. true , as i suppose . for let an armes painted on a surcoat , tabard , or shield be blotted out , the priuation of the armories , makes no priuation of the continent , though not as the continent of armories , but as a substance of it selfe , and if the blazon of the coat be knowne , though by reason of that priuation it appeare not to the eye , yet to the intelligent it abideth , and preserues the notice both of the mater , and forme in the mind , though so i doe no more take it to bee an actuall armes , then the dreame , or idaea of a building is an house . e. it is cleare then that the content of a painted armes is all that whereof the eye takes view within the bounding line , whereof that line is a part . a. i say not so . for whither you thereby vnderstand the purfle , or visible line , which circumscribes the whole , as a perimeter , and is drawne with pen , penicil , or howsoeuer : or whether you only meane that inuisible , imaginarie ducture , hauing neither bredth , nor depth , nor is separable from the thing in which it is imagined , i cannot directly affirme , that it is any more a part of an armes , then a communis terminus is of that which went before , or of that which came after ; or then the vnexpressable point of time which diuides the new yeare from the old , is a portion of the new , or of the old : the bounding line ( in my conceit ) being common as well to the continent , as to the content . e. how then ? a. where the errour breeds no danger , it is best there to follow common opinion , and seeing these things are not wont to be so narrowly sifted , it is enough to take it , as it is most vsually taken . e. how is that ? a. as a part of the coate . e. then haue we a bounding line , or perimeter , to bee added to the content of euery armories . a. i easily grant it to your sharpnesse . the contents . 1. great oddes betweene parts , and elements . 2. elements of armories what . 3. lvcretivs his note of grammaticall elements . 4. armorial elements foure . 5. demonstrated in the giuen example , and infallibly holding in all . chap. 14. evstace . thus farre we are proceeded happely . what shall i now bee to you next endebted for ? a. if you call it a debt , then for that which is next in the nature of our subiect , so farre as the nature of this place will beare , which is onely to show you in generall , that the parts in the content of armes are diuerse . e. vnfould that i pray , so farre as you thinke good . a. the parts in the content of armes are diuerse , but betweene the parts , and the elements of a body , there is great difference . for the parts of a man are the head , the neck , the armes , the hands , and so forth , and againe , those parts haue their parts , as the head hath eyes , eares , nostrils , lips , &c. and those parts haue yet againe their parts similar , and dissimilar , or ( as they speake in schooles ) homogenean , & heterogenean : but the elements are another thing , and common with man to all other breathing creatures in the world . it is therefore absolutely necessary , before wee come to entreat of the total , & partil , similar , & dissimilar parts of armories , that we first deliuer the elemental . e. what are elements then i pray ? a. the elements of armories are such , as into which all armories may be resolued , as into their common principles , grounds , or beginnings . e. the elements then are the common grounds , and beginnings of armories . a. they are , both as the word imports , and as it signifies in other things . so syllables may bee resolued into letters , their elements ( of which all voices vnder heauen consist , tantum elementa queunt permutato ordine solo ) and all compounded things into their simples . e. which then are those elements of armories ? a. these lines of all sorts , simple colovr , or tincture , in which words i comprehend aswell the two mettals in armes , as all armoriall colours . to which you must adde nvmber , or rather vnitie ( which is the fountaine of number ) for to it may all charges , whereof there is any numeration in armes , be reduced , and lastly position , that is , the manner of setting , disposing , ordering , or placing tokens of honor in their proper subiect , a sheild . e. lines , colovr , nvmber , and position , are then the elements of armories , which in their quadruple number are equall to the naturall , fire , aire , earth , and water , or to the humors in an humane body . but can you for examples sake show them to mee in the most noble coate of famous movvbray ? a. most easily , for they hold infalliblie in all . lines , and colour you confesse are therein apparent , and in that the lion is single , and not more then one , the element of number is manifested , and whereas lastly he is rampant , or erected , and neither passant , couchant , yssant , or of any other sort , position is most euidently elementall . the contents . 1. a flitting eye sees little the more herein for seeing . 2. lines the first armoriall element . 3. why. 4. lines in armes , as place is in the physicks . 5. of purfles , of the word filum in antient latin poesie , and other synonimas of armoriall lines . 6. the first distribution of lines . 7. the second . 8. the third . 9. a necessarie prouision about the true vnderstanding of armoriall lines . 10. mathematicall subtilitie in speaking of our lines auoided . 11. armorie queene of liberall knowledges . 12. as incentiue to vertue as statues . 13. armes well read , fittest bookes for the noble . 14. some methods rather mazes . 15. armories , the onely remaining customarie euidences of honor . 16. the earle of northamptons pietie to our souereigne lord king iames at greenewich towr . 17. blazon the least , and meanest part of armorie . chap. 15. evstace . the mystical chain , in which all foure are linckt together , i cannot but acknowledge , for it is ( as your selfe haue said ) most apparent . but doe you not purpose ( good sir amias ) to handle all foure seuerally ? a. how else ? for if i did not , you would take-in but small store of light at this casement , and euen then also a flitting eye ( howsoeuer it may idlie sooth it selfe ) shall see little the more , but all shall still be to him , as it were sub aenigmate , or ( as the very great philosopher wrote in excuse , or defence of him-selfe for publishing his workes ) they shall remaine as if they were not published , though published . lines therefore are the first element of the foure , as ( taken in the vulgar sense , not in the more mathematical , and penetrating ) they praecede colours in work , as that kind of drawing before-said which the greeks called monogrammos , was before colouring , as colouring it self was before light , and shadow in artificial painting , as also light , and shadow were before those things which plinie saith the grecians call'd tonos and harmoge , the former being the heightning of light , and the other the commissure , slide , or passing of colours into other colours , or by what name soeuer our modern artists know them by . and all painters wee see doe first make a rude draught with chalke , coale , lead or the like , before they limn a picture , or lay a colour . e. notwithstanding , how i pray are lines an element of armories ? or why ? a. because a coat can bee no more without lines , then without colour . e. lines then doe forme an armes , and giue them to bee . a. certainly . e. is there any knowne number , or set fashion of lines required ? e. you know right wel ( syr evstace ) how in few words to demand enough . your question is perplex , and cannot bee satisfide without some diligence . first therfore of armorial lines in general . e. i harken curiously , therefore on i pray . a. there is nothing infinite in the workes of art , or nature , but there must of necessity bee limits , termes , extremities , or bounds . e. vndoubtedly . a. which limits , or extremities are eyther vnderstood , & by imagination cōprehended , or made subiect to the eye by lines . those lines are that in armories which place is in the physicks : armories then , and the figures , portions , or proportions in them being artificiall bodies , or semblants of bodies , must needes haue limits , bounds , or circumscriptions . e. the necessity is apparent . a. nor can those limits , rightly put , bee transpassed , or exceeded , but the limited thing it selfe must be monstrous , and deformed , and as those ductures , or draughts of lines are shapen , so are the figures ( which they circumscribe , and limit ) well , or ill . e. nothing is more euident . a. the painters of armes do call these lines ( as i think ) the purfle , or perfil ( which also the spaniards blaze , as a seueral part of the armories ) and soundes as if it were per filum ( which word filum lvcretivs doth use for the outermost bounds , or ductures of lines in figures , or for the figures themselues ; debent nimirùm non omnibus omnia prorsùm esse pari filo similique affecta figurâ ) they also call it quartering when they put the last hand to the work , drawing the blacke lines , which giue the shape , and lastly they some-time call it a trick , and armorists in other cases cal them vmbratures . e. of how many sorts are armoriall lines ? a. the doctrine of lines in armories distinguisheth first of their forme , and secondly of their number . e. what saith it concerning their forme ? a. armorial lines are in their first diuision straight , or crooked . againe the straight are either direct , or oblique ; direct as in the first example , oblique as more-ouer the oblique are either straight , or crooked . the crooked are sub-diuided infinitely , but the more vsual , and vniuersall may bee reduced to these heads , that is , circular , angular , wauing , and mixt , and briefly are all such as are not straight . but before you proceed any farther , my charity cannot forbeare to giue you here a cautel for preuention of straying from my sense , and one error not met-with in the beginning , multiplies it selfe into innumerable . therefore when we speake of armorial lines eyther here , or any where , i do not meane of them otherwise then as of terminations , or common limits of armorial bodies ; and when we say lines are straight ▪ or crooked , of this , or that forme , i pray vnderstand that i meane the armorial bodies which they terminate are such . for though lines are the inseperable circumscriptions of formes , or figures in sheilds , as of sheilds themselues , giuing them ( at least-wise to our sight ) to bee , yet it is the body , or space comprehended which casts them out into the extremities , wherby they become their visible limits , which albeit we are enforced in flat pictures , and plaine tables to expresse by lines , yet in carued , or embossed obiects of armes , no other lines are drawne then such , as the body it selfe so cut , embost , or carued , terminates our sight with , which lines shift with our station . doubtlesse , in the idaea , or mentall shape before it come as it were into act , by beeing painted , cut , or carued , those terminating , and truly mathematical lines , abstractedly considered , are manifest , adhering ( or inhering rather ) without any possibility of separation from the conceaued image . whereas also the lines drawne in the former coats ( for they are coats of armes , very faire , and good , as well as examples of lines ) seem to apportion the said coats , yet are they ( i meane the parted , and diuers-colour'd moities of the seuerall sheilds ) but seuerall solid peeces , or faces of differently colour'd bodies , meeting in such a seam of separation ( in my conceit of them ) as necessarily produce , and present vnto vs such , or such a line . neuerthelesse for more familiar perspicuity in teaching , i am to retain to speake as the vulgar , without daring to vse the more penetrating point of spirit , it being also not in the skil of man to draw a line ( how admirably smal soeuer ) without any latitude , such as the subtility of the mathematicks doth require . e. i am well satisfied . a. you shall be else for the honour of so gentlemanly science , which iust antiquity would haue enstiled mistresse , and queene of liberal knowledges . for that in it all the faire arts seeme to assemble , and euery grace , or ( as the latins speake ) euery venvs of inuention ( not blurred with obscuring commentaries ) glitters there in open manner , with much significancy , ornament , and vtility . for albeit the sense be som-what abstruse , and hidden , yet , who ( specially with any interest in them ) can behold the renowned armories of hovvard , talbot , or the like great worthies , who presently reflects not vpon the bearers ? or is not ( so as instruction , or capacity want not ) stirred vp thereby to virtue ? because ( as it is in that most excellent historian sallvst ) if fabivs , if scipio , & other heroick romans were wont to say , that their mindes were most vehemently set on fire with noble thoughts , when they beheld the images of their renowned ancestors , not for that the stuff , or workmanship had any such efficacie , but for that the memory of their immortal actions , reuiuing thereby , enlarged the flame of honour in couragious breasts ; then surely , as those conquerors ( for it is indeed the noble temper only which can be apt to kindle at such obiects ) were so stirred at the view of those dumb statues , what able man should not as fruitfully frō a coat of armes take occasion to describe , and blaze to a yong lord his own particular offices , & expected habits of noblesse ? so much the rather , for that the pleasing aspect of armories , and signes of honor in them representing some meaning or other , the spectators readily know not what , procures a delight , and so prepares the mind with a willingnesse to bee instructed . why might not also the same able man repeat ( vpon like occasion ) the whole memories of his fore-fathers ? shewing that these armories of theirs haue these , or these elements , & parts , were displaid in standard , banner or howsoeuer , in such a battle , such a siege , or seruice , that this or that colour , figure or deuise therein came thus , or thus , & well fitted such a person of the family , such a virtue , such a fortune in him , with innumerable other branches of discourse springing from such an opportunity , as from a root . and yet farther , if the tutors skill would serue him to interpret the coat it selfe , and to deliuer out of it those diuine , morall , naturall , & liberal notions , tending to sharpen wit , and enoble mental habits , o! how easely might he bring al princely knowledges within the sphear of his actiuity ? how easily auoid the iading of hopeful spirits with the torment , & rack of new deuised methods , ( mazes rather ) & saples documēts ? e. he should greatly bind me to him that would giue me the copy of such a lecture , the bare mention wherof hath so enflamed me . a. vndoubtedly in the due time ( that is , when by former necessary instructions you are enabled to conceiue ) you may . howsoeuer ( as i said at first ) my youth hath euer held these considerations in armories very worthy the study , and leisure of a free-born man , & the rather to , for that armes are in a sort the onely remayning customary euidences , or testimonies of noblesse , now that neyther statues , arcks , obelisks , tropheas , spires nor other publike magnificent erections are in vse , neyther can bee recalled into practise by one , though most commendable , and noble example at the towre of greenvvich . our age therfore , affecting compendious waies of eternization , all testimonies , are in a manner reduced to this one of armes , or armories , which also are indeed worth them all . but if ( as some very foolishly suppose ) the termes , & vse of blazon , which ( as is already said ) comprehends but the description of the mechanicall parts , were all ; who would not then think but that a nomenclator , or musitian , that knew but the words most frequent in his owne profession , did deserue as great applause as our blazoner ? which is as far from the thing ( nor doth affection abuse mee herein ) as signes from substances . this short excursion ( sir evstace ) i call mine , which pardoned , shall trusse-together all desire to exspatiate farther , and settle vs from hence-forth closely to our businesse , not onely till the intricate matter of lines be sufficiently explaned , but til the rest of the elements , and the whole intended argument bee discust , in proportion to the present vses . e. you doe not onely merit pardon , but many thankes , for such a repast , giuen to vs vpon the way , and not by going out of the way . a. which you shall the more grace , ( admit we haue forsaken the bias of our course , and run out a little ) if you bee pleased to remember that our last talke was of crooked lines . the contents . 1. of crooked lines . 2. they improper to geometrie . 3. are exemplifide . 4. vptons blazons of some of our crooked lines antiquated . chap. 16. evstace . what circles , angles , & the like , are in geometry , i do already partly vnderstand ; but what are they in armorie ? a. heere are examples of the foure kindes of our crooked lines , with which geometrie hath nothing to doe . e. are these their names in armorie ? a. nothing lesse , for they haue other very different : they are all parted per pale , or ( to vse scohiers word ) mi-partie , that is , parted longwise in the midst , or perpendicularly parted , but yet seuerally affected in the parting 's , for which i referre you to gerard leigh , and other blazoners : onely this i will note , that whereas the second partition of the foure is now blazed endenteé , antiquitie ( or at leastwise vpton about two hundreth yeares since ) blazed that raseè , and this which is with vs embatteled , hee called per pale endenteè , and not embatteled . the contents . 1. another distribution of lines armoriall . 2. much of the doctrine of lines , put ouer to their more proper place . 3. the totum compositum of armes . 4. a new deuision of integrall lines into pertransients , and pertingents . 5. saint osvvalds banner . 6. both sorts of lines described . chap. 17. evstace . proceed i pray , for i vnderstand thus much . a. lines by a second diuision are one in a coate of armes , or more , which is a diuision , the handling whereof belongs to the arithmetical , and compositiue part . therefore to set downe what sorts , and parts of lines are in shields , and how one of them stand with the other , be altogether points of another text , as where those elements are made vse of , and the totum compositum ( to weete a good coate of armes , what good coate of armes soeuer ) is described , or dissected as in anatomie . neuerthelesse for your farther light , i will not stick summarily to deliuer somewhat more concerning lines armoriall : which , first , are either entire , and pertransient , or entire and pertingent , or parts of them . e. which is the entire pertransient ? a. the whole , or entire pertransient , is that which crosseth the middle of the shield , and runns diametrically the longest way of her position , as heere in this example following , and such other . heere i cannot but by occasion of this , remember what our countryman , venerable bede , writeth ( in his history ) of king osvvalds banner , which , saith hee , being of gold , and purple , was hung ouer his toombe , and ( as i thinke ) is the eldest authentick record of honourable ensignes in that kinde among vs , and in my opinion not vnlikely to be of this sort , partie per pale , or and purple , rather then of any other . this by the way . the entire pertingent is that which passeth from one side of the comprehended space , but not through the midst thereof , as the entire pertransient , which passing , or not passing through the midst , or center , is the true difference betweene the entire of one sort , and of the other . the contents . 1. entire pertingents subdistinguished . 2. their sorts described . 3. an obscure blazon out of scohier . 4. how pertingents come to bee pertransients . chap. 18. evstace . haue entire pertransients any other member of diuision ? a. no , for they are single , pure , and immutable , fully answering in their nature to dimetients , or diameters : but entire , or whole pertingents haue , and are subdistinguished in their longitude : for they runne the longest way of their position , or not the longest . e. which are the entire pertingents that runne the longest way of their position in the shield , without touching , or piercing the center , and are entire pertingents of the first sort ? a. these . for they crosse not the midst , and yet are drawne the longest way of their position , obliquely shooting from the angles in chiefe , and meeting in point base . therefore both those lines are pertingents of the first kinde , and the partition it selfe is the onely one of all partitions , which toucheth all the points of the escucheon , as you may see this doth . e. which is the entire pertingent of the second sort , that shootes not forth the longest way of his position ? a. that which shootes not forth to the full length of an entire pertingent , ( as straightned by the narrow limmits of the sheild in that place , where it is situate ) can rarely bee found single in any coate : but scohier giues vs examples , as heere in a direct line , which ( somewhat obscurly ) hee blazeth a sinister , and againe of an oblique line in this . which he ( how clerckly soeuer ) calleth emmanchè au dextrè . both which lines are pertingents of the second sort , entire , integral , continuous or whole , and passing withall from one side of the sheild to the other , yet not by the longest way of their position , as diameters : for if they did , then the one should bee partie per pale or mipartie , the other partie per bend sinister , as is most apparent , the longest waies of their positions being through the midst , or center of their comprehending spaces , the first perpendicularly , the other laterallie , as here you may behold . the contents . 1. the more essential differences of lines entire among themselues . 2. the quality of pertransients . 3. the more noted properties of pertingent lines . chap. 19. evstace . what can be said more concerning this lineary element . a. incredibly to much for this place . let it therfore suffice in presēt , that out of the most spatious storehousen of glorious armes i sparingly afford you some-what , & rather as a tast then a feast . e. what then are the more noted properties of these armorial lines ? a. your question is apt . for hauing thus in general described the sorts of integrals , or lines entire , as wel pertransient as pertingent , it is secundarily conuenient that i should instruct you a litle in those properties , wherin more essentially they differ among themselues . i wil therfore breefly shew you first the quality of lines pertransient , as those which are of most honor , & state . pertransients ( the chief of lines entire ) do either touch some one angle of the sheild , or touch not , none of them touching two , or more . e. which of the pertransients touch ? a. or rather which do not ? for as there are but foure sorts of pertransients , armorial dimetients , or diameters , so the touching of an angle , one , or other , is inseperable to all of them , excepting to one only , and to no more , for any thing i remember , which is in partie per fesse , and this pertransient ( as you see ) passeth in breadth of the sheild through the vmbilick , or middle point , as an entire pertransient ought , yet without touching any angle therof . e. what are the more noted properties ( now ) of lines pertingent ? a. the quite contrarie propertie to the other . for as all pertransients ( onely that one excepted which i haue already shewed to you ) passe y e cēter , and touch one angle , or other , & neuer but one , so no pertingents doe eyther crosse the midst , or touch an angle : but the more essential property of pertingents is not to crosse the midst : though in both respects there want not exceptions , there beeing a pertingent ( and but one ) which crosseth the center , as the pile-line ( a pertingent also ) toucheth an angle . the contents . 1. another diuision of lines entire . 2. an exemption of circular lines from that diuision . 3. a pertingent of a singular property . 5. evclids elements not much more perplex . chap. 20. evstace . haue integrals , entire , or whole lines , any subdiuision ? a. they haue . for integrals ( such i meane as are bounded in the perimeter , or extremity of the sheild ) doe eyther touch the directly opposite parts of a coat , or the obliquely opposite , as the former examples partly shew . from which rule not-withstanding this arching line doth differ , and makes a notable exception , for it terminates it selfe in the same side where it began , not withstanding it be not interrupted , but continuous , and entire . which arching lines are of two sorts , for they eyther touch an angle , and touch not the center , but withall doe terminate them-selues in the same side , according to the rule formerly giuen , or else they touch not an angle . of both kindes that one shall be enough to exemplifie the exception by , if it may be called an exception , which is not of the selfe-nature of which the rule is , the rule beeing ment of straight lines onely , so as arching lines doe rather exact a particular handling , and place . e. what line is that which being a pertingent partakes not with the common quality of lines pertingent , which ought not to touch the midst in passing , nor determine in an angle ? a. lo heere . e. what is this ? a. a line pertingent you confesse , for that it goeth not the longest way of the position , but toucheth not the opposite sides , and yet , ( which a pure pertingent should not doe ) it crosseth the midst : and as the pile-lines ( before exemplifide ) balk the center , but touch the angle-lines , so this balks the angles , but not y e center . but were it set vpon the same axel as now it hath , and extended the longest way of his position , it should one way be a partion per pale , and the other a partition per bend . this line it-selfe is seene in a gyron of od pieces , but neuer single , and therefore being in composition onely , i may yet demurr vppon the admittance therof , as an exception against the rule of pertingents in generall . e. the matter of lines in armes doth ( i see ) extend it selfe far , and ( as pertaking the subtilities of evclids geometricall elements ) is inuolued , and manyfold . a. you may well say so , for that we haue al this while handled only certaine single , and more principall lines . the contents . 1. parts of lines pertransient , and pertingent . 2. their more common causes . 3. and chief properties . 4. a line for euery day according to that of apelles .. 5. syr evstace stayd a while from analysing the premisses . 6. casualty , & fortune in armories . 7. blazon referred to blazoners . 8. single lines not subiect to that casualtie . 9. double lines diuided . 10. parallels , diallels , and neuters . chap. 21. e. it remayneth now that you teach me ( if you please ) the doctrine of the other member , or branch in your first distribution , concerning the parts of pertransients , and pertingents . a. the doctrine is short , and easie , for such lines haue one chiefe property , that they euer make an angle in the sheild , as here : but being drawn through , they for the more part discouer them-selues to bee but parts , or beginnings of other armorial bodies , by imitation , defect , or redundance . as , draw the half-lines or semidiameters of the first quite through the sheild , they beget this first mixt partitiō , & then ( in the secōd ) by extending the cheuern-lines into the chief-points partie per saltoir , is produced , as followeth . e. in this place therefore you make these semi-diametrs to bee parts of lines , which meeting in the escucheon , and neere some part of the midst thereof , or in the midst it selfe , bring forth an angle , or rather a quadrangular , or triangular proportion , as the place will beare . a. so as these parts of lines entire ( contrarie to the nature of pertransients , and pertingents ) doe each of them touch his side onely of the shield , and withal , either settle in the very midst of the armes , or fall short thereof , or other-wise shoote by it , or lastly touch an angle : which is a property onely seene ( so farre as i remember ) in a gusset , or a gyron , which gyron is halfe a cabe , or quarter cut off by an oblique or diagonall line , as followeth . e. there is no part of this your last paragraph , or section , which needs not very particular demonstration , before i can be made capable thereof , it hath so many foulds , for which i doubt not there will bee a time . in the meane season i perceiue that this doctrine will affoord a line for euery day in the yeare , so as none need passe contrary to the great painters precept , who bad no day should passe without a line . a. heere then shall bee the period of my present handling the element of lines , so farre as they are elementarie in the first degree , for you seeme weary . e. at no hand ( good sir evstace ) vnlesse the matter stretch it selfe no farther . but to let you vnderstand how i profit , i will drawe a table or analysis of this which you haue already deliuered . a. doe that hereafter when you come to the cloze , which now after a short straine , or two , will be presently . now that you may vnderstand how casualty workes in all things , behold it spareth not armoriall lines , which are cut off some-time , before they can arriue at any side of the shield . e. fortune ( as the vulgar phrase is ) which sports her selfe with the owners , and lords of coate-armours , may very wel make bold with the notes of honor which they beare : nor abludeth it from conueniencie , that if men suffer her force in their liues , sheilds and armories should not claime a priuiledge aboue them . a. of that maim'd , or truncked kinde , are this , and the like . e. what call you this ? a. remember i protest against encroachment , but referre you for blazon to blazoners , the termes of that art being of no vse in considerations such as these , which set not downe the things themselues as they are armories , but by abstraction of elements from bodies , do giue examples as they primitiuely concurre to their making , which subtilize the witte , and formalize the obiect : therefore to comprehend the particulars of one nature vnder their more generall , subalterne , or other kindes , doth exact words fitte for such purposes , which wanting ( as they are ) must of necessitie bee deuised , and imposed , or the arte bee lame in that point . blazoners call that bearing , or charge in armes , an haumed , or humet . but single lines are neuer subiect to this violence , or casualtie , whereof wee spake before , but onely the double , which are either parallel , intersecant , or neyther . e. which double lines are parallel , or fellow in armories ? a. those which are such in other subiects , as in the sphaere . in armories they are these , & the like which side one by the other without meeting according to the true property of parallels , which may in other wordes be called geminels or twins ▪ e. which armorial lines are intersecant ? a. as parallels are commonly pertingents only , so single intersecants are generally pertransients , so in the former examples which i gaue you of paralels , you see they are pertingents . intersecants be pertransients which crosse one the other , and are these , or the like . e. but are there some entire armorial lines which be neyther parallel , nor intersecant , and yet are pairs ? a. there are , as in the former example of partie per pile in points you may perceiue , for there the lines meet , and therefore are not parallel , though pairs , and yet crosse not one the other , and therefore are not intersecant , which considerations belong to the generation , or composition of armories , and are there , not heere , to bee entreated off . the contents . 1. the maister called back to english himselfe about the causes of some armorial bodies . 2. a canton one of them . 3. a pile another . 4. syr evstaces supposal of an abortion in art. chap. 22. evstace . syr , i pray let mee call you backe to english your selfe , where teaching the parts of lines you said that the armoriall bodies which they made were parts , or beginnings of other armorial bodies , or deduced how-soeuer one out of the other . a. your selfe wil easily be able to answer your selfe when you shall hereafter know what figures , and proportions the skil of commendable armories doth admit . for what is a canton but a quartar contracted , or abridged ? and this , as i take it , is an armoriall bodie drawne from a quarter by defect , or imitation , or both waies . e. how is one of those lesse armorial bodies whereof you spake made by redundance ? a. that may appear vnto you in a pile , as i conceaue , for the pile-lines shooting on eyther side , & beyond the fesse or midle point , & meeting afterward together vnder the nombril , or base of the fesse , yet not extended to the lowest , or base point of the sheild , creat a new armorial figure by redundance . e. of what armoriall body seemes this a redundance ? a. of a gyron , or the like . e. it seemes to me that it may be by defect , aswell as by redundance . for where ( like nature failing of her end ) these lines fall short of the lowest point of the shield , called the base , or last point , and clozing before their time beget this figure , which ( otherwise ) running parallel , and equidistant from their beginning would produce a pale , so may this pile appeare , in the finall intention of failing art , to bee a pale abortiue , or miscarrying . a. sauing the honour of your wittie error the pile is an armoriall body of it selfe . the contents . 1. the intended matter of lines at an end . 2. all their sorts not regularly comprehensible . 3. the linearie premisses begun to bee recapitulated . 4. complemental passages betweene the two knights . 5. the maister findes fault , and supplies the wants . 6. the soft-wax table of memory . 7. the necessary vse of certaine markes vpon the slate , with sundry methodicall considerations alike necessarie . chap. 23. evstace . the matter of lines is now , it should seeme , at an end . a. the intended mater ( that is , to show how they are elementary to the lineal part of the facultie ) is at an end . but these lines of which hitherto wee haue entreated , are onely some of the maine , for examples sake brought hither , and which the spanish herald very often blazeth by the name of perfill ( as is said ) or as wee say purfle , or , argent , sable , or so forth . e. then belike there are more lines of al sorts in armories ? a. there are more , & those not comprehensible within these rules . for neyther can lyon , nor eagle , nor tree , nor flowers , nor any other distinct representation be exprest in armories without lines , eyther drawne or conceaued , according to that which wee haue heere-tofore deliuered . e. shall i nowe recapitulate the poyntes of this as it were geometricall element of armories ? a. very willingly , and as you go make demonstrations vpon this slate . e. first therefore it is plaine that lines are a principal element of armories , in which they are eyther straight , or crooked . the straight are direct , or oblique , and againe , the oblique are eyther straight , or crooked . a. thus far your memory can sustaine no reproach . e. crooked are manifold , as thus , and thus , and thus . a. hetherto the mute slate shall witnesse with you against forgetfulnesse . e. lines by a second diuision of yours are one , or more then one in an armes . a. show how . e. o ( syr amias ) did you not adiourne the demonstration of that part to another time ? and i am but your spring-water which naturally can mount no higher then the head from whence it came . a. you haue too great a memory not to bee dangerous . e. for all that you will not me thinks forbear to speak things worthy of table-books , and the next mornings meditation . a. mean-while ( for i acknowledge no such happinesse ) runne ouer the rest of the lecture of lines , if you please . e. as ambitiously , assure your selfe , as if the chair became my skill . lines therfore , you farther said , were eyther pertransient in the nature of diameters ( and of those pertransients you remembred no greater a number then foure ) or else pertingent , as thus , and thus . you also toucht some speciall properties of them all , handling by the way some other things , and concluding that lines in composition ( which part you did also put ouer , as more proper to bee taught in another place ) were eyther parallel , intersecant , or neutral . a. here like a young courser that hath no certaine pace , you shuffle . if therfore you will render your selfe sufficient for the vnderstanding of moniments armorial , it would behoue you to spell , and conne them throughly , and often , and that you may do it with the more effect , my selfe will not faile to giue you my best furtherance . as for the present , i will once more view the slate , wherevpon you haue cyphred your remembred parts of the lecture , and therein supply what is wanting , that you may haue all the passed examples together , and in sight at once vpon one plane , and by them ( as by so many places of artificiall memory ) both call them to your minde the better , and hold the depending doctrines the surer . e. it is a singular good course , and a sure , for the soft-wax table of memory retaines not without sealing , and nothing is worth attention which is not worth remembring . but why haue you noted some with asterisks , or starrulets ? some with hands pointing ? and others with trefoils slipt ? a. euery starrulet showes a passing , or transition from one different matter to another , according to our discourse it selfe , where were sundry branches , exceptions , and theorems . the marginall hands show , that at the escucheon to which they seuerally point , begins a generall comprehension of all the particulars of one nature , which follow betweene that hand , and the next , and is a more light then in the handling was giuen . for of those elementary lines ( and primely elementall are none but the single ) which we haue exemplified , the first sort are elementall , and considerable in regard of their forme , as straight , crooked : those of the second degree are lines considerable in this element in regard of their position , or manner of placing in escucheons , as direct , and oblique , or , as in the more , or lesse length of their ducture . the third , and last are lines considerable in regard of their pluralitie , and therefore worthely adiourned to bee discourse for the fabrick , or compositiue part of armes , or armories , in which they mixe , and concurre to the enshaping of proportions and figures vpon shields . e. wherefore serue the trefoils ? a. to signifie such examples as are occasional , and come in but vpon the by : as partie per pale embatteled ( for so much therein as concernes the formes , or affections of lines ) is comprehended within the angular , and is not a sort of it selfe : so the two escucheons which do immediatly follow the two pertingents of the second sort , that is to say parts of pertingents , are to show ( as before they did show ) how they become pertransient . yet the former diuisions hold : for all betweene hand and hand are in one praedicament of armory , and euery starrulet is the signe of a different matter : the exceptions , and incidencies beforesaid , being most aptly notwithstanding comprehensible vnder their seuerall heads . e. the element of lines thus happily finished , the most beautifull element of colours , doth next present it selfe to handling . the contents . 1. admired plato vouched for entrance into the element of colours . 2. why colours are elementall to armories . 3. armoriall colours two-fold . 4. the vulgar error of bearing in proper . 5. seauen chiefe armoriall colours . 6. the maister doubtfull how to marshall them . 7. antiquities for the honor of white colour out of plato and svetonivs . 8. rare scorne of humane pride out of colours , one very late of abdela the morisco emperour . 9. national as well as personall respects in the vse of colours . 10. two considerations in the marshalling of armorial colours . 11. ivlivs scaliger bowld with aristotle . 12. the armes of doctor bartolvs one of the first gowne-men which bare any . 13. certaine scales of colours . 14. the differences betweene two authors cited in those scales , and the reason . 15. concerning the place of gules , and azure . chap. 24. amias . white ( saith plato ) is the fittest colour for god. hauing heere but named plato , it seemes to me that i haue withall let in a great deale of light , and gracefulnesse , and therfore gladly vse that sentence of his as a garland , to adorne the entrance of this part of our discourse concerning armorial colours . e. you haue done well , and i rise vp in honour of his memory . a. the beautifull , and vitall element of colour is in hand . but before ( eyther with plato , or any one ) we define which colour is best , let vs not vnskilfully ouerslip the handling of such matters as ought necessarily praecede . you are therefore ( as a generall rule ) to remember that by the word colour , i vnderstand all sorts of colours in armes , as well as those which are called metalls , as the rest . for gold , and siluer doe but in better stuffe expresse the tinctures which they hold , and yellow hath precedence of white rather for the dignity of the metall which sets it forth , then as it is a colour , in respect whereof it is not comparable to the chast , and virgin purity of white . e. why are colours elementall to armes ? a. for that as lines giue them shape , or circumcsription , so without colour ( as hath bene said ) they neyther haue life , nor distinction . e. hath the naturall philosopher , who teacheth the causes , and generations of colours any employment in this subiect ? a. what liberall profession hath not ? but yet not in euery time , or place , and therefore not now , nor here , no more then their materials , as cerusse , lamp-black , vermilion , and the like : because those colours are only for our turne which already haue their beeing , and are agreed vppon in common practise . e. how many armoriall colours are there then ? a. all colours vpon occasion bee vsed in armories , as the thing which is to bee painted doth require . therfore all colours are armoriall in the largest sense , which you may easily perceiue in those sheildes , where the charge being of seuerall colours ( as a peacock , a culuer , a cameleon , a rainbow , or the like ) is set forth according to life , which as seldome , so it is of little grace in armory , whose liking is chiefly of those which beeing principall , and colours as it were of them-selues are withall most different one from the other . of them ( as the humors of this artificiall bodie ) it is enough if we deale onely with such as are most noble , and vsuall , which are seauen . for that the bearing of things in their proper colours should be best , as it is i confesse somewhat commonly held , so is it a common errour , and but among the commons , because those of the vpper-house of skill know it is far otherwise , the reasons of armes , and nature being so different . a blew , or greene lyon ( which are as improper colours for that beast as can bee ) are of better bearing then a naturall : how-beit if that vulgar conceit haue any ground , it is in the vse of the praedominant colour of a creature whose image is borne in armories ; as a golden lyon rather then any other , because yellow is praedominant in him . so that at most it can be said , that creature is best borne , or borne in his most dignity , which is aduanced in the praedominant colour thereof , which also i must demurre vppon , for i beleeue it not yet , and the reason will appeare elsewhere , for this is but by the way , e. which then are the seauen chiefe armoriall colours ? a. i am troubled at your question , as not knowing which to set downe first , the order in naming them is so diuerse , and in the march of armes to rrespasse against true marshalling is an errour which i am not willing to committe . to make antiquity arbitresse of this difference will perhaps not serue , because custome ( which hath dominion ouer matters of this kind ) hath preuayled to the contrary , our whole speech being but of the chief armoriall colours . plato ( laying white aside , as a sacred colour , and symbolicallie reserued to the seruice of powers diuine ) leaues all the rest vnto vs for militarie ensignes . among the romans it had signification of soueraignty it selfe , for ( as it is in svetonivs ) a crowne of laurel bound-vp with a label , or riband of white , and set vpon a statue of the first perpetuall dictator ivlivs ceasar , the tribunes commanded the said lace , or label to be taken away , and the fellow to bee put in prison , as one who had therein gone about to erect a king , and so far as was in him proclaymed ceasar ; a matter as then high treason against the state. domitian in like sort for that his brothers sonne in law had albatos ministros . tooke it very haynously , as if by the vse of that colour were ambitiously implide a pretense , or right to share in imperial dignity , chastising it therfore with homer's 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 inferring that as many kinges marr'd all , there ought to be but one , so that his nieces husband meant to make one . of these and the like were no end , and yet the present controuersie of praecedence in colours should rest vndecided . which if any man shall despise , hee doth not know that nothing is of so smal moment ( which i speake not as a matter for men to bee proud of , or wherein they haue cause to glory ) which is fit for vs mortals to contemne , whose most weighty enterprizes by a colour , a shadow , or lesse , are not seldome interuerted , or swaid , to the singular scorne both of humane wisedome , and of what their other force so-euer . we haue heard of a king who seeing the shippe wherein his sonne went vppon the dangerous aduenture of encountring the minotavr of crete , returne with blacke sayles , as it went forth ( the colours of victory beeing forgotten to be displaid , as was agreed ) impatiently , and sodainly destroyd him-selfe , as supposing him to bee slaine . fresh accidents are most forceable . very lately in barbary a white skarcrow was ynough to start an emperour from his imperiall seat , and make him to flye . thus it hapned . in the late famous furies of that country betweene the three brethren , hamet bosonne their cousin made head for him-selfe , and drew toward marocco or morvecos the principal citty , not far from from which , abdela lay in camp , from whence a fellow being seen vppon an hil with a spear in his hand , and a white linnen vpon it as a flag , the emperour abdela thought hamet bosonne to bee at hand with his whole force , where-vpon in al hast taking vp som of his tents , but the greater part left standing , he fearefully ranne away : and what was this terrible apparition do you imagine ? a poore more washing his napery , and for the speedier drying thereof vsing his speare to hang it in the sunne . let examples passe : who sees not the naturall effect of colours ? at the approach of light whose senses are not cheared ? in darknesse who feeles not a kinde of horror ? haue the white of a delicate face , and the blacknesse of a negro alike admittance to our eye ? or allowance in the minde ? what innumerable affections are raised in the soule by colours , all admirers of beauty can tell , and i see not what the pride of life is more ambitious in , or studious for , witnesse the maruaylous valuations of pearle , and stone ( chiefly for the various shine of their colors , their luster , or water as they cal it ) y e pompe of cloathes , the ornament of building , and innumerable other : all which are vnto the blind worth nothing indeed , but to those who haue the vse of sight , a maine cause why they desire to liue and bee . symbolical philosophy will teach vs wonders concerning these , and other maters . who dares in tvrkie weare greene , the colour of mahomet , but the svltan him-selfe , or those of his bloud ? he that had liued when red , and white in the like-colour'd roses were fatall to the royall families of england , would haue beene very loath to haue encountred with his contrary colour vppon disaduantage . white , and black long harrased some parts of italie in the famous factions of b●anc●i , and neri . it was but onely a false feare which commines in his eighth book writes that his french were put into by the white banner of a principall leader of theirs , the same hauing beene vsed by the marqves of mantva their enemie . the particular praeference which is giuen to this , or that colour , aboue the rest by seuerall persons , how , or whence doth it come ? that there is a nationall as well as a personal respect cannot be deny'd , and colours rather then other are vulgarly appropriated to special vses , as symbolical to them , so far forth as a kinde of superstition is growne vppon the auoyding , for you shal seldome see a bridegroome wed in yellow , or a forsaken louer walke in blew . to mourne in black is as nationall a custome , as for the graue , and ciuil to go therein . who sees not what a religion there is , as it were , in the vse of colours ? at a saint georges feast , a tilt , or triumph no man will usurpe his maiesties knowne colours , yellow & red . is there a gratious seruant in court who will dare to mount any other colour into his hat , then that which his lady , and mistresse best approues , and vseth ? there is scarce any noble person who doth not affect one colour , and prefer it before another in his fansie , though him-selfe can render no reason for it . e. as how ? or among which of them ? a. vpton a canon of sarum and wells , in his learned worke of armes , dedicated to his lord , and patron hvmphrey duke of glovcester , cites them otherwise then gerard leigh , who simplie hath the most , and best collections for blazon , and ( notwithstanding his pythagoracisms in affecting certaine numbers , and his no good choise in matters of antiquitie ) doth best apply him-selfe to the capacitie of a learner , who is ignorant in other good letters . bosvvell in one place followes gerard leigh , but iohn de scohier beaumontois differs from them all , and other maisters ( as sir iohn ferne knight ) haue their peculiar marshallings . the three first i haue thought good to comprehend in this figure of sundry scales . e. but what say you ? a. first , obserue wherein they differ , and wherein they agree . about the place of metals there is no altercation , for all giue praecedence to gold , as to the more worthy mettall , but about the colours they varie : for vpton assignes the third place to azure , which leigh , and scohier doe poste into the fourth : vpton enstalleth gules in the fourth ; leigh , and scohier in the third : purple , according to vpton is fifth , but according to leigh and scohier , seauenth . in vert , vpton , and leigh doe accord : sable is put last by vpton , which leigh thinkes worthy to bee fifth . e. may vpton , and leigh bee reconciled or no ? a. the matter is to be fetcht som-what farther of , that is , you must first consider them simply , and as of themselues for colours , in which sense vpton rather speakes , then as they are in armories , in which sense gerard leigh : and so , they two hauing their seuerall reasons , their seuerall marshallings may be defended . e. how doe you consider them as they are colours ? a. white certainly is in his proper nature most excellent , as being most pure and splendent . for it is plaine that yellow hath som-what in it lesse pure , and is a degree ( though yet the next degree ) to white , and as for the third place which is by vpton giuen to blew , and by leigh to redde , vpton , who knew much better the reasons , and causes of colours , did see that a bright blew had more of white in it then redde had , & redde , though a very bright colour , yet participated more yellow then blew hath , yet because it hath most of the second colour , and consequently not any thing of white but secondarily , therefore did vpton following the order of nature marshall blew third , and gerard leigh hauing reference to the dignitie of yellow , as it is exprest in mettal , placed redde , where farre more learned vpton putteth blew , which is in the third place , as also renowned bartolvs , though not in respect of it selfe ( as vpton doth dispose thereof ) but in regard of the aër which it figureth . the contents . 1. concerning the place of purple . 2. vpton in one respect preferred before leigh in the matter of colours . 3. yellow not aduanced aboue white , in regard of it selfe . 4. caesarean lawyers commended . 5. doctor bartolvs not diligent , nor exact in armoriall colours . in how many sorts their praecedency is considerable . 7. sir evstace spared as a learner . chap. 25. evstace . i am satisfide in this , so farre as concernes the reconciliation , or reason of those two first authors vpton , and leigh in their first difference . the second difference is about purple , which in vptons obelisk , or scale is fifth , but in leighs seauenth . a. there is no doubt but that vpton with good iudgment did marshall it so , considering his perswasion of their order in nature . for redde beeing with him the meane , and equidistant colour in the said order , betweene the two extreames of white , and black , what can bee more aptly placed then purple next to red ? for somuch as purple hath in it a kind of deepnesse , which makes it incline to a degree of black . e. doe you thinke that vpton had as good reason for the other particulars in his scale of colours ? a. altogether as good , considering his perswasion of the order of colours in nature . e. then you preferre his iudgment before leighs in the first consideration , though it should seeme that euen his scale also doth not meerly , and purely answer the said consideration , forsomuch as white , being according to nature , the most excellent of colours , hath not priority of yellow , which it ought to haue , being of it selfe pondred , vpton respecting the honour of the metall which yellow representeth , or in which it is represented , and therefore his marshalling is not simply naturall . a. your obseruation is true , and by the leaue of ciuilians ( an order of men which rightly instituted is able and worthy to gouerne the world ) i will adde somewhat farther concerning bartolvs : who making his distinction of colours as we haue done , and first ( which also factious methodists would carpe as preposterous ) declaring which colours are in his opinion most noble in respect of things which they represent , insteed of prosecuting the other member of his diuision , that is to say , insteed of showing which colours are most noble in respect of themselues , makes some of vs doubt whether hee hath therein performed any thing at all , or not confounded the second member with the formost . for comming to that point thus hee disputes , as light is most noble ( saith hee ) so her contrary , which is darkenesse , is most base , then in colours as they are to bee considered as of them-selues , ( for that is the point ) color albus est nobilior quia magis appropinquat luci . if therefore ( ô renowned bartolvs ) white is more noble , ( as you affirme ) for the more nearenesse which it hath to light , then it is not in respect of it selfe more noble , but in respect of that more neerenesse ( that is , in respect of another ) and so wee seeme to bee forsaken by you in this second point : for neither is light , nor darknesse a colour , nor measuring causes of the dignities of colours , nor was it the question which of them two was most noble , but whether this , or that colour . yea , a curious sister might hazard all the first diuision by this , or make a fight betweene them , i meane betweene the first , and this : for if there bee but one rule of praecedence in colours , as they are considerable in respect of things which they resemble , or allude vnto according to the first diuision , then eyther white is chiefe euen in that respect , and to bee preferred before golden , purple , and azure , contrary to the collection which hee makes , or this is no apt resemblance which is brought by him of light , and darkenesse . but if there are two rules of such praecedencie , then certainly , colours as they are considerable in respect of others , are to bee considered after a double manner , euen according to the first diuision , the one manner superior , the other inferior , and the second consideration which is of colours as they are of themselues is to bee sought out in naturall philosophie , not in resemblance , nor allusions . but i may not entangle you at first with these subtilities . the contents . 1. the maisters great opinion of purple . 2. the wonderfull honor which antiquitie had it in . 3. coniectures why that colour hath now lost the praecedence . 4. the admirable beautie set forth by hyperbole . 5. the maisters wish for restoring it to the antient glory . 6. the two vegetous soules of armories . chap. 26. evstace . you fauour mee therein ( good sir amias ) therefore if you please , and that the entrance , qu , and turne thereof bee yet , i would bee glad to vnderstand somewhat concerning colours as they are in armories . a. i affect not the maintenance of forced paradoxes in matter concerning them , neuerthelesse before i entered farther i would gladly that purple were restored to the owne place . e. indeed i maruayle seeing the best , and most ancient authors speake of purple , as of an imperial , and most reserued colour , peculiar to the ceasars , and other soueraigne princes , how it hath lost the praecedence ? a. you may wel say it was peculiar indeed , when in the phrase of ivstinians code , the shel-fish wherein it grew is called sacer murex , and the crime of vsing it in cloak , or other garment by an imperiall edict dated at constantinople equalled to treason , and the appropriation thereof to them of the bloud only , is honored therin with no meaner , nor lesse holy a word thē dedication , which yet is but according to the analogie of the whole vse , if the colour were sacred , nay ; if i forget not greatly , the state therein grew so precise , that to vse but guards , laces , or strings dipt with that die was capitall , though the great and glorious emperour ivstinian remitted the rigour of those edicts made by his praedecessors . the reason why it hath lost praecedence is because we haue lost the colour it-selfe , since ( as som thinke ) the tvrks haue come into possession of the fishings at tyre , and other places where the welks or shel-fish grew in which purple was found , or because though the fish bee not extinguished , yet the art it selfe of drawing , and keeping it is vtterly perisht : for it is not ( god knowes ) that bastard die which is in grocers turnsol , a mixture of vermillion , and blew-bysse , or cynaber , or the colour in violets , but a most pretious , bright and admirable ; which ( saith pancerollvs ) is now to bee onely ghest at in the italian ielliflowre , & seemes not in some iudgements to bee that of the amethist , but that of the rubie , pyropus or carbuncle , or ( as saith bartolvs ) of elementall fire , or rather of the empyraean heauen it selfe . if the true , and tyrian purple were not lost , i perceiue you would not feare to aduance it in dignitie aboue white and yellow , that is aboue the metals in armories , gold and siluer . a. i durst certainly . but forsomuch as those colours are in the court of honour exempt from the name , and nature of colours , beeing the vegetatiue soules of armories , and so reputed , wee put them apart as agreed vppon for the purpose of armorie . the contents . 1. of sable and white the two extremes of colours . 2. their order in nature not the rule of their dignity . 3. bartolvs wherein ignorant . 4. scaliger's scale of colours . 5 which are the bast armories . 6. the reason of armes , and nature is diuerse . 7. of the roman eagle . 8. the same imperial bird with two heads found borne in-remote antiquity . 9. the dignity of sable . 10. praecedence captious . 11. reflections vppon the humors of the time. 12. of azure and the place thereof . chap. 27. evstace . or and argent , and their co●lours yellow and white beeing agreed vppon ( as you say ) and their places resting out of controuersie , the dignity of mettal carrying it from the priority in nature , or excellēcy in that respect , seeing also that the true sidonian , or tyrian purple is lost , though yet it retains an opiniō of royall estate , or maiesty , what is your conceipt of the rest in the scale of colours , that is to say , sable , azure , gules , & vert , or how-soeuer otherwise you or others please to marshal them ? a. i will tell you . nothing is more plaine ( as i suppose ) then that blacke is , as it were , the basis or pedestal of colours , and white the crown-point , or toppe , there being a kinde of leuitie , beside purity in the one , and an heauinesse , or obscurity in the other , white ( according to books , and reason ) being capable of all colours , and black contayning all . and if in this speculation we may faine a sursum , and deorsum , an ascence , and descence , an aspiring , and rest , a center and a summitie , the same must needs hold very well in black , and white , and in the relations which intermedious colours haue in their distances , and mixtures with eyther . vptons scale therefore ( sauing in the praecedence of yellow before white for the cause before sayd ) is best fitted to the order of nature . you might aske now why the order of nature should not also be the order of honor , and dignity . but if that were so then among al other incongruities , sable as it is the basis , or foote of colours , so should it also bee the basest in armories , which bartolvs ( ignorant of armorial speculations , for now i am compelled to go so farre ) doth not stick to affirme . e. and why is not i beseech you ? a. for your better vnderstanding thereof put vptons scale into a line , thus . or if you will ( with great learned ivlivs scaliger in a philosophicall , sharpe , and clearkly manner disputing of colours ) thus . e. i thinke it best . a. grant now that there are two termes , or extremes of colours . e. it is graunted . a. grant also that the reasons of armes , and nature are seueral . e. be it so . a. then , as in nature there is no excellencie but in extremes , and as the final cause of armes is one principall rule of excellence in armorie , white beeing the one extreme , black the other ; more-ouer the finall cause of armes borne openly in the field , or else-where , beeing manifestation , where black for the solemne deepnesse thereof is a colour altogether as far to bee seene , if not farther then white , for which cause also black , and bright in composition are held the soueraigne superlatiues : our vnderstanding therefore must necessarily bee conuinced , that in the armoriall placings of colours , sable , next to the metalls , is best , no herald ( as i take it ) doubting that these the present armories of the romaine empire are for such and other good reasons , according to blazon , cheife . e. i could with a very good will step aside heere into a question , or two if you would allow thereof , vpon occasion of this double-headed bird , for that though you hold it so excellent , yet to mee ( in the rudenesse of my nouiceship ) it seemes monstrous and vnnaturall . a. ivstvs lipsivs thinks that the soldier ( for it was a priuate deuise ) who bare this sheild , was of a legion made out of two , for that two eagles seem mixt as it were in one , nor haue i in present any better coniecture to bring , though i would hee had deliuered his conceipt what the crowne ouer it might meane . neuerthelesse it should appeare , that the motion which rhenanvs speakes of , was not then first made , for the armories of friderick the second , reuiued among the rest at westminster and there written emperour , haue it but with one head , and the same seemes alike antiently painted , or stained in the glasse window ouer it , and this was in the reigne of henry the third king of england , about foure hundrerh yeeres past : other take it to proceed out of the engrauers errour , or that hee was onely king of romans at the time of the armories there cut , or painted , and consequently in right thereof had onely the eagle with the single head , but afterward ( the writing being more easily changed then the sculpture ) the armories remaining still the same , hee had the title of emperour added , as that which had accrewed to him after their affixation , or setting there . but i may not tolerate these or the like digressions : you see therefore ( contrary to doctor bartolvs ) the cause why black , though the basis of colours , is not yet the basest colour , but shares with white , or hath the next roome therevnto . e. if you were marshall in the court of armorie , i perceiue there would bee some little alteration . a. sir , the mater of praecedence is captious , and i would bee loath to make a grammar-warre in heraldrie . e. is there any cause of feare ? a. that note of a degenerous minde , is not too much mine ; howbeit , no man thinkes it safe to offend many . e. will any be offended ? a. may be that some for their own coates sakes will complaine of iniury done to their colours . e. indeed with as much cause as a poet may be challenged for his idaea , by such as acknowledge their owne part of vice in a figured person . a. what may not men feare in so sickly a iudgment as the worlds ? but , if i should put gules after azure , what could you pick out of that ? you perhaps will answer , nothing . e. i should make that answer , for i could picke nothing out of it . a. no ? were it not to embase england , and to ouer-glorifie france , because the english field is gules , and the french field azure ? or should i not doe wrong to campes , and parliaments , robbing souldiers , and vpper-house men of their colour ? would it not bee sayd i were malicious ? e. o poore construction ! a. poore indeed : but what so foolish that is not among men ? but azure being the colour of the starred heauen , and showing more clearly then any of the other with either metall , and ( according to bartol ) figuring the aër , might warrant such a praeference : yet i could discouer another dangerous exception . e. what is that ? a. that in putting azure before gules , i should plainly preferre speculation before practise , the ciuill contemplator before the martiall commander , and so renew the old theomachie of homer , setting debate betweene minerva , and venvs , or rake out of vrnes , and cinder the antient quarrell of cedant arma toge — which conspiracie against common quiet , i will not bee guiltie of for a colours sake . e. then azure you could wish were fourth ? a. if there be prescription to the contrary , i will not contend against custome . the contents . 1. the great honour of gules . 2. of vert , and purple , neither of them vsuall in english armories . 3. the superfluous vnderstand not the value of time . 4. the iudgement of the places of colours is hard . 5. colours in armes to bee vnderstood of the best in their seuerall kinds . 6. a throne of armoriall colours according to the maisters conceit . 7. why gules hath prioritie of azure . 8. chavcer , and the lord manvvood for red colour in gold . 9. why vulgar purple is put after vert. chap. 28. evstace . you haue beene very silent concerning gules , and vert . a. they haue their turnes , and i forget them not . certainly the credit of gules hath worthily been very great among the ancient , and ( i beleeue ) more vsed then any other of the colours , excepting those of the two metalls : witnesses hereof are all the antient lists , and rolls of armories , in which there are scarce any two , or three together which haue it not , and this was chiefly ( as among martiall gentlemen ) in regard of the resemblance it had to bloud , and battle , there beeing also in it a kinde of glowing brightnesse like to fire . as for vert ( in which word ( as in the other of sable , azure , gules , are onely , and properly vnderstood the black , blew , and redde peculiar to armories onely ) is meant the greene vsed in armes-painting , or which ought to bee vsed , and is the very best ) that is as rarely found in coat-armours , as gules is often found : and yet purple , aswell for the reasons beforesaid , as because ( for so it seemes ) the whole honor thereof was transferred to gules , more rarely in our english bearings , hachments , or notes of honor : which is notwithstanding no disreputation to either . vert in armories hath alwayes had the betokning of a ioyous , youthly , fresh , & flourishing state of bearing , and is therefore in that respect aduanced to the honour of a superlatiue , uert in or , being entituled most ioyous . i can apprehend no greater reason of the raritie , then the sterne , rough temper of the former worlds , which delighted not in amorous , or pleasant deuises , as a-symbolous to the vse of warre . e. afford mee now i pray a scale of colours , according to your particular opinion of their ciuill dignity , without regard either to custome , or nature . a. it were a curiositie of little vse , and i might doe it with as little allowance of others . for i should not therein doubt to call vp purple to the highest end of the table , setting or , and argent beneath , but ( that wee may not seeme not to vnderstand the price of time ) let vs bee compendious , and consider colours as they are in present armories . e. vouchsafe then to mee a scale which best answers both the order of nature , and the order of dignity , according to the which i may make a rule to my selfe concerning the vse of their prioritie , or posterioritie in armories . a. or , and argent are yeelded vnto for the two first places , and ( vpon the warrantie of such reasons as you haue heard ) i haue worthily restored sable to the third . the controuersies then that are , rest betweene azure , and gules , and betweene vert , and vulgar purple , and in the decision of those controuersies a doubt ariseth , which , or what shall bee the rule to decide them by , authoritie ? arguments ? or common opinion ? all which beeing full of vncertainties , i will therefore place the seauen principall armoriall colours , which are euery one of them vnderstood to bee the best of their seuerall kinds ( as the brighest yellow , purest white , deepest black , and so forth ) vpon a throne of foure steps , according to my present conceit , and iudgement of their order , leauing others notwithstanding to their particular opinions , which i doe the more willingly , because i would not tire your spirits in the maze of scruples , and not ( were there any authentick , or set forme for ordering them ) for that i would imitate the licence of the age wherein wee liue , in reiecting whatsoeuer stands not with present vse , and phantasie , and the reason of this my marshalling may partly bee gathered out of the premisses . the throne of colours is this . or , argent , and sable , admitting ( in my opinion ) no controuersie , i haue yeelded gules a place before azure . not for that azure hath not more of white then gules , if the order of nature were the onely rule of armoriall dignitie , or for that it representeth not a nobler body then it ( and that azure is borne out of white appeareth , for that white mixt there-with , doth but weaken the blewnesse , abating it to a watchet , and so to other degrees of palenesse , as the mixture beares ) but therefore gules praecedes , for that true purple is lost , into all whose honors gules seemeth to succeed , is more often obserued in antient armories then any other of the colours , participateth much of gold , or yellow , gold it selfe , aswell among the learned , as vnlearned , being not rarely called red , with the poets , rutilum is a familiar epithete , or attribure of aurum , and for our vulgar , chavcers rime of sir thopas , shall giue you an authoritie , where it is said , his shield it was of gold so red , and this common conceit made manvvood lord chiefe baron , call golden coyne ( as i haue heard reported ) by an alluding by-name ruddocks ; and finally , gules therefore is suffered to praecede , for that most properly it resembleth mars , and is most aptly appliable to martiall behoofes : that it is a childe , or neere cozen to yellow ( as azure is of white ) may bee manifested thus , forsomuch as to abate , and allay the fulnesse of red , we doe not see white vsed ( as a colour too remote ) but rather yellow , and that so farre-forth as some doe grinde a chiue of saffron with vermillion , to make it the more pleasant , whereas white in like proportion mixed , would dimne , and decay it , as yellow would spoile azure , and turne it greene , these in armorial speculations seeming to be of their kinde , which in naturall are by the learned , called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and so , admitting yellow to bee the chiefe of armoriall colours for the metalls sake which representeth it , rightly is gules preferred before azure , in that it partakes so much of yellow . lastly , i haue put vert before vulgar purple , for that vert is simply , and indeed , a colour reputed as it were of it it selfe , and comming such to vs out of his mineralls , or materialls , whereas vulgar purple is not ( i presume ) found in any one single substance , whether minerall , or other materiall , but is made by mixture , in like sort as orenge-tawnie is of certaine quantities of yellow and redde mixt together . and this is the table of armoriall colours , wherin all respects , as well naturall , representatiue , or customary , so farre as i can presently collect , are best satisfide , which likewise i intend to follow , being thus marshalled , or , argent , sable , gules , azure , vert , and vulgar purple . the contents . 1. the , as it were , complections of armories . 2. one colour cannot be an armes . 3. physicall disputes of colours omitted . 4. atomies are colourlesse . 5. the old terme of claurie in blazon . 6. reasons why one colour cannot be an armes ( 7. ) examples to the contrary ( 8. ) out of the prophet nahvm ( 9. ) and pearlesse virgil , ( 10. ) of alexander magnus ( 11. ) avgvstvs caesar , ( 12. ) tamorlan ( 13. ) the antient banner of portvgall , ( 14. ) the auriflamb of france , ( 15. ) the old banner of aragon , with the memorable cause of redde pallets therein . ( 16. ) de la brecte vnder edvvard the first . ( 17. ) the maister easily puts by the poynt of these exeptions , ( 18. ) of honorable additions , ( 19. ) admirable modesty of old , in assuming armories . ( 20. ) the white knight in ireland , ( 21. ) the old banner of navarre ( 22. ) what wee are to iudge of a blancke or empty superficies ( 24. ) no good armories without metal . ( 24. ) rokesleys coate , ( 25. ) extrauagants , ( 26. ) metall the vegetatiue soule of armes . ( 27. ) armoriall harmony . chap. 29. evstace . you haue beene bountifull to mee in this delightfull argument ( worthy syr amias ) and greatly opened mine vnderstanding of them . a. it would require much more , euen as colours are elementall vnto armories . e. as how i beseech you ? a. in respect of their coniunctions one with another , by which ( in proportion of the quantities of colours in those coniunctions ) the , as it were , complexion of a coate is made vppe , whereas heere the armoriall colours are onely considered as they are single , and of themselues , and as single notes are no concords , nor proportions in musick , so single colours haue no armoriall harmony . in which respect they neither are , nor can be in arms , for of one colour onely no coate can consist . wee will not heere touch at the subtilities of the physicks concerning colours , nor dispute whither lvcretivs his atomicall elements , or seedes of things haue any colour , a matter by him forbidden to be credited , saying — colore caue contingas semina rerum . e. wherefore then cannot a coate of armes consist of one colour ? a. for innumerable causes . first to mainetaine the matter of the elements now in hand , for if we admit such an absurdity as the subsistence of a coate , being barely a sheild of one colour ( which kinde of bearing the antient armorists called claurie , as i thinke of the clearnesse ) without any other distinction , wee vtterly make voyde the whole doctrine of armoriall elements , at leastwise two of thē ( that is to say number , & position ) are decarded . then , for that a coate of armes is an artificial distinct , & compounded body & can no more cōsist , or be of one color , thē a man of one element . and to be breife , for that a coate of one coulour is no coate at all , but a colour onely , or such as scohier saith are tables d' attentes , for the colour thereof beeing mettall , it is nothing but , as it were , all light , without shadow , or life without body , and beeing not metall but colour onely , it is all nothing but as it were shadow onely , and a soule-lesse body . e. yet are there some examples to the cōtrary ? a. examples are not prooues , and i can call to minde some particulars , wherein this rule seemes to bee infringed after seuerall manners . in the prophesie of nahvm , among the bookes of holy scripture it is said , that the sheildes of the mighty were become redde , as some translate . in prophane authors , that of the romane poet ( whom by ivstinians imperiall rule , when no name is added to signifie which of the latin poets wee meane , can be none but incomparable virgil ) is worthily most memorable , where helenor sonne to the king of meonia , stolne from his friends by the seruile licymnia , and sent to the warres of troy , was — parmâ inglorius albâ . alexander magnus also ( as it is in ivstin ) in a certaine triumphant iourney of his , bestowed shields of white-plate ( siluer-shields ) vpon his soldiers , whom he therefore called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it is farthermore in learning that avgvstvs caesar , after a victory by him obtained in the sicilian sea , honoured marcvs agrippa with an azure banner , — vexillo caeruleo . tamorlan the scythian ( if that bee any thing to the purpose ) hung out ( as some report ) vpon seuerall dayes flagges of seuerall colours , symbolicall to his designes . wee may not in this number forget what andreas rescendivs is said to write , that is , that the armes of the kingdome of portvgall , were nothing at first but a white flagge , till by occasion of a victory obtained by king alphonso , against fiue moriseo kings , the fiue escucheons azure were added . the celestiall auriflamb so by the french admired , was also but of one colour , a square redde syndon banner . what can wee doe lesse then report the armes of aragon , as they were said long since to haue beene ? to wit , onely , or , that is , a field , or rather a superficies or , not charged with pallets , as they now are blazed , which hapned at such time as one of the kings thereof dipping his fingers in the bloud of new slaine saracens , or ( as others say ) levvis emperour in the wounds of il conde de barcelona , fighting on his side against the normans , ennobled that yellow standard , by drawing vpon it those bloudy markes which now it hath . many the like examples might bee found , and i haue seene an old record in french verses , that at karlavarock in scotland in the time of king edvvard the first , evmenions de la brecte , ( so is hee there named ) bare gules , and no more : the words are , mais eumenions de la brecte , la baniere eut toute rougecte . e. and do not all these examples which affront your proposition mooue you ? a. were their files doubled , and trebled with the like to these , they could not mooue mee , for of all these there is not one coat of armes , & so i haue no reason to mooue , or to remooue . for first the place in nahvm belongs but to the description of a dreadful conquering host there meant , and had nothing priuate but nationall to the assyrians . helenor in virgil was but a nouice in armes , without hauing atchieued any honorable note , and therefore his shield was white . as for alexanders argyraspides , who sees not it was a ryotous ostentation , no assignatation of peculiar notes of noblesse ? agrippa's azure banner heere depainted , as it was giuen him for a symbolicall argument of man-hood shewed at sea , so was it but in the nature of other militarie graces , and signes of seruice valiantly performed , and if these were yeelded to bee in the nature of an armes , then would one man be found among the old romans that had a multitude of armes giuen him as testimonies of his heroick vertues , contrary to their very nature , vse , and institution , which is to bee but single and one vnto one person , and that also to dessend vnto posterity . though i am not ignorant that for more honors sake an whole coate hath been giuen to a name as an augmentation beside the originall coat , as that which in the quarterings of the cliffords , earles of cvmberland is borne second , in which notwithstanding it hath , and beares but the nature of a chiefe , or a canton , or the like additions of honor in the same armories , or shield : no more then this empalement , which his maiestie gaue to sir iohn ramsey , now vicount haddington . the supposed flags of tamorlan at his leaguers , or sieges , were no otherwise any coates of armes , then at this day flaggs of truce , or bloudie colours . that the white-banner of portvgall was but a symbolicall colour , not an armes , appeares in this , for that then first it changed the inglorious state thereof , and came to bee armorial , when it had those notes of honor added : as first , the said fiue escucheons in crosse charged seuerally with plates in saltoir , and afterward eight golden castellets in a border gules , in remembrance ( say some ) of the kingdome of the algarbes , wherin were so many principal citties , al annexed by conquest from the moores to the crowne of portvgal , or ( as my worthy friend maister camden admonished me ) in respect ( say others ) that portvgal was feudum castiliae , and held thereof , the armories of castile beeing a castle triple-towred , and of like colours with the others border , that is to say , gold in gules . to the famous auriflamb of france , though recorded to haue bin sent from heauen ( in a more celestiall manner thē the ancile of anciōt rome ) as a sanctified banner to lead the french hosts fortunately while they liued well , i haue nothing here to say , for that it presseth not the place with any forceable argument , or other , which by the same reasōs with the former is not fully satisfied . the obiectiō countenanced vnder the standard of aragon is answered , & auoided as that of portvgal : without calling into the least doubt that the ensigne of the one natiō was wholy yellow , & the other wholy white , til occasionally they thus became distinguished with signes of noblesse ; onely i may not ouerslip one obseruatiō for the honor of armes : for if these two kingdomes ( which may also bee presumed to haue laid down their anciēt ensignes , as foil'd , eclipst , & sham'd by the ouer-running of infidels , & barbarians ) made such a religion ( vpon comming to new heades ) of taking vnto thē any deuise of armes to distinguish them-selues by , that they had rather ingloriously aduance a single colour , then not attend an occasiō of worthily assuming them , o! who can ynough admire the truly ingenuous & liberall state of minds in diuine antiquity ? in the rere-gard , & as it were last hope of the battel , appears the example of evmenions de la brecte , which what-soeuer it meanes , certainly i deny not but that a gentleman in exercises of armes may vpon a priuate conceit ( as de la brecte ) not only paint his banner & sheild , but his whole armor with vermilion , or any other colour , leauing off his own coate of armes for the time , either vpon vow , singularitie , or otherwise : and of such disguizes wee haue heard , and from thence perhaps at first descended to mac gibbon the title , who lately was white knight in ireland , & is an hereditary by-name to that house of the geraldines , but could hee show no other , nor more significatiue note of honor , he would neuer among the learned bee registred a gentleman of armes . as de la brectes , so also was the banner of navarre all gules , & ( as is written ) continued such till sanchez le fort , king thereof , added those golden ornaments which now doe shine therein : but i can no more call the one , or the other a coate of armes , without extreame impropriety , and abuse of speech , then a plaine peece of virgin-wax a seale , or a sheet of vnwritten paper a letter , or a maid a wife . e. so then if it fortune vs to meete with some other such examples , we are taught hereby to hold them but like plato his abrase tables , which are indifferently capable of any forme , till when , they are as certain embrions , rude proiections , or things in power . to induce , and settle which forme two colours are absolutly necessary , or more then two . a. most true : and according to the receiued grounds of the knowledge , of those two colours one must be a mettall . contrary to which grounds though there may be some examples euē in antiquity , and of those specially where colour is vpon colour , yet enlumined neuerthelesse with metal in one part , or other , as in this , borne by the name of rokesley , & quartred by pavlet , l. marquesse of winchester , they notwithstanding may passe like heteroclits , and extrauagants into a place by them-selues , as not triable by the general test of armories : for metal is their vegetatiue soule , and as no body can mooue of it selfe without life , so no armories are proper without it , or can be said to liue being destitute of that as it were vitalitie , and quickning clearnesse which from thence it borroweth . e. the number therefore of the chiefe armoriall colours ; their order according to seuerall marshallings , and your owne ; how the differences are reconciliable ; many other particular maters concerning particular colours , and things , as i well vnderstand by the premisses ; so in one matter which you did but touch at , i conceiue nothing except y e bare name ; for thus you said , as single notes are no concords , nor proportions in musick , so single colours haue no armoriall harmonie . is there then any armoriall harmonie ? a. first learne that there are elements , and so you may come to the harmonie the better , for ( to answer you directly ) there is such a thing , not onely in marriages , or alliances of one colour with another , as they are matched in armes ( which show well , or ill , according to their distances , and degrees of lightnesse , or sadnesse ) but also in the quantities , and proportions themselues , wherein they stand honored with no lesse diuersitie , then the countenance of man : which as it is fairely apparent in euery particular good coate , so much the more , where multitudes stand together as in painted tables , rolls of armes , and lig●er-bookes , or hachments , where many faire are quartred : the pleasing and wondrous varieties whereof , to such as did euer studie the secret , and reason of those concords , are not onely ( as to the vnlearned ) an entertainment of the eye , but a food , and musicke to the minde : the skill whereof beeing abstruse , but very demonstrable , some other greater clearks may teach . the contents . 1. of the furre ermin . 2. the strange propertie of furres in armories . 3. vulgar conceits about ermin . 4. the coat of britaine , and short blazon thereof . 5. sir iohn fern's conceit of ermin . 6. of plato's hermes , and of hermathenes . 7. doctor red smiths fine allusion to ermin . 8. gerard leigh . 9. sir evstace reproued for criticisme . 10. the maisters iudgment of ermin . 11. tacitvs for it . 12. the natiue soile of ermin , and most ancient vse thereof in germanie . 13. the rationall soule of armories . chap. 30. evstace . before you altogether cease to speake of this second element , i would bee glad to heare som-what of furres in armories , and what they are . a. honorable , and ancient , but because they all consist of more colours then one , and therefore want that simplenesse of beeing , which single colours haue , they refuse to bee handled here , or are refused rather . the two principall furrs are ermin , and varie . e. are furres neither metall , nor colour ? a. it is said of the planet mercvrie , that hee is affected as the celestiall bodies , with whom hee is ; good with the good , and bad with the bad : so ( by a kinde of antithesis ) the furres in armes , are as metall with colour , and of the nature of colour when the rest is metall . e. you report a strange property . princes , and great states , in caps of honor , robes , and mantles vse ermin , is it that which is vsed in armories ? a. i see your drift sir evstace is to make mee deale vpon a commoditie of skinnes . to satisfie you , it is the very same . e. they are commonly called polwdred ermin , and both the white , and black in them are skin with the haires on , for i haue seene a royall satten mantle , the furre wherof was the whole cases of ermin , their tail-tips ( all that was black in them ) not stitcht in , but pendent , and dangling , and the dukes of britaine armorick did giue ( as i heare ) nothing else for their armes : and ( to vtter all my little commodities of learning , or obseruation in this kinde at once ) i must tell you also that i haue heard pellions say that there is a counterfet sort , which notwithstanding is very rich , made of the soft white bellies of squirrel , mineuer , and the like , drawn-in , and powldred with little specks of black italian budge . the forme of true ermine i haue often obserued in old cloaths of arras , and the like court-hangings , and were such as these : a. the coate of britaine in france is as you say , and ( as vpton writes ) taken for armes , because ( saith hee ) ermine were much found there , commending the coate it selfe for one of the best , aswell for that it is of shortest blazon ( for in the word ermin is all ) is soonest made at neede , and beeing made is farthest decern'd . as cleare notwithstanding as wee make it , all do not agree in the qualitie of the stuffe , or in this furre . for sir iohn ferne ( out of cassanaevs ) saith , that they are called hermines ( aspirating the word ) of hermae , which worthily admired plato in his hipparchvs doth say , were erected , by pisistratvs the sonne of philedonicvs , in euery three-way-leet , and tribe of athens , and engrauen with morall verses of most excellent sense : marsilivs ficinvs vpon this place saith , that these hermae were certain squared stones in manner of a statue without an head , set in publick wayes , and dedicated to mercvrie : but they ( as some more probably report ) did resemble mercvries head , and were of hermes ( another name of his ) called hermae , as hermathenae had their names from the heads of mercvrie , and minerva ioyned , as their names are ioyned in the word ; athene signifying the same that minerva , as hermes doth mercvrie ; and these hermae were vsed as well in the adorning of libraries , as sepulchers . so as in this hardy deriuation , euery spotte of ermin in an armes , should stand for a seuerall herm , or shadow therof , turning thereby a painted targat into a roman atrium , which containd the images of ancestors : very pretty was that conceit , which my friend maister segar , garter , principall king of armes , related to mee as doctor red-smiths , concerning ermin : for ( said he ) seeing colours are resembled to planets , ermin ought to bee hermoys , of hermes ; for quick-siluer ( being so appropriated to mercvrie as it beares his very name ) breakes into droppes , resembling hermin in armories : but wee that are no schollers must not ( least wee should cum ratione insanire ) sore so high into learning for a thing before our eyes , and palpable . gerard leigh holds that the ermin is a ltttle beast in the land of armonie ( so he soundes it ) & is from thence denominated , so ermin should according to him be armin of armenia ; certainly as i cannot controule this etymologie , so among the rvsses , it is not the word as it seemes , for they ( if i mis-vnderstand not the booke of the rvsse common-weal ) cal them gurnstais , so * as ermin is plainly a word of another roote . e. it should seeme that the propinquity of the words , ermin , hermae , hermes , armenia , gaue occasion of those other opinions . therfore i maruaile that none haue added that ermin were called heremins of woods , & desert places as heremites are . a. you must not ( sir evstace ) play the censor so soon : pythagoras would haue set a fine on your head , and made you expiate for it to his goddesse silence . the conicctures of maisters are to be reuerenced of beginners : and yet i hold your conceit not the most absurd : the word now vsed in armorie is ermin , and as i thinke of the beast it selfe so called . cornelivs tacitvs shewes them to vs among the old germans . his wordes are these : eligunt feras , & detracta velamina spargunt maculis , pellibusque belluarum quas exterior oceanus & ignotum mare gignit . by them it is plaine that the choyce skinnes onely were by those germanes pouldred with spots . they cull , or choose ( saith the most profoundly prudent historiograper ) and powder with spots , and not onely with spots but with skins , so as they pouldred those choyce skinnes with other skinnes . and this i take to be our ermin . the place seemes also to point out their natiue soile , for by exterior oceanus , & ignotum mare , he meanes such countries as lye betweene germanie , & the northermost sea , that is to say the huge vast prouinces of moscovia , rvssia , and the rest of that icie world , whence all our excellent furres come , from euen as farre as permia , which bordereth on that exterior ocean , and vncouth sea. thus farre haue you trainde mee forth to hunt the ermin , whose skinne is not often found in ancient armories , but in cantons , or other additions of honor , and rewards of seruice . e. the element of colours is then at an end , and wee are now to bee acquainted with number , the next of foure . but before you passe the musiue , or pleasant mosaick worke of colours , as you haue beene very satisfactorie in furre , and royall ermin , as in all the other , so helpe me i pray out of a speciall scruple . you said , that metall was the vegetous soule of armes : haue armes any other soule then vegetatiue ? as either sensitiue , or rationall ? a. it hath a rationall soule , in a borrowed , and alluding sense , for as metall quickneth an armes to the eye , so the reason , meaning , proportion , and apt correspondence of parts , is to armes , as a reasonable soule is to man : and now once more i must become a suter to you , that you would forbeare to draw mee into digressions , as in the last question , which is meerely a part of symbolicall philosophie , and i am now content to bee thought not vnwilling to draw toward my port . the contents . 1. number an element . 2. demonstrated in a pertransient . 3. a diuision of armoriall elements . 4 position or place another of the elements . 5. demonstrated in the remooue of the same pertransient . 6. the rare effect of position . chap. 31. evstace . nvmber , and position , are the two remaining elements , now that lines , and colours are discust , but why , or how come number , and position to bee of the quorum in this discourse ? a. as no armories can bee without lines , and colours , ( the first of which armoriall elements giues circumscription , the other conspicuitie ) so neither can they want number , and position : for example : in a coat-armour where there is but one pertransient ( which is the plainest , purest , and most primitiue bearing ) as in partie per fesse , this line beeing a pertransient , and not two , or more , but single , causeth a partition , and two colours to bee in the coate , which otherwise should bee no armories at all , wherein number is most euidently elementall , yet so , as that lines , and colours may bee said to bee primarily such , but number , and position secundarily , for that lines , & coulours are as it were of the mater of armories , but number and place are of order , and disposition . e. it is vndeniable . a. and as for position , or the necessitie thereof , the onely drawing of the single pertransient beforesaid ouer the field in trauerse , and not in bias , is the very cause why it is partie per fesse , which line being once remooued , either vpon , or from her center , begets another nature , and blazon to the coate . so much it concerneth to obserue how many things for their number , and in what manner for their position , they are , or ought to bee in armes . e. what meane you by remoouing it vpon the center ? a. i meane the middle-most point of the eschucheon , from which if you lift it higher , mutation of the place , as here makes that which was a partition to be a chiefe , the pertransient being turn'd by such a remooue to a pertingent , so great power there is in position as to the purpose of armes , which can no more subsist , or be at all without position , then without lines , colours , or number . the contents . 1. a question mooued about number , and numeration . 2. cyphers in armories as well as letters . 3. the more any thing is one , the more it is excellent . 4. numbred things in armory diuided . 5. finite which . 6. indeffinite . 7. infinite difference betwixt infinite and indefinite . 8. nothing infinite in armes . 9. finite and indefinite subdiuided . 10. the odde number principall . 11. euen articulate number is best . 12. a reuersed pyramis . 13. which euen digit-number is chiefe . 14. fifteene , how the most of finite . 15. of the odde and their graduation . 16. euen not so capable of diuerse formes as odde . 17. deliuered in a rule . 18. rare examples out of vpton and the gallery at theobalds . 19. rule defended against them . 20. dignity thereof . chap. 32. evstace . whereas you say that number is an element of armories , meane you that the figures of arithmetick are in armes , or the vse of numeration onely ? a. numeration only , as one , two , or more of this or that kind , & yet the figures , or characters thēselues may ( i doe not altogether deny ) bee in coates of armes , so well as letters , or the like , though with little grace . e. lead mee i pray into this other reuestrie , or secret place of armories . a. vnitie is perfection , and the more any thing is one , the more it is excellent : but wee are to let that passe which concerneth excellency , and finish the mater of our elements . number , or rather numbred things in armories are finite , or indefinite . finite are such whose number is certaine , as two , three , or more : indefinite , whose number is vncertaine : betweene which , and finite , is infinite difference . for though indefinite bee vncertaine , yet is it numerable , but nothing infinite can bee in armes , no more then in nature , for infinite is incomprehensible . e. how are finite , and indefinite subdiuided in their armoriall vse ? a. as they are in their owne kinde , according to which they are either euen , or odde , of which the odde are best . e. you will come within the verge of forbidden magick shortly , which altogether workes vpon the odde . a. to the purpose ( sir evstace ) to the purpose . of what nature therefore , condition , or state soeuer armories bee , whether composed of lines onely , or filled with resemblances of things , or both , number is alwayes in vse , and makes one ; art marshalling that number . of the euen the most armoriall , and harmonious is that , which decreasing in euery file , or ranck one to the base point , produceth an odde . e. which euen number is that ? a. the first , and cheif is the number of six , which ( according to the description i gaue ) decreaseth in euery rancke one to the base point , and produceth an odde , imitating in geometricall proportions , a reuersed pyramis , as followeth , which no other articulate number can effect , for which reason also they are not vsed of them-selues in principall good armories , but eyther with , or vppon other things . e. why should six bee the best of euen numbers ? or rather why is the odde in the point base so requisite ? a. for decency , because it falleth most aptly with the figure of a triangular sheild , and for that there are manifold , and worthy speculations in number , and position . e. what other euen numbers , or euen numbred things do admit the like ? a. the first of digit numbers is ten , as ensueth , which also partakes those excellencies wherof the number six doth bost . e. what other euen number haue you obserued ? a. seldome any but six , and ten , vnlesse accompanyed with some other things , as in memorancies coat , wherin with a crosse are sixteene eaglets : and i also thinke it a true theorem , that no euen number is capable of those formes which diuersity of position giues to the odde . e. which are the armoriall odde ? a. one is odde , and one is onely best : next to that the trias , ternio , or number three , and so the rest of the odde to fifteene : for i haue not obserued any thinges of one kinde in one armes , not being semi , aboue that number without some other charge or counterchange . but in some such manner you shal perhaps meet with a few ; as i remember one in the northeast window of the cathedral church of bristol , which the sacriledges committed vpon moniments hath not defaced , and seemes both ancient , and honourable in the owner , for that it is there mounted among benefactors of note , wherin are eighteene lillies after a strange way , as 44.4.3.2.1 . e. which is the first of the odde that decreaseth according to your description ? e. the number three , which being placed two , and one , and thereby cast out toward the angles of the sheild is called an armorial triangle . e. which next to the ternio , or three , of all the odde decreaseth in euery ranke one to the point base ? beeing that forme which seemes the most amiable , and comely comportment of things in one kinde , in one armes . a. it seemes , and is : but from three to fifteene there is no number of all the odde so happy , and that you may finde among the royall bearings of this our countrey in the armories of the dutchy of cornvval , now a parcell of the inheritances of the crowne . e. but why is not the euen number capable of so many formes of position as the odde ? a. the reason belonges to the mysticall part , but i will shew it is not so capable , and giue you my rule thus : no euen number in thinges of one kind , possessing the whole field only , and alone , and keeping all of them one state , or way , with requisite distance , can be capable of such diuersitie of formes in position , as the odde be . an euen number therefore cannot be disposed into a crosse , or saltoir , as the odde can , and is . but if the same state , or way of placing bee not maintained , then i can demonstrate in an example or two , that the number foure , being the first , & soueraigne of square , or cubick numbers , may be capable of like formes as the odde , as in the coat which nicholas vpton doth say was put vnto him at london by an herald of britain armorick , or little britain , and which hath since i perceiue bin giuen to a familie in cheshire , for borne it is as both by the painted tree of that county in theobalds , as otherwise is apparent : the coat is very rare , and of a strange inuention , to the which wee will adde for varieties sake another called trvbshavves being quarterly gules and vert , foure pheons argent in crosse , their points in the fesse point of the sheild e. the coats though the number of their charges be euen are very odde , & altogether such as any man would thinke were likely ynough to be exceptions against rules so soone as hee saw them . but your rule holds good against them , because they keepe not one state , position , or way . a. it doth , and yet the quality of the charge may be such as that the rule may bee infringed in that point , as in this bearing e. how can you keepe it off then , from entering vpon your rule ? a. it could draw small forces after , did it enter , and no barre is commonly so general , which some particular , or other will not transcend : yet this doth not , for when you suppose it is gotten in , it is kept off with the end of the former rule , for want of requisite distance . and though in the last armes there are indeed foure of one kind , wherein the number , and quality are great , yet beeing not dispierst into the sheild , they are but in the nature of a single lorange , or rhombus , which figure they produce , though placed in crosse. e. i must therfore yet once againe entreat to know some litle cause of this effect , that is to say , why euen numbers are not so fairly capable of different situations as the odde ? a. the reason is plain : for the midds of the sheild must not be empty , nor yawning , and in that respect , place things of one kind in crosse , in saltoir , in fesse , or after any forme , or other of the honorable ordinaries , as in bend , in pale , and so forth ( so as you place them armorially ) and assure your selfe the euen number is excluded . if you demand why the middle may not be empty , destitute or yawning ? i answer , because that part being possest , all the rest may be y e rather vacāt : for the fesse-point , or millieu of the sheild ( as hierome bara calls it ) is the glory thereof , and dispierceth beams into euery part about , as the center , hart , or axell of all armoriall beauties . the contents . 1. misteries in armorial numbers . 2. concords , or discords in armories . 3. visible musick . 4. reasō must giue lawes to exāples . 5. the measuring rules of concords , or discords in armories . 6. of the number three . 7. the causes of armorial beuties , fulnesse , distance , and idemtity . 8. exemplified . chap. 33. evstace . there are , no doubt , many excellent observations in armoriall numbers , not without misterie . a. most true : specially in the finite . for of them some exercise , as it were , an antipathie , or warre with faire armories , when they only occupy the whole field . the dual , or number of two is such . e. is it for that discontinuance hath taken it away ? or is there a reason in nature ? a. in the nature of armories there is . as the proportion , or disproportiō of distances in sound make concords or discords in musick ( whence it is that an vnison , or diapason , because of that proportion in the distances of notes , is called an eighth , diapentè a fifth , diatesseron a fourth , and so of the rest ) so those , and other musicall proportiōs it were not impossible to shew in armories . in which there must not only be a proportion in the number , but also in the number with the figure of the sheild , y e comely filling wherof with comely arguments is like a full stroake wherein all the strings are sweetly toucht together : as therefore the duall , or number two hauing nothing betweene cannot be said to haue any distance , much lesse proportion , and for default thereof cannot decently possesse the whole field , it is , by necessary sequel , a discord in that kind , & cannot sympathize of it self with perfectly fair armories , vnlesse somwhat , though of a different sort , or conditiō be interiected , or in company , and this as of it selfe , that is , where no other thing doth possesse the field . e. if you did nothing but runne diuision vpon this one ground onely , there were no musick to match it , for this is visible musick , and not onely audible . but are there not examples to infringe these , and the like considerations ? a. reason in these things must giue rules to examples , and not examples to reason . i stay not therefore at such , because the ignorance of many men hath checkt and falne vpon the breaches of rules , which to countenance with credit aboue generall grounds were absurd . i say , that distance , fulnesse , and idemtitie ( pardon these , and other words where the matter enforceth ) are the measuring rules of concords , or discords in armories , which i would not haue you bee ignorant of , and therefore shall thinke it time well spent , voluntarily to interpret my selfe . a trias , ternio , or the number of three in armory is second in honor to one , yet without distance it were but a discord , as if two croslets formee ( as blazon speakes ) were in chiefe of the field , and a third in caeur of the same , yet for want of spredding distance it were but harsh , and nothing gracefull , for that the armes are depriued of fulnesse thereby , as you see . againe , let all three bee in chiefe , as heere , though the coate bee warrantable , and good , as hauing requisite distance in regard of them-selues , yet ( destitute of fulnesse in respect of the whole shield ) it faileth of complete beautie . and the reason is strongly drawne from a finall cause of armes , which is manifestation . the more extension therfore , or dilatation that there is of things in the sheild , the more manifest it needs must bee , and there the dilatation is most , where euery point or angular portion of the coate , can answer the eye with an obiect : in other bearings of that kinde there still seemes some-what wanting . e. but what imports the other thing which you call idemtitie ? a. let things in armories haue distance , and the coate fulnesse , yet if they bee not of one sort , which state i call idemtitie , i hold it a discord , and eclypse , let the seuerall charges be neuer so noble , whereof you may make your eye iudge in this , and the like . but distance , fulnesse , and idemtitie are but causes of armoriall beauties , and not elements : therefore heere i will marke the chase , and change a side . the contents . 1. indefinite in armories defined . 2. of the terme semi in blazon . 3. exemplified . 4. a second kinde of indefinites . 5. gerattings . 6. a third sort of indefinites . 7. semi , and sans number . 8. exemplified . chap. 34. evstace . it remaineth now ( sir amias ) that you would bee pleased to show what indefinite is , the second part of the arithmeticall element of armories . a. indefinite , as also the word imports , is that whose number is vncertaine , and vndefined , and hath in blazon the name of semi , which , whether deriued from the latine verbe seminare , or from the word , which both of it selfe , and in compositions doth signifie the halfe of a thing , as in semisomnis , semissis , or the like ( in the first deriuations sense , for that the charges are sowne ouer the field of the coate as seed , and in the other , for that the halfe parts of such things appeare in the sides of the escucheon , or in both respects , as both are true in such armories ) shall bee the taske of curious etymologers . the thing it selfe is as followeth , in this coat quartered by ratcliff earle of svssex , as heretofore belonging to the name of mortimer of norfolk , and blazed , or ▪ semi of lillies sable . another kind of the indefinite there is , when beside the main charge , the field is scattered ouer with other smaller thinges , which blazoners term gerattings , and is a bearing goodly , and ancient as in perpoincts coate . or in any other the like , where the number , and order of the gerattings are not taught : & where the number is counted , there their order must be blazed : but the vnlike rule takes place , where ( without a principall charge of another kind as in mortimer's armories beforesaid ) thinges are seminated ouer the field , and neyther set , nor blazed to be set in orl , or other certaine order ; for there no regard is taken of their number , and they are altogether left to the will of art to scatter them so in painting as may best become the superficies of sheilds . now as indefinite is in powlders , or gerattings , so is it sometime also in those charges which represent no liuing creature , or naturall thing , as in the diminutiues of honorable ordinaries , whose pieces when they are not counted , as in this , the antient armories of the hodlestones , and the like , neither are they termed semi , but sans number . the famous armories of aimerie de valence , antiently earle of pembroke , is thought also to bee of this kinde in the pieces of it , which ( without declaring their number ) the sages in blazon vsed to terme burruleè . i wil demonstrate to you both the kindes of indefinites ( semi , and sans number ) in one coate borne by the name of thornton , and quartred ( as i remember ) by the lord lvmley . an armories very faire , and goodly , showing to you semi in the cinquefoils , sans number in the frets . the contents . 1. of position , or place . 2. demonstrated in a little moueable instrument . 3. round bodies cannot bee reuerst . 4. vse of the armoriall mill the rare effects of position . 6. sir amias pitcheth down one of his columnes . chap. 35. evstace . lines , colour , number , thus prosperously ouer-come , there onely remaines the element position , last of foure . a. concerning position it shall suffice ( insteed of all other demonstrations ) to giue you the vse , and admirable effects thereof in a little mooueable instrument of mine owne deuise . e. how doth this mill show the vse of position ? or why haue you chosen to set round bodies therein , rather then any other of the armoriall ? a. round bodies cannot be reuerst , & therefore in the turning no deformity can follow . the vse is briefly this . open , or display the instrument one way , and it produceth fiue cinque foiles in crosse. open , or display it another way , and they present fiue cinque foils in saltoir . mooue them clozed , and without displaying , if toward the fesse-point they tender to you three cinquefoils in fesse : shift their station from thence vpward into the dexter obliquity they are three cinquefoils in bend. bring it about to a perpendicular position they are in pale . and yet a little farther into the sinister point , wee are lastly afforded three cinquefoils in bend sinister . thus much for position , the last element of the foure : and heere ( by your good fauour ) i will pitch-vp one of my columns . deo gratias . a short table of some hard words and phrases , with a few briefe notes . i haue so nearly as i could , and euen as much as tiberivs caesar himselfe ( who would not endure the word monopoly , because it was not latin ) auoided all endenization of words : which hath mooued me in most places of my booke to adde other more cleare , to interpret by them such as may seeme to thee obscure , as thou may'st euery-where obserue : for albeit ( as in my epistle ) i wish such a reader as need not an interpreter , yet i must not neglect such as i haue . though there are scarce any words of mine ( howsoeuer they may perhaps seeme strange ) which other writers in our language haue not formerly made familiar , and those few which are not altogether so ( for the which also i haue more then once askt pardon in my booke it selfe ) i haue heere for thy vses , collected , and ( by conference with the learned ) so farre onely interpreted , as is necessary to vnderstand my meaning in the places where i vse them : for to interprete them at large and in all their senses were to take scapvla's , or thomasivs offices out of their hands . my care is chiefly to haue thee know mine . fare-well . a. apostrophe . an abrupt , or sodaine turning of our speech from one matter or person to another . poets and orators , are full of that vehement kinde of figure : and strophe , and antistrophe ( in the greeke lyricks ) doe signifie other turnings , or changes of speech , and station , as wee are taught . gr. analogie . the iust proportion , correspondence , and measure which the obiect , or subiect holds with the true reason required therein : an agreement , harmonie , or apt answering of the thing to the considerations proper therevnto . gr. analysis . a resoluing or distribution of the whole into the parts . gr. antithesis a contrary position , or an opposition . gr. avtoms . the word imports artificiall bodies made by daedalvs , or by any other of like skill , which moue alone , or houer of themselues in the ayre , without the support of any other thing . such were not the horti pensiles , or hanging gardens of semiramis , for they stood vpon pillars : nor the icarvs in ovid , or in svetonivs ; for the one was but ( as the fable of phaeton ) a picture of vnfortunate ambition ; the other the true story of the break-neck fall of simon magvs the sorcerer , vnder the name of icarvs , at rome : nor mahomet's yron coffin at mecca : for that ( as the fame , or fable is ) it hangs in the temple , by reason of certaine proportionable quantities of load-stone which hold it vp by equall attractions . the perpetuall motion ( when it is found ) is such . atomie . as anatomie is a resection , or such a cutting-vp as surgeons vse in humane bodyes at their hall , so atomies are those things , of which , by reason of their inexplicable smallnesse there cannot bee any section . the latins call it indiuiduum , and lvcretivs semen rerum : indiuiduum , because it was so little as it could not bee parted , or diuided , and semen rerum ( seed of things ) for that they were ( according to the conceit of epicvrvs ) the common mater of all things . artick . that which is of , or appertaineth to the northern signe of the caelestial beare . so the arctick circle is the bound of the cold zone vpon earth , and of the northern constellations in heauen . the whole north is denominated of that imagined figure . the fable of that beare is famous among poets . so the arctick hemisphear is that halfe of the world which is betweene the north-pole , and the aequinoctiall line . gre. * antarctick . * contrary , or opposite to arctick . southern , gr. argo . the name of the ship , or argose , in which iason sail'd to cholchis for conquest of the golden fleece , and which by the power of poesie is turnd to an asterism , or a caelestiall figure of starres in the south-sky . the armorists argo , is in my meaning , no more , but the businesse of armorie which is in handling , and in which sir amias is shipt , or embarked . arras . cloath of arras , tapistrie , or hangings wrought at the cittie of arras in artois , one of the seuenteene prouinces , and at this present is vnder the archdvkes albertvs and his wife isabella . b. basis . a word in architecture . the bottom-part of a columne , or pillar , and figuratiuely the supporture , stay , ground-worke or foundation of any thing . bevil . euery carpenter can tell you what it is . beeing a squire , or square of two equall pieces , and moouing vpon a ioynt , or pinne from the angle wherein they are ioyned . c. chaos . ovid calls the rude , and vndigested first heape of naturall elements , chaos . in the impresse , symbol , or deuise vpon the front of my booke , i haue followed the common placing of the foure common simples , and elements ; about the which , in so many scucheons , are set the seauen chiefe armoriall colours , which men may obserue in the naturall elements . in fire , yellow , redde , and purple : in aër ; white : in water ; blew : in earth , greene , and sable . the sentence is is out of some the first verses in the metamorphosis , where it is said vnus erat toto naturae vultus in orbe , quem dixere chaos — the sense of the whole imprese is plain . cocket . a certificate from the customer of a port that the parcels comprehended in that certificate , or bill haue bene customed , or haue paid custome . the word is dearly wel-knowne to marchant-venturers . convex . conuexity is the out-side of an hollow body , as concauity the inside . in a painted globe of the world the descriptions are vppon the conuexitie therof , and that face is conuex , the rest is bellie or concaue . coryphae . the chief , or principal in any kinde . gr. d diallels . as parallels are lines running one by the other without meeting , so diallels are lines which runne one through the other , that is , do crosse , intersecate , or cutt . g.r. diagonal . is a line which passeth from one corner or one angle of a geometrical body to another corner or angle of the same . gr. deipnosophists . athenaevs his great learned books carry that title , importing a conference , discourse , or inter-speach among wise-men at a supper . diameter . evclyd ( who best knewe ) defineth it thus . the diameter of a circle , is a certain straight line drawne through the center , and of both sides bounded in the compasse of the circle , which cutts , or deuides the circle into two portions . e. eqvivocal . an equiuocal word is that which conteyneth more significations then one , or that which in the sense , or meaning thereof doth equally extend it selfe as wel to one as to another . as the word ( armes ) in our vulgar vse therof doth equally signifie those parts of our body so called , or weapons , or tokens of honour , and with an aspiration ( which is an elenck or deceit in the accent ) harms . empyrean fierie . it is among the old diuines taken for the sphaere of the blessed , or the heauen of the triumphant . f folkmote . a meeting of the people , which the latins called concio , and in a more spacious word comitia . for concio was any auditory before , or vnto whome a speach was vsed , aswell as the speach it selfe , both which concio signified ; but comitia did import a generall assembly of the people of rome to make lawes &c. or folkmote may be either . g geminels . twins , pairs , matches , or likes . govrmons . great eaters ; gluttons , norman , gourmon , is a speach ( i heare ▪ ) by which the normans are taxed for great feeding , and gourmondize . grammar . who knowes not that this word signifies the art of letters , and speach : yet it is meere greek in the originall ; but now so familiar in our tongue euen in the most vplandish countries as it need no interpreter . those who will perswade vs to turne backe to our old language for auoyding the loan of words , and phrases , may from hence learn , that vse makes all things familiar ; friuolous it is to wish ( when thinges are dayly new ) to dreame of a certaine state of words , or speach ; that is , that the number of english wordes should be definite , and certaine . and what shall wee say of reuiuing old and forgotten words ? that cannot auoyd obscurity but will induce it rather , our helps being fewer to vnderstand them , then the greek , latin , or other famous languages : it is our sloath which suffers so many of our owne wordes to liue onely among the arts , and mysteries where they are commonly knowne , like dvtch coynes which are not current out of their owne citties , or territories ▪ industry , and wisedome would that wee should not borrow till our owne store were empty , or worne bare , which is to our selues vnknowne for want of obseruation . therefore i could wish there were a tribunal , and magistrate for wordes , that it might not be in euery witts-will , donare ciuitate angliana , to make wordes , phrase-free of england . h hierogliphicks . hallowed engrauements , or sacred sculptures ; as hieraticall figures are sacred figures ; and hierogramms sacred letters or writings . in all which words the mysticall cyphers or records of the aegiptian rites , and philosophie , were signified to be comprised . hyperboreans . septentrional . due north : vnder the north-pole . hord . a tartarian word : and as ( i thinke ) doth import a clan , race , or familie vnder some one chiefe or other , which conducts the troup after their barbarous vsage from county to country . honorary hord is the whole company of so many tartars flitting , vp and downe where they can find new feedings . that which is made for honour , more then for vse . i imbricate . square , and bent like to a roofe-tile , which the latins cal imbrex . inlayes . at s t. olaves in sovthvvark you shall learn among the ioyners what inlayes and marquetrie meane . inlay ( as the word imports ) is a laying of colour'd wood in their wainscoat works , bed-steds , cupbords , chayres and the like . l landskep . the same that parergon , which in one word i call by-work ; wherein though i render the greek parergon fully , and truly , yet ( for that it is not receiued in such a sense among vs ) it doth not shew the thing . all that , which in a picture is not of the body , or argument thereof , is landskep , parergon , or by-work . as in the table of our sauiours passion ; the picture of christ vpon the rood ( which is the proper english word for crosse ) the two theeues , the blessed virgin marie , and saint iohn , are the argument : but the cittie jervsalem , the country about , the clowdes , and the like are by-work . lavreated letters . leters bound about with laurell , which the roman generals sent to the senat when their contents were victory , and conquest newly by them obtained . labarvm . evsebivs pamphilvs in his first booke of the life of great constantine describes this peculiar standard very curiously . the common forme thou maist behold in the 163. page of my elements . in the labarvm these things are more . first the banner was of purple , where the pictures of the emperour and his children were wrought in gold , and stone of wonderfull value and beauty ; aboue the crosse-beam , or trauerse-staffe of the banner stood those two first greeke capitals of christe's name which you may see in my elements , and on the point , or toppe of the launce , or staffe imperiall , was aduanced a crowne of gold set with pretious stone . all in honor of his miraculous conuersion vpon the apparition of the crosse . which as it consisted of shining light , and was seene abooue the sunne , it beeing now past noone , so there was very lately in our time seene by honorable personages , and others at saint leonard's by nevvarke vpon trent , the like figure of the crosse aboue the moone at night , in colour brighter then the moone , whose paler body was betweene their sight , and the lower part of the long beame of the crosse. m. mott . is ( in generall ) french for ( a word ) but in a restrained sense is properly now among vs the word , or sentence applide to an impresse , or heroick deuise . mytholologers . morall interpreters of poeticall histories , or of the wise fables of aesop , which sort of inuention the greekes call an apologus . gr. mizraim . the hebrew , or mosaical name of the aegyptians , which i vse , the rather to signifie thereby those aegyptians that were of the oldest times . heb. mathematical . sciential . mathemata are generally all sorts of liberall knowledges , but for their excellencie appropriated more specially to these foure , arithmetick , mvsick , geometrie , astronomie . gr. marqvetry see inlay . n. nomenclator . an officer among the romans whose it was to call , cite , or rehearse euery one of the senatours , guests , &c. by their seuerall names . lat. negro . a black moore , whom the dvtch call a swart , and negro's in the plural , swarts . o. oval . a figure round like an egge , an oblong round . p. perimeter . the out-most line of any solid body , or other figure . the compasse , or bounding tract . pythagoracism . in my sense is an imitation of pythagoras his superstitions in numbers ; to the which pythagoras attributed too much . physiologers . naturall philosophers ; or discoursers of naturall matters . physicks . naturall philosophy . naturall . the word physitian we do vulgarly abuse ( as we doe very many other ) for a leech , or medicus , but not altogether intollerably , because it is a trite , and a true saying , that vbi desinit philosophus incipit medicus , where the naturalist ( for there the word philosopher stands for a physiologer ) ends , there the medicus begins ; so as if an expert leech must needs be expert in the physicks ( that is , in those speculations which concerne the workes of nature ) the nearest word to fall with our tongue , yet not farre from the thing , was physitian , for medicus could not well brooke any flexion among vs. r. renegado . one that renyes , or renounceth the faith , that is ( in the receiued sense of the word ) the christian faith . an apostata : by which word the emperour ivlianvs for his speciall malice to christianitie , was surnamed . s. sand . here it signifies that famous place which the romans by a latin word of the same signification called arena , for that it ( being the ground within an amphitheater ) was sanded ouer both for sure footing , and the sooner to drinke vp the bloud of men , & beasts their shed in fight for entertaintment of the people . figuratiuely , it is taken for any subiect of trial , as prouince for a businesse . symbol . of all our english words , none comes nearer to expresse it , then token , so as we vnderstand thereby such a token , as in which there is alwayes some pourtraict , figure , or image . symbol ( in my sense ) is a figure , or shape which relateth to some cause , reason , qualitie , nature , or historie , proper to this , or that bearer , or family . to symbolize , is so to beetoken , or so , and in that sort , to answer , or agree-with . many frauds you shall read in plavtvs , plotted , and acted by counterfetting , and slie conueiance of these symbols , or tokens , wherein there was euer some image , or other . so the symbol of amphitrvon in that tragicomedie was , sol cum quadrigis , the sunne in his chariot drawne with foure horse , pyrgopolinices , the bragging soldier , had his owne louely selfe with great decorum , drawne in his signet for a symbol . symbolical philosophie therefore is that kinde of learning , and wisdome , which knowing the causes , and proprieties of of things naturall , and supernaturall , doth teach how to make , or to expound those mystical , and artificial bodies , called symbols , of what kinde soeuer . skeleton . is that which the vulgar call an anatomie : skeleton is the whole fabrick , or dry frame of humane bones . the dry carcasse of a man , or woman , without arteries , muscles , or other naturall appurtenances . skeletos in greeke is bony , or dry as a bone. svrcoat . a coate of armes to were ouer armour . t. taberd . verstegan's words in his antient english alphabet are these . a tabert , anciently a short gowne , that reached no further then to the mid-legge , in england it is now the name onely of an heralds coate . tholes . places in temples where donaries , and such gifts as are presented there , be hung vp . finis . erratata . in my epistle to the reader , for haeroick , read heroick . in maister hollands sonnet line . 8 for thou art , read , that art . pag. 55. l. 17. dele in p. 56. l 23. for frailty , read fraily . p. 144 the strings of colours false placed , the highest for lowest . p. 148. the cutter hath in the schucheon for s. put a. & for v. put o. the coat of the duchie of conwall , is , sable , fifteene besants . 54.3 2.1 . p. 177. for heremins , read eremins , & for heremites , eremites . p. 187. for lorange , r. lozange . a table of matters , those principally which are not in the contents of the chapters . a. abstractiue considerations in armories . pag. 79 antiquity not the onely arbitresse of armorial colours . p. 128. antiquity in nouelty . p. 52. armorie a gentlemanly science . p. 91. armorie a word of large content . p. 6. armories haue their certain principles . p. 3. armoriall markes described . pag. 6. armories very antient . p. 9. whē they grew to a perfection . p. 10. are absolute symbolicall bodyes . p. 53. arguments in antient german armories . p. 30. armories not the meer worke of art , p. 60. mentall , or actuall , p. 80 , their notions sharpen wit. p. 91. the onely remaining euidences of nobilitie . p. 92. auriflamb of france . p. 166. b. banner of constantine's standard . table of words , in labarvm . bartol wrote not exactly of armorial colours . p. 139 barbarous people , and their notes . p. 20. wore painted armes . p. 34. bearing in proper not the best kinde of bearing . p. 127. beauties armoriall . p. 193. blazon blazed . p. 64. black the basis of colours , p. 149. black sailes tragicall . p. 129. blew shields . p. 23. blew colour symbolicall to what . p. 131. bodies armorial . pag. 115. 116. 117. britans painted . p. 131. lesse barbarous then caesar writes of them . p. 27. their chariot-fights . p. 23. c. censors deseruing censure . p. 53. center of morall life . p. 55. christs church in canterb . shields there . p. 15. 66. christ's appearing to constantine . p. 73. coates of arms cannot consist of one colour . p. 159. colour an element armorial . p. 126. vital , and beautifull , p 125. colours armoriall seauen principall . p. 127. 157. colours without metal , a body without soule . pa. 160. colours strangely affect the soule . p. 130. 131. a two-fold consideration of colours . p. 132. gules and azure examined . p. 136. of purple . 138. 140. 141. 153. of sable . p. 144. of vert. 152. captious points about colours . pag. 151. a treble respect in their marshalling . p. 157. contraries haue the same rule . p. 22. continent , and content in armes what . p. 64. 70. crosses , christian symbols . p. 39. 72. 73. d. deuises heroick in homer not armorial . p. 9. descriue , a terme of royall blazon . p. 64. demonstration deales vpon certainties . p. 77. diameters armorial . p. 120 diuinatiōs of the author . 51 distance armorial what . 190 discords in armories . ibid. diminutiues of honorable ordinaries . p. 195. double-headed eagle monstrous in nature but not in armes . p 146. 147. dragons heads for helmets . p. 37. e. eagle in the mexicain ensigne . p. 48. elements of armories , what . p. 82. and how many . p. 83. elements armorial primarie , and secundany . p. 177. elements abstract from bodies . p. 112. elementary discours in armory concernes not charges , p. 48. empalement giuen for honor , p. 165. empire symbolised by white colour . p. 128. ensignements in general . 50 ensignements there , where any religion , or gouernment . p. 48 ▪ ermin . 171 ▪ their true forme 172. skins of beasts . p. 175. euen numbers in arms. 181 extrauagants armorial . 168 f. fabrick of a rare shield in pavls . p. 69. final cause of armes . p. 143. fifteene the most of odde armorial numbers . 183. finites in armories . p. 180. fingers dipt in bloud , vsed for penicills . p. 161. flaggs of tamor lane . 165. formes of shields . 65. 66. 67 foure in armories . p. 185. furres armorial . p. 171. fulnesse in arms , what . 190 g. gentlemen in the largest sense . p. 6. 63. gerard leigh rightly iudged of . p. 134. saint georges armes for constantine's . p. 73. glory , caesars goddesse . 27 god , first author of armories . pag. 7. his holy name vindicated of late by parlament . pag. 55. gules familiar in antiquitie . p. 152. h. hanging gardens . table of words , in avtoms . harmonie armorial p. 169. henry our most noble prince . p. 68. herms , and hermathenes . pag. 173. heteroclyte armorial . 168 hodlestone's coat . p. 196. honorarie targats . 67. 69. humane image on a shield . pag. 38. i. icarvsses two . table of words , in avtoms . idemtitie in armes , what . pag. 190. ignorance falls vpon breach of rules . p. 190. imitation no cause of ensignements . p. 46. improper to call a single colour a coate . p. 168. imprese of the author expounded . table of words in chaos . indefinits armorial . p. 180. 193. 194. 195. inlanders of old britain sauage . p. 29. intersecant lines in armorie . p. 114. k. kings of colein , and their armories . p. 15. knighthood coniecturallie in c. tacitvs . p. 30. l. laterall lines . p. 101. lines an element armorial . p. 85. their first sorts . 87. 88. doubly considered . pag. 89. foure crooked sorts . p. 93. considered againe in their number . p. 96. and longitude . p. 97. 98. lines of most honor , and state , which . p. 102. parts of lines , p. 108. double , or two-fold lines diuided into three sorts . p. 112. extraregular . p. 119. lions in the coates of wales . p. 77. lists proper to enter a learner . p. 62. local cause of armories . 47. loue of honor auailable to high designes . p. 40. m mac gibbon , white knight of movnster . p. 167. marcks of merchants . p. 22. manifestation a finall cause of armes . p. 192. mahomets hanging coffin . table in avtoms . many kings marre al. 129. marriages of colours . p. 169. materials of armories collected by art. p. 61. mexico foūded by oracle . 47 metal without colour like a bodie without soule . p. 160. metal the vegetatiue soule of armes . p. 168. middle of the sheild not to be vacant . p. 188. mosaick or mvsive works . pag. 176. mortimer of norfolk . 194 mysteries of honor not to bee contemned for the abuse . 55 n natural analogie . p. 17. natures heraldrie . p. 13. natures maister-peices . 12. north , seminarie of new plantations . p. 46. notion of ensignement natural . p. 12. number an element armorial . p. 177. of euen , and odde . p. 185. o obseruation the key of these elements . p. 57. one onely britan of note taken in both ivlivs caesar's invasions . p. 27. oldest record of english bearings . p. 97. one armes to one man. 164. od nūbers in armories . 181 outward personall markes before noah . p. 50. p paintings of agathyrsians ▪ p. 24. and of other rude nations . ibid. parallels in armorie . p. 123. praecedency of armorial colours . p. 137. praedicaments of colours armorial . p. 124. perpoincts coat . p. 195. pertingent line of a rare kinde . p. 106. pertransients only 4. p. 103. perfection in vnity . p 180. proportions armorial . 189. position an element of armories . p. 178. published workes not published , which p. 85. q quadruple number . p 83. quicksiluer drops resembled by destor smyth , called doctor red smyth p. 177 r rainbow , after the floud ▪ 50 rainbow in an indian sheild . p : 45 reason wherin to suspect ivlivs caesars reports . p. 28 reason of armes , and nature not the same . p. 143 religion in assuming notes of honor . p. 167 rites of aegyptians how recorded . table , in hieroglyphicks . rite of first taking armes in germanie . p 30 rome to be left for alba intolerable . p. 148 s salad roial , or belial . p. 54 satyr no fit reformer of armes . p. 57 scale of colours according to seueral authors . p. 135 secret fountaine of true armories . p. 18 semi in armes . p. 193 semiramis ▪ her gardens . table of words in avtoms . ship in heauen . table of words , in argo . simon magvs an icarvs . table , in avtoms . single colour constitutes no armories . p. 155 slate a table of recapitulation . p. 123 studies of honour enlumen the soule . p. 54 symbolical images in scripture . p. 41 v vegetatiue soules of armorie . p. 142 vert in armories . p. 152 virtues ualue in it self . p. 56 vniuersality of ensignements . p. 60. volumns decaied cause of great obscurity . p. 58. vse of recapitulation . p. 123. w wainscoat workes : table of words in inlayes . white colour . p. 125 white capable of al colours . p. 144. symbolical to things diuine . 128 wishes for an holy warr . p. 40 wonderful things of arms in the indies . p. 42. 44. 45. words like dvtch coynes . table , in grammar . words need a magistrate . ibid. y yellow haires of the britans . p. 26 finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a16308-e130 * e.b. per anagramatismum vel metathesin . notes for div a16308-e2320 henricus auceps say some . * in our old english , ermin , signifies poor , but aske verstegā how that agrees with armorial ermin . honor rediviuus [sic] or an analysis of honor and armory. by matt: carter esq. honor redivivus. carter, matthew, fl. 1660. 1660 approx. 339 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 145 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2009-03 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a67873 wing c659 estc r209970 99868814 99868814 121170 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a67873) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 121170) images scanned from microfilm: (thomason tracts ; 239:e1922[1]) honor rediviuus [sic] or an analysis of honor and armory. by matt: carter esq. honor redivivus. carter, matthew, fl. 1660. gaywood, richard, fl. 1650-1680, engraver. [10], 256, 247-251, [1] p., [8] leaves of plates : coats of arms (woodcuts) printed for henry herringman 1660 and are to be sould by henry herringman at the ancker on the lowest side of the new-exchange, london : [1660] the title page is engraved and signed "r. gaywood fecit"; the plate is an altered version of the one first used in wing c658. with two handwritten pages at end. annotation on thomason copy: "june". reproduction of the original in the british library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng orders of knighthood and chivalry -england -early works to 1800. heraldry -great britain -early works to 1800. nobility -great britain -early works to 1800. 2000-00 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2002-01 apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images 2002-03 tcp staff (michigan) sampled and proofread 2002-03 olivia bottum text and markup reviewed and edited 2002-04 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion honor rediviuus or an analysis of hono and armory by matt : carter esq london printed for henry herringman 1660 and are to be sould by henry herringman at the ancker on the lowest side of the new-exchange andrew coltee ducarel l.l.d. doctor 's commons . a posse ad esse . to the right honourable . williaml d. marquesse and earl of hertford , baron seymour and beauchamp . my lord . that i have preferred so slender a volume to your honorable patronage , is no more than the subject of it ( which is honor ) erects ; as your lordship is known of the first and greatest of those that challenge a concernment therein ; yet not more eminent by that of your blood , then of the inward noblenesse of your vertues , whereof the world hath received unmatchable testimonies . these reasons as they oblige me to this presentment ; so i cannot but hope will also plead pardon for the trouble it brings a long with it ; and ( that once obtained ) i am assured of the preservation of this imperfect essay , under the powerfull protection of your lordships name : of the infinite honorers whereof , none is more ambitious to be known such , than my lord , your honours most humbly devoted matt. carter . to the reader . reader , the unhappy causes of the present neglect of this most noble knowledge , are of so high nature , as will not endure to be named : the ill consequents ( in the imminent degenerateness of this age ) so manifest , that they need not . in this declining condition of honour , nothing is more requisite then the means of its preservation ; amongst which this being one , and that not inconsiderable , gave me occasion of busying my self in this design . such bookes as have beene already publisht , by persons eminent in this kinde , are of large bulke , and some of them too tedious to the most ingenious student . the more they comprehend , the less apt for memory : especially when enlarged with tedious impertinencies , and doubtlesse more difficult for the apprehension of every reader ; to which , method that is most discernable in brevity is the most excellent help . that which i have herein followed , is to treat first of the degrees of honour , and then of armory ; and that although concisely , yet i hope so clearly , and fully , that any person of ordinary capacity may hereby be able to blazon a coat of the greatest difficulty ; the only care being in observing the termes given to things born , and the manner of posture , and position . some errors have escaped both the press , and thegraver , which the reader may at his leisure rectifie by the errata at the end ; so let him peruse seriously , and censure modestly ; and then i shal wish him farewell . of honor in generall , and of its particular divisions . the heraulds of former ages have , many of them , not onely divided the nobler sort of men into severall degrees , but distinguished likewise the inferiour rank into four forms : but ( as in some other things ) in that also i shall forbear to follow their method , as not altogether so pertinent to the intentions of this compilement . it is but an easie caution in me , when i know not how few i shall 〈◊〉 by my best demerits , not to stumble into the hazard of disgusting many , by a rash enterprise in a weak endeavour ; considering especially the present temper of the world . the great and wise disposer of all entities hath contriv'd every thing into such a method , as in every particle of the creation is discover'd a most excellent harmony , in which that of the degrees and honorary distinctions is as admirable as any ; and this is the intended scope of this 〈◊〉 . some he 〈◊〉 created to honor , and some to dishonor ; 〈◊〉 a difference and variety in all things , that by a rule of contraries they might the better display themselves . some men he hath richly adorn'd with excellency , and elevated them with the sublimary glories of honor , nobility , and greatness ; and others again ( in the same light they shine ) hath he obscured with contraries of meanness , ignobility , and indigency . of the latter i shall onely say , that for them to spurn at the more honorable , because themselves are debased to an inferiority , is to kick dirt in the face of that infinitely just and wise god of our creation . the first being the intended concernment , i forbear any farther discourse of the latter . nobility ( saith sir john fern ) is thus defined , vir nobilis idem est , quod notus ac per omnium or a vulgatus ; a gentleman or nobleman is he which is known , and through the heroical vertues of his life talked of in every man's mouth . in short , amongst all men it is defined , a certain eminence of some above the rest . this is by the same author distinguished into three species , nobility supernaturall , nobility naturall , and nobility civill or politicall . supernaturall , as in the heavenly hierarchies , or sacred principalities : and that there are orders and degrees amongst them , we must believe , or renounce our christianity ; but i leave the further discovery thereof ( as too sublime ) to more mature and deliberate contemplations . the second is nobilitas physica , or naturall nobility ; consisting in the great variety of naturall creatures , obvious to our human senses . as for example , among the planets , the sun is the most noble ; among the elements , fire ; among the plants , the cedar ; among flowers , the rose ; of metalls , gold ; of jems , the diamond ; of fish , the dolphin ; of birds , the eagle ; of beasts , the lion ; and amongst men , the king. the last is nobility civill or politicall , which onely relates to mankind ; and though some have distinguished the generality of a common-wealth into two divisions onely , the noble and ignoble , the gentry and commonalty ; yet either part are again subdivided , according to the policy of civill government , as well as the providence of divine ordination . when first this distinction came amongst us , is by some thought uncertain ; but for my part , not . for doubtlesse it hath been continued from the first encrease of mankind in the world ; for if there were kings and governors , certainly other distinctions , ( vertue being still admired , and honored , and some signall put upon it ) ; and , dignitas & nobilitas idem sunt , dignity or preferment to power is that which makes a man noble . and that there were kings long before the floud , as mr. selden ( that excellent master of antiquity ) is of opinion , is evident by those words he inserts , which signifie , that adam , after the propagation of mankind , was esteemed nor onely the father , but governor , in a kind of royall or monarchicall power , during his life ; and seth his son succeeded him in the like . the jews called such as were in the state of nobiles among them , ben ish , or filii viri , or the sons of great men ; and the sons of men of common rank , they tearmed , sons of men , by filiihominis . and the scripture in many places distinguishes men thus , as in that of the psalm : as well the sons of great men , as of men of common rank , both rich and poor together . and this distinction of men hath descended to us with so much severity , that our saviour himself gave example in his practise and rule , in the charge he left us for it , in these words , speak not evill of dignities , and many other the like . and the civill law hath formerly been so severe in the preserving this distinction , that gentle or noble were prohibited the marrying . with the ungentle or ignoble ; as the ignoble were debarred from any honour or dignity , to hinder the evill of introducing mongrell and mechanick dispositions in the common-wealth , and consequently such impostumated humors as is commonly the off-spring thereof , even among the greatest nobility . the law commanded , that in case a guardian , being a person of honor , having the tuition of a child under age , and should marry him to the daughter of an ignoble person , it was an injury done to the whole family , & a penalty should be inflicted upon the guardian ; the reason , for though the husband cannot be ennobled by the wife , yet the issue of that male is debased and a mongrel ; and primogenitus est totius geniturae quasi splendor & gloria ; and the glory of children are their parents . civill nobility is an excellency of dignity , and fame , placed in any nation , people , or blood , through the virtues there shewed forth , to the profit of that common-wealth , as sir john fern defines it . this he divides into three so t s : of n tions , cities , and families . these last are by the greeks termed 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , in latin nobiles , ingenui , and generosi , in french nobles , in the empire 〈◊〉 , among the spaniards hiidalgo , and gentilhome , or gentilhombre ; and in the old saxon , ardel. aristotle maketh four kinds of civill nobility , viz. divitiarum , generis , virtutis , & disciplinae . cicero attributes the crovvn of generosity to the virtuous , and therefore is understood to allow of no other nobility ; and diogenes was so cynicall , as to term nobleness of blood a vail of lewdness , a cloak of sloth , and a vizard of cowardice : and what would he have said had he liv'd in our age ? but to lay by these and many other divisions , the philosophy of latter times have refined civill nobility into a triple division . the first by blood , the second by merit , the third by blood and merit ; which last , without doubt , must receive the estimation of the most honorable . see sir johu fern and mr. segar in his honor military and civill . and also by place in the common-wealth . and bartholus , in the court : his words are , omnes 〈◊〉 principi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , & ideo nobiles ; cùm 〈◊〉 & nobilitas idem sunt . nobility of blood , saith sir john fern , is a nobility drawn from the first house , and continued through the virtues of those succeeding ; which the laws and customs of nations have permitted the progeny and kindred to challenge as their inheritance , though for no excellency in themselves that enjoy it . and this is the nobility which boetius takes notice of , when he saith , nobilitas est quaedam laus proveniens de 〈◊〉 parentum . now as nobility by blood and merit is justly esteemed the most honorable , so certainly this the least ; the glory they shine in , being but the reflection of their ancestors , and not their own proper rayes . neither are dignities and discents of blood enough to ennoble us , for whatsoever is not within us cannot justly be called ours , but rather the graces and goods of fortune . genus & proavos , & quae non fecimus ipsi , vix 〈◊〉 nostra vaco . and certainly the honor atchieved by an ancestor , livs in his family as his , and to the memory of his vertues , and example of theirs ; which ought doubly to oblige them to care , first , in keeping that tenderly , which their ancestors purchased so difficulty ; and to shew themselves the true heirs of such noble spirits , in their due imitations of those renowned vertues . therefore it is but vain for a man to boast , that he can derive the foundation of his honor from the renowned catalogue of worthy ancestors , and himself degenerate from their heroicall virtues ; for at the best they blaze but another's honor , and their own shame ; and may quickly be answered as hermodius was by iphierates , ( who upbraided him with the stain of so base a parent ) my house taketh beginning in me , but thine taketh end in thy self . and our nation hath produced too many that deserve the saying of lycurgus , whose soldiers bragged much of the nobility of hercules being derived to them ; he told them , hercules's nobility would avail them nothing , except they did those things whereby hercules became noble . the second is , nobleness of proper virtue , atchieved by merit ; which is certainly to be esteemed above the other : for a country's safety dependeth upon 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , counsell , and courage of the virtuous ; when the 〈◊〉 boastings of an authentick stock , where vertues fail , do add nothing to the relief of a common-wealth in time of need . the romans attired their knights with a ring for faithfulness , a buckle for stedfastness , and a bracelet for industry , as signes of vertue ; not of sloth , the appropriated priviledge of succeeding nobility . and in all nobility , author & 〈◊〉 à quo primum 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in signia profecta sunt , & homo novus fuit : the first atchiever in any stock whatever , was a new man ennobled for some demerit ; sir john fern. and all men will judge him that was the originall of a family more honorable , than him that succeeded him two or three descents , not adding to that honour by any merit of his own . now these two qualities meeting in one man , is it that maketh the perfect gentleman ; and such a man ought to be preferred before all others in the receiving of dignity , office , or rule , in the common-wealth . wherefore by the laws of arms antiently , these seven circumstances were regarded in the chioce of a captain or leader ; his age , his virtues , his faith or allegiance , his knowledge in martiall discipline , his authority , his good fortune ; and lastly , his blood and gentry . and antiently none were admitted into the inns of court , but who were gentlemen of blood , be their merits what ever ; as the foundations of some of 〈◊〉 do yet shew . therefore it is the best patrimony a father can leave his son , to bequeathe him the glory of his merits , with the state of gentility ; and the best honor the son can do to the deceased parent , is , to continue his name in that estate which his ancestors left him , and by imitating the virtues that obtained it , to preserve it without a stain . which consideration hath been the occasion to stir up many generous spirits to a noble contention , and commendable emulation , to exalt the worthiness of their familie's fame . what those virtues are that must thus ennoble men , sir john 〈◊〉 hath taken too much care , i think , in demonstrating ; for whose sake i shall take as little : first , he tells you of all the cardinall virtues , and then what they are ; which i am so confident as to believe , every man understands , that knows any thing : but i shall take up this conclusion , as that from them , as a true fountain , these rivers must flow ; for there is such a connexion and chain of affinity in these virtues , that none may be severed from the rest , and that man may be truly said to be virtuous ; though , like as the body is conserved by the nourishment of the four elements or complexions , so that the extinguishment of any one of them is destruction to the body ; yet the constitution of that body is generally tearmed from the predominancy of some one of them that is most erninent in him : so , the vertues of a man may be esteemed from the paticular discovery of someone more eminent . but if we will make any difference in the merits of atchievment , it may be best done in short , by taking notice onely of prudence and fortitude , from whence that generall opinion of the world , that merit was onely by the pike or pen , is derived . and though it has ever been a dispute , to which of these the precedency should be allowed ; yet , i think , a little reason will decide it , for though there hath been so much of honor allowed in all ages to prudence , yet we ever found the first succession of honor was from the atchievments of fortitude , as in the example of the roman statues ; and at this day the publick example of the shield , whereon all , both civill and military , do illustrate their atchievments , which should be enough to end that controversie ; though some have been very violent in a dispute to prefer the doctor to be before the knight . to obtain estate of gentility by learning , and discovering the secrets of heaven , is very honorable certainly ; but to atchieve it by service in his soveraign's wars , the defence of the church , king , and country , is of all most excellent and worthy . in which case , war is permitted by the law of god , taught us by the law of nature , and commanded by the laws of all nations . sir william segar , when he speaketh of the nobility allowed to prudence , disposeth it in the second place : and sir john fern , speaking of learning , gives it the same ; onely of all under that genus , when the degree of the doctor of divinity differenceth ; he saith , it excelleth all other degrees in learning in four respects ; first , the excellency of the subject it treateth of ; secondly , for the dignity of the matter , treating of things beyond reason of philosophy , or the reach of human wisdom : thirdly , the excellency of the end whereunto it is ordained : lastly , the worthinesse of the author's authority , receiving it not from mortall men , as all other sciences , but from the spirit of god. now a man may be ennobled by leters patent from his prince , though he have not the superior titles added ; as by the example of jo. de king ston , who was by patent from k. richard the second receiv'd into the state of a gentleman , as you may see at large in mr. selden's titles of honor. as also in another example of hen. 6. 〈◊〉 by the word nobilitamus , creates bernard angeuin , a burdelois , a gentleman : and a latter of k. james to a hollander . which examples makes him divide honor into nativa and dativa . there were codicilli 〈◊〉 in the empire , by which men were entitled to the honors of nobles . and there have been edicts made in france for the like ennobling of centry , the form whereof mr. selden's book sets forth at large . there is a whole title , de honorariis condicilliis in theodosius his code , and some laws concerning them , as antient as constantine . there is another kind of nobility , and that is called nobilitas adoptiva , a gentility arising from adoption ; when a gentleman of blood , and coat-armour , for some speciall affection ( though neither allyed to his blood , or a gentleman otherways ) adopteth a stranger to be his son , and constituteth him to succeed , as well in his estate of gentry , as to his name and possessions . an example of the like , also of great antiquity , in salustius tiberius , à 〈◊〉 his formulari , where the greatest part of a gentle family assembling , do by consent adopt a stranger that hath well deserved of them to be of their family , as if he were descended of a male from among them , creating him a gentleman , to be reputed de domo & agnatione ipsorum ; and granted him also their arms , and limited the whole honour to him , and the heirs of his body . but this creation cannot make him a gentleman by birth , as it is in spain a proverb , the king cannot make an hidal go : he may be nobilis , but not generosus ; which mr. selden defines to be qui , bono genere ortus , non degenerat , which the dutch have the word 〈◊〉 for , which is well-born in english. but this word generosus hath been in use amongst us but since the time of hen. 8. since when it hath bin constantly used for a gentleman of what sort soever , if he had no title above it : the word gentleman being before generally used in the like nature in writs , pleadings , and the like , though they were latine . this word gentleman , did first rise from the word gens or gentes , which the christians in the primitive times used for all such as were neither jews nor christians ; which our english translators turn gentiles ; as the french , payens for pagans ; the dutch , heyden , or heydenen , for heathen . so afterward , the same word and gentiles was used in the empire , for all such as were not cives romani , or provincials . but it is more reasonably resolved , that the word gentleman is derived from this origination . that the northern nations , framing their words out of latin to make up their provincial or roman tongues , so esteemed the word gentilis , by which they found themselves styled in the latine , that they now made it in those tongues a distinction or note of honor , for such of them as were of more eminent quality ; ambitious , it seems , to be honored with that very name , with which the romans had before in scorn expressed them . by which means gentil-hommes became generally a word amongst the provincialls for nobiles . so that from the word gentil homme , 〈◊〉 gentilhombre , ( which we received from the french , for till the normans we had it not ) we made out this word gentleman , which was before called aedel . this nobilis or gentleman ( as before we find ) is a generall denomination for all that come under the notions of honor , ( for indeed it is our vulgar genus , for those also that are distinguished by higher titles ) but to those that are not more properly , the species whereof i shall a little further look into . of the doctor of divinity , i spake before ; the next is the doctor of law , which hath also held a dispute of precedency with the knight , but to lesse purpose than the other ; the same reason that held in the major , must of necessity in the minor . besides , admit the great benefit and necessity of laws in a common-weal for the preserving of peace ; yet we must acknowledge , that the peace which produced those laws was the effect of the sword ; and neither is peace able to protect those daws , nor those laws peace , without the assistance of military authority . and so necessary is the profession of arms , that no common-wealth , no city , no publick society , can subsist without it . aristotle , when he speaketh of the constitution of a well-govern'd city , in the first place calleth soldiers the true citizens ; and at the same time faith , ea respublica tyrannidem 〈◊〉 , quae fortes & saptentes minimè honorat . plato , in the institution of his common-wealth , appoints one sort of men ( far more excellent then the rest ) whose office should be the taking up of arms for the defence of the other citizens , to which he allowed many privileges ; and that they should be more honorable than any other state of people . sir john fern determines thus , in artibus militaribus , vel in actu indiffer enti , data paritate militum & doctorum , &c. semper praefertur 〈◊〉 miles doctori , & sic de singulis , de gradu in gradum . and the same author understands this rule to extend also to the serjeant at law , as to the doctor at law. neither can i any way derogate in other respects from the honor due to a doctor at law ; for they are to be preferred in the second place below a knight , that is , next the doctor of divinity , out of the respect due to the law it self ; and what respect hath always bin given to it , you may see by these of the fathers , quid enim sunt regna , nisi latrocinia , remotâ 〈◊〉 quae est legum effectus ? and again , justitia regentis est utilior , 〈◊〉 fertilitas 〈◊〉 , solatium pauperum , haereditas filiorum , & sibimetipsi spes futurae beatitudinis . this doctor , as well as the doctor of divinity , hath for his honor many ceremonies and tokens of honor appropriated to his creation or commencement . as first , a book , in token of his learning . secondly , a habit , which is called biretrum , 〈◊〉 bis rectum . thirdly , a ring , to shew how he is espoused to philosophy and science . fourthly , in token he is a doctor he must sit in a chair , which hath been thus described : it ought to be four-square ; in the forepart should be painted a young-man of great strength , noting labor and love , to work and to finish ; on the hinder part two virgins , called care and vigilancy ; on the right side a young-man well girded , carrying in his arms things of small value , to signifie the mean estate of wealth ; and on the left , a man running away , to shew that the study of science requires a volunary exile from all relations . the fifth ensigne is a girdle about his loyns , with these words , take this girdle , and gird thy loyns with a bond of faith , so that thy body may be adorned with all vertues , that thou mayst seem before god and man perfect in thy degree . lastly , a kiss , with these words , take the kiss of peace , in token thou shalt ever seek to preserve the bonds of concord in thy faculty . the next place amongst these honors is due to the doctor of physick , which being the very perfection of naturall philosophy ; and from the necessity of it in a common-wealth , is allowed the name of liberall , and not mechanicall science . to this profession also is admitted the bearing of arms ; but in that case the herauld ought always to be carefull , to have regard in the designment to the 〈◊〉 . which bearing of arms is the 〈◊〉 badge of all honor , as in its due place shall be set forth . neither are the rest of the liberall sciences debarred from the like priviledges , according to the excellency of the professors . to which is adjoyned poetry , which among antients hath been honored with the style of sacred ; and poets called prophets by the title of vates . st. austine give them this character , poetae theologi dicti fuerunt , cùm de diis immortalibus multa scriberent , quales orpheus , musaeus , & linus . how they have been honoured of princes is evident in every chronologie ; amongst which , that of alexander is most 〈◊〉 : with homer will i sleep , with honor will i wake ; homer is a fit companion for alexander . the ensigne usually given to a poet laureat is the swan , signifying pureness of style , the bird of venus , and consecrated to the muses ; and sometimes a pegasus , as to michael drayton : see his tombe in westminster . to this i must joyn , and indeed should give the precedency to that sister-art of painting , than which none hath received more honour in the world , though too mechanically slighted amongst us ; which hath been the reason we have not arrived to that excellency that some other kingdoms have done in it : for , 〈◊〉 is the true spurre to perfection . this hath been for its sublimity reckoned with much honour among the liberall sciences , by many princes ; nay , pliny calls it plainly , a liberall art , whose reasons not his own onely , but modern times have approved : & much reason there is to give it that honour , since its performance is by the exact engagement of geometry , arithmetick , perspective , and indeed all points and species of natural philosophy ; besides the remembrance of the great estimation it was in amongst the grecians , whose kings ( many of them ) were proud in professing the art. and then the law amongst the romans , that no man should undertake it but such as were gentlemen ; because the brain of a clown must be too durty , and muddy to arrive at excellency in it . they were also to be of estate ; that the labouring for a lively-hood , might not take them off from industrious study for perfection . other examples , that princes have given of their delight in it , is declared in the ingenuity of francis and emanuel , kings of france ; and many germane princes since . under which genus i wish the ingenuity of our nations , like as others , would also comprize that species of graving , an art too noble to be so much slighted as it is amongst ingenuous men . history also being esteemed a witnesse of time , a light of truth , a mistris of life , and a messenger of antiquity , deserves from its country the gratefull return and reward of its merits . in generall ; if any person be advanced by lawfull commission of his prince to any office , dignity , or publique administration , be it either ecclesiasticall , military , or civill ; so that the said office comprehends in it , dignitatem , vel dignitatis titulum , he ought to be matriculated into the rank of gentility . in the state ecclesiasticall are , patriarchs , primates , archbishops , and bishops ; all which by custom of the realme , and royall grants of 〈◊〉 princes , are invested barons , and admitted to the high court of parliament : but more of that in its due place . also are admitted to the state of gentility , vicars generals , guardians of spiritualties ; deans of cathedralls , arch-deacons ( called 〈◊〉 episcopi , ) chancellours , treasurers , and chauntors in every episcopall sea , so sir john ferne ; as also doctors , provosts , deans , and governours of all collegiate assemblies . in the military or marshall government , the high constable , lievtenant-general , marshall , admiral , major general , quartermaster-general , treasurer of the army , guardians of frontiers , the master of the horsemen , or grand essquire , the master of artillery , the colonel , serjeant-major , captain and provost ; and indeed all that receive commission from their prince . in the civill or politicall estate ; the chancellour , president , treasurer , judges , justices , chief-officers of the pallace-royall , secretaries of state , mayors , provosts , and baylifs of incorporate cities and towns. and since from the seat of royalty and majesty , all honours do flow , it is no reason this fountain should by any restriction be limited , neither is it ; for as before in the discourse of gentility , by patent it is signified , so there is another sort of gentility , made by the prince , which as it is by patent , ought to have taken place there ; but being by purchase only , and not of merit , is esteemed of all the most inferior , and therefore to be set in the lowest degree . the king , saith sir john ferne , may also create a gentleman , and give him coat-armour to bear , although he be unworthy of the same , but , saith he again , est haec quaedam fucata nobilitas & non ver a nec essentialis , it is but a counterfeit nobility , so that this gentility brings the purchaser little more then the shadow of honour , to shroud him from the name of plebeian , and these gentlemen by the strictnesse of the laws of honour , are excluded from the priviledges of gentility . then , saith sir wil. segar , a simple subject being 〈◊〉 a gentleman , by the prince's grant , and does not exercise the qualities beseeming that dignity , ought to be deprived of his title . this consideration made sigismond the emperour , answer one soliciting for such honour ; i can , said he , make thee rich , or exempted with priviledges ; but , without virtue or noble desert , it lieth not in caesar's power to make a gentleman . and the retort of a gentleman to a knight , ( which my self knew ) was not amisse , being to the same purpose , who said , it was more honour to be a gentleman and no knight , then to be a knight and no centleman , the knight being then a knight meerly by purchase , without any desert at all in him : too many whereof are 〈◊〉 in our nation . privileges due to gentility . now since others , as sir jo. fern , and sir wil. segar , have been so punctuall in discoursing the priviledges due to gentility , i cannot but touch upon it a little , before i passe to the next degree of noblenesse , which is the esquire . the priviledges , as they have laid them down , are these . 1. pro honore sustinendo , if a churl , alias pesant do detract from the honour of a gentleman , he hath a remedy in law , actione injuriarum ; but if by one gentleman to another , anciently , combate was allowed . 2. in crimes of equall constitution , a 〈◊〉 shall be punished with more favour then a common person ; provided the 〈◊〉 be not heresie , treason , or excessive contumacy . 3. the many observances and ceremonious respects , that a gentleman is , and ought to be honoured with by the ungentle . 4. in giving evidence , a gentlemans attestestation is to precede a clown's . 5. in election of magistrates , and officers by vote ; the suffrage of a gentleman shall take place of an ignoble person . 6. a gentleman ought to be excused from base services , impositions , and duties , both reall and personall . 7. a gentleman condemned to death , ought not to be hanged but beheaded , and his examination taken without torture . 8. to take down the coat-armor of any gentleman , deface his monument , or offer violence to 〈◊〉 ensigne of the deceased noble , is as to lay buffits on the face of him alive ; and punishment is due accordingly . 9. the clown may not challenge a gentleman to combat , quia conditione impares . many others there are , but it would be too tedious to insert them , i referr the reader to sir john ferne , his glory of generosity . for the protection and defence also of this civill dignity , they have discover'd three lawes provided : the first , jus agnitionis , the right , or lawes of discent for the kindred of the father's side : the second , jus stirpis ; for the whole family : the third , jus gentilitatis , a law for the descents in noble families . which tully esteemed the most excllent , of which law a gentleman of blood and coat-armor perfect possessing virtue was only priviledged . to the making of which gentleman perfect , in his blood , was required , a lineall descent on the part of his fathers side , from atavus , abavus , proavus , avus , and pater ; and as much on his mothers line : then is he not only a gentleman of blood perfect , but of ancestors too . the obscurity and neglect of which laws hath introduced other sorts of gentlemen amongst us , which are men taking the style of gentleman being neither of blood nor coat-armor ; which style only serves to hurry them to an unruly pride , when indeed it is but rude and false honour , and is by sir john ferne termed apocryphate , and debarred of all priviledges of gentility . these gentlemen , nomine , non re , he calls such of the students of the law , grooms of the soveraign palace , sons of churls made priests or cannons , &c. and such as have received degrees in the schools , or born office in the city ; so that by that they are styled by the title of master , yet have no right to coat-armor . as to the student of the law , sir john fern allowes him the best assurance of his title of gentleman , of all these irregular and untriall gentlemen , ( as he terms them ; ) for so much as in some acts of parliament he is named with the title of gentleman , yet he saith , that he is also debarred from all honor and priviledge of the law of armes . but those students were antiently by customs of the inns of court , ( as i shewed before ) to be weeded out of the societies , if by chance any were crept in ; and none to be admitted but gentlemen of coat-armour ; by which excellent rule the younger sonns of gentlemen would have the priviledges and benefit of that study , to maintain and support them , as it is in the empire of russia , and many other nations ; when as now every clown , that can but pick up so much money at the plough tayle , as shall fit his son up for that study , receives the benefit , and the gentry of the nation frustrated of that support ; which causes so much decay amongst them , that younger sons of gentlemen , ( being thus destitute of imployment ) are commonly the objects of much pity , either for the suffering , or doing much evill ; and the common-wealth in generall , much prejudiced by the insultancy of such mungrell spirits , in eminent preferments ; which they too often come to , more by insinuated favour , than reall desert : and indeed not in that case only , but in church preferments also ; and by this means is it , that so much corruption and abuse is the daily leprosie both of the civill and ecclesiasticall state. the romans were so carefull of the preservation of honor , that they had a custom by which the children of noble persons unprovided for should be maintained out of the common treasury : which custom , though all ages have most infinitely applauded , our nation hath so absolutely exploded , that the gentry are in all cases hindred as much as may be of all preferments that should give it them , without burthen to the common-wealth : but it is to be hoped , succeeding times will produce better manners . of the esquire . the division of these dignities of honour , was antiently but into twelve parts ; but the addition of knight baronet hath made them thirteen : the six first only noble , as , the gentleman , esquire , knight bacheler , knight banneret , knight baronet , and baron : the other seven princely , and are allowed crowns and coronets ; as the viscount , earl , marquesse , duke , prince , king , and emperour . sir john ferne placeth the viscount in the first division , but i think improperly , in regard of his coronet . of the lowest of these enough is said , the next is the esquire , according to my intended method . the esquire , or escuyer , is called in latine armiger , but more antiently scutiger , from the office of bearing a shield as an attendant upon a knight , and were ( militaris ordinis ) candidati in the field , because they served not as knights bachelers , nor bachelers , which was then a distinction . the etymology of the word will something signifie as much , being from scutum in latin , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in the greek , which is a shield , from the antient way of making it in leather . armiger nuncupatus est qui domini sui 〈◊〉 bajulat , ipsisque 〈◊〉 cingit , saith sir henry spelman in his glossarium , p. 50. neither came this title in * honorary amongst us till the reign of richard the second : though the title as to office was much antienter amongst us , yet the antientest mention of it is in † order vitalis , speaking of william fitz-osberne earl of hereford , and odo earl of kent in the time of the conqueror . nam armigeros suos immodicas praedas , &c. facientes . dr. argentre , president of the parliament of rhemes , speaks thus of them : esquires are , qui scutums ducibus aut patronis praeferebant , posteriùs et strateres , qui dominos in equos tolleren , & equos regerent . is qui primus inter coeteros gradus nobilitatis . and verstegen tells us , the teutonick word was scyld-knapae , which is a shield-serviture ; but some have since gotten another distinction for the title , which is , that they are gentlemen , bearing arms and armories , in testimony of nobility , or race from whence they are come . sir edward cook * in his exposition upon the statute of 1 hen. 3. chap. 5. ( of additions ) saith , that the word esquire , armiger , or scutiger , in legal understanding is derived ab armis quae clypeis gentilitiis honoris insignia gestant . in which sense , as a name of estate and degree it was used in divers acts of parliament before the making of that statute , and after also . but by this the honour of the title is lost , and every gentleman of coat-armor shall have as great a share in it as themselves ; which in truth hath not been since the dividing the gentility into these two divisions ; when this title of esquire was made a legall and appropriated addition . of these , there are four sorts : by creation , by birth , by dignity , and by office. esquires by creation are sometimes made by patent , as one jo. de kingston was by king richard , as i mentioned before , being received into the state of a gentleman , and made an esquire , and sometimes by the giving of a collar of ss . by the king , as an ensigne of the title . eúmve ( saith sir henry spelman ) argentatis calcaribus donaverit . which silver spurs were given by the king , as the gold was to the knight , to difference the honor ; from whence they are called white-spurs . there is commonly given to him also an addition to his paternall coat , or a new coat , if he owned none before , which is due to the descendents onely of his body , not related to any of his line besides ; and the eldest son of that coat-armor is ever an esquire . esquires by birth , are the eldest sons of knights , and their eldest sons successively . sir john ferne , and sir henry spelman call all esquires , that being the sons of lords , are not allowed the title of lords : but sir henry spelman again , propriè natalitio jure armigeri dicuntur , equitum auratorum filii primogeniti ; & ex ipsis haeredes inperpetuum masculi . those by office , are such as bearing high offices in the commonwealth or kings palace , have not the augmentation of knighthood or lordship . such are the sergeants at law , sheriffs , escheators , the sergeant of every office in the court. but these are only the possessors of that dignity ; it dying with them : and not only so , but if he lose his office , that is a gentleman by office ; he lo seth his gentility also . and this ennobling by office was also among the saxons , and hath so continued among them , saith mr. lambert , if a churle so thrived , that he had fully five hides of land of his own , a church , and a kitchen , a bell-house , and a gate , a seat , a severall office in the kings hall , then was he the theynes right worthy . amongst which sort of esq those four of the kings body are the principall , which ( he saith ) are to be esteemed above the elder sons of knights . and indeed in all processions of state , they go before the master of the jewell-house , all judges or sergeants at the law. of knighthood in generall , and of the knight bacheler . of the distinctions by knighthood there are many in other parts of the world ; but in england only these , knights batchelers , knights of the bath , knights bannerets , and knights baronets , and knights of the garter . the word knight , as mr. selden saith , coming from the saxon 〈◊〉 , which signified puer , or servus , as dienaknecht is yet among the dutch , for a man-servant . so tenants by knights service were called milites , or chivalers , because their service was military . knights ( saith mr. cambden ) who of our english lawyers are termed also in latin milites , and in all nations almost besides , took their name of horses . the italians call them cavalari , the french chevaliers , the germans kutters , and our britans in wales , margagh , all of riding . englishmen only term them knights , by a word , that in old english-language , as also of the german , signifieth indifferently a servitour , or minister , and a lusty young man. hereupon it cometh , that in the old written gospels translated into the saxon , we read , for christs disciples , christs leorning knights . and elsewhere for client or vassal 〈◊〉 . and bracton ( our ancient civill lawyer ) maketh mention of rad cnyhts , that is serving-men , who had their lands with this condition , that they should serve their lords on horseback , and so by cuting off a piece of the name , ( as our delight is to speak short ) this name of knight remained with us . but whence it came that our country-men should , in penning the laws , and all writings since the norman conquest 's time , term those knights in latin milites , that is , souldiers , was transferred unto those that conversing near about the princes person bare any of the great offices in the prince's court or train . but with us , i conceive , those were first so called , who held any lands or inheritances in fee , by this tenure , to serve in the war , for those lands were tearmed knights fees : and those that elsewhere they named feuditary , that is , tenants in fee , were hete called milites , that is , knights ; as for example , milites regis ; milites archiepiscopi cantuar. milites comitis rogerii ; comitis hugonis , &c. for that they received those lands or mannors of them , with this condition , to serve them in the wars , and to yield them fealty and homage ; whereas others , who served for pay , were simply called solidarii ( from whence the word soldier ) and servientes . this title comming to be a reward or degree of honor , is thought to be in imitation of the equestris order in rome , to which men were onely advanced for extraordinary virtue , and notable merit : who onely were admitted to beautifie the caparizons of their horses & their armor with gold , from whence they were called equites aurati . in which time , all sorts of men were distinguished in their degrees by some garb or habit ; as some by their clothes , some by cutting their hair , &c. the roman knights also were allowed to wear a chain of gold , and therefore called torquati , from manlius torquatus , who wore the first , obtained by him in a victory in france , which is by us yet imitated in the collar of s s. by which it is easily collected , that the true institution of it was a reward of honor and valour , not sloath and riches . and therefore all men thus ennobled , ought either to be deserving by action before , or by endeavour and good service after ; and to be else esteemed unlawfull possessors of that honor , at what rate soever purchased . the first account of ceremonies ( that we have ) at the creating a knight , is in the example of king alfred , knighting his grandson athelstan ; and after the continuance of them ( it seems ) grew more precise and customary , by feasts , giving of robes , arms , spurs , and sometimes horse and arms ; untill our later times produced the new , yet usuall ceremony , of a stroak over the shoulder with a sword , with these words , sois chivaler au nom de dieu , by the king , or some by his commission , though the spur hath lately been observed also . another manner of creation there hath been also among the saxons before the conquest , which was by sacred ceremonies , shew'd by one ingulphus , that lived in the time of the conquest , by a solemn confession , a vigil in the church , receiving of the sacrament after an offering of the sword on the altar , and redemption of it ; then the bishop , abbot , or priest putting it on him , made him a knight , with many prayers , called benedictiones ensis . to this order or degree of honor , an infant may be admitted , though he be a ward , and then ( till a late act of parliament ordained otherwise ) his wardship was free , both of person and estate ; but now their lands are not . and there were feudall laws for , and at , the making the eldest son of a lord a knight , as there was also for the marrying of the eldest daughter , as in the charter of king john , which was mony raised on the tenant . but any man in the order of priesthood is debarred the honor of knighthood of the sword , cùm eorum militia sit 〈◊〉 mundum , carnem , & diabolum . so sir john fern. though i find , that antiently they have been allowed it , but not without first laying aside their spirituall cures , and applying themselves to a secular life . so matthew paris , dei natalis johannem de gatesden clericum , & multis ditatum 〈◊〉 , ( sed omnibus ante expectatum resignatis , quia sic oportuit ) baltheo cinxit militari . and then the persons that gave this honor were sometimes subjects ( without any superior authority granted to them ) as well as soveraignes , though long since it hath been an appropriated priviledge of the crown . landfrank archbishop of canterbury made william the second a knight in his fathers life-time . but the name of bacheler added to it seems not to have been till the 33 of 〈◊〉 the third . sir john fern also tells of ensignes that anciently were marks of knighthood , as a ring on the thumb , a chain of gold , and gilt spurrs . all which tokens of his honor he was as carefully to preserve , as a captain his banner , which ( according to the rules of arms then ) if he once lost basely in the field , he was 〈◊〉 of flying any more again , till he had regained the same or another from the enemy . to which end it was carefully to be provided , that such men as were endowed with this honor , should have these accomplishments , he ought to be faithfull and religious , just in his engagements , valiant in his enterprises , obedient to his superiors , expert in military affairs , watchfull and temperate , charitable to the poor , free from debauchery , not a boaster with his tongue , ready to help and defend ladies , especially widows and orphans : and he ought to be ever in a readinesse , with horse and arms , and to attend the command of his soveraign in all wars , both civill and forrain ; the neglect where of is a crime as great , as to fight against him , and merits at the least a shamefull degrading and formerly when the king hath been to make a knight , he sate gloriously in his state , arrayed in cloth of gold of the most precious and costly bodkin-work , and crowned with his crown of gold : and to every knight he allowed or gave a hundred shillings for his harnessements , &c. and knights in this manner dubbed made this esteem thereof , that in it consisted the guerdon of their virtue and valour , the praise of their house and family , the memoriall of their stock and linage ; and lastly , the glory of their name . there are many priviledges belonging to that dignity ; and mr. selden speaks of a law , that a man was to be punished with the losse of a hand , that should strike a knight ; yet he sayes , he remembers no example of the practise of it , which i think is the greater honor to the dignity , as being a shame , that any such law should be the guard of a man so honored with arms , and appropriated to the sword. against a knight in the war , runneth no prescription . the office of a coroner in former times being honorable , none were capable of it but a knight . by antient custom , none were admitted to the house of parliament , but who were milites gladiis accincti . many other priviledges there were appropriated to them , according to the rules of honor , and custom of the nation , as well as requisites in them ; which more at large may be understood in sir will. segar's honor military and civill . where is to be found the severity in degrading them . when if any knight at any time had been corrupted with mony by his prince's enemy ; or committed any other notable fact against loyalty and honor ; he was apprehended , and caused to be armed from head to foot , and on a high scaffold in the church he was placed ; and after the priests had sung some funerall psalm , as though he had been dead ; first , they took off his helmet , to shew his face , and so by degrees his whole armor : and then the heralds crying out , this is a disloyall miscreant ; with many other ignoble ceremonies , he was thrown down the stage with a rope . this he mentions to have been about the time of king arthur . we have many examples of latter times also of degrading knights , for dishonorably absenting from the service of the king , and other treasons ; with which seising on all that he had ( except one horse ; ne , qui dignitate factus est eques , cogatur pedes incedere : for in all countries , the title is related to a horse , from serving on horseback ; ) and also by the cutting off their spurrs from their heels , taking away his sword , reversing his coat-arms , and the like ; as in the degrading of sir ralph gray . see more at large sir william segar , mr. selden , and sir john fern. the creation robe of a knight of y e garter it is ever to be observed , that when the word knight is found without any addition of distinction , it is meant by the knight batcheler . of the order of the bath , the first that are taken notice of is in 〈◊〉 , who gives an account of 46 made by henry the fourth : but mr. selden is of an opinion , they were long before . mr. upton ( in a manuscript which mr. bish ( a gentleman much deserving of honor from our english gentry ) hath since very 〈◊〉 illustrated and published ) takes notice of this order in these words , creantur 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 modis , &c. creantur in alio modo milites per balneum , qui modus multùm observatur in anglia , & in 〈◊〉 regnis . he lived in the time of henry the sixth . the honor is invested with a great deal of noble ceremony , as is seen by the example of henry the seventh , when he sent writs to divers lords and gentlemen , to come up to the making henry his second son knight of the bath , ad ordinem militia 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 suscipiendum , juxta antiquam consuetudinem in creatione usitatam . when one is to be made a knight of the bath , he comming up to the court , is very nobly received by the officers and nobles of the court ; where he hath two esquires appointed to wait on him , who convey him to a chamber , where is to be musick before he commeth to the tubbs ; then they uncloath him , and put him naked into the bath , where , if there be any other knights of the order in the court , they come in their order and salute him , and after discourse concerning the order , they sprinkle some of the water on his shoulder , and so depart . then the esquires convey him to a bed , where he is dryed , and then he putting on his clothes , they put over them a long gray coat like a hermit's weed , with long sleeves , and a hood ; then the knights return to him again , and lead him to the chappel , where he receives a cup of spiced wine , and with that salutes the knights , who after leave him there , onely with his esquires and priest , where he performs a vigill till almost day , with prayers and offerings . after this , and some repose in his chamber , the next morning , where are robes provided for him ; the knights wait on him again , and do service to him in his making ready ; one giving him his doublet , another his breeches , another combes his head , &c. then with musick he is brought to the hall in the court on horsback , accompanied with those knights and esquires , where the marshall meets him . then the king comming to the hall , commands a lord to put on his right spur , and making a crosse upon his knee , rises up and kisses him , and so another the left . then the king puts the sword about him himself , and smiting him on the shoulder , says , be a good knight , and kisses him . then with the musick he is conducted again to the chappel , where he goes to the altar , and performs some ceremonies , maketh protestation for the performance of the orders of knighthood . then the king's cook comes to him with a knife in his hand , to demand his fee ; and tells him , that if he do any thing against the orders of chivalry , he will cut his 〈◊〉 off from his heels . then he is habited in a blew gown with maunches open , like a priest , and so led again to the hall. the particular manner is more at large set down by sir william segar , in his honor military and civill , and cambden's britannia . they are distinguished ordinarily by the wearing of a red ribbon cross the left shoulder , as knights of the garter by the blew . and have this priviledge above all knights , their sons are free from wardship : as in the example of the heir of sir thomas wise of essex , which was a cause in chancery , and the heir victor . of bannerets . this was antiently an order in france , and ( excert that in england they are not created by parent , not the title hereditary , ) the same : the creation is almost the same with theirs , by the solemn delivery of a banner , charged with the arms of him that is to be created , and cutting or tearing off the end of a pennon or streamers , to make it square into the shape of a banner , are called by some equites vexillarii . sir william segar relates the ceremony thus ; he is led between two other knights into the presence of the king or generall , with his pennon of arms in his hand , and there the heralds declare his merit , for which he deserves to be made a knight banneret , and thenceforth to display a banner in the field . then the king , or generall , causes the point of his pennon to be rent off ; and the new made knight returns to his tent , the trumpets sounding before him . a banneret thus made may bear his banner display'd , if he be a captain , and set his arms thereon , as other degrees above him . and although the knight baronet be an honor given by patent , and made hereditary ; yet , by decree of king fames it is established , that all such bannerets , as shall be made by the kings majesty , his heirs and successors , under their standard , display'd in an army royall in open war , the king personally present ; for the tearm of the lives of such bannerets , shall for ever take place and precedency as well before all other bannerets , as the younger sons of viscounts , and barons , as also before all baronets ; but not otherwise . and this order was of so great estimation , that divers knights bachelers and esquires served under them ; which title , it seems , in many antient writs , hath been mis-writ barronets , as in a patent to sir ralph fane , a knight banneret under edward the sixt , he is called barronettus for bannerettus ; which title of baronet was not amongst us till king james . of baronet . the title of baronet was erected by king james , in the ninth year of his reign : he made diverse on the 22 day of may , whose patents were all of one form , without any difference at all ; the 〈◊〉 or argument being for the propagating a plantation in ulster in ireland , to which the aid of these knights was ordained ; the words run thus , 〈◊〉 , ex certa scientia & mero 〈◊〉 nostris , ordinavimus , ereximus , constituimus & creavimus quendam statum , gradum , dignitatem , nomen & titulum baronetti ( anglice of a baronet ) infra hoc regnum nostrum angliae perpetuis temporibus duraturum . their aid was the maintenance of thirty soldiers in that province for three years . their titles were to descend to the heirs male of their body , and to take place before all knights bachelers , knights of the bath , and knights bannerets , ( the other degree before specified , being afterward made ) and that the name of baronet in all writs , commissions , and style , should be added to his surname ; and that the addition of sir should precede in all mentionings of his name ( as the title of lady and madam to the wives of them ) and their successors ; and that they should take place according to the priority of the date of their patents inter se , and so to their successors . in which patents also , the king did engage for himself and successors , that there should be but two hundred of them made ; and that there should be never any degree of honor established , that should take place between the baronet and baron ; and if for want of heirs male , the title in any should fall , there should never be any created in their room , but that the title should diminish , to the honour of them remaining , and be by that means reduced to a 〈◊〉 number . and afterward a commission was ordained under the great seal , for filling up the number , who had instructions also enacted ; among which , they that desired to be admitted into the dignity of baronets , must maintain the number of thirty foot-soldiers in ireland for three years , after the rate of eight-pence sterling a day ; and a years pay to be paid in ( at the passing of the patent ) to the exchequer . and again , that they must be of good reputation , and descended of a grand-father , at least , by the father's side , that bare arms ; and have also a certain yearly revenue of one thousand pounds de claro . they were to take bond also for the true payment of that maintenance , and to appoint one particular treasurer for it , that it might not come into the king's exchequer . after this , many being made , it was also ordained by the king , that they and their descendents , being of full age , should be knighted ; and that they should in a canton or inescutcheon , as they pleased , bear the arms of ulster , which is argent , a sinister hand , and gules . there are many other orders of knighthood , almost in every nation ; some appropriated to the country , and some of more excellency , as is that of the garter , whereof in another place i shall speak with the rest ; but these titles have an estimated honor due to them , greater or lesse , according to the quality of the creator : for the knight made by the king , shall be preferred before a knight made by a prince of meaner title . so all emperors , kings , and princes , acknowledging no lawfull superior , may make knights ; as also some common-wealths , as the state of venice and genoa : the popes also sometimes do make knights , calling them after their own names , as , chevaleri de san pedro , san paulo , 〈◊〉 , &c. and so much for knights may serve in this place . of barons . this word baron is very variously interpreted , as first , that it comes from the word baria in greek , which signifies authoritas gravis . bracton interprets it , robur belli . again , saith sir henry spelman , the word baro is the same in latine with vir , whose derivation is from vi , force ; and from thence , sunt & alii potentes sub rege qui dicuntur barones , id est , robur belli . and taking of it in that sense we now understand it , sir henry spelman calls him , cliens feodalis ; and vassallus capitalis . hujusmodi sunt ( saith he ) qui pagos , urbes , castra , vel eximiam ruris portionem , cum jurisdictione acceperunt à rege . the creation robe of a baron this word is a generall notion in england to all lords of the great council of parliament , as it is in naples and lumbardy , where all those lords that are called titulati , are in generall styled barons ; thus dignitas baronalis stat ut genus . this word was used by the danes in the stead of thane , which was among the saxons a title of honor , and being next the king , he was called the king's thane . and in the laws of william the first , instead of the earl , king's thane , and middle thane , of the saxons times ; the title of count or earl , of baron , and of valvasor are used . by which we understand it to have been , though not in the same name , yet notion , a feodall honor of great antiquity ; sir henry spelman says , they were such as had not onely castles , towns , or great parts of countries in their jurisdiction , but they had their valvasores , ( minores , i conceive ; for there were then valvasores , majores , & minores ; milites , & libere tenentes . ) which should signifie an honor of command in the common-wealth . in france , germany , and italy , baronem vocant , qui merum mistumque imperium habet in aliquo castro , ex concessione 〈◊〉 . and it hath been a common opinion , that every earldom in times past had under it ten barons , and every barony ten knights fees holden of him : but those knights fees , say other authors , were uncertain for number . however , we find many barons created in the times after the comming in of the normans that held both of knights service , and of the crown in chief ; which were either spiritual or temporall ; and it is certain , that all honorary barons from the conquest , till the latter time of king john , were onely barons by tenure . these spirituall barons were distinguished from the temporall thane , in the time of the saxons , by holding their lands free from all secular service ; excepting trinoda necessitas , ( as it was called ) which was , assistance in war , in building of bridges , and castles . which continued till the fourth year of william the first , who then made the bishopricks and abbies , subject to knights service in chief , by creation of new tenures ; and so first turned their possessions into baronies , and thereby made them barons of the kingdom by tenure . that all bishops , abbots , priors , and the like , that held in chief of the king , had their possessions as baronies , and were accordingly to do services , and to sit in judgment with the rest of the barons in all cases , but cases of blood , from which they are prohibited by the canon-law . this honor of baronady is of three kinds ; by tenure , by creation , and by writ . barons by tenure are the barons spirituall , as i said before , which are reputed peers of the realm , and were ever first in nomination , and take place on the prince's right hand in parliament , and have been capable of temporall 〈◊〉 , and some of them are accounted count palatines in their jurisdictions . and by tenure temporall , which are such as hold their honor , castle , or mannor , as the head of their barony , per baroniam , which is grand serjanty . by which tenure , they ought to be summoned to parliament . see bracton , lib. 5. fol. 351. & 357. but he is no lord of the parliament , untill he be called by writ to the parliament . these barons by renure in the time of the conqueror , and after , were very numerous ; and 〈◊〉 his time , as i conceive , distinguished into majores & minores , and summoned accordingly to parliament : the majores by immediate writ from the king , the others by generall writ from the high sheriff at the king's command . but these had also another distinction , which was ; the first , were called onely barons by tenure then , and the last tenants in chief , which were after quite excluded the parliament , as mr. cambden says , in the reign of henry the third , by a law made , that none of the barons should assemble in parliament , but such as were summoned by speciall writ from the king. and that king edward the first summoned always those of antient families , that were most wise ; but omitted their sons after their death , if they were not answerable to their parents in understanding . but mr. 〈◊〉 opinion is , that not long after the grand charter of king john , the law for excluding all tenants in chief was made . from whence came that other dignity of barons by writ , the king summoning whom he pleased , though he were but a private gentleman or knight , as many seculars , priors , abbots , and deacons also ; all which have been fince omitted , that held nothing of the king in chief , or grand tenure . this title of baron by writ is by some esteemed onely temporary , pro termino parliamenti ; but that cannot be , for the ceremony of his admittance signifies more than a titular or temporary honor , which is this ; he is first brought by the garter-king at arms in his soveraign coat , to the lord chancellor , between two of the youngest barons , who bear the robe of a baron ; there he shews his prescript , which the chancellor reads , then congratulates him as a baron , and invests him with those robes , and sends him to take his place . then the writ is delivered to the clerk of the parliament , and he by the garter shewed to the barons , and placed in the house ; and from thence is this title allowed him as hereditary . since these two sorts of barons in the time of richard the second , hath another been established , which is barons by patent , and indeed more usuall in our latter times than those by writ . he first created john de beauchamp steward of the houshold , baron of kiderminster to him and his heirs males of his body . and this comming afterwards to be the onely way of creation , they had commonly creation-mony granted them , as sir ralph botiller , who had one hundred marks granted him annuity out of the county of lincoln . some of those minores have yet remained to our memories , as the barons of the cinque ports , barons of the exchequer , &c. and some others , which are called barons , yet have not the honor ; such are those that were created by count palatines , as the baron of kinderton , and some few others . as concerning the descent of this honor , and the extension of it , it many times descends to heirs female , as when there is no speciall entail on the heirs male ; yet then no husband of that heir female shall enjoy the style and honor in right of his wife , unlesse he have issue by her , as it was decreed by henry the eighth , in the case of mr. wimbry , for the style of the lord talboyes . neither shall any honor of barony by tenure be conveyed with the 〈◊〉 of any place from whence the title is derived , without licence immediate from the king ; but all such as shall without , is absolutely forfeited and stopt , and returns again into that great fount ain of honor the crown . now though this dignity be not allowed the princely distinction of a coronet , yet is he as a lord of the parliament reckoned among the peers of the realm , and priviledged amongst them in all these things , as first , in all trialls of criminall causes , he is not tried by a jury , but a bench of peers . if for treason he be indicted , and shall stand mute , he shall be convicted , but not prest ; but if it be for felony , his standing silent shall not convict him . upon any tryall of peers , the lords that are to give verdict , are not , like a jury , put upon their oaths , but upon their honor. a peer of the realm is not to be empannelled in any jury , but what concerns the king 's enquiry . neither are they to be arrested by any warrant of justice of peace , either for the peace or good behaviour . neither is he to be put upon his oath , upon any appearance he shall make in court ; but his honor to be esteemed as binding . and whereas all burgesses of the commons house are sworn to supremacy , the barons of the upper-house of parliament are not ; with many other priviledges . but it is to be noted , that by these are onely meant , to lords of the parliament , not to the sons of dukes , marquesses , or earls , during the life of their fathers . nor to any baron of another kingdom in this , though under the same allegiance , who are not triable out of their own kingdome , unlesse they enjoy some honor in this . the form of creating a baron is in this manner . the king sitting in state in the presence-chamber ; first , the hetalds by two and two , and their garter principall king alone proceed , bearing in his hand the patent of creation ; next to him a baron bearing the robes ; and then the person to be created followeth betwixt two other barons . being entred the chamber of presence , they make their obeysance to the king three times . garter then delivereth the patent to the lord chamberlain of the houshold , and he to the king , and the king to one of his principall secretaries of state , who readeth it , and at the word investimus , the king putteth on him the baron's robe ; so soon as the patent is read , it is to be delivered to the king , who gives it him that is created . then he returning thanks for his great honor , withdraws in the same manner he came in , the trumpers sounding , and so he goes to dinner . where , after the second service is gone up , the garter with the rest of the heralds cometh neer the table , where first pronouncing largesse , with a loud voyce he declareth the king's style in latin , french , and english ; and then standing somewhat further off , pronounceth largesse again , with the style of him that is newly created . in which form was william cecill created lord burghley , 15. of febr. 13. elizab. of the viscount . this word in latin is vice-comes , which is interpreted from the office of the person who was one , cui dominus ( hoc est , comes ) committit vices suas , sive gubernationem castri , saith sir john ferne. the title is derived from the same order in france : which there were only first substitutes to earls , till , getting themselves first in power , got also to have the title honorary and hereditary , between the earl and baron , it being the same word which signifieth our sheriffe , and began not with us , till about the 18. year of henry the sixth , who then created john lord beaumont viscount beaumont , by letters patent . though sir john fern tells us of it in the time of henry the first , and king stephen ; and though the elder sons of dukes are styled earls during their fathers life time , ( so the eldest sons of marquesses are styled by their fathers vicounties and baronies , and called lords , and the younger sons saluted with lord ) yet it is by 〈◊〉 only . to this degree , is allowed a surcoat , mantle , hood , and a circulet , without either flowers , or points , as in the discourse of armory shall be seen , and is created with the same ceremony , those above him are . of the count or earl. the next precedency is an earl , called in latin , comes : and thence is an english word count , which word comes we have from the example of the romans ; amongst whom they used it for the title of sundry offices . coke defines them thus , dicuntur comites , quia à comitatu , five à societate nomen sumpserunt ; qui etiam dici possunt consules a consulendo , &c. but john of salisbury , who writ in the time of henry the second , says thus , comites dici à 〈◊〉 participatione . and the word earl we had from the saxons , from whence , till we borrowed the word honor , we used the word earl for gentle or noble , and ethel , which was sometimes abridged to el , so that of ear-ethel , it was ear-el , and by abbreviation earl , which the dutch called eorle . amongst the germans , they have the word grave for it , as palsgrave , landgrave , reingrave , &c. from the word gerefa , by abbreviation gereve , and grave , as also reve , from whence our shierreve , or shirriffe , as some do abbreviate it . which word in the teutonick , signifies a disposer or director . others have , that the word with the saxons , was erlig , and ethling , and used for the same office of ealderman was before ; and the word ealderman , which now is writ alderman , was transferred to a lower degree ; who used the word also thegon or thaine for baron , as i said before . but the word ealderman , and ethling , it seems , did only signifie them according to civill power , and the word heretoga , from whence hertshog , for their military power ; the former word being no more then senior , or senator . this title of ealdermen continued , for duces , principes , & comites , untill canutus reign , when the word earl was brought in , and the other lost , as to that honor. what the jurisdiction of the ealderman in those times was , and how absolute , or large , is to me yet uncertain : though large it was , doubtlesse , because of the severall offices that were under them ; but as it hath remained since the conquest , we find more reasonable satisfaction . their possessions were sometimes the whole territories they derived their title from , and sometimes not ; but some particular 〈◊〉 , or place in it . we find also , that both it , and thane were honorary , and feudall titles . upon the coming in of the normans , this word was turned into comes , or count , since when it hath remained . and this word in the empire , was given to quotquot è comitatu principis erant , to all that were admitted to society of the prince . so the 〈◊〉 styled them in warre , commilitones , in the court comites . the dignity is of divers kinds , for an earl acknowledging no superior , is equall to a prince . this title , as it continues since the conquest , is either locall , or personall . locall , as from the denomination of some county , or other territory ; and personall , that hath its being in some great office , as earl-marshal , and the like . those locall are also simplices , and palatine : which last retain the same constitution , the saxons time allowed them ; which is juraeregalia , or merum , & mixtum imperium , and could make barons under them , as those of chester , lancaster , the bishopricks of durham and ely. hugh lupus , had the county palatine of chester , given him by the conquerour , ita liberè ad gladium , 〈◊〉 ipse rex tenebat angliam ad coronam . who governed the county forty years , he created eight barons , and built the abbey of chester . lancaster was made a palatinate , by edward the third , as says sir william segar , and had barons , chancery , and seal ; and so had the bishopricks of durham and ely. the office of those barons , being to sit in councell , and judgment , with the earl. to the county palatine of chester , 〈◊〉 been chamberlains , who supplied the place of chancellor , justices , before whom the causes that should else belong to the king's bench , and common pleas , are triable ; a baron of the exchequer , a sheriffe , and other offices proportionably to those of the crown at westminster , which being since reserved in the crown , is given to the prince of wales , when he is created . this county had this honor , i conceive , out of regard to the great trust , was reposed in the first earl , which was to subdue , and keep in order the british , or welch after the conquest . of those that are not palatine , we find their creation also as ancient as the conquest , william theconqueror , made alan fergent thenduke of brittaign , earl of richmond , by a patent . the creation robe of a marquesse of the marquesse . this word marquesse at the first was used to all earls and barons , that were lords marchers , or lords of frontires ; and came afterward into a title of speciall dignity , between that of duke and earl : beginning in the time of richard the second , who created robert de vere ( earl of oxford ) marquesse of dublin , per gladii cincturam , & circuli aurei suo capiti positionem ; the form of the patent was then , and many ages since very various , but it is now regulated to one method ; which is the same in a manner with that of earl , only the word marchio is put in the place of comes : the ceremony of creation much at one , and the title hereditary ; the annuity money in their patent is forty marks . and here , by the way , i cannot but observe one note of mr. seldens ; that john beaufort earl of somerset , modestly refused to be made marquesse of dorset , by henry the fourth , because the title was then so strange , and new in the kingdome . the marquesse is honored with a coronet of gold flurred , the points and flowers of equall height ; whereas of the earls , the pearled points are much longer then the flowers . his mantle also doubled ermine , as is the earls also ; but the earls is but of four , and the marquesses is of five : the doubling of the viscount , is to be understood , to be but of miniver , or plain white fur , so is the barons ; the barons of two , the vice-counts of three doublings . of the duke . the creation robe of a duke where , by the way , one note is proper to be understood , that as he was here created without any ceremony , except the girding with a sword , so in all other degrees of honor , where a lesser degree is conferred on a person of a greater , there needs nothing but meer patent , without any ceremony of creation . but john , son to edward the third , being created duke of lancaster , had a cap of furre added to the ceremony , and succeeding times have had the sword , crownet , and verge of gold , a surcoat , mantle and hood , and a ducal cap doubled ermin , but not indented , and is honored with the style of , gratious and excellent . these if they be of royall line , are reputed as arch-dukes . it is also allowed , that a duke tantum , shall take place before any lord , that is both marquesse and earl ; but a duke , that is marquesse , or earl besides , shall precede him . the duke , marquesse , and earl at their creation have a sword put over their shoulders , which the vice-count and baron have not . of the arch-duke . this title is of neer relation to the other , but not found in any place , save in the house of austria , the addition of which word arch , is from the greek word archos , which is as much as princeps in latin. so he taketh place of all other dukes ; and he is allowed a surcoat , a mantle , and a hood of crimson velvet , at his creation : he hath also a chapeau , or ducal cap doubled ermin indented ; with a coronet about the same , and an arch of gold , with an orbe , and verge of gold. of these titles , the duke , marquesse , and earl are esteemed princely ; especially the two last : these also are allowed to bear their crests with helmets , the beaver directly forward , whereas a gentleman , knight , and baron , bare them with half the beaver seen . the creation robe of the prince of wales the prince . the next , and first , immediately subordinate to the crown , amongst these radiant stars is , the prince , who in england onely is the prince of wales , the first-born of the king. these in the saxons time were called clitons , and clitunculi , from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , that is , illustrious . but , since it hath been a title of creation for honor to the rising sun , there were none created in the nation , but the king 's eldest son ; who are in all nations honored above all other subjects , and amongst some , as in spain , have been called king 's during the life of their fathers , because of his so neer a relation to the crown , that if the father dye , he is ipso 〈◊〉 rex , there being no interregnum , though he be not crowned . in a statute of the second , of henry the fourth , it is provided , that the prince may give his honorable liveries of signes , to the lords , or to his meniall gentry ; and that the said lords , may wear the same , as they wear the kings livery ; and that the menials of the prince , may wear the same as the king's menials ; but this hath been since abridged . so likewise by a statute of the 25. of edward the third , chap. 2. it is declared , that to compasse , or imagine the death of the kings eldest son , and heir , is , crimen laesae majestatis , high treason , as also to violate the wife of the king 's eldest son . and again , see coke , 8. part . 28. the prince shineth with the beams of his father , and is holden to be one person with him . yet doth he acknowledge a reverence , not only as to a father , but soveraign , and to that purpose continues that motto , which the black prince took up , ( ick dien ) i serve . he is called princeps , quia principalis in strenuitate post regem , saith sir william segar . the first , that we read of in england , was edward , eldest son of henry the third , and after him , the eldest son of the king hath been ever by patent , and ceremonies of instalment , created prince of wales , earl of chester , and flint , being born duke of cornwall . the prince , or first born of the king in france , is called the dauphin ; in spain , l' infanta . there are , in other countries , princes by creation , as the prince of piemont , the prince of orange , and many others , but these are also now become hereditary , and in some countries , all the royall line are styled princes . when he is created , he is presented before the king in princely robes , who putteth about his neck a sword bend-wise , a cap and coronet over his head , a ring on his middle finger , a verge of gold in his hand , and his letters patents after they are read . his mantle is once more doubled then the dukes , and his coronet of crosses , and flowers de luce , and his cap of state doubled indented . the king. the king is the next , and in our nations the highest , being subordinate to no sublunary power , as those of spain , portugall , and other kingdoms of europe , and other parts of the world , are . he is the true fountain from whence all these rivulets and swelling streams of honor spring . he is called rex , ( from whence the word rego came ) and king amongst us , from the saxon word koning , and kuning . to say any thing of the originall of the government here , were in vain , for it is unknown ; onely i may say , that none can produce any thing to assure any government before it ; and what i spake in the beginning concerning the first institution of it universally , is sufficient : besides , these times have said enough to that purpose . he hath ever bin of great reverence amongst these kingdoms of europe , the very title carrying divinity in it , being of heavenly institution , ordained by god himself ; the bond of peace , and the sword of justice . he is god's vicegerent , and to be obeyed accordingly , both in church and state : if good , he is a blessing ; if bad , a judgment . he is styled pater patriae , & caput reipub : and for that the protection of his subjects lies in his breast , the militia is annexed to his crown , and the sword as well as scepter put into his hand . he hath power of pardoning where the law condemns , even parliament-attainder . the things that belongs to justice and peace are annexed to the crown , nor can they be separated . the parliament , in the behalf of henry the eighth , writ thus to the pope : his royall majesty is the head , and the very soul of us all ; his royall majestie 's cause is the cause of us all , derived from the head upon the members ; his griefs and injuries are ours , we all suffer equally with him . mr. camden speaks thus of him , the king is the most excellent part of the common-wealth ; next unto god , he is under no vassallage ; he takes his investiture from no man , he acknowledges no superior but god. in england , france , spain , denmark , and other kingdoms , they are styled kings , dei gratia , by the grace of god. which hath been an antient custom in these nations , in the same or the like words , as in the style of king ethelbald : ethelbaldus divina dispensatione rex merciorum ( an. 716. ) kenulphus , dei misericordia , rex merciorum . beoredus , largiente dei gratia , rex merciorum . ego edwardus dei gratia rex anglorum . ego wilielmus dei beneficio rex anglorum . and the kings of england since , by a bull from rome , in the time of our obedience to the pope , have been styled , defenders of the faith ; and by act of parliament , of henry the eighth , ( to whom that bull was sent ) had the title of supream head of the church of england annexed . as the king of france is styled , rex francorum christianissimus ; the king of spain , rex catholicus , or catholica majestad , catholick majesty ; and the emperor , defender of the church . it is the manner of kings also to write in the plurall number , which is god's own style , as mandamus , volumus , facimus , &c. and indeed , in the scripture we often find them called gods , and in that sense may be styled divi , or dii , quia dei vicarii , & dei voce judicant . mr. selden speaks thus upon this subject : man , as a civill creature , was directed to this form of subjection ; as if the sole observation of nature had necessarily led the affections of men to this kinde of state . whence it is also , that while others of the most curious in philosophy tells us of angells , and the supream heavens being immediately governed by the maker of all things ; of the planets and other stars being ruled by the sun ; and the separated souls , and the aire , being subject to the moon ; they add together , that upon earth , kings are in like sort of government ; as if naturall reason had first ordained them on earth , by an unavoidable imitation of the creator's providence , used in that institution of government in the ayr , starrs , and heaven . neither do the antientest gentiles speak of those elder times , than with clear supposition of monarchy , even in the infancy of the world . and though divers of the chiefest states of the old grecians were in their most flourishing times democracies , or optimacies ; yet the more antient states there , were in every place monarchies , as is expresly noted by pausanias . they are honored in all salutations , not onely with kissing the hand , but bowing the knee also , in acknowledgment of their superiority to all . some are of opinion , that this kind of salutation came first to rome , from the old customes of the asiatick kingdoms . for when the persians meet , you may know whether they be equall or not , for in salutation they kisse each other ; but if one be somewhat inferior , they kisse onely the cheek ; but if one be more ignoble , he falls down adoring the other , and passing by one another he turns his back , as unworthy to look him in the face , that is so much above him in honor . the ceremonies at his coronation are many , and in england more than any other countries , as the annoynting with oyl , the sacred consecration ( which is to no other kings but france , sicily , and jerusalem ) ; and his crown fell on his head with many religious ceremonies , which spain , portugall , aragon , and navar , &c. have not ; besides the ensignes of regality , which are , a ring to signifie his faithfulnesse , a bracelet for good works , a scepter for justice , a sword for vengeance , purple 〈◊〉 to attract reverence , and a diadem triumphant to blazon his glory . the ceremony of anointing , every one almost understands to have been an . institution as old as the law of god almost ; for though we find no speciall command in the law delivered for it , yet we find examples of it in a continued succession from god's own people , and that with the holy oyl , with which none , by the command in the law , were to be anoynted , but the priest ; which oyl never wasted . and that this hath been no innovation among us , is proved by mr. selden , who makes it appear to be of above a thousand years standing , before it was either in the empire or france . though they have had it in france a long time , and they say by divine institution . 〈◊〉 upon us for their authority , the miracle of a dove , that brought a vial of holy oyl from heaven , to anoynt king clovis the first , about five hundred years since christ ; which oyle , they say , hath never wasted . it was the saying of thomas becket , archbishop of canterbury , inunguntur reges in capite , etiam pectore , & brachiis ; quod 〈◊〉 ficat gloriam , sanctitatem , & fortitudinem . kings are annointed on the head , to signifie their glory ; on the breast , to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 their sanctity ; on their arms , to 〈◊〉 their power . he is crowned with an imperiall crown , the crown set on his head by the archbishop of canterbury , a prerogative to that see , as it is in spain to toledo , in france to rheims , and in swethen to upsalia . but this imperiall crown hath not been long in use among us , though our kings have have had imperiall commands , as over scotland , ireland , man , and other 〈◊〉 : yet of ireland they were but lords , untill the 33 year of henry the eighth , he being notwithstanding as absolute a monarch over it when he was but lord of ireland , as when he was styled king. the crowns formerly were but the same in a manner with that of an earl now . neither is it to be found , that any such thing as a diadem was in use at all , till the time of constantine 〈◊〉 great , the distinction before being some kind of chaplet , or , which is most certain , a white silk fillet about the brows , which was an ordinary way to distinguish them , as i have my self seen statues of the emperor , with such a kind of fillet about the head . from whence is that which we read , that alexander the great took off his white diadem , to cure the madness of seleucus . the first that was crowned with this kind of imperiall crown , floryed and arched , was henry the third , say some ; but others , henry the first : and indeed it is left disputable to me , so by me to others . however , it is very probable and plain , that the antientest ensign of regall authority was the scepter ; which is every where spoken of , both in the scriptures and profane stories . there is another ensign of their authority , which is a globe with a cross , in use amongst us ever since edward the confessor , which is placed in the left hand , as is seen in most of their coyns ; the cross denoting his faith , and the globe his empire both by sea and land , as it is said of justinian , who was the first emperor that ever had it . at the coronation of the emperor , it is carried by the count palatine of the rhine , where they call it pomum imperiale . this power , dignity , and state , hath been enjoyed by the female sex , as heirs descending by the common right of inheritance , and not onely in our parts , but many others , as at this day in swethen , when there is not the least punctilio of a diminution in respect of the sex. besides , for an addition to the honor of a king , there is the same state allowed to a queen , during the life of her husband , as to a queen absolute almost , and is allowed a crown . she is called queen from the saxon word cuningine , as king from cuning , onely by variation of the gender , as it was their manner in such cases . she is permitted to sit in state at the king 's right hand , and to keep a court distinct from the king , although she be but the daughter of an earl. but this was in the time of king edgbert prohibited , and so for a long time continued , by reason of eadburgh , who poysoned her husband king brithick of the west-saxons . and if she be the daughter of a king superior to her husband , she may retain the dignity of her father's daughter , and in this case the daughter hath preceded the mother . and although in these latter times , our monarchy hath been reduced under the circumference of one crown imperiall , no others having any other substitute governors crowned : yet formerly , both scotland and ireland had king's distinct , whilst they acknowledged homage to the crown of england ; as also the isles of man and wight . the kings of man were first subject to the kings of norway , then to the crown of england , and after to the kings of scotland , and since again to the kings of england . dominus hujus insulae rex vocatur , cui fas est corona aurea coronari . the lord of the isle is called king , and it is lawfull for him to be crowned with a crown of gold . henry the second allowed with the same honor roderig of conaght to be king , paying a homagery tribute . the lord beauchamp earl of warwick , under henry the sixth , was in the like manner crowned king of the isle of wight . which is enough in this place as to the dignity of a king. of the emperor . the originall of this title , as it was long amongst the romans , denoted onely a generall of an army ; and not till the time of julius caesar translated to an honorary title , who being made perpetuall dictator , took also that of imperator into his title ; which hath continued in his successors untill this day , and became superior to the title of king , that before was but substitute under it ; ( being yearly created in january , and ended in september . ) which great change hapned upon the victory of caesar against pompey , at the battle of pharsalia . this title was onely taken up to supply that of king , which had not long before been thrown out by brutus , and was supposed by the usurper to be yet fresh in their memories , and odious amongst them ; and it was long after , before they used the title of king , though their power were as much , and the ceremonies and ensignes of regality the same ; and the emperor's throne at rome was called sedile regni . but at last it grew to be as one , and then the emperor of rome having subjected under his jurisdiction many kingdoms , thought it however a title of more eminence , and so retained it . and though the title has not been so generally appropriated to our crown , yet our kings have been styled emperors , and this realm of england called an empire . so have the kings of spain and france . but it is more peculiarly allowed or assumed by the emperors of germany , who suppose , that they have a right to the government of the whole world . this empire , after it was divided to constantinople and rome ; and then again , that constantinople had lost it to the turks ; it was removed to germany , and in the reign of otho the third , the election granted to seven princes of germany , the archbishops of mentz , trevers , & cullen ; the count palatine of rhine , the duke of saxony , the marquesse brandenburgh , and the king of bohemia , then called duke of bohemia . he hath had also the superiority allowed him by all secular princes ; and whereas other princes of regall authority are crowned with but one crown , he is with three ; the first of iron , which he receives of the bishop of cullen at aquisgrane ; the second of silver , which he receives at modena from the bishop of millan ; the third is of gold , wherewith he is crowned at rome by the pope . and in latter ages , the title of king of the romans is given to the heir , or him that is made , or chosen heir of the empire ; and he is crowned , and jura regalia given him , though not so absolute , as not to have a dependence on the empire . see mr. selden , part 2. chap , 1. the ensignes of his imperiall dignity are a crosse , a launce , and a sword ; a scepter , a mond , and a crown ; and he is styled 〈◊〉 . the emperor of russia is not crowned , but is adorned with a rich cap of purple ; neither is the greek sultan , but vested with a mighty rich tulipant . but there , though the emperor have no diadem , yet the sultanesse is adorned with a rich crown or diadem . thus have i run through all the degrees of honor , and with as much brevity as so copious a theam would allow of ; and for matter of precedency , i think the method i have taken will save me the labour , and i am unwilling to trouble the brains of the ingenuous reader with an unnecessary prolixity ; onely as to offices of state , because i have omitted them altogether , i shall set down their places as in princely solemnities they are to be disposed . in which , those of the crown are to precede all other of the nobility that are not , except the blood royall . as the lord chancellor . lord treasurer . lord president of the privy councel . lord privy seal . these six also are placed next the lord privy seal thus , according to their state of dignity ; that is , if he be a baron , to sit above all barons ; if an earl , above all earls . lord great chamberlain of england . lord high constable of england . lord marshall of england . lord admirall of england . lord great master , or steward of the king's house . lord chamberlain of the king's house . so the king 's principall secretary being a baron of the parliament , hath place above all barons ; and if he be of a higher degree , according to the former rule . the spirituall nobility are thus placed . the archbishop of canterbury . the archbishop of york . bishop of london . bishop of durham . bishop of winchester . the two first are placed according to ancient dignity , and the three last by act of parliament , and the rest of the bishops to take their places according to the seniority of consecration . segar . lib. 4. cap. 24. by an act of parliament , an. 31. hen. 8. see the act in mr. selden's titles of honor. so all men serving near unto the prince's person , either civil or military , are allowed a precedency in pari dignitate , and themselves according to his seniority of place . as to their precedency otherwise , dukes , marquesses , earls , viscounts , and barons , are to take their places according to the antiquity of their title , and their ancestor's creation ; and their wives accordingly . a duke's eldest son takes place as a marquesle , but beneath him ; and his wife beneath a marchionesse : and if she be the daughter and heir of a duke , she shall go before all duke's eldest sons wives ; and however are equall to a marchionesse , but to go beneath them ; and the younger sons of dukes are in equall degree with an earl , but to go beneath him ; and marquesles eldest sons , and their ladies , to take place accordingly . so the eldest son of a marquesse as an earl , and the younger as viscounts ; and their ladies and sisters to take place accordingly , as before . an earl's eldest son takes place as a youngest viscount , and the younger as barons , their wives and sisters accordingly : viscounts eldest sons as barons , and their youngest sons to take place with barons eldest sons , above knights baronets , ( by an act of king james ) and above all bannerets , but those made by the king himself under the stander ; and all knights batchelers . of women . now lest i should be thought malitious to a sex i owe much honor to , before i conclude , i shall take some short observations more then already i have . and first , that although they are not allowed to sit in parliament , yet do they enjoy almost all priviledges due to the other sex. the honorable feminine dignities are , princesse , dutchesse , marchionesse , countesse , vicountesse , and baronesse . which are either by creation , by descent , or by marriage . this honor by creation , as it is rare amongst us , so it is more rarely taken notice of , though many examples have been ; as richard the second created margaret countesse of norfolk , into the title of dutchess of norfolk , see the charter in mr. selden . anne bullen was created marchionesse of pembrook by hen. 8. limited to her , and the heirs males of her body to be begotten , with creation-mony of twenty five pounds per annum , and the ceremony of mantle and coronet . the lady finch was by king james created vicountesse of maidston , to her and her heirs of her body ; with speciall clause , that her heirs male should have a voice in parliament ; and afterward she was likewise made countesse of winchester , &c. of these titles thus conferred , sir john fern takes no notice , though else he discourses largely enough . by descent , we have continuall examples : when any daughter of an earl or vicount shall continue a virgin , or marry an esquire , she shall retain that honor that springs from her father's blood , take place according ; and be saluted by the title of lady . which word lady came from hleafdian , or leafdian , by contraction in the teutonick , and so lafdy , and thence lady , as from laford , lord. the word laf signifying bread , and dian serve . it seems , from that they called those persons , that for their quality could entertain others , and distribute corn and bread to their neighbours , by that title . and of old , though in the empire , and here , the word dominus was used in generall for salutation amongst men of all sorts , yet domina onely to persons of honor amongst women ; as the widows of all tenants in chief , and daughters and heirs of all knights , &c. the heirs females of any count or baron , shall enjoy both the estate divided , and titles too , if they be to be divided ; and they shall be enjoyed by their husbands , if they marry , in the right of their wives . so that if there be two , or three , or more sisters , to share the estate , and the honors and dignities inherent be enough , they shall enjoy every one , one ; as in the case of the earldom of pembrooke in the time of edward the third , and now the lord darcy of the north , by the same right enjoys the title of the lord conyers . but this holds not ; when the title is held by jus gladii , or knight's service ; or if the honor be in any castle or place onely , it cannot be divided , but falls and dissolves in the crown , or left to the disposing of the king. and again , if the estate of honor and dignity be not descending to the heirs generall , but entail'd to the heirs male , it cannot be the inheritance of a daughter , as many times it is . but we may understand this the better by that more eminent demonstration of high offices of the kingdom , which descending by inheritance on the heirs generall , have been challenged by the husbands of heirs female , in right of their wives , the descent-male failing ; as in the case of the duke of buckingham , in the time of henry the eighth , challenging the office of high-constableship of england . the office of lord steward descended to blaunch , daughter of hen. earl of lancaster , in whose right joh. of gaunt her husband enjoy'd it . so the office of earl marshall descended to the house of norfolk , by an heir female ; afterward being forfeited by treason , was conferred to the lords howards of arundell . and in this and all such descents , where there are not dignities enough to allow a partition to all the sisters , but the honor shall be undividable ; it shall descend to the eldest , or be disposed by the king to which he please . and for ennobling by birth , these rules are observed : that if a gentleman , knight , or baron , do marry a wife of ignoble parents , she shall enjoy the title , name , and dignity of her husband : for , saith sir john fern , let the wife be shining and glorious with the dignities of her husband : whereas , on the contrary , if a gentlewoman of blood and coat-armor shall marry a francklin , yeoman , or the like , that is ignoble , having no coat-armor , his condition is no whit advanced by marriage in point of honor ; although let him be inferior to her whom she shall marry , yet she shall retain the honor , state , and dignity she was born to . but there is this law for them to walk by too , that is , si mulier nobilis nupserit ignobili , desinit esse nobilis ; that is , if a noble-woman marry with an ignoble , her nobility is extinguished ; for she is under the power of her husband , and ought not to be in a condition above him : for example whereof , a case is cited of one ralph hayward esquire , and the lady anne powes , widow of the lord powes . but i am of opinion , that ( being onely an acception in court by the adversary of the party ) this is not to be understood , but in case the person such a noble : woman shall marry , be no gentleman , and that she hath received the honor she enjoyed before , from the right of a former husband , and not by descent of ancestors ; for the words of judge coke run thus : si mulier nobilis nupserit ignobili , desinit esse nobilis ; & eodem modo , quo quidem constituitur , dissolvitur : that is , if a noble-woman shall marry an ignoble husband , she ceases to be noble , and in the same manner her honor was constituted it is dissolved . so as by the laws of the nation , an adulteresse forfeiteth her dower , so also her honor of nobility , if she commit adultery , either as a wife or widow ; or else having received honor from her deceased husband , and shall so put him out of her mind , as to subject her self to another , by which act she wipeth both the name and memory of the former from her , she hath the sentence of forfeiture against her . so sir john fern , in his glory of generosity , fol. 62. yet the law is thus curious in preserving the memory of vertue in the honor of its reward , that if a woman of noble blood do marry a churl or clown , and have issue by him , she being an heir , that issue shall have liberty of bearing her coat-armor . but sir john fern says , onely for life , and that on a lozenge shield , ( which is the feminine bearing ) with the difference of a cinque-foile . one note more i think proper in this place , which is , if a french , spanish , or german woman be married to any peer of this realm , or other gentleman , and be not denizoned ; by the laws of the nation , she cannot claim the priviledges or titles of her husband , nor have dower or joynter from him . and thus much i think sufficient in this place as to the honor of women ; and if i have said too little , i wish i could have said more ; if too much , i beg their pardons , but refer my self to the law. in the next place , i should proceed to the display of armory , by which the infinite number of persons are distinguisht , by an innumerable variety of different ensignes , that do illustrate and appropriate their dignity and honor : but , by the way , i have stumbled on another theam , which though it be not so much concerned in honor , yet the kingdom is much concerned in it , as a power ; and though i need not say much , yet i cannot passe by it and say nothing . of a parliament . some not altogether knowing of that true constitution of a parliament , may be apt to think , that its authority is onely supream in this nation . but let such understand , that from this argument , if there were none other , it is disproved ; that nothing can be made greater or more excellent than the thing that makes it , propter quod unumquodque tale est , illud majus tale . and such creatures as shall aim at a superiority to their creator , are to be esteemed like those angels , that ( by the same spirit ) attempting the same pride , precipitated themselves from everlasting liberty to eternall chains . this great council did arise from the antient custom of , not onely the saxons , but all nations in the world almost , who have had examples of their king 's summoning the chief peers and nobles to consult in weighty affairs . which councel among the saxons was called 〈◊〉 , which was a meeting of the chief prelates and peers , to deliberate about , and to consent to , what laws the king should enact : and advising in matters of state , giving judgement upon suits or complaints in the same court , as is understood of the time of king ine , ( of west sexe ) about 711. years after christ. and again , of king ethelbert , his ordaining , decreta judiciorum juxta exempla romanorum cum consilio sapientum . and when edwin king of northumberland , was perswaded to be a christian , he consulted , cum principibus & consulariis suis. he called to councell his princes , or ealdermen , and counsellors . and again , king eldred , an. 948. in festo nativitatis beatae mariae , all the nobility of the kingdome , were summoned by an edict from the king , as well arch-bishops , bishops , and abbots , as all of the rest of the lords and chief counsellors , thanes and ealdormen , to come to london , to a 〈◊〉 , or great councel , to consult about affairs of the whole kingdome : as ingulphus his words are . and again , in the time of edward the confessor , the parliament sate at london , rex & omnes 〈◊〉 magnates ; in which parliament , the king attaches earl godwin , for that he had kil'd his brother alfred , and upon his pleading , and submission , the king refers him to the judgement of the court : who a long while debating it , to no purpose : at last , leofricus consul cestriae , probus homo quoad deum , & seculum , ( saith the author ) spake thus ; earl godwin , is a gallant person , and a man next the king , of the best birth in the land ; and it cannot be denied , but by his counsell or design , alfred was slain ; therefore my opinion is , that he with his son , and all we twelve earls , that are his friends and kindred , do present our selves humbly before the king , loaden with as much gold and silver , as every man can carry betwixt his arms , to offer it up with supplication , for an expiation of the crime . which being consented unto , and done ; the king considering the reference he had made to the court , ratified their act , and his pardon . by which , we see their meetings was at the kings summons ; their power only deliberative in giving legall force , by consenting to what he should think fit to make a law ; and to advise de arduis reipub : not that this force given by them , is to be understood otherwise , than that , because , it was enacted by their consent , it was the more binding over them : their consent otherwise , being no whit binding over the soveraign's will , in the enaction ; for it was his volumus that made it ; and let their consultations rise to never so powerfull votes , and results ; be the thing what it would , his nolumus buried it in oblivion , which custom 〈◊〉 ever continued , as a true prerogative of the crown . nay , avisera le roy , which is but , the king will consider of it , was enough to throw a bill out of the house . nothing enacted by them , though by a generall consent of both houses of lords & commons , being of any force , and that not only before , but after the commons were brought in ; which i find to be about the time of edw. 1. his third year of inauguration , an . dom. 1273. who in the 23. year of his reign , confirmed the magna charta , made by henry the third , though mr. selden is of opinion , the first summoning of the commons , was in the 49. year of henry the third . the style of the statutes , running after this manner , the king hath ordained and established these acts underwritten , &c. first , the king willeth , and commandeth that , &c. signifying , the power of enacting to force , and penalty , was derived from the volumus of the king , not the vote of the lords and commons ; their consent only making it of more vigour against themselves . if it were an act of indulgence , or relief to the common-wealth , it run thus ; our lord the king , of his speciall grace , and for the affection that he bears unto his prelates , earls , and barons , and others of his realm , hath granted that , &c. and sometimes , our soveraign lord the king hath granted , and commanded at the instance of the nobles of this realm , &c. no mention at all , being made of the consent of the lords and commons . then afterwards , thus they run , our lord the king , by the counsel of his prelats , earls , & barons , & other great men & nobles of his kingdom , in his parliament hath ordained & 〈◊〉 , &c. an. 33. edward the first , 1307. and so along in other statutes , the commons not at all mentioned in the enacting any statute ; but as thus , in the beginning of edward the third , at the request of the commons of this realm by their petition made before him , and his councel in the parliament , by the assent of the prelates , earls , and barons , &c. untill the 23. of this kings reign , in a statute of labourers , i find the commons not mentioned , and then the power of ordination given to the statute , still by the king , as thus , it is ordered by our lord the king , by the assent of the prelates , farls , barons , and other great men , and all the commons of the realm , summoned to this parliament , &c. and in one act of the same king , the style runs thus , the king of his own will , without motion of the great men or commons , hath granted and ordained in ease of his people , &c. and then to signifie the constitution of the commons in parliament , see the 37. of edward the third , where the statute runs thus ; the king at his parliament , &c. at the request of the commons , and by the assent of the prelates , dukes , earls , and barons , and other great men there assembled , hath ordained , &c. and at the prayer of the commons , &c. in which style , most of the statutes run untill henry the eight . and for provision of the choyce of the commons , in a statute of the 23. of hen. 6. is set down the form of writ , by which they are summoned , where it is also enacted , that the knights of the shires for parliament , hereafter to be chosen , shall be naturall knights , or otherwise such naturall esquires , or gentlemen of the same county , as shall be 〈◊〉 to be knights . and every knight that is elected , ought to be a resident of the place , for which he is elected : and every man that is an elector , ought to have forty shillings of free-hold , within the said county ; and for the security of it , the sheriffe hath power to put them to an oath , upon the evangelist , and the election ought to be betwixt the hours of eight and nine in the forenoon , and so of burgesses . the form of the writ , is this ; rex vic' &c. salutem , quia nostri 〈◊〉 pro quibusdam arduis & ur gentibus negotiis nos statum & defensionem regni nostri angliae & ecclesiae anglicanae concernent ' quoddam parliamentum nostrum westm. 12. die novemb. proxim ' futur ' teneri ordinavimus , & ibidem 〈◊〉 magnatibus proceribus domus regni nostri colloquium habere & tractare , tibi praecipimus firmiter injungentes , quod , facta proclamatione in proximo tuo post receptionem hujus literis nostris tenend ' die & loco predicto duos milites gladiis cinctis magis idoneos , & discret ' com' praedict ' &c. & electionem illam in distincte & apertè sigillo tuo , & sub sigillis eorum qui electioni illi 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 bis in cancellaria nostra & locum certisices 〈◊〉 . and still , before they came up to the house , they signed indentures to be true and faithfull to their king and country , and the service thereof , upon a penalty , even to the last long parliament of eternall infamy . and in the third , of queen elizabeth , it was enacted in full parliament , for the safety of the queen's majesty , her heirs , and successors , and the dignity of the imperiall crown of england , for the avoiding both of such hurts , perills , dishonor , and inconveniencies , as have before time befallen ; that not only all persons should take the oath of supremacy , upon divers penalties in that act specified ; but also every knight , citizen , and burgesse of the parliament , should take the said oath before he entred into the said house , or had any voyce there ; else he should be deemed no knight , citizen , or burgesse for that parliament , nor have any voyce ; but shall be to all intents , constructions , and purposes , as if he had never been returned , nor elected for that parliament , and shall suffer all pains , and penalties , as if he had presumed to sit in the same without election , return , or authority . and by king james , the oath of allegiance was added . yet , notwithstanding all this limitation upon the commonalty , parliaments in england were ever esteemed , since magna charta , the greatest liberty of the subject , none else indeed being dreamt of . and as it is as great a flower of the crown to summon parliaments , as foedera , & bellum indicere , to make war and leagues ; which is so absolute , that it is resolved by all the judges of the land , that the king may , before he is crowned , ( if by descent the crown be his right ) summon a parliament , or within age ; as was seen in king henry the sixth , who summoned divers parliaments in his 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6. years of his reign , yet was not crowned till the eighth . he being then essentially king , without any ceremony or act , ex post facto ; and coronation , but a royall ornament . so the priviledges of parliament , and of the common-wealth by parliament , are as great : for though we thus see the great prerogative of a king , yet many things there are , which a king in his own kingdome cannot do without a parliament by the laws , by which he hath bound himself ; as the making any man hereditable , or the altering the common law , or customs of the realm , though by his absolute authority , he may commit any man to prison , during his pleasure . therefore , every parliament-man , during the time of the parliament , is priviledged from all disturbance of arrest for debt , or the like , and the servants of any parliament man , as much as the kings are . and to this parliament , for the further security of the good of the common-wealth , were ever admitted certain judges of the land , ( though they had no vote , which sate on woolsacks ) that as the clergy in spiritualties , so the judges of the law , in things of the law , were to advise and determine , when any difficulty did arise . that what laws should be enacted , might be answerable to the will of god , and not repugnable to the customs of the land. and in our latter times , all acts of parliament , though made by the king , have this style ; by the consent of lords and commons ; notwithstanding the civill law , saith , quod principi placuit , legis habet vigorem , the will of the king , is the power of the law. the end of honor. the analysis of armory . i have , with as much brevity , as so copious a theam would admit , run through all the distinctions of honor. in the next place , i shall with as great a contraction , lay down the emblems of those distinctions , and atchievements due to nobility , and the reward of virtue , in the methodicall rules of armory . bearing of arms at this time , being the only externall distinction of degrees and qualities , amongst all civill societies and common-wealths . from whence we received this custom , is uncertain , if especially , we look to the producing of it into rule and form : as it is from imitation , sir john fern is of opinion , that we did borrow it from the egyptians ; meaning from their hieroglyphicks . others will have , that the first institution of these honorable differences , was amongst the israelites ; but however , it is not much material to this discourse , to be too inquisitive of the originall in that kind , since succession of time hath converted it into another custom ; which may be , for ought i know , in imitation of the romans : who were accustomed upon triumphs or festivalls , to produce the statues of their ancestors , as the pedigree of their generous race . which statues were not , ( as some may imagine ) erected from the voluntary phansie of the parties represented , as is the leaving our pictures behind us when we dye , to our progeny ; ( so might every phlegmatick , mechanick do : ) but they were such , as were , for some heroick act , allowed as a publick reward of virtue , which was customary amongst them . and truly , although every good subject ought to be alwayes prepared alike , to offer his body and mind unto the service of the common-wealth , without hope or expectation of mercenary reward , honor , or glory ; yet is honor a necessary perquisite to a crown and common-wealth , being in it self a true spur to generosity . out of which respect , the romans joyned the two temples of honor , and virtue , in such a manner , that no man could enter into that of honor , without , first passing through the other of virtue . sir john ferns opinion is , that the first that imployed these ensignes in this nature , was alexander the great ; so to distinguish those that had done any memorable acts , that they might urge an emulation in their fellow souldiers . it is said of epaminondas , and othraydes , that being ready to dye , they wrote their glorious exployts upon their shields themselves ; to give 〈◊〉 to others , to follow their 〈◊〉 when they were dead . 〈◊〉 believes , that charls the great was the first that put them into this methodicall order ; which doubtlesse , could not be , if , as sir john fern saith also , that julius caesar constituted an office of feciales . but i find it in another author , to be instituted by numa , when he made warre upon the fidenates , a people of latium . however , it is a generall opinion amongst our most judicious heralds , that the bearing of arms , as a badge of honor amongst us , was not till about the time of henry the third , although many coats have been 〈◊〉 in some writers , of much longer standing ; as that of hugh lupus , earl of chester , in the time of the conqueror , a woolfs head errased : of gilbert de gaunt , earl of kime , long before , barry of 6. or & az. over all a bend gule . which are 〈◊〉 of by sir john fern : but how authentick his authority might have been to him , to cause his insertion ; or his to others , i know , not ; but i shall be bold to insert one , which may chance carry some weight with it , which i shall raise from a noble family in the north ; the family of the hiltons , ( whose antiquity , ( not only by an ancient pedegree , which i have seen taken out of the office ; but by the records of the tower ) doth produce the noblest descent that i know any family in england ; ) the pedegree is too large , to be inserted in this place , else i would do it ; however shall extract some notes from it , that may signifie as much . the first , that i find recorded of the family , was sir william hilton , knight , who marrying the daughter of sir john grisly , knight , ( a family long since i think extinct ) had issue adam hilton : which adam living in the time of king athelstan , gave to the monastery of hartlepool , a pix or crucifix , which was in weight twenty five ounces of silver , and caused his armes to be engraven on it ; arg. two barres azure , which are yet seen upon the gate of hilton castle , in the bishopr . of dur. where they lived , with a moses head for creast ; the gate and the chappel , ( which is very stately for its structure and bignesse ) are the only parts remaining of the ancient building . he gave unto the same monastery , a cope & vestment with the stole ; and the like gift unto the two monasteries , of whitby and gisbrough , with fifty seven ounces of silver to make censors . they were five descents before the conquest ; and hath now the nine and twentieth descent surviving . in which line were twenty four knights , eighteen whereof were in a continued succession . but i leave this nicety to more criticall judgments to determine the thing , having for authority custom sufficient to make it a law within it self , without the derivation of any originall institution . former ages having esteemed the laws of heraldry with as great a veneration as any in the nation ; as indeed it ought still to be , and more especially in these , and all such times as ours , the court of heraldry being not onely the law-giver to honor , but the best record of families and inheritances , ( though the gentry of this land are too dull to know it ) since coat-armor hath been hereditary , as it hath ever since the time of lewis le-grosse ( according to the account of sir john fern and guillim : ) as by one instance i shall declare ; if a man being an orphan , and , by such times as ours have been , the records of what estate did rightly belong to him , and from his ancestors , may be burnt , plundered , or otherwise embeselled , and by such spirits , as such times do plentifully afford , have been obtruded from his right , and hath nothing to plead for it , this office being the just record of his pedigree , would produce an evidence sufficient , though from many generations his misfortunes have descended : more particularly of the office in another place . as for the progresse of armory , i have pitcht upon the most methodicall course i could , disposing it into severall divisions and to every division adding its varieties , as in the succeeding scutcheons will appear ; that i have crowded many severals into one scutcheon , is to contract the generall into lesser bulk . the form of placing the devices of arms on escutcheons , is from the antient shields ; and therefore called an escutcheon from the word scutum . they are also called coats of arms from the custome of the antients , embroidering their devises on the coats they wore over their arms. for the form , or rules , for the shape of shields , there can be none ; for , any form that a shield may be devised into , may be taken for the shape of an escutcheon . and next , for the rules of blazoning , there are not many , but every thing to be called according to their denomination ; excepting such as by antiquity have continued other names then our vulgar language doth now give . and again , observing a method from their severall postures and positions in the shield , which gives a severall tearm , and must be very carefully regarded ; for the adding or diminishing the least punctilio , makes the coat so much another thing , that should another man own it , he could not be question'd for it . and although sir john fern gives this definition of it : blazonia est recitatio , vel commemoratio alicujus virtutis ; & quempiam , sub quibusdam 〈◊〉 abunde , & vere laudare , aut decorum dicere : yet our latter times have prescribed a rule of avoiding , in any case of blazoning , as much as may be , multiplicity of words , especially such as are impertinent : this is also called martialling a coat , though that is a word by some esteemed onely to be used when many coats are disposed or quartered in one shield . iterations of words are also to be avoided ; and in blazoning a coat , the field must ever be first exprest , and then the charge ; and in that what possesseth the greatest part , or nearest the center of the shield , first . as for the diversity of kinds of blazon , though by no greater authority than custom of some men , there is three made , by colours and metals , pretious stones , and planets ; the manner of blazoning thereby , making a distinction betwixt private gentlemen , persons ennobled with dignity , and royall families . or topaz sol arg. pearl luna sab. diamond saturn gul rubie mars azure saphir jupiter ver emrald venus purpur 〈◊〉 mercury fenne jacynth dragon's head sanguin sardonix dragon's tail but this is onely a fantastick humor of our nation , and for my part i shall avoid it as ridiculous , being no where in the world used but here ; and not here by any judicious herald . that i insert it , it is to leave it to those humors that will make use of it . for the order , according to the antient rule i have first begun with metalls , and colours , to which i have adjoyned the 〈◊〉 the parts of the escutcheon ; distinction of families , bordures , and crooked lines ; because from them the honorable ordinaries receive a various form and nomination . then i have set down in one escutcheon all the ordinaries , which are afterward in an order , ( beginning with one particular ) followed in their varieties . then all dead things in their order , living and verdent , according to their position and posture ; also those that are composed of some kind of celestiall things , as the sun , moon , and stars ; all kind of martiall things , or mechanick ; or the most part of what is usually born in our english armory . in the 〈◊〉 of arms , there is by all observed a different value ; as first , that the metalls are allowed a precedency to colours ; so also is there by some understood to be more of worth in one colour then another : yet , for my part , i am of opinion , that it is so little , as not 〈◊〉 the taking notice of ; onely for other mens opinions sake , i will touch at it . first , of the metals ; every judgment will be ready without any argument to give gold the preheminence . as for the colours ; i think they are thus to be esteemed in point of priority , sables , gules , azure , verd , purpure ; and some do introduce tenne , but it being a bastard colour , is exempted , especially amongst english armory , onely reserved for abatement of honor , except in one or two examples of things . thus i have placed the colours , though contrary to the rules of some , as guillim placeth yellow in the third place , & green in the fourth . sir john fern allows gules the third honor , and placeth sable in the fifth . mr. guillim bringeth in also another colour , called murrey or sanguin , but i never saw it used in an english coat ; onely this and tenne are appropriated to the abatements of honor , therefore to be set apart from the rest , i think , properly . the next in order is furrs , which may be of one colour alone , or more than one , which furrs are supposed to have been the doublings of mantles . the first of these may seem to go all under the name of ermins , but they are distinguished by various names , according to their colours ; as if as the first it be white powdred with black , it is ermin ; if black with white ermines ; if yellow with black as the erminoys : if as the fourth black with yellow pean : if white with black , and one red hair , erminites . by which it is understood , how precise a man ought to be in the blazon , or tricking a coat , when so small a difference , as the colour of one hair , shall make a coat another thing . the next is called vayre or verry , this being of argent and azure , is termed vaire onely ; but if any other colours , then must it be blazoned verry of such colours ; as for example , ermin and gules by the name of gressey of darbyshire . the next is potent counter-potent , by some varry-copy . the colours whereof must be blazoned . the last is but of two counters , if called countercomponed ; but if more , then checky . if any of which be in a bordure , you must say , a border purflew of such a furre ; blazoning the furre and the colours . now by the way , mr. guillim doth hint one rule in blazon concerning the field ( which is the surface of the shield ) which ought to be well observed for propriety of speaking ; which is not to say , he beareth a field or , or arg. &c. but the field is or , or arg. &c. 〈◊〉 else he beareth or , or arg. gules , or the like , &c. these furres are often born in bordures also , which are in the next place to be treated of . and here in one escutcheon have i placed the bordures ; and in the severall quarters the differences of brethren . of bordures , if it be plain , you must say , a bordure gules , or the like . if it be charged with beasts , then it is blazoned , a bordure enurney of such beasts ; if of birds , enaluran of such birds ; if of flowers , verdoy ; if of dead things , entoyre , as of bezanti , mullets , or the like . the plain or simple bordures have also their varieties , according to all their crooked lines . which i shall shew shortly after . for the charged bordures , here is exemplified nine distinct . in the first is a bordure counter-compounded or and gules ; the second , a bordure purflew of vayre , the third , quarterly composed of ermin and checky , or , and azure ; the fourth , gobbonated , or , and sables ; the fifth , sables entoyre of eight bezants ; the sixth , or , a bordure gules , charged with three bendlets sables ; the seventh , azure , enaleuron of eight martlets or ; the eighth , quarterly , the first gules enurney of three lyoncels passant guardant , or , the second azure verdoy of as many flowerdelis : the third as the second , the fourth as the first : which , with a field argent , was the coat-armor of henry courtney earl of devonshire , marquesse of exon. this may be blazoned short , by england and france . the ninth is a bordure gules , diapred , entoyre , enurney , enaleuron , and verdoy . this kind of bordure may be of any two or other set number of these also . now to the intent that coat-armor might descend to the posterity with safety , and free from dissention of strife , distinctions were invented , which i have here set down , to the number nine . by which differences the bearer is understood of what degree or line of consanguinity he is ; if he be of the second , third , or fourth house , and what brother of that house , by charging his coat with the difference appertaining ; and if a younger brother of a younger house , then by charging the difference of the house with difference of line , of fraternity : there being so much care taken for the preserving the honor of the entire coats , that the eldest son of the first house during the life of his father ( so of the rest ) cannot bear it without his distinction , and , for this reason , hath the nephew of the first ( the father being dead ) been always preferred before the uncle of the second , &c. and taketh place before him . by the way also , we are to take notice , that if all the brethren die without issue , and leave sisters behind , as they are co-inheritors of the lands and estare , so shall they be of the coat-armor also , without any distinction at all , to either of them ; because by them the name of the house cannot be preserved , they being all reckoned but as one heir . again , if they be not heirs , they are not admitted to the bearing of the coat-armor ; for , saith sir john fern , arma non transeunt ad agnatos & affines . yet their husbands are admitted to adjoyn the arms of their wives families in the sinister side of their escutcheons , with their own ; but if they have none of their own , then not at all . now there is none of those signs , but are sometimes born in arms , as charges of the coat ; but when they are distinctions , it is easily known by their singularity , either of place , position , or diminutive proportion . a , the dexter chief . b , the precise middle chief . c , the sinister chief . d , the honor point . e , the fesse point . f , thenombril point . g , the dexter base . h , the precise middle base . i , the sinister base . 1 , invecked . 2 , ingrayled . 3 , wavy . 4 , nebule . 5 , embattaild or crenelle 6 , indented 7 , dancette of these lines , the two first differ onely in this , that the points of the ingrailed line are turned into the field , and the other contrary into the ordinary , that those lines do make . the two last are both one secundùm quale , onely differing secundùm quantum ; the one being onely wider and deeper then the other . and when any of these ordinaries are drawn withthese lines , the blazoner is to say , a bend , chief , pale , or what it is ; invecked , ingrayled , wavy , or the like : but if plain , then onely to name the ordinary with its colours , according to the following examples . 1 , a crosse. 2 , a chief , 3 , a pale . 4 , a bend. 5 , a fesse . 6 , an inescutcheon . 7 , a cheveron . 8 , a saltyr . 9 , a barre . the last of which ordinaries may easily be mistaken for the same , or at least a diminutive of the fifth ; but it is not : and they are distinguished by the space they possesse in the field , and also by this difference , the barre hath liberty all over the field with its diminutions ; the fesse onely one proper place . these ordinaries according to leigh do possesse these proportions of the field . crosse , containeth uncharged the fifth part , but charged the third ; the chief , the third part , the pale , the third part , the bend , the fifth uncharged , but charged the third ; the fesse , the third part , the innescut . the fifth part , the chever , the fifth part , the saltyr , the fifth uncharged , but charged the third ; the barre , the fifth part . of these ordinaries , some have their diminutives , as the barre a closset , a barralet ; the bend both dexter and sinister , the dexter hath a bendlet , garter , single and double cottises , and a ribbon ; the sinister bend , a scarp , and a 〈◊〉 ; a cheveron hath its cheveronels . and here now i shall desire to be excused for digressing from the method of other men , especially mr. guillim ; and first to take notice of some other forms near relating to the ordinaries for their shape and proportion , on which are oftentimes rewards and additions of honor placed in coats ; as also the abatements of honor for misdemeanor , and dishonorable actions , that afterwards i may not have any thing to interrupt a methodicall proceeding in the rest . the first of which are those , on which most commonly additions are given , which are these . the first is a bordure , spoken of before . the second , a quarter . the third , a canton . the fourth , a gyron . the fifth , a pile . the sixth , two flasques . the seventh , two flanches . the eighth , two voyders ; which , saith leigh , is the way of bearing a reward given to a woman . the ninth is ernoin , an inescutcheon gules , named also a scutcheon of pretence . on any of these may an addition of honor be placed , according to the pleasure of the prince , or the fancy of the herald , that is left to the designing . which reward remains to the posterity of the atchiever , and none of the descendants of his family , but his own line may bear it . in which manner i have seen the arms of a kingdom given to a private subject , nay , and sometimes to a stranger , as in the example of sir henry st. george norroy king of arms , who upon an embassie into sweden , was honored by the king of the swethes with the addition of the arms of swethen in a canton . the marquesse of exeter gave the arms of england in a bordure , as in the escutcheon of bordures is seen in the eighth quarter , being given him by henry the eighth . now the laws of honor having by a continued succession of time maintained and refined these rules of nobility , for the encouragement of brave and generous spirits : so , foreseeing the pronenesse of all men , being apter to fall and decline from the vertues and bravenesse of their ancestors , and to bury the honor of the deceased purchasers in the dust , than to improve the talent of renown time hath entrusted them with ; as a correction to such dunghill-spirits , there is provided a method of degrading them from , or giving diminutions of disgrace to the arms of such : as the example of the succeeding escutcheon demonstrates . the first , according to mr. guillim's rules , is a delph tenne , due to him that revoketh a challenge . the second is an inescutcheon reversed sanguin , for deflowring a maid or widow . the third is a point dexter , for too much boasting his martiall acts . the fourth , a point in point , sanguin , due to a coward . the fifth , a point champion tenne , to him that killeth his prisoner . the sixth , two gussets sanguine for adultery . the seventh , a gore sinister tenne , for him that flies from his colours . the eighth , a point plain sanguine , for telling lies to a soveraign or generall . the ninth , the whole coat of arms reversed , and proper onely to a traitor . but there is another stricter punishment also for treason , as sir john fern , sir william segar , and the civil laws relate , which is , that though he have many sons then living , his arms are for ever taken away , unlesse by some extraordinary service his successors do regain the honour of them , and wipe away the stain ; for , eorum memoria destrui debet , says the law. and in the same manner are those other stains of abatement so rivetted to their shield ; when once by the soveraign authority placed there , that neither the immediate possessors , nor succeeding owners , with their greatest force , or the all-corroding teeth of time are able to tear it away ; but by vertuous demeanor to ingratiate the same hand , that put it on , to wipe it off . pitty it is those rules have not been exactly observed in our latter ages ; such a severity would doubtlesse be a means to affrighten many , that are enclined to these abominable enormities , to apply themselves ingenuously to a gentle obedience , and plausible demeanor : for , if not for loyalty , honor , or the punishment of other laws ; yet , rather then leave so great a proclamation of their 〈◊〉 , to be both a plague upon their fames , and a leprosie on their posterity , they would cautiously flye from such senslesse carelessenesse . now having thus laid down the 〈◊〉 as well as the additions of honor , i am brought by my method to the main body of this generall work of armory , which is the variety of bearing the ordinaries , and after the accidents more common ; as of birds , beasts , fishes , plants , mechanicall things , &c. and for the first ( as in my estimation very reasonably ) the most honorable , i begin with the crosse , and its various kinds of bearings , being more numerous by much than any of the other ordinaries . this hath its position in the greatest and most eminent parts of the shield ; and therefore it is much to me , that mr guillim , and others , should place it last of all the ordinaries . the crosse , if uncharged , possesseth the fifth part of the field ; but , if charged , the third . the varieties i have placed in two shields , as first in this . in the first quarter is azure , a plain crosse or , the coat of the sheltons of norfolk . the second is gules , a crosse crossed upon three grees or , by the name of jones in denbyshire . the third , or , a 〈◊〉 pattec sables , fimbriated gules . the fourth arg. a crosse wavy voided sable , by the name of duckenfield in devonshire . the fifth , 〈◊〉 , a crosse moline pierced lozenge , or , which was the coat-armour of molaneux of 〈◊〉 . this piercing a crosse , is alwayes known from a charge on it , by the colour of it ; for if it be the same with the field , then it is supposed the appearance of the field through it ; and is sometimes square , sometimes round , and sometimes lozenge-ways ; but if it be not the colour of the field , then it is a charge , and receives another blazon , as hereafter will appear . the sixth example is azure , a crosse patonce or , which leigh saith , was the arms of king edgbert : this differeth but little from the crosse flory , flurry , or fleury ; as by the next you see . the seventh is arg. a crosse flurry gules . the eighth gules , a crosse avelane or. the ninth azure , a crosse potten fitched or , the coat armour of ethelbert , king of the west-saxons , as saith guillim . the second escut cheon represents , as many as i have exprest in the first , and those as strange . the first is a crosse formy flory . the second is a crosse bottony . the third a crosse couped or , charged with a pellet in the fesse point or center . and by these next examples is seen , that the crosse is many times divided into more then two parts , and sometimes all over the field , as in this fourth , which is or , a crosse triparted flurry gules . the fifth azure , a crosse double-parted arg. the sixth is quarterly , gules and vert , four pheons arg. in crosse , their points meeting in fesse . by which example may be seen , that many times , severall things are born formed into this , or any other ordinary . the seventh is azure , a crosse resarcelled or. which , saith sir john fern , is as it were sewed together again , after a voiding . the eighth is gules , a crosse crossed or : pierced all over the field , which is the arms of the earl of tholouz . the last is argent , a crosse voided couped sables , by the name of woodnoth . sometimes one crosse is charged with another , which differeth from a crosse fimbriated , thus : the sise of the frimbria , is much narrower then that appearance of the crosse , that is surmounted of another , ( as mr. guillim saith ; ) but sir john fern saith , it is not a crosse fimbriated , 〈◊〉 when the uppermost is also charged . the next of these ordinaries to be exemplified , is the chief , which is variously born 〈◊〉 thus . the first gule , a chief argent by the name of worksley . the second tenne , a chief shapernette ermine . the third vert , a chief crenelle argent , charged with a file azure . the fourth gules , a chief argent , surmounted of another , or : which , saith sir john fern , is a double addition of honor. the fifth gules , or a chief azure , filleted in the nether part argent : now , sometimes this ordinary is honoured with an augmentation , which , very rarely , are any of the rest ; as in the next example . the sixth is or , two barres azure , a chief quarterly azure and gules , on the first two flowerdelys or , on the second , one lyon passant guardant of the last ; the third as the second , the fourth as the first , which is the coat armour of the earls of rutland . and this is also sometimes charged with other ordinaries , as in this seventh example , which is barry of six per pale ; in a chief paly of six per fesse , all counter-changed , or & azure , between two cantons gyronny of the first and second ; an inescutcheon argent joyning to the chief . the eighth is sables , a bend , and chief or. the last is gules , two barres and a chief indented or ; by which is seen that this ordinary is sometimes also formed of the crooked lines ; as all the rest are . the pale doth not only vary its form , as the rest with crooked lines , but hath its diminutives too ; as in this example . the first is gules a pale or ; the coat armour of the lord hinkley . the second azure a pallet argent , which possesseth the half part of a pale . the third is or , an endorse gules , which is the fourth part of a pale . the fourth is argent , three pallets wavy 〈◊〉 . the fifth azure a pale radiant rayone or. the sixth argent , three pallet gules , in a chief azure , a barrulet dancettee or. the seventh is argent , on a pale sable , three crosse pattees or , within a bordure engrayled of the second , by the name of crowch . the eighth paly of six argent & azure , fretted with a barrulet in fesse gules a chief and base of the same . the ninth argent on a pallet sable a fesse gules , and two barrulets of the second , quarterly pierced of the first . the bend is an ordinary drawn of two lines from the dexter to the sinister base ; and sometimes from the sinister chief to the dexter base ; and have both their diminutions , and are varied as the rest , as oft as the variety of crooked lines can do it . the first is argent , a bend engrayled sables , by the lord fitzwater , earl of sussex . the second is argent , a bendlet gules , which possesseth half the bend , and according to the rule of some , should begin its upper line in the precise corner of the dexter chief , whereas the bend begins above it , as much as below it . the third is or , a garter gules , which ought to contain but the third part of the bend , and derive its lines as the bend doth . the fourth is gules , a cost , or cottis or ; which containeth the fourth part of a bend . the fifth is or , a ribbon gules ; this containeth but the eighth part of a bend , and is couped at the ends . the sixth is argent , a bend sinister vert , this bend meeting in the same field with the dexter bend , seems to make a saltyre ; but they do not : and care must be taken in the blazon of it , to begin first with that which lies next the 〈◊〉 , and then to say , the one surmounted of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 other . the divisions of this , are first a scrape , as in the seventh , which is argent a scarpe azure . the eighth is or , a battune gules , which is most commonly couped at each end as the ribbon is , which is commonly the stain of a 〈◊〉 , when he is admitted the bearing the 〈◊〉 armour of his father's line : but it is not to 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 then in mettle , but by bastards of 〈◊〉 . 〈◊〉 last , ( which for its variety , i have inserted as rare ) is azure a bend double dancette argent , by the name of lorks . if there be more then one of these ordinaries in a coat , they are to be blazoned thus ; if two bendlets , if more , bendy of so many as it is ; and sometimes 〈◊〉 a bend with its diminutives meet in one field , as in this of sir edmund boyers of camberwel in surrey , which is or , a bend vayre between two cottizes gules . and sometimes these cottizes are born without any bend between them , as in the example empald of john marsham of hornsplace in the county of kent esquire , which is or , a lyon passant in bend gules betwixt two bendlets azure . and this manner of empaling , is a way that a man joyns his wife's coat with his ; and i wish these coats might so come together . now i proceed to the fesse , according to my promised method . and first in its place and genuine nature , as in the first quarter here , which is verry of or , and vert , a fesse gules by the name of duffield . the fecond is or , a fesse dancette sables , the proper coat of sir thomas vavasor . the third argent , a fesse and canton gules , by the name of woodvile . the fourth or , a fesse between two cheverons sables , by the name of lisle . the fifth , by the name of blyton , is gules , a fesse sable & argent indented , par fesse point in point , between three owls head errased of the third . the sixth is vert , on a fesse argent , a barre sable charged with four cheverons between three spades of the second . the seventh sable a fesse wavy argent , between two stars of the second , given to that honorable person sir francis duke , by queen elizabeth , for his service at sea. the eighth is sables , a fesse 〈◊〉 at each end or , which 〈◊〉 i have very rarely seen . the ninth or , a fesse nebule betwixt three trefoyls slipt gules . thus you see a variety of bearing this ordinary : yet it shews not any diminutives , 〈◊〉 changeth its place in the field ; which two only properties belong to the barre , and it only so differs from this in specie . as for the escutcheon born as an ordinary , i find very little variety , only sometimes it is called an inescutcheon , which is when thus born , which is ermin an inescutcheon gules , by the name of hulgrave . and sometimes an escutcheon , as when more then one is in the field , as thus in the second which is argent , three escutcheons sable , by sir john loudham of suffolk . sometimes these are charged only with augmentations of honor , and sometimes the field is charged with other ordinaries promiscuously with these as in the third , which is or , a barruler between two barres gemels , gules , three escutcheons vayre , by the name of gamolle . and sometimes these escutcheons are charged also as in the last , which is or , three escutcheons barry of six vayre and gules . the cheveron containeth the fifth part of the field , and is not so confined to one place , but may be born in another , and also more then one in a field , but if above two , they are called cheveronels : guillim . the first example is 〈◊〉 , a cheveron gules , belonging to the lord 's staffords . the second is or , a cheveron in chief azure . there are divers other accidents , incident to this ordinary , as transposition , coupings , voidings , and reversing , besides it hath its diminutives , for example , the third is ermin , a cheveron cooped sable , by the name of jones . the fourth is azure , a cheveron engrayled , voided or , by the name of dudley . the fifth argent , a cheveronel vert : of which there can be but three in a field . the sixth is vert , a couple close argent , which containeth the fourth part of a cheveron , and is not born but by payres , except a cheveron be between . the seventh is sables , a cheveron rompe or , betwixt three mullets by the name of sault . the eighth is azure , three cheveronels brased in the base of the escutcheon , and a chief or , by the name of fitz-hugh . the ninth is gules , three cheveronels reversed or. the saltyre , is an ordinary formed of a fourfold line , two from the dexter chief , extending towards the sinister base , and two towards the dexter base from the sinister chief , meeting in fesse by couples in acute angles ; in the nature of that which we usually call , a saint andrews crosse. the first is argent , a saltyre gules , by the ancient and noble family of the gerrards of lancashire . the second is azure , a saltyre quarterly quarter'd or , & argent , the arms of the episcopall sea of bath and wells . the third is gules , a saltyre or , surmounted of another vert , by the name of andrews . the fourth is sables , a saltyre argent , in the fesse point an inescutcheon or , charged with a crosse gules ; and this , though we should allow colour upon colour , and metall upon metall , to be false herauldry , yet is good : the last being the charge of a distinct scutcheon , it being of pretence , and of another family . the last of these ordinaries is the barre , which though it is allowed the honor of a particular ordinary , yet in my opinion , is but a diminutive of the fesse , however differs only in this , that it hath the liberty of the field , and taketh place any where which the fesse cannot : this also hath its diminutives , being subdivided into a closette and barrulet . first of the barre , as in the first quarter of this scutcheon , azure three barres wavy 〈◊〉 by the name of 〈◊〉 . the second argent , three barres and a canton gules , by the name of fuller . the third gules , two barres and a chief indented , o , by the name of hare . the fourth is or , a closset sanguine ; this is the one 〈◊〉 of the barre . the fifth is sables , a barrulet argent ; this containeth the one fourth part of the barre . the sixth beareth gules on a cheveron arg. three barres gemmels sables ; these are called gemmells when they are placed in couples at a near distance , and more than two in the field in even number . the seventh is ermin , three barres couped gules , charged with six escollups shells , or three in the first , two in the second , and one in the last ; by the name of sabridge court. the eighth is barry of ten or , and azure in a canton gules , a chaplet argent , by the name of holms of 〈◊〉 . the ninth is barry of six on a chief , between two 〈◊〉 party per bend , dexter and sinister two pallets , or and azure , over all an inescutcheon arg. which was the 〈◊〉 of mortimer earl of march. thus have i run through all the ordinaries , with their varieties of barring in their due order , according to their usuall terms of proper blazonry . in the next i shall shew some other forms of charges , framed of such like lines in the escutcheons ; and then proceed to shew 〈◊〉 all the parting 's & counterchanges . first then , as in this shield there is or , an orle azure , by the name of bartram lord of bothall . the second is or , an orle of three pieces 〈◊〉 . the third argent , an orle engrayled on the inner side gules . the fourth is or , a double tressure flory , 〈◊〉 . the fifth is sables a fret or : by the lord mautravers , now quartered by the earl of arundel . the sixth vert , 〈◊〉 or , this with the distinction of a second brother in a third house , is the coat-armor of sir george whitmore , late lord mayor of london . in the three last are a 〈◊〉 , a lozenge , and a mascle . the pile is an honorable bearing , though not to be reckoned among the ordinaries , as some would have it : this hath divers ways of bearing , and is free to any place of the field ; but its property is to issue from the middle chief , and extend with an acute angle almost to the middle base , and then is termed plainly a pile : but if otherwise , you are to distinguish , as this 〈◊〉 quarterings will demonstrate . the first , argent , a pile gules ; this belonged to sir john candoys in the time of edward the third . the second is or , three piles meeting near in the base of the escutcheon azure , by sir george brian . the third is argent , three piles , one issuing out of the chief between two other transposed sables , by the name of huls . the fourth is argent , a triple pile flory on the tops , issuing out of the sinister base in bend , sables , by the name of wroton . the fifth is argent , a pile in bend , issuing out of the dexter chief in pale sables , cottised engrayled argent . and here in the same scutcheon , for their nearnesse of form , have i inserted the gyron with its varieties . as in the sixth gules , a gyron issuing out of the dexter point or. the seventh is argent ; two gyrons gules . these do always meet in 〈◊〉 with their points ; and therefore 〈◊〉 is needlesse to name the place , onely naming their number and colour . the eighth is gyrony of eight pieces , or , and azure , a canton ermin by the name of octon . the last is gyrony of twelve argent and sables , and so are they always to be blazoned , gyrony of so many , if they be more then two . these , i must confesse , should properly have been placed among the counter-changes . but my digression is excusable , since it is so near concerned , as the single gyron belonging properly to that place ; and then that the counter-changes are so near in a concordancy , as the next discourse must bring them in ; which is , to describe the partitions and counter-changes , according to the disposition of every ordinary ; and first of the partitions , as in the first next example . the first in this example is party per crosse , arg. and gules , by sir henry cock of hertfordshire ; and here is to be noted , that though the mettle be more honorable , yet if the colour possesse the dexter part , or chiefest part of the field , that is first to be named . and , by the way , i must here observe , that some will have this to be blazoned quarterly ; but certainly improperly , unlesse the quarters were charged ; for why should this ordinary above all the rest be denyed the priviledge of partition , which all have , but the chief , that in its propriety is formed but of one line ? the second quarter bears party per pale , a bend counter-changed argent and gules , by sir geofry chaucer . the third party per bend , or , and vert , by the name of hawly . the fourth party per cheveron , sables , and argent , by the name of aston . the fifth party per fesse , or , and azure . the sixth party per pile , in point or , and sables . now the difference betwixt this and the pile alone , is , that the lines meet at the very base of the escutcheon , and others short ; and sometimes this is changed by a reverse , as in the next example , which is the seventh party per pile reversed , or , gules , and sables , which is very rare for the distinction of the field into three colours , as the last is also . the eighth is party per saltyre ermine and gules . the ninth is party per pale and base , gules , argent , and sable . the counter-changes are thus , first , party per pale or , and gules , three roundalls counterchanged . the second is party per cheveron unde , three panthers bends erased , counter-changed sab. and or ; by the name of smith of norfolk . the third is pally of six , a bend-pally , as many all counter-changed , argent and gules ; which is a quartering of that honorable gentleman the lord strafford . the fourth is barry of six party per pale indented , argent and gules counter-changed . the fifth is barry pily of eight pieces gules , and or , by the name of holland . the sixth is paly-bendy , or and sables . the seventh is paly of six argent , and gules on a chief as the field as many crescents all counter-changed . the eighth is barry of six , argent and sables , indented one in the other . the ninth is barry bendy , arg. and sables . thus i have run through all the bearings of the ordinaries , both plain , and in their variety , together with the partitions and counter-changes ; i shall now as concisely lay down all the ordinary bearings , as well of natural and celestial things , as all sublunaries of beasts , birds , fishes , vegetables , and artificials , in the best method i can , according to the blazon of leigh , 〈◊〉 , guillim , and others , the best i could consult in this study . of celestialls . as for celestialls , i shall skip over some of them , as angells , cherubims , and the like , because they are obvious enough to every man's judgment , when ever they are met with ; as some of these examples are also . the first of these quarterings shews the example of gules an increscent or , by the name of descus . the second azure , the sun in its full glory , by the name of st. cleere . the third is azure the moon decrescent proper , where the difference from the first is , from the contrary position of them , which is the same in the firmament : and by this rule , any man at the first sight may know in what state the moon is , though he never saw an almanack . the fourth is azure , a moon in her complement proper . the fifth or , the sun eclipsed sables . the sixth is argent , the moon in her eclipse sables . the seventh azure , a ray of the sun issuing out of the dexter corner of the escutcheon bend-wayes proper ; by the name of aldham . the eighth is gules a chief argent , at the lower part thereof , the rayes of the sun issuing out of a clowd proper ; by the name of lesone of northamptonshire . the ninth is azure a comet or , streaming proper . and unto these i have added one more escutcheon of the like bearings , because of the rareness of them . the first is azure , jupiters thunderbolt in pale or , enflamed at both ends proper , shafted saltyre-wayes , and winged fesse-wayes , argent . the second argent , a rain-bowe proper , issuing out of two peteet clowds in fesse azure . the third gules a chief argent , over all an escarbuncle of eight staves-pommette and florette or ; which , saith guillim , was the coat-armor of the earls of anjou , of whom was geoffry plantagenet . the fourth is or , six fire-brands , enflamed proper . the fifth sables , a bend or between six fountains proper , by the lord sturton . the sixth argent , a cheveron sables , between three flames of fire proper . the seventh is sables , a star of eight points or , between two flanches ermin , and a canton of ulster ; by sir john hubbart of norfolk . the eighth party per bend crenelle , pointed the one in the other argent & azure , four crescents , by couples enterlaced , counterchanged . the ninth ermin on a chief sab. three crescents , arg . of beasts . next of beafts , as , in my opinion , the most proper to order , as the more noble creatures ; though , i confesse , it is contrary to mr. guillims method . and of those , in the first place lions , as the principall of them ; which are diversly born , and from their severall postures receive a severall character of blazoning , which is cautiously to be observed , as well as in other things ; and it is not difficult for any indifferent genius , without much discourse ; which would but make up a tedious prolixity to little or no purpose ; when verbum sapienti sat est , is a proverb in every man's mouth . the first example is of azure , a lion rampant , argent , being the coat-armor of roger de montealto , who was a benefactor to westminster-abbey . the second is or , a lion sayliant gules . the third is gules a lion passant guardant or , which being the coat-armor of the dukes of aquitane , was joyned with the coat of the kings of england , by the 〈◊〉 of henry the second , being before two lions , the posture and colours one ; then indeed called leopards , as they are most properly so called , ( where they are not of royall bearing ) if they be more then one in a field , and guardant , as 〈◊〉 would have it : this same single lion passant guardant , onely the colours contrary , as or , a lion passant guardant , gules , says the welch petegree , was the coat-armor of roderick the great prince of wales , in the year 843. by which account , coat-armor hath gained a great antiquity . the fourth example is of lions passant , and not guardant , which is gules , two barres ermin in chief , a lion passant party per pal or , & argent , by the name of hill of norfolk . the fifth is gules , a lion seiant argent . the sixth is or , a lion couchant . gul. the seventh is azure , a lion dormant , or. the eighth is or , a lion rampant regarding coward , sables . the last is gules , a tri-corporated lion issuing out of three corners of the field , and meeting under one head in fesse or ; which was the coat-armor of edward crouchback earl of lancaster . lions are sometimes with the tail elevated over the head , sometimes with the tail forked , and sometimes you shall meet with demy-lions , which is half lions passant and rampant , and sometimes heads , erased or couped ; but if cabossed , then they are ever 〈◊〉 leopards heads , as in these examples . the first azure on a chief or , a demy-lion rampant issuant out gules , languid and armed of the first , by the name of markham . the second is azure , three demy-lions passant guardant , or , languid , and armed gules , by the name of hammon of acris in kent . now the french are so severe , that they will not allow the tearms of lion to any , either whole or demy , that are guardant ; but , i think , without reason . the third is or , out of the midst of a fesse , sable , a demy-lion rampant naissant gules languid and armed , azure . where it is proper to take notice , that if it be armed or languid by any other colour than the body , unlesse gules , it is a blemish to it ; but gules , signifying blood , addes to it . so it is an abatement if it be without tongue , teeth , or claws . the fourth is verry , argent & azure , on a pale gules , three leopards heads or , by the name of ockould . the fifth is azure , three leopards heads cooped or. this coat is in the walk under lincolns inne chappel , and i think is very rare . the sixth is azure a cheveron , betwixt three lions he ids erased ermin , crowned or ; the coat-armor of 〈◊〉 worthy benefactor of pauls , sir paul pindar . the seventh is sables , three lions tails erased argent , by the name of cork . the eighth is gules , a cheveron betwixt three lions paws erected and erased within a bordure argent , in a chief of the second , an eagle displayed sables , by the name of brown. the ninth is sables , two lions paws , one issuing out of the dexter , the other out of the sinister point of the escutcheon in cheveron , arg. armed gules , by the name of frampton . there is one rule more that hath been by some , both antient and modern heralds , observed , concerning the blazoning of lions ; which is , that if above one lion be in a field , they must be termed lyoncels , that is , young-lyons ; because the spirit of a lyon is full of majesty , and admits no co-partnership in one territory . but they make two exceptions to this generall rule , that is , when any ordinary parts them ; and , when it is the coat of a monarch ; to which last i must concede , from his argument which is propter regiae maejestatis dignitatem . but for the former , it cannot alwayes hold according to their own argument , without an absurd contradiction . as for example ; mr. guillim blazons a coat thus , a fesse wavy betwixt three lyons passant , whereof three is but one barred from the other . but i must be forc't to beg pardon , and to accuse him again , and by it lay down one exception more ; in the coat of wickombe he blazons thus , two lyoncels rampant combant . when as in ordinary reason , according to his own argument too , being in a fighting posture , they deserve the name of lyons . as i should be bold to blazon my own coat , being the same , only the colours contrarily disposed , as azure , two lyons combatant or , languid and armed gules . i confesse , where i find them indorsed , as in that which he believes to have been the arms of achilles at the siege of troy , i think it much reason to blazon them lyoncels . for other examples of beasts , i shall only adde one more , which is , first argent , 〈◊〉 a mount proper a stagge lodged gules , by the name of hart-hill . the second arg. a stagge tripping armed and unguled or , by the name of holms . the third is vert a stagge stripping proper or , by the name of gilsland . the fourth is argent , an unicorn seiant sab. armed and unguled or , by the name of harling . the fifth azure , a stagge at gaze gules . the sixth is vert , a fesse between three bucks , in full course or , by the name of robertson . the seventh is argent a lyons head erased gules , by the name of gowis : this is the most honorable bearing of the heads or limbs , because it is said to be torn off from the body . the eight is gules , three unicorns heads couped , argent . the last is gules , a cheveron betwixt three bulls heads cabossed argent , armed or ; by the name of baynham . of birds . the second sort of the most noble sensitives are foules of the ayr : all which i shall comprise in a very short example . only , by the way , this note is to be observed ; that as i have disposed them all into an order ; so are they in degrees of excellency in armory . and again when any quick things are born , it is most commendable when born in the most generous and noble action , or the most proper to its nature . of these the first is sables a swan with her wings expansed arg. membred or , within a bordure engrayled of the same , by the name of moore . the second is ermin an eagle displayed , gules , armed or. the third is sables , a goshawke , arg. perching upon a stock fixed in the base point of the shield , of the second , armed jessed , and belled or. the fourth is gules , a pelican in her nest with wings displayed feeding her young or , vulned proper , by the name of carn of wenny in glamor ganshlre . the fifth is arg . three peacoks in their pride proper , by the name of pawne . the sixth is arg . a heron volant in fesse , azure , membred , or , between three escoliops shels , sables . the seventh is gules , three cocks argent , armed , crested , and jellopped or. this was the coat armor of that reverend dr. cocks , bishop of ely , in queen maries , and queen elizabeths times . the eighth is gules , two wings inverted and conjoyned or. the last is or , on a bend sables , three estridge feathers , passing through as many escrowls of the first . many other birds , as well as beasts , are used in the infinite variety of coat armour , but by the observance of these examples they will be all understood . of fishes . mr. leigh observes this general rule in blazoning of fishes , that all fishes that are born feeding should be 〈◊〉 in blazon vorant , or devouring : because they swallow without chewing ; and that what they devour should be named , these are , as beasts , born in divers postures ; as nayant , which is swimming upright , embowed , extended , endorsed , trianguled , and fretted , &c. as in this following demonstration . the first is argent three eeles nayant in pale sables , by the name of ellis . the second is sables , three salmons hauriant argent , by the name of salmon . the third is azure , a dolphin nayant , embowed , argent , by the name of fitz-james . the fourth argent , two barbels hauriant , respecting each other by the name of 〈◊〉 . the fifth gules , two pikes hauria ntendorsed , or. the sixth three trouts fretted in triangle arg. by the name of troutback . the seventh is arg. two lobsters clawes in saltyre , the dexter surmounted of the sinister gules , by the name tregarthick . the eighth is arg. a cheveron engrayled , 〈◊〉 , betwixt thre crevices , gules . the ninth is sables , a fesse engrayled betwixt three welkes , or , by the name of shelly . thus are all manner of shell-fishes as well as others . and some times , reptibles , and insects , all manner of flyes and grashoppers ; but their blazon is obvious enough to every mans judgement , that can distinguish one from another when he sees them , therefore it would be but an unnecessary intrusion in this place . vegetables . i shall not need here , i hope , to run over all parts of philosophy , and diviniry , and to tell what trees are , and their natures ; for as they are not discourses pertinent to this place ; so mr guillim , as well as my self might have 〈◊〉 every ingenious man as knowing as himself in it ; or at least 〈◊〉 : and to none other do i submit my endeavours . i shall only trouble the reader with their various bearing , in the examples of some few , which will direct to all others , and herein the first is argent , on a mount in base a pine-tree fructed proper , by the name of pine. the second is gules , the trunck of a tree in pale eradicated and cooped , sprouting out two branches arg. by the name of stockden of leicestershire . the third is arg. three sterved branches slipped sables , by the name of black-stock . the fourth is arg. a cheveron gules , between three garbs of the second , by the lord sheffield earle of mougrave . the fifth is sables , three lillies slipped arg. the coat-armor of winchester colledge . the sixt is arg. a cheveron sables , between three columbines proper ; by the name of hall of coventry . the seventh is arg. a fesse nebule between three trefoyls slipt gules , by the name of thorpe of glocestershire . the eight arg. 〈◊〉 holly leaves pendant proper , by the name of inwine . the ninth , a fesse arg. three apples transposed in base or , by the name of harwine of devon. of monsters : and here before i proceed to dead and artificial things , i think it proper to take observation of some monsters in nature , which are often born in arms. and the first of these is arg. a griffen rampant with wings displayed sables , by the name of morgan . the second is arg. a wiverne , his wings displayed , and tayl nowed gules , by the name of drake . the third is sables , a cockatrice displayed arg. membred and jolloped gules , by the name of buggine . the fourth is arg. a rearmouse displayed sables , by the name of backster . the fifth is arg. on a bend gules , three mens heads horned or , by the name of wittall , or witwell in yorkeshire . the sixth is azure , a harpy displayed , crined , crowned and armed , or. the seventh is arg. a mermayd gules , crined or , holding a mirror in the right hand , and in the cleft a comb , by the name of ellis . the eight is gules , a bend engrayled arg. between three leopards heads jessant flower-de-luce , of the second , by the name of dennys . the ninth is gules , three leopards heads vorant , as many flower-de-luce or , which , saith guillim , belongs to the see of hereford . of the parts of mans body . there are sometimes whole figures of mans body , born in coat armor , as for example , the arms of sevil in spain , which is or , a king enthronized on his seat royal azure , crowned and sceptred , and invested of the first the doublings of his robe ermine . the arms proper to the episcopal see of salisbury , is az. the virgin mary with her son in her right arm , and a scepter in her left hand , all or. but the like of these are very seldom seen , only the leggs , armes , hands , and other desected members are often met with , as in these following examples i have demonstrated . the first is gules a saracen's head erased arg. environed about the temples with a wreath of the second and sables , by mergith of wales . the second is arg. a fesse gules , betwixt three hearts vulned , distilling drops of blood , on the sinister side proper . the third is gules , a heart betwixt two wings displayed or. the fourth is gules , three dexter arms conjoyned at the shoulders and flexed in triangle , or , with the fist clinched arg. by the name of tremain of devonshire . the fifth arg. a mans leg erased at the thigh , sables , by the name of prime . the sixth is barry of six , or & sab. over all a pale gules , charged with a womans dug , distilling drops of milk proper , by the name of dodge . the seventh is arg. a cheveron sab. between three blackmores heads couped at the shoulders proper , by the name of ives . the eighth is arg. a cheveron gules , betwixt three periwigs sab. the ninth is barry nebule of six pieces , az. & arg. as one chief of the second , three eyes , gul. by delahay . if those drops are charged distinctly in any field , as sometimes they are , and sometimes the field all over , you are to blazon them differently according to the colour , as , if sanguine , then gutte de sang. which is , drops of blood . if arg. then gutte de l' aue , drops of water . or , gutte de or , drops of gold. az. gutte de lermes , drops of tears . vert , gutte de vert , drops of oyl-olive . of artificiall things . having thus cursorily run through these examples , yet i hope sufficiently enough , for the satisfaction of an ingenuous reader ; i now come to the artificiall varieties , of bearing in coat-armour . which since they are as numerous almost as the conceits of ingenuity : i must be excused from inserting the infinite examples of them , yet i shall propose some , and let the eye of the observing student make up the defects of the rest , as it may well do . the first is arg. a cheveron gules , betwixt three ducall caps , azure doubled indented ermin . the second is arg. a mantle of estate , gules , and doubled ermin , ouched or garnished with strings tassals of the same . the third , the arms of the archbishop of canterbury , which is azure , a staffe in pale sol , and thereupon a crosse patree arg. surmounted of a pall of the last , charged with four other crosse pattees fetched sables , edged and fringed as the second . the fourth is arg. on a bend vert , betwixt six crosse crosselets fitched gules , three crosier staffs , by the name of peare . the fifth is arg. three chaplets vert , by the name of richardson of shropshire . the sixth azure , a maunch , or , by the name of conyers . the seventh is gules , three garters buckled and nowed arg. by the name of sydemer . the eighth is gules , six annulets , three , two , and one , or , this is quartered by the earls of cumberland . the ninth is gules , three tassals or , by the name of wooler . of military things . in the next , are those that represent examples of military things born in armour , both of land and sea. as first arg. a tower triple towered , sab. chained transverse the port or , by the name of oldcastle . the second or , a castle 〈◊〉 towred gules , the port displayed of the field leaved , arg. and here is to be noted , that it is never blazoned a castle , but when it extendeth it self crosse the whole field , and sometimes you shall find a single tower not turretted , as the first , in the coat of sir richard mansfield . the third is gules , three single arches arg. their capitals and pedestals by the name of arches . the fourth or , a bridge of three arches in fesse gules , masoned sables , the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 proper , on it a fane arg. by the 〈◊〉 of trowbridge of trowbridge . the fifth sables , a cheveron between three tents arg. by the name of tenton . the sixth arg. a sweep azure , charged with a stone , or by the name of magnal . the seventh or , a pillar sables , enwrapped with an adder arg. by the name of 〈◊〉 . the eighth is arg. three battering 〈◊〉 bar-wayes proper , headed , az. armed and 〈◊〉 or , by robert 〈◊〉 earl of lyndsey . the ninth azure , three murthering chainshots or , this is quartered by the earl of cumberland . there are many other things born ; as tiltspears , sometimes with penoncels , and sometimes without ; drums , fifes , trumpets , cannons , bows , arrows , and the like : but their blazon is easie to every eye , that knows any thing of armory . of maritine things . of things belonging to the sea , i have these examples . the first gules , three pieces of masts cooped with their tops arg. by the name of cromer . the second gules , three sayls arg. by the name of cavill . the third azure , a rudder of a ship arg. the fourth gules , an anchor in pale arg. the cros-piece or , by the name of goodred . the fifth or , a lighter 〈◊〉 in fesse gul. the sixth gules , the hull of a ship , having only a main mast , and a top , without tackling or. this , saith guillim , is the coat-armor of the duke of alasco in polonia . the seventh is arg. a ship with three masts a sayl furld and hoysted to the main top shrouded sables , by the name of mercers . the eigth his azure , a galley passing under sayl , or. the ninth is arg. a cheveron gules , between three murriours azure , by the lord brudenell . of mechanical things . the last example , that i shall insert , is of other more ordinary mechanical things . the first is arg. a cheveron between three palmers scrips sables , the tassels and buckles or , by sir henry palmer of kent . the second is gules , a cheveron between three irish broges , or. the third is sables , three pickaxes argent , by the name of pigot . the fourth is arg. a fesse between three pheans sables , by the name of rowdon of yorkshire . the sixth is sables , three bels arg. by the name of porter . the sixth is azure , three howboys between as many crosse crosselets or , by the name of bourden . the seventh is or , on a bend az. three katherine wheels arg. by the name of rudhall . the eighth az. three levels with their plumets , or , by the name of 〈◊〉 . the ninth is arg. three bezants , on a chief 〈◊〉 , by the name of 〈◊〉 . and here we are to take notice , that if these roundals are charged in counter-changes as before , then they are only called roundals : but if any other 〈◊〉 , as in this example , they are of a various blazon according to their colors , as thus . if they are or , then they are called bezants , argent , plates , sables , pellets , gules , vorteuxes , ligh-tblew , hurts . vert , pomeyes , purpure , golps , teune , oranges , sanguine , gules . and thus much i think sufficient to be said of the examples of charges in coat-armor . in the next place , i am to shew the differences of helms , which distingnish in some part the honor of the bearer in his degree . the crowns and 〈◊〉 , differing more particularly the highest degrees of nobility , i shall also exemplifie in the conclusion of this discourse ; and i hope shall raise , in some measure , a relation to the old proverb , finis coronat opus . of helmets . the differences of helms is always exprest , when the crest is given : and by this difference a gentleman is known in his degree by his hatchment , as much as these following examples 〈◊〉 . these helmets are sometimes called cask and timbers ; by the french , helenum ; by the romans , cassidem ; by the greeks , galeam , a covering for the head in time of war ; and our manner of bearing crests on them is from their ancient fancy of adorning their helmets with some kind of monstrous device : as the head or mouth of a lyon , the paws or horns of certain beasts ; to appear more terrible . and that which we call mantle , is not , as some doe ridiculously suppose , the vestment which they usually had to wear over their atms in war ; or , as some would have it , to secure their shield from weather ; but from this originall , that princes and chief commanders used to adorn their helmets ( according to their qualities ) with rich buckles , studs , and circlets of gold , garnished with rich and costly stones , and on the top or crests of them , wreaths of corded 〈◊〉 ; being the liveries of their ladies and mistrisses , as also some curled 〈◊〉 of hair , and those cordons ( like waving scarfs ) dangled down behinde them on the cruppers of their horses , the ends being fairly tasselled and enriched , many times with pearls and precious stones : and thus especially they rid upon dayes of triumph . but in germany and many other places where the laws of honour and armory are severely obsetved , a mean gentleman or new atchiever is not permitted to bear helm , mantle , or crest , but by special favour . the first differs from the 2. in that it is a side standing helmet with the beaver close , which is for all esquires and gentlemen . the second , is the common fashion of knights , which is a helmet standing direct forward with the 〈◊〉 open without guards . the third , is a side-helmet open-faced guardevisure , which is proper for all persons of the nobility , beneath a duke and above a knight . the fourth is the helmet of persons executing soveraign authority , which is a helmet which is full forward open-faced , guarde-visure : which belongeth also to princes and dukes . in this manner are all degrees obviously differenced to every mans judgement in all hatchments . and , if they be above the degree of a knight , that these do not distinguish to particulars ; then they are also understood by their 〈◊〉 and crowns . of crowns and coronets . the first whereof is the crown of the empire of germany , which is but little different from that of england in the second , which is emperial too . the third is that coronet of the prince which is the same with the kings , only the arches , mound , and crosse , wanting . the fourth is the crownet of an archduke , which is the same with a duke , the arch only added . the fifth is a crownet floral , only proper to a duke . the sixth is the crownet of a marquesse , which differs thus , it is of leaves and points , the leaves or flowers above the points . the seventh is proper to an earl , which hath points and flowers ; but the points are above the flowers . the eighth is due to a viscount , which is a circulet or coronet pearled , and neither flowers nor points . the last is the form of that crown , which is found to be in fashion in the time of william the conqueror . which i have inserted to shew the difference betwixt the crown imperial of england then , and now . as to the antiquity of these crowns or diadems , as notes of regality : i finde not any where a just authority to assure me of their origination : but , that there were crowns , long before tragedies were in use , is to me very evident ; though sir william segar is of opinion , the use of them came from thence . yet , that the use of them in these parts of the world , might come from the giving of crowns in triumph , and lawrels or wreaths for vertue , is very probable , which was a thing very frequent , and of very great antiquity among the romans ; and hath continued , and been exercised in the empire since the translation to germany , and that with much ceremony , as in the example of joannes crusius , his receiving the laurel as stratsburgh an . 1616. see mr. selden his titles of honor , where it is at large , fol. 402. which custom hath since been in these parts , and indeed long before that time were crowns given to poets here ; as , witnesse the example in st. mary overies church , where one john gower a poet in richard the seconds time hath a statue crowned with ivie mixed with roses ; but since it is more commonly used of laurel . though the crown of laurel or bayes was first appropriated to him that triumphed for victory in the field . at which time , distinctions of crowns were observed according to the variety of merit . as corona muralis , this was due to him that was first seen upon the wall of the enemy . corona castrensis , for him that made a breach in the castle of the enemy ; the first a crown embattail'd , or made with battailment being of gold , the other of towers ; and then they had corona navalis , garnished with fore-castles for service at sea , made of gold too . then corona ovalis of myrtle ; for victory , gotten with little hazard : corona obsidialis , which was made of grass for him that had preserved an army besiged . corona civica , for him that saved a citizen from the enemy , made of oaken boughs : corona olivaris of olive leavs , for victory in the olympick games : and corona populea , for young men that were found industrious and studious in the exercises of vertues . but i find that amongst these rewards of honor , the crown made of ivy , called corona hederalis was only appropriated to the poets ; and here we see the great encouragement given to vertue , which was an age doubtlesse , when it was much exercised in all its species . when vertuous moderation received an estimation in the minds of young nobility , before 〈◊〉 voluptuousnesse . and honor more aimed at by steps of vertue , than the engrossing parsimoniousnesse , or expending profusenesse of the 〈◊〉 and unsatisfying uncertainty of riches ; 〈◊〉 doubtlesse a most noble age. and why should any man make himself so 〈◊〉 concern'd in the true honor of his creation , as to set himself so little before the irrational 〈◊〉 , as the examples of ou idle and 〈◊〉 age do too often demonstrate , whilest all men naturally are ambitious of honor ? and why should not any man blush to be seen reaching at it ( that is only the recompence of vertue ) till by some virtuous testimony he hath declared his desert ? certain i am , no generous and noble spirit ever breathed in any age , that did not present some opportunities of exercising virtue in one degree or other ; and the reward in some measure is ever a concomitant to heroick and ingenious merit . or should it , in some case , fail the truly generous soul , though it misse its reward , yet it thinks it honor to have deserved honor , and satisfies it self with that encouragement . thus i have given a succinct account of all manner of bearings . some will here expect , that i should now lay down rules to discover the worth of the atchiever , by the nature of the atchivement ; as guillim , and others have 〈◊〉 . it may be conjectured , how far a coat-armor is more or lesse honorable , by 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of worth in the thing born ; but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 farther , from thence to a 〈◊〉 of the quality of the merit , for which that 〈◊〉 was a reward , is altogether uncertain . therefore ; for conclusion , i shal instance one escutcheon of examples more , which i think ( though not difficult to blazon ) not easily reducible to any such judgement , yet the families well known of noble and 〈◊〉 descent . the first is sab. a crosse engrailed or , in the dexter cant on a mullet arg. an inescutcheon of ulstre , the addition of a knight baronet , being the coat-armor of sir , tho. peyton of knolton in east-kent , knight and 〈◊〉 . the second is ermin on a chief azure , three lyoncels rampant or. the atchivement of sir anthony aucher of little-bourn in east-kent . the third is barry of twelve or , and sable , by sir james and sir thomas thynne of long leak in wiltshire . the fourth is arg. on a cheveron sab. three escollop-shels or , between three peelets , charged with as many martlets of the first ; all within a border vert , by anthony hammon of st. albons in east-kent esq . the fifth is arg. on a bend az. three 〈◊〉 heads cabossed or. on an escutcheon of pretence , arg. a cheveron sab. betwixt three ravens , by thomas stanley of cumberlow in hertfordshire esq the paternal coat his right by descent , ( with the distinstion of the third house ) of the earls of derby , the escutcheon of pretence as by match with the daughter and heir of sir james enyon of flower in northamptonshire . where observe , that although a man marry the daughter and heir of a coat-armor , yet he hath not the power of quartering it , but only to empale it , or bear it thus in an 〈◊〉 of pretence ; the liberty of quartering , being in the heir , who enjoyes both their coats by right of blood . observe also , that if any thing be thus hid by an addition either canton or escutcheon of pretence , it is notwithstanding to be nominated , that no detriment be to the coat . the sixth is gules , three barbed arrows arg. headed or , by edward hales of tunstal in kent , esq the seventh is arg. a cheveron between three milrines , sab. by roger james , of rigale in surrey , esquire . the eighth within a bordure bezanty sab. arg. an imperial eagle , by the family of the killigrews , in cornwall . the ninth arg. a fesse ermines between six mullets , sab. by steven penckhurst of buxsted in sussex , esquire . and now i hope i have not passed by any one thing that can be called pertinent to this discourse without some touch : perhaps , satisfactory enough to any indifferent contemplation . the end of armory . the orders of knighthood in most places of christendome , and in particular first of the order of st. george in england . the creation robe of a knight of y e garter as to knighthood in generall , enough hath been already discoursed in the first part of this treatise . i come now , to speak of the severall otders , and especially those that are called soveraign : amongst which i must needs esteem that of the garter , or st. george in england to be as noble as any in the world ; not from that epidemick humor of most writers , because it is of my own nation ; but for the excellency of it self : especially , in that according to the articles of its foundation , none are to be admitted to the honor , but such as are peers of the realm . for the first occasion of the erecting these soveraign orders of knighthood , above the more common , was , that as all honors were instituted for the reward and encouragement of deserving persons , so these for persons of more eminence , or more excellent merit , to receive a character that might in a higher nature than ordinary blazon their merit to the world . and that order or fraternity must needs be esteemed of greatest honor , where the king shall submit himselfe to the badge of it . this order of the garter we find to be instituted by edward the third , after a return from the warrs against the french and scots , with eminent victories . the occasion sir william segar says was but slight ; alluding as i conceive to the story of the king 's taking up the countesse of salisburies garter ; which he wearing on his own leg , caused a jealousie in the queen . and from thence received the motto life , hony soit qui mal y pens , evill to him that evill imagines . but i am of opinion that this humor arose from the french stories only , who would be apt enough to endeavour an abatement of the honor of it , lest its glory should appear too illustrious in the eye of the world ; and out-shine or eclipse their then blazing star. and that we may a little examine the truth , let us observe the ridiculousnesse of the coherence of these merry scandalizers . first they differ in their time , as shall appear anon ; then concerning the lady , they take notice of to make up the pretty romance , the mistake is very great and plain ; for in some places they say it was the queen's garter , and if so , what needed then the motto ? but most commonly they say , it was the countesse of salisburies ' ; whom they name sometimes alice , and sometimes joan ; when her name was katherine , and mistris , and after wife to the black prince son of the said king , as is well observed in heylyn's history of st. george . by which , froysart's error must appear very perspicuous , who was the first and most eminent author of this mighty fable . mounsier favin in his theater of honor , quotes froysart , and polydore virgil , for the like account . but i am apt to collect another reason from mr. selden's discourse ( an authority that i think needs no apology ) and to think edward the third , being to engage a field , gave st. george for the word , ( long time before , the patron-saint of england ) in which battail he gained a great victory ; which was about the year 1349. and at his return in the year one thousand three hundred and fifty , established thisorder to the honor of st george , which agrees with the black book of windsor that chronologizes it on the three and twentyeth day of april in the year one thousand three hundred and fifty , being the three and twentyeth of that king's reign . and i understand not , but that the addition of the gartet might be after added to the ensignes of the order : for the firstensign together with the robes was the crosse of saint george , yet in use amongst them . and some do adde that the garter was from a martiall rise also , as that a leather-garter upon the left leg was a mark given to some of the eminent commanders with promise of enriching it on those that performed honorably in the charge . for the account of the time according to other authors , it is left disputable . mr. selden takes notice of some of the french authors , that affirm it to be erected in anno 1344. yet after his victories ; as in the relations of the same froysart , and thomas of walsingam : and polydore virgil , ( to whom favin subscribes ) will have it in an. 1347. yet in another place he sets it down in the year one thousand three hundred and forty four . oportet mendacem memorem esse . and one other observation i collect from some of these authors ; that the order was established before either of these passages ; only as a seminary to draw other knights of the world into these parts ; which caused the french king to do the like the same year of another order by way of prevention ; this is averred by some . which is , i conceive by other circumstances , a mistake upon a just or turnment proclaimed by the said king edward ( about the year one thousand three hundred forty and four ) in all places beyond the seas , to be held at windsor ; about which time he caused to be built a very large round table for the entertaining of such princes and persons of great quality , as should repair thither ; when the earl of salisbury was so bruised at the justing , that he dyed . at the news of which meeting ; the french king sodainly after did the like , to obstruct the concourse of great soldiers and honorable personages that this would have produced . the patron of this order is st. george ; who suffered martyrdome at nicomedia , and was buryed at lydda in capadocia according to dr. heylin : but mr. selden sayes , he suffered at lydda , under diocletian , about the 〈◊〉 of christ one hundred and ninty . whose fame was so great in the world , that many temples were built to his name , as that of justinian in armenia ; and in venice the chief church for the grecians ; jo. eucaitensis built a monastery to the honor of st. george in the time of constantine . into which the emperors after were wont to make a solemn procession every saint georges day . in carinthia , there is an order of knighthood of st. george , in very much esteem . and eusebius speaks also of another order of st. george among the greeks whose ensign is a red crosse with this motto sub hec signo vinces , begun by constantiue the great . when first it came into this nation , is by the best antiquaries left disputed ; but that he hath been long honored as patron-protector of england , is proved by all , and by mr. selden , before the conquest ; the three and twentyeth day of april , being constantly celebrated to his memory . and it is no marvail ( saith the same author ) that so warlike a nation should chuse to themselves the name of such a souldier saint , known by the particular name of tropheophorus , and of greater eminence in both the eastern and western churches then any other souldier-saint . the soveraign of this order is the king of england ; the number of the fellowship is twenty six , besides the soveraign ; of which when any of them dye , the place is to be supplyed by another elected by the soveraign , with the consent of the fraternity , as it was antiently ; chosen and estalled at windsor : but since it is referred to the entire disposing of the king. they have many articles confirmed , to which all that are enstalled subscribe ; and have an oath to which they swear that , to their power , during the time they shall be fellows of the order , they will defend the honor , quarels , rights and lordships of the soveraign , and that they will endeavour to preserve the honor of the said order , and all the statutes of it without fraud or covin . quinam perjurati ? the officers of the order are a prelate , which is alwayes the bishop of winchester ; a chancellor register , a king of arms called garter ; and an usher called the black rod , added by henry the eighth . their habit is a cassock of crimson velvet , and a mantle of purple velvet lined with white sarcenet , on the left shoulder whereof is an escutcheon of s. george embroydered within a garter with the motto : the escutcheon is argent , a plain crosse gules . above all , about the neck they wear a collar of the order weighing thirty ounces of gold troy weight , composed of garters and knots enamel'd , and with roses red and white ; and since the coming in of king james , there hath been an intermixture of thistles . at this collar hangeth the image of st. george on horseback , enriched with precious stones . and about the left leg they wear a garter enamelled and enriched with gold , pearl , and stones of great value with the same motto of hony soit qui mal y pens . for their ordinary ensign they wear a blew ribbon over their left shoulder ; and another on their left leg ; and a star of silver embroy dery on the same side of their cloak with the scutcheon of st. george in the center of it . and sometimes at their ribbon a george also , and then they wear it about their necks . their feast is yearly at windsor castle on st. georges day . in which place upon the foundation of it was a church erected with dean and prebends ; as also thirteen poor aged gentlemen , established to be maintained with stipends by the name of knights of windsor : who had appointed to them robes of cloath according to the manner of the order , which were to pray for the order . of the knights of the round table in england . it is said by many writers , that the order of the 〈◊〉 was inftituted in imitation 〈◊〉 the round table : but i can give no great assurance of it ; only i believe it probable enough ; the beginning of them both agreeing also in some kind of analogy . this of the round table , ( for so much as is remaining in history ) appears to me to have been the most noble in the world , either before or since , for ought yet i can understand . and pity it were the memory of it should perish , as it is almost ; being buried in the metamorphosis of ridiculous fables ; and by that means only 〈◊〉 , with the shadowie reputation of a romance , in the minds of many , and indeed most men . it was erected by king arthur , who reigned in the year of our redemption 490. and conquered norway , scotland , and so much of france that he was crowned king of paris : as both ours and the french annals testifie . of this king many fabulous things have been writ ; but we may collect so much from the more serious , as may assute us that without doubt many noble and ( beyond ordinary ) heroick acts were performed by this generous prince . which caused the society of this order to shine with so much the more splendor than the ordinary stars of this sublunary world : insomuch that it is recorded in some chronologies , that at one time summoning them to a meeting at a place in wales , called carlion , or carlignion , there resorted to him ten kings , thirteen earls , and many barons , and other persons of great quality that were of the fraternity . this i have also in sir william segar ; and in a very antient chronicle which i have seen my selfe in manuscript in that country ; which was much the same with the relations i have since met with , of this order . and that these kings were not petty kings must be understood , since there was at that time no heptarchy , or provincial kings , but all monarchies , much in the same nature as they have been in our ages . this king is generally reported by chronologers ( and some of them solid too ) to be taken alive from the earth ; or at least miraculously disposed of , invisibly : but this is a riddle too great for me to unfold . many of them 〈◊〉 this fable i conjecture from an epitaph that merlin writ on him , hic jacet arturus , rex quondam , rexque futurus . which very thing to my judgement must make clear that he was buryed ; which is their argument that he was not . the order or fraternity however , was certainly in very great repute in the world , and being only a banquet of honor could not but whet the emulations of all generous spirits ; for none were admitted to it but such as had shewed their merit by some eminent exploit . their place of convention was winchester ; where they had their round table , and at the feast of pentecost they alwayes met and feasted . so saith sir william segar , ( in whose orders of knighthood the articles of this order are set down ) : but others are of another opinion , and tell us that windsor castle was the most peculiar place , where a round table was erected for their meeting , being a castle built by the same king ; and the records of the place shew us as much , though winchester may sometimes have been the place , according as the time of the kings being in progresse or keeping his court accidentally there ; as sometimes it was at carleon ; and sometimes in the north. knights of st. andrew in scotland . the scots ever since the reign of hungus the pict have received st. andrew for their tutelar-saint . who , as it is reported in their histories making war on the english , saw in the skie a bright crosse of st. andrew ; which is in the shape of the saltire , and in that battail after gained a very great victory . from which time ever since they flye that crosse in their banners . and from thence erected the order of st. andrew . but i find nothing in favin , aubertus , mereus , or the scotch writer 〈◊〉 , that can satisfie me in what time it began . only it was refined by james the fifth . who being honored with the garter from england , the toyzon d'or from the emperor , and st , michael from france , celebrated the festivals of them all ; and setting up their several arms with their orders about them , over the gate of 〈◊〉 , erected his own also with the order of saint andrew in the midst : which order is ensigned with a collar of rue , and thistles , with a medal of st. andrew hanging at it ; and this motto , nemo me impune 〈◊〉 . of the golden fleece in the empire . this order of the toyzon d'or was instituted by philip duke of burgundy , an . 1429. upon his expedition to the holy land , in memory of gideon , who with three hundred men fought against , and overthrew , a mighty army of the midianites , as favin is of opinion . which perchance may be true : he marching upon a great enterprise with a smal army , might do it to raise courage and emulation in his commanders . the patron is st. andrew , the soveraign the dukes of burgundy : the number twenty four , besides the soveraign , all of noble blood . their habit is a cassock of crimson velvet , and over it a mantle of the same , lined with white ; which openeth on the right fide , and is turned upon the left over the shoulder , embroydered round about with a bordure of flames , fusils , and fleeces ; and a hood of crimson velvet on their heads . the collar of the order is of gold , wrought with flames , fusils , and fleeces ; which they are bound to wear alwayes , upon a penalty . the power of making new is in the soveraign only . and who ever enters into it renounces all other orders of knighthood , unlesse the soveraigns be emperors , kings , or free princes . to the order belongs a chancellor , a treasurer , register , and a king of armes called toyzon dor. at the collar hangs a golden fleece . and formerly there was an impresse peculiar to it ; which was an instrument to strike fire , with his motto , ante ferit , quàm flamma micet . the emperor charles the fifth , being afterwards soveraign as duke of burgundy , did much increase the order . the severall orders of knighthood in france . knights of the star. this order i find of very great eminence in france , called the star of the sea ; and sometimes also of the virgin mary . it was instituted by king robert , an . 〈◊〉 . and himself , and succeding kings were of the fraternity . their ensigne was a star ; which they wore was their hoods , or caps . but this order in time grew so common , and distributed so immeritorioufly , that charles the seventh ( as 〈◊〉 at it ) commanded every yeoman of his guard to wear a star in like manner ; which the knights seeing , presently left it off , and so the order fell . knights of st. michael . jn the stead of the knighthood of the star the same king charles erected the order of of st. michael as some suppose : but more truly lewis the eleventh at amboys an . 1469. upon the occasion of a vision ( as their historians relate ) of the archangel's appearance on orleans bridge as their tutelar against the english. at which time the famous amazon , joan of france , lived , who did many heroick exployts , leading an army her self in the field against the english. for which the english after having vanquisht her ( much to our disparagement i think ) in revenge caused her to be burnt for a witch in the market-place of orleans : in which place is since a conduit erected to her memory . this order of monsieur st. michael archangel is of thirty six knights , and a soveraign , which is the king. the cognisance of the order is a collar of gold made of cockle-shels and knots , with the image of st. michael pendant at it , which collar ought to weigh two hundred crowns in gold , and not above nor under . for the wearing of this collar there was a very strict article ; as that , every man that did not wear it every day was to cause a masse to be said , and to pay seaven shillings six pence turnoys of forfeiture : except in arms , and then they were permitted to wear only the image of the angel on a chain or ribbon : the motto of the order is , immensi tremor oceani . to this order is established a herald called mon. st. michael , a treasurer , a chancellor , and a register . their habit according to the constitution of henry the second of france was , his doublet , hose , shooes , scabbard , hat-band , and feather , all white ; a surcoat with sleeves , of cloth of silver ; over it a mantle of the same turned up over the left shoulder , and tyed over the right , embroydered with a bordure like the collar . over his shoulder lay a hood of cloth of silver spreading over his back , the tippet hanging down before , and over all the collar . knights of the holy ghost , or st. esprit . to this order of st. michael did henry the third , in honor of whit-sunday , ( on which day he was chosen king of poland ) institute the order of chivaleir du benoist sante esprit : joyning both this and the other into one , an . 1578. as they continue to this day . in this discourse of this order by monsieur favin , is set down the oathes , ceremonies , pensions , accompts , and all the duties : all which should i insert would be too 〈◊〉 for my intention . the manner of their procession to court , and many other particulars , is set down concerning them in sir william segar . their robe is like that of st. michael ; only of black velvet embroydered all about with gold and silver of flowers-de-lysse , and knots of gold between sundry cyphers of silver , and flames of gold , seamed : garnished also with a mantle of green cloth of silver , wrought over with the same manner of embroydery with the mantle both lined with orange coloured sattin . the great mantle they wear turned up over the left shoulder , and open on the right : their hose and doublet white , and black bonnets with white plumes ; the collar over all , wrought in the same manner as the embroydery . they have a crosse hanging at it , with a dove in the center of it , as in another place shall be described . of the order of the gennet . this by the annals of france is reckoned the first order that ever was instituted in that country . but i have not given it the first place , because it is now extinguished , and its essence only remaining in the chronologie of fame . it was ordained by charles called the tyrant , before his usurpation called charles martell seneschall , or high steward of france . who in a battel against the moores , gaining a victory , had , amongst many other spoyls , a great number of genets skins , and some of the beasts ; in memory of which victory he instituted this order , about the year of our lord 726. the number was 16. to whom he gave collars of gold made of a triple chain enterwoven with enameld red roses , at the end whereof hung a gennet of gold enamelled black and red , upon a terrasse or bank of flowers fairly enamel'd : this continued till king robert , and then the star of the sea eclipsed it . these knights saith aubertus meraeus , had other ensignes appropriated also , as a ring after the manner of the romans ; and certain habits for the body . about which time , or not long after , charlemain created another order called of the crown royall : but that was not so much in esteem , being only for a reward of service in friezland , the governour of the country having the power of creating the knights . knights of the broomeflower ; and also of the ship. lewis the ninth in his time instituted two orders of knighthood ; one called of the broomeflower in the cod , and the other of the ship , called also of the crescent , or half moon . the first he instituted at his coronation , and it continued till the end of the reign of charls the fifth , and extinguished with his life . the collar of the order was composed of cods of broomeflowers intermixed with lozanges enamelled with flowers-de-lysse ; and at it , hung a crosse formy flory , with this motto ; exaltat humiles . the other of the ship he erected upon the occasion of the second voyage into egypt , to encourage the nobility that went with him . the collar of the order was enterlaced with double scallops , and double crescents interwoven with a meddal hanging at it , with a ship enamelled under sayl . this king lewis returning from his voyage against the turks , an . 1554 brought home with him a troop of knights , called of st. lazarus , to whom he gave large possessions : but afterwards , this order fell again , and their revenues were given to the knights of malta : untill the time of henry the fourth who instituted that of mount-carmel , and revived that of st. lazarus . there are many other ancient knighthoods recorded in france , but as they were of lesse esteem , so are they also out of date ; and i shall only name them , most of which were more private orders , and had subjects for their soveraigns : there was of the porcupine : of the thistle of bourbon : of the croissant of anjou : of the ermin of britagne . of which examin monsieur favin his theatre of honor. there was also an order of the dog and cock , appropriated to the family of monmorency , and another of de la dame blanke al' escue verd ; or the order of the fair lady of the green field ; instituted by jean de boucicaut marshal of france under charles the sixth , who were sworn unto divers articles , as that they should assist all ladies , and gentlewomen wronged in their honors or fortunes , answer challenges of armes , supply one anothers necessary absence , that if any lady or gentlewoman , required aid of any of them , and after any knight or esquire should challenge him , he should first right the lady ; and then perform the 〈◊〉 or if a chalenge preceded such other accident , it was at their pleasure which to undertake first ; and many more such , which would be too tedious for this place . they are at large in mauchaut sieur de roman ville his history of boucicat . of military orders in spain . of the order of the lilly. this order was erected in 〈◊〉 by garcia the sixth , of the name surnamed naiera , in honor of the virgin mary ; and upon a miracle so great as might make this lilly one of the primest flowers in her little garden . * the substance of it this : the king having been very sick ; in the extremity of his disease sent to st. saviour de leyra , and other places of devotion , that prayers and interercessions might be made for his recovery ; in which time was discovered in the city of naiera , ( where ordinarily he kept court ) the image of the virgin mary issuing out of a lilly , holding her son berwixt her arms . and suddenly after the discovery of this , the king recovered his health ; and many other miracles were done on diseased people in that place , as supposed by vertue of the virgin mother ; whom they tearmed the lilly of the vallyes . in honor whereof the said king erected this order , and made himself soveraign of it , and his sucessors after him . these knights did wear on their breasts a lilly embroydered in silver ; and on festivall dayes a double chain of gold interlaced with letters m , after the manner of the gotish letter ; with an oval meddal hanging at it with a lilly enamelled . knights of san jago , or st. james . this was erected by the resolution of gentlemen , being either barons , or men of great quality , that ( jupon the conquering of their country by the arabians ) retired into the mountains of asturia ; and residing there made an engagement of war against the moors ; agreeing upon religious rules of knighthood , yet reserving to themselves liberty of marriage : but this order favin speaks to be erected by alphonso the ninth , an . 1158. and that it was confirmed in 1175 , by pope alexander the third , their governor is called great master , their feast is on all-saints day ; when they meet in very great magnificence , having very great revenues : their ensign a red crosse shaped like a sword , with an escollop's shell on it , in imitation of the badge of the pilgrims that go to jerusalem , and to the sepulchre of st. james the apostle . now the great master of this order hath alwayes neer him thirteen knights where ever he goes for his aid , and councill ; and so all the other orders in spain . of the order of calatrava . this was begun an . 1158. in imitation of that of st. jago , by don sanctio the third , king of toledo , and it takes it name from the place of its establishment : their habit is a black garment , and on the breast thereof a red crosse ; they have many great priviledges , and possessions in spain , the form of their crosse is set down in the end of this discourse ; which if we will believe monsieur favin , and aubertus maereus , is quite another then that which sir william segar describes . knights of alcantara . these also derive their denomination from the place of their institution , and living under the same orders with those of calatrava , doe wear the same fashioned crosse , only the colour is green they have a very glorious church at alcantara in castiglia upon the river tago , endowed with rich possessions , where their great meetings are . these were first of the order of st. julian , called the order of the pear-tree , ferainando the second king of 〈◊〉 , and gallicia , being the first great master . 1176. knights of the band. sir william segar attributes the originall of this ordsr to alphonso king of spain , an . 1268. but favin sets it down in an . 1330. from the testimony of don antonio de guevara , bishop of mondognedo ; but by the same person alphonso the eleventh , of which order ( that it might receive the more reputation ) he enrolled himselfe and his son. and yet ( as favin sayes ) none were to be admitted but younger brothers , and mean gentlemen of poor and slender sufficiency , who must have been ten years followers of the court ; or at the least had fought three times against the moors . they wear a red scarfe or ribon , crosse the left shoulder , like our knights of the bath , the breadth of three inches . their articles are too many to be inserted here . sir william segar and favin have them at large . d' avis in portugal . there was an order in portugal , erected in the year 1147. called d' avis , by alphonso the first , who were seatrd in the city ebora , and so called from the virgin mary , being patronesse of the city . they had a great master , and were called fratres , and the place of their convention was called frieria . their ensign is the same crosse with calatrava vert , and in the centre of it a pear-tree . of the order of jesus christ. since , in the year 1320. was erected another order of more esteem amongst the portugals called of jesus christ , by dionysius king of that country , and nephew to alphonso the tenth of castile ; to which order was given much of the revenue of the knights templars , that lay in that countrey , the kings of portugal are ever the soveraigns of the order to this day : the ensign of the order is a red crosse surmounted or intersected with another white , on a black vestment ; and they have many priviledges , and articles amongst them . of this order was don pantaleon , ( brother to the portugal embassadour ) who was beheaded at tower-hill , july 10. 1654. knights of montesia . this order was much about the time of those of calatrava and received their name from the place of their residence in valentia , and do wear for their ensign a plain crosse gules . this order was established in the year 1317. and had much of the revenue of the knights templars also , setled on them . knights of redemption : these knights called of redemption , were erected by james king of aragon , upon the conquering the islands of majorica , in the year 1212. their articles are many , but the chief is , they are to redeem prisoners ; from whence their title is derived : their habit is a white garment , with a black crosse ; and their governour is alwayes resident at barcco , na . d'espuella d' orada , or , of the goldeu spnr. there is another order in spain , of far more honor called 〈◊〉 d' espuella d' orada . which was created with much ceremony ; as bathing ( like our knights of the bath ) , then being laid on a rich bed , after brought to the chappel or church , where he performs his vigils , confesses , and supplicates for power to observe the duty belonging to the order ; then his gold spurs are put on , and a sword girt about him , and the sword being drawn , is delivered into his right hand ; in which posture standing , he takes an oath , never to refuse to dye in defence of his law , king , and country . and then receiving a kisse from all the rest of the order , in testimony of the amity betwixt them , he is compleat . other orders there are there , as that of cavaleri armadi , cavaleri 〈◊〉 alarde , and some more antient ; as the order os the dove or holy ghost in castile ; of st. saviour of mont real in aragon ; but these are either out of date , or of low reputation . knights of the annuntiation . this order , saith sir william segar , was erected about the same time with that of st. michael , but how i shall engage my faith to this article i know not ; for i find much uncertainty in the relation , the institution of st. michael being in an . 1469. according to his own account ; and of the annuntiation , an . 1434. besides , there is a greater error yet , in computation ; for monsieur favin , ( who hath some reason in this case to be understood , aud hath been esteemed authentick ) affirms it to be by amedis the fifth , called also the green , or verd : whom he chronologizes to live in an . 1355. which makes a vast difference : and again aubertus maereus , in his symbola equest . ordinum gives the honor of its birth to amedis the sixth , earl of 〈◊〉 : by which i must confesse so great an uncertainty appears , as affrights me from any conclusion ; but that by their general 〈◊〉 , defacto , i am assured such an order was . and that in memory of amedis the fifth , who most couragiously defended rhodes against the turks , where he took the bearing of gules a plain crosse argent , which the dukes of savoy have continued till this day . this order was first called of the snares of love , from the receiving from his lady the favour of a bracelet made of her hair into love-knots , and it was constantly celebrated on st. maurices day , who is patron-saint of savoy . he composed it to consist of fifteen knights , comprehending himself a chief master . the place of their celebration is the church of pietra , in the castle of bellies ; unto which at the institution of this order was given certain lands for the maintenance of fifteen chaplains : and continually every knight at his death gives to the church an hundred florins . and one other article was , that at the funeral of every knight ceremoniously performed at the castle of pietra , every knight of the order should wear black ; ( whereas their mourning was a white gown ) and leave off the collar for certain dayes : and that at the enterment of the soveraign , every knight according to their seniority in order should offer up his collar . every knight was sworn to wear this order dayly , and to accept of no other . and that no person stained with reproach or dishonor should be admitted : or if found so after , to be degraded . of these past knighthoods , these four , of the garter in england ; the toyzon in burgndy ; st. michael , and of st. esprit in france ; and this of the 〈◊〉 in savoy , are the most honorable , and yet in being . of the knights templars . this order as it hath been most famous in the world ( though now extinct ) i think ought to be preserved with an honorable memory . it was erected in a pious design , perpetrated with a glorious fame ; though extinguished in an ignoble and injust stratagem , of the devil , the pope , and the king of france . its first rise was from an accident of certain gentlemen meeting in the holy land , ( some say nine ) an . 1117. who hearing of the great disturbance of the country by the incursion of turks and swarmings of pickaroons , engaged a confederacy , with the hazzard of their lives to suppresse them . which resolution being known was so approved of by the patriarch , that he commanded accommodation for them in the temple neer the sepulchre . and the king of jerusalem appointed them all appertinencies for so religious an enterprize . from whence they received the name of knights-templars . and thus going on with much resolution and courage ; many christians came in to thrir assistance , and many brave exploits were performed by them : insomuch that in nine years time they had erected such a structure of honor , as set all the world at gaze , and establisht their countrey in a happy peace . for a reward whereof , pope honorius , at the suit of the patriarchof jerusalem , prescribed unto them a peculiar order of life ; and distinguished their order by wearing a white garment , and pope eugenius added a red crosse ; after which prosperity they elected a head whom they called great master . yet not long after this , jerusalem and a great part of the countrey was lost for want of supply from other parts of christendome . however they still made war upon the turks for 120. years , and added new breath to the trump of fame , purchasing large revenues to the order in most kingdoms of europe , being the exercise of love in all christian princes , and of emulation in every heroick spirit : insomuch that vitriacus gives this character of them : they were , saith he , leones in bello , agni mansueti in domo , in expeditione milites asperi , in ecclesia vel ut eremitae & monachi ; inimicis christi duri & feroces , christianis autem benigni & mites , &c. but this great glory could not shine for ever , without an eclipse ; nor such favorites of fortune live without envy , as well as emulation ; and their fall was so much the more sodain and violent , by how much their fame was higher . for in england , france , and almost all parts of christendome , was it at an instant ( as it were ) and in one very day , by sentence of pope clement the first , ( to satisfie the the base avarice of philip de beau the roy of france ) totally disolved and supprest . the pretence was upon certain articles exhibited against them ; which have been by all the world , almost not only adjudged false , but ridiculous . as that they used pagan ceremonies in the election of their great master : that they lost the holy land , ( when they alone endeavoured to preserve it ) : that they held some heretical opinions : that they worshipped an image apparelled in a mans skin : and that they drunk mans blood to confirm their oath of confederacy . when indeed itwas most certain , that the crime for which they suffered was their vast wealth ; and their fidelity to the patriarch , whom they owned before the pope : cause sufficient to set the one to solicite , and the other to grant , a monstrous doom , which they suffered under ; for what will not pride and avarice do ? the great master himselfe and sixty others of the order were commited to the mercy of fire in paris at one time , and the rest persecuted , if not executed , in most places ; all of them dying without any acknowledgement of any one allegation , and with the same christian and heroick spirits they had lived in , and by the account of favin ( a french writer and one i think in this not too impartial ) there was , at twice after , one hundred or above burned to death in paris , all dying with innocence in their mouths ; and in the same place many after . but as such notorious evils are ever the ushers of god's infinite judgements , it was not far off here : for the two knights imployed in the accusation , were one hanged , and the other slain , in a short time after . how the revenues prospered in the hands of the new possessors , i know not ; or the possessors in the enjoyment of them ; but i believe like those of church lands in this nation : and the account of stories and traditions i have seen and heard in particular of it , makes me with confidence say , very unfortunately . many of their territories and castles in some places were given to an order of knighthood called the joannites , knights of saint john of jerusalem , and particularly in england , who were after knights of rhodes , and lastly of malta , being conferred by act of parliament , ( how taken from them i cannot say ) , and in vienna by order of a great councel . of the order of st. john of jerusalem , rhodes , and malta . some have been of opinion that this order was originally from the time of the holy war , an . 1099. when , by the conduct of one called peter the hermit , robert duke of normandy , son to william the conqueror , godfrey duke of lorrain , and some other noble persons , jerusalem was 〈◊〉 from the saracens ; being called knights of st. john baptist and of jerusalem . but it is more certainly related , that certain 〈◊〉 christians going to visit the holy sepulchre , obtained leave of the caliph of egypt , to build a little cottage to live in by it : paying a due tribute for their liberty as for their own residence , and for the entertaining such as should adventure to joyne with them in their devout life ; which , monsieur favin relates to be neopolitans . after this , their number so encreased that they built another to entertain women , more large and stately ; and enlarged their oratory ; and another for men in the nature of a colledge or hospital , where they established a rector or master , and from the great charity among them , their religious life , and good deeds to pilgrims , they were called brethren hospitallers of st. john baptist of jerusalem . and upon the conquest of the ciry , they had great franchises granted them , and large revenues , with liberty to mannage armes , and were instituted to be knights of st. john , an. 1164. and for their distinction they wore a black garment , with a white ankerd crosse , with eight points ; but in war they wore a red coat of arms with the same white crosse see the example of the crosses at the end of this discourse . after their successe in the holy war grew very famous , and that they had done very great exploits , almost over all palestine ; in the year 1308 , they wonne the city of rhodes from the turks . and as valiantly maintained it against them afterwards , who four times 〈◊〉 it in vain ; and the fifth time also was o taman himself repulsed , with the losse of 40000 mahometans . but being constantly oppressed , and not encouraged with any reliefe from the christians of other parts , after three moneths siege they lost it , and ever since have remained in malta . into this order no man was admitted but he was first to approve himself a gentleman before the rector . the son of a moore was not to be admitted , nor of a jew or mahometan , though the son of a prince , and a christian himselfe : and they were sworn to fight for the christian faith , to do justice , defend the oppressed , relieve the poor , persecute the mahometans , live vertuously , and protect widows and orphans . of knights teutonicks . this order of the teutonici was founded by an almain , who remaining in jerusalem , after the taking of it , gave great and liberal entertainment to all christians that came to him , and in a short time had drawn such a resort ; that from thence arose a fraternity that bound themselves under certain articles , and elected a great master or governor ; every man of that association , apparelling himself in white with a black crosse pattee voyded with a crosse patonce . which fraternity afterwards grew a very great order ; and purchased a noble fame : but jerufalem being taken by the turks again , they removed , and pitcht their settlement in ptolemaida ; and that being also taken by the saracens , they retired to germany ; and engaging a war against the prusians , they got great victories , and having the emperours grant for enjoying what by the sword they wonne , with expence of some blood , they purchased great revenues in prusia : and built many illustrious 〈◊〉 , with churches , and some cathedrals , establishing bishops to them , whom they enjoyned to wear the habit of the order : this was about the year 1220. frederick the second , being then emperor . the chief church appropriate to this order is marcenburg . the knights besides their large possessions are lords of livonia , and they have a governour , which they still call the great master . knights of st. sepulcher . this was antiently an honorable knighthood , but it is since extinguisht , and nothing but the memory of it remaining , and that inclusively in those of malta . the ensign of the order is yet extant amongst them , as a relique of antiquity ; which is a double crosse , 〈◊〉 , as it were , two conjoyned gules , as 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 segar relates : but favin speakes 〈◊〉 , as that their crosse was a crosse 〈◊〉 , in each canton of the same a small crosse plain ; being the same as the armes of the kings of jerusalem : and from this originall that godfrey of bullein gave great goods to 〈◊〉 , especially in his last will and testament ; by which also he ordained that himself , and the successors kings of jerusalem , should be buryed in their cathedrall church , which was joyning to the sepulchre ; that their patriarch should have the prerogative of crowning them . and baldwin his immediate successor establisht them an order of knighthood , ( being before put regular chanons ) appointing the patriarch of jerusalem their great master : thus favin relates . knights of st. mary . these were a religious order , erected by certain gentlemen of 〈◊〉 , and madona ; for which they obtained a licence of pope urban , but with mony only , calling themselves knights of st. mary , but were commonly called cavaleri de madona ; and indeed properly enough , for whereas they professed to fight against infidels , they lived allwayes at home in peace , plenty , and ease , for which they gained the heroick character of fratres gaudenti , or good-fellow brethren . their habit was very rich , and on it they wore a crosse , like that of st. john of jerusalem . knights of st. lazaro . the knights of st. lazaro challenge a great antiquity , so high as st. basil ; they had great possessions , and honorable reputation ; but , like the knights templars , were suddenly eclipsed , and had as absolutely been smothered in the funeral croud of obscured honor , had not pope pius quartus a little revived them . this order does own obedience to a great master also , and are engaged to the observance of many articles ; especially they are to be of lawful birth , and gentlemen by double descent , and of christian parents ; to wear a green crosse in the manner of a crosse pattee fimbriated , as sir william segar describes ; but aubertus maereus otherwise , as is exemplified hereafter . of the knights of the bear , called also of st. gall. in the year 1213. the emperour frederick the second , going in pilgrimage to the abbey of st. gall , gave great priviledges in acknowledgment of their assistance in pulling down the emperor 〈◊〉 , and establishing him . whereupon also he established an order of knighthood , called of the bear ; which knights were yearely to meet at the abbey of st. gall , on the 16. of october ; where all new knights were to receive the order from the abbot . this order he called of the bear in honor of st. ursus that was martyred at soleure . unto this order he gave a collar and 〈◊〉 of gold , at which hung a figure of a bear enamelled sable . of the order of the elephant . in denmark is a military order , called of the elephant , and also of the blessed virgin mary : who have for their collar a chain of gold interwoven with elephants and spurs , and at it hangeth a meddal of the virgin mary , encompassed about with rayes of the sun ; at the neather part whereof hangeth another circle enclosing three nayles , which 〈◊〉 term symbola omnia christianae 〈◊〉 . who was the founder is left 〈◊〉 : the elephants are figured with castles on theis backs , which some doe suppose to be the 〈◊〉 or designment of christernus . 4. of the order of mantua . jn mantua , some fryers doe report to be some of the bloud of our saviour kept , with a piece of the spunge in which he received the vinegar and gall. which reliques they say , doe daily work extraordinary miracles . in honor of which bloud vincentio de gonzaga , fourth duke of mantua , did institute an order of knighthood , calling them knights of the bloud , of our saviour jesus christ , making himself the great master of the order ; which was confirmed by pope paul the fifth . the originall of it was about the year 1608. when he created fifteen knights , giving them collars composed of ovals of gold , some the length one way , others another ; in one of which were these words , domine probâsti ; and in the other , flames of fire , flashing about a crucible or melting-pot full of sticks of gold ; and at the same hangeth before another large oval , wherein are designed two angels standing upright , holding a chalice , and pix , crowned ; on the table of it , are seen enamelled 〈◊〉 drops of blood ; and about this oval is this inscription , nihil i sto triste recepto . knights of st. stephano . this order was erected in the year 1561. by cosmo duke of florence ; ordaining amongst them such articles almost as those of the order of malta : their residence is pisa ; where the said duke erected a church to the honor of the order , and is himselfe the great master . other orders of knighthood there are , and have been in the holy land , and other parts : as of st thomas apostle ; st. katherine of mount sinai : of the white eagle in polonia : of the swan in cleveland : the brethren sword-bearers in livonia : of st. blase in armenia : of st. john of acres , and of st. gerian , which was instituted by frederick 〈◊〉 , to which order none were admitted but germaine gentlemen . but these are all , or most of them , out of date , and not so considerable as to trouble an ingenious brain with , in this place . favin and others have discoursed enough of them , to which ( if the reader be desirous of further knowledge ) i refer him . there is also another order called of the white dragon in germany , erected by the emperour sigismond , upon a resolution of extirpating heresie and schism throughout all his dominions , who had for their ensign a white dragon : and in swethen another , which is called of the seraphins : who had at their institution appointed them collars of seraphins heads , intermixed with crosses . and now , if i have not been too tedious in this discourse of knighthood , i have i hope said enough , and conclude with the description of the severall forms of their crosses before mentioned . the first is of st. esprit , the second , of st. michael , the third of calatrava , the fourth of st. john of jerusalem , the fifth of st. lazarus the sixth of the teutonicks , the seventh of st. andrew , the eighth of the sepulchre , the ninth of christus d' avis . and so i take leave of knighthood : and in the next place only cursorily run through the antiquity of heralds , and the inns of court and chancery with their foundations ; for which last ( though not very pertinent to my businesse , ) yet i may expect an excuse , since it hath nor yet been any way done . the end of knighthood . of heralds . the word herald ( saith verstegan ) is derived from the saxon 〈◊〉 , and by abbreviation 〈◊〉 ; and herald which in that language signifies the champian of an army : and growing to be a name of office , it was given to him that in the army had the 〈◊〉 charge of challenging to battail or combat . sir henry spelman cals him nuncius sacer , and speaking of the signification of the word , says , quidam enim herault 〈◊〉 , some doe write herault , that is , dominus celsus , an eminent lord , some herold , which is an old lord ; and some heral , hoc est , says he , ministrum 〈◊〉 , an officer of an army , which last he supposes the most proper . these are officers of great antiquity ( saith dune mensis ) who writes that they are as ancien as kings , and were tearmed of the romans , 〈◊〉 , & caduceatores . and doubtlesse thee ection of our heralds was in imitation of them ; though their authority be not so great with us , as it seems theirs was ; whose office was established by numa pompilius and a colledge or hostell erected of twenty wise and reverend men ; per quos fiebat , ut justum indiceretur bellum , & ut foedere , fides pacis constitueretur : ordering that it was and should be unlawfull to take armes against an enemy without their consent and appointment . which fecialians , when the popular estate was changed into a monarchy again , wore the coats of arms of purple and scarlet , fringed with gold , and an eagle of the same embroydered thereon , and the emperors name then reigning : and they had one principall which was called by the people pater patratus , whom they ever reverenced as sacred , and it was a rule or law among them , that fecialium sacra violare , nefas erat . since when , as the office now is , they have been esteemed as embassadors , and sometimes have been made so ; however , are the messengers of princes and great monarchs , and what ever their message have been , priviledged in the same degree with embassadors , and not only in our parts , but all over the world have been in being ( though not as now in regular office ) ever since there have been kings . in every city of greece ( as saith ulpian the interpreter of demosthenes ) they were called ceryces , and had in much honor of all men , and maintained out of the publique treasury . in rome , and most other places they carryed as ensignes of their office 〈◊〉 rods in imitation of the poeticall fiction of mercury , who is styled the herald of the gods : those of rome wreathed with two serpents ; and the ancient druides of wreaths of vervine , imitating the same . in france , ( where a long time this office hath been in much honor ) not only 〈◊〉 st. dennis the principal king of arms ; but the other heralds , and pursevants are to be of noble 〈◊〉 ; and mountjoy to be of three descents , as well of his fathers as of his mothers side , of noble linage , and coat-armor . their office or colledge is in the church of st. anthony the lesse in paris . and they are allowed the priviledge of entrance into any prince's court ; and an injury offered to them is a publique injury in all parts of the world . but i do not finde they were in this 〈◊〉 and establishment , till the time of philip de valloys . the revenues of them in france was very great , as to mountjoy in particular 2000. l. lands in free tenure , and 1000 pound per annum stipend , as favin relates . and the others 1000 pound per annum stipend , besides , other profits ( and they are many ) : besides their priviledges are very great , which in the same author are at large set down : in which author i cannot but observe the ridiculousnesse of their humor in the christening of their pursevants ( for they call it christening , and the ceremony is performed with the powring a pot of wine on their heads ) ; they name them at their own pleasure , and some they call plain-way , jolly-heart , no-lyar , tell-troth , chearfulnesse , fair-seeming , loftyfoot , and the like . but to come neerer to our own concernment , i think to proceed with the same office in our own nation , where they are now in lesse esteem , i confesse , then they have been in former ages ; yet have ever been honored with messages between potentates for matter of honor and arms. ceremoniarum ministri , as in the coronation of kings and queens , enstalment of princes , and creation of noble dignities of honor , in triumphs , justs , combats , marriages , christenings , interments ; and to attend all solemn assemblies of state and honor , and by some of them ought the proclamations of all great matters of state to be promulged , causes of chivalry , and gentility are referred to their care , as in the right of bearing of arms , in shields , scutcheons , targets , banners , penons , coats , and such like ; correcting of arms in visitations : and observing descents and pedigrees of noblemen and gentlemen . they are the protonotaries , griffiers , and registers of all acts , and proceedings in the court of the high 〈◊〉 and lord marshall of engiand , or of such as have their authority ; and in their books and records they are to preserve to perpetuall memory all facts and memorable designments of honor and arms. they have been long establisht in england ; but i find not that they were incorporated into a collegiate society till richard the third's time ; when they were incorporated by charter , and placed at coleharbor , from whence they often removed , untill they became setled , where now at this time they are placed , by the honorable endeavour of that illustrious family of the howards , formerly dukes of norfolk , and earls marshals of england ; the house being before called darby house . which was established to them in the time of king philip and queen mary , and in these tearms incorporated ; by the names of garter king of arms of england ; clarenceux king of arms of the south parts , and the heralds and pursevants for ever ; and to have and use a common seal to purchase lands to sue and be sued by . edward the sixth in his third year granted them many priviledges , viz. in these words : forasmuch as sundry records and testimonies of great antiquity , and of no lesse credit have now lately reduced to our perfect knowledge the kings of armes , heralds , and 〈◊〉 of arms elected as persons vertuous , and for their good qualites , knowledge , and experience to serve in the affairs of the common-wealth , have been alwayes heretofore by emperors , kings , and princes of christian realms upon most worthy and just considerations not only maintained and supported , as well with yearly stipends and pensions , as daily profits , advantages , and commodities , sufficient to the necessity of the decent and convenient living of them and theirs in honest state . ( which daily profits , advantages , and commodities are now lately much decayed , to their hindrance , especially in this our realm ) but also have been by the said emperors , kings , and princes , enriched and adorned , time out of mans memory , with divers kinds of priviledges , liberties , and franchises ; as , among others , that they and every of them be free , exempt , quite , and discharged not only from subsidies , dismes , fifths , tenths , reliefs , contributions , taxes , profits , grants , benevolences , and generally from all other manner of charges , as well in time of war as peace , in all such realms and dominions , wherein they made their demour ; but also in all market towns , and all other places , from tolls , fines , customes , impositions , and demands ; and aswell from watch and ward in all cities , towns , and castles , borroughs , and villages ; and from the election or appointment to any office , of mayor , sheriff , bayliffe , constable , scavenger , church-warden , or any other publick office in citties , towns , castles , 〈◊〉 , and villages whatsoever . and forasmuch also as we understand all kings of arms , heralds , &c. have alwayes heretofore from the beginning of the office of arms enjoyed , and do presently enjoy , all and singular the priviledges , liberties , and franchises aforesaid , with many other , in all christian realms , without any disturbance , 〈◊〉 , or molestation ; we therefore considering the same , and earnestly minding as well the advancement of the said office of arms , as the quiet and honest supportance of our servants , and ministers thereof ; do , of our speciall grace , certain knowledge , and meer motion , by the advice and consent of our most dearly beloved uncle edward duke of somerset , and our protector of our realms and dominions and subjects , and of the rest of our councel , by these 〈◊〉 , not only confesse and generally approve , give , grant , and confirm to the said kings heralds , &c. and to every of them and their successors for ever , for us and our successors , all and singular the premises before recited , although here not recited , as have been of honorable antiquity upon just 〈◊〉 to them granted , by emperors , kings , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 right famous memory heretofore : but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 especially by these presents , pardon , 〈◊〉 , 〈◊〉 utterly for us and our heires , release the said kings of arms , heralds , &c. aswell all 〈◊〉 , sums of money and demands whatsoever 〈◊〉 , assessed , &c. the officers are thus distinguished . kings of arms garter general & indefinite . of the south p. of eng. beyond trent northw . 〈◊〉 norroy heralds york sometimes styled dukes of arms. 〈◊〉 windsor lancaste . richmond chester pursevants portcullis   blewmantle   raugh dragon   〈◊〉 croixe .   and there are commonly two pursevants extraordinary ; whose names , i finde to have varved , therefore i name them not . the office of garter was first instituted by henry the fifth , and though the other received ordination long before , yet is honored with the precedency ; and , hath the prehemimency in all charters and assemblies , creations of nobility , and honorable processions , especially all concernments of the order of the garter either in elections , or funerals . the other of clarenceux and norroy by 〈◊〉 have power , clarenceux over all england on this side 〈◊〉 , norry beyond ; to enter into all churches , castles , houses , and any other places to survey and review all arms , recognizances , and crests ; to make visitations , and to register the pedegrees and marriages of the nobility and gentry : and at their 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 or upon suit in their office to punish with disgrace and 〈◊〉 all such as shall intrude so much upon honor , as to usurp other mens atchievements , or phansie to themselves new , against the law of armes ; to reverse and 〈◊〉 them , and to make infamous by 〈◊〉 at 〈◊〉 or sessions all such as 〈◊〉 unduly take upon them the title of esquire or gentleman , and such as shall use , or wear mourning apparell , as gown , hoods , &c. contrary to the order limited in the time of henry the seventh , and to 〈◊〉 all 〈◊〉 and other artificers in the setting 〈◊〉 of arms. in the execution of which commission they have power to command all justices , sheriffes , mayors , baliffs , and other officers and subiects to be aiding and assisting to them . and if upon summons any knight , esquire , or gentleman do refuse to come and appear before him , and give an account of their arms and gentility , they have power in their respective provinces , to summon them by a suppaena of what penalty they think sit , before the earl marshal of england for their 〈◊〉 therein . and they have the ordering of all funerals of the gentry within their respective province , from a baron downwards , taking other heralds in their courses with them . as also the ordering of all combats , lists , and triumphs with the fees belonging to them : and they have for stipend out of the exchequer 100 marks a piece annuity . the six heralds are all in equall degree , only preceding according to the seniority of their creation ; their patents , being under the 〈◊〉 seal of england , and their annual stipend is forty marks , besides theirs profits and fees , the 〈◊〉 have their patents in like 〈◊〉 , a stipend of twenty pound per annum , out of the exchequer ; but those extraordinary have neither patent nor fee. the arms of the office is arg. a crosse 〈◊〉 between four 〈◊〉 , azure . the whole company are subordinate unto the high constable or earl marshall of england , and by him every of them is at his first entry commended to the king , by a bill signed with his hand . which done , the king signes the same , and so it passes the privy seal and broad seal ; and , that once obtained , they are to be 〈◊〉 and created by the king himself , or the earl martiall , in 〈◊〉 following a king of arms is brought into the king 〈◊〉 lord marshall , led between a king and a herald , or two heralds , in their coats ; the other heralds 〈◊〉 pursevants going before in their coats carrying the severall necessary instruments to 〈◊〉 used : on 〈◊〉 the coat of arms wherewith 〈◊〉 new king is to be invested , another 〈◊〉 crown ; another the patent ; another he 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ; another the book and sword : another the book where his oath is received ; all making severall 〈◊〉 , and then he kneels down with those two that led him ; one of which holds the book and 〈◊〉 whereon he swears , the other speaks his oath ; then his patent is read ; and at the word creamus , and investimus , his coat is put on ; and at non violante nomine , &c. the the water is poured on his head , and then he is perfect . there is belonging to this office a register , marshal , and other officers and servants ; and , amongst those painters called heralds-painters , every king of arms hath power to commission one whom he pleases , as appropriate to his businesse : and so much for heralds . and thus much for heraldry . the names of the several houses and innes of court , chancery , and other hostels in and about the city of london . two called serjeants inne 1. in 〈◊〉 . 2. in chancery lane . the two temples inner temple . middle temple . lyncolns inne . grays inne . innes of chancery davies inne . furnivals inne . bernards inne . staple inne . cliffords inne . clements inne . new inne . lyons inne . chesters , or strond inne . the six clerks office or inne . cursiters inne . the rolls , doctors commons . gresham colledge . the exhequer office : osbournes office. st. kather. by the tower. the inns of court and chancery in their order . first it is to be understood the four colledges or innes of court , may be tearmed collegia jurisconsultorum , that is , colledges of lawyers . the romans did call such houses diversoria , ordained to entertain strangers , which in our english are called inns : and have been acknowledged with us in england , to be the residing houses of the noblest peers , viz. oxford inn , warwick inn , ely inn ; and now called oxford house , warwick house , and ely house : somewhat according to the french , whose houses of nobility ( in paris ) are called hostels , ( in latine hospitium ) in english , inns. in london and thereabouts , there are fourteen , two serjeants innes , four innes of court , and eight innes of chancery . the most antient inne of court , and wherein serjeants of law had their first residence , was sometimes over against saint andrews church in holborn , and was known by the name of serjeants inne : which afterwards came to be the scroop's , who then were , & have since continued barons of this land , and it was called scroops iune ; which is called by another name , the possession being likewise altered out of that family . and although the innes of the serjeants be somwhat antient for time , as also of modern age too : yet it must be granted , that in respect of some others they must be respected but of a noval foundation . yet forasmuch as they are receptacles and lodging places of the most reverend judges , and grave barons of the exchequer , and other judge , in office , and serjeants at law ; they are by way of decency to be reckoned in the first rank . that hostel or inne which now is commonly called serjeants inne in fleetstreet , was sometime a messuage appertaining unto the dean and prebends of york . and afterwards purchased by the judges , and serjeants at law that lived in the reign of king henry the eighth , for a place of residence for them in tearm time . and that other called serjeants inne in chancery lane , was somtimes a mesluage belonging unto the bishops of see of ely ; as appeareth by records . in these said houses or innes of court , commonly called serjeants inne , the reverend judges of this land , and the serjeants at law have for many years lived ; and have been lodged within the same ; being ( in very deed ) although several by distance of place , yet held to be but one entire society , or confraternity by the name of brethren . the arms of these two innes of judges and serjeants . first gules two garbs in saltyre or , bands azure . the second or , an ibis proper , which is a bird neer the colour of a jay . next to the two serjeants innes in order are the four innes of court , that is to say , inner temple . middle temple . lyncolns inne . grayes innne . and first of the two houses , or societies , which are called by the name of temples or the templars inne , the middle temple beareth for distinction . argent on a plain crosse gules , the holy lamb 〈◊〉 . the said two temples or the templars inne , are of any other of the innes of court the the most renowned and famous for antiquity : they were at the prime and in their original but one entire foundationand body . but in processe of time became divided ; at first founded by a religious and devout order of souldiers , called templarii that is , to say templars . which knights within the kingdome of england purchased to themselves certain lands in fleetstreet , bordering upon the shore of the river thames , and thereon ( wit hin a short time ) built a large edifice , and withall a round synagogue , like unto a chappel or temple , as it is now standing ; and was by heraclius , patriarch of jerusalem , anno dom. 1185. dedicated to the service of god ; in which place these templars by the space of one hundred years lived in great honor and opulency , enjoying large possessions , and those situate in the best places of the realm ; the like they had in other places ; the prelate of which order , was ever a baron of england . now after the suppression of these knights templars , their colledge or hostel came to the hands of thomas plantagenet earl of lancaster , who being attainted for disloyalty and treason , the same became invested to the crown . and afterwards the earls hugo le dispencer earl of chester obtained the possession of the same house ; who for the like transgression was justly attained also , and then it came to damare de valence earl of pembrook , the lusignian family in france : who lodged therein but for a small season , so that in the reign of edward the third , the sages and worthy professors of the common laws of this realm obtained a long lease of this house for 10. l. per annum . a third part whereof , called the outward temple , one doctor stapleton , bishop of exeter , in the dayes of king edward the second , procured for a residing mansion to him and his successors , bishops of that see ; and it was called exeter inne : and so continued untill the dayes of queen mary , when the lord paget , her principal secretary of state , and obtained the said third part called exeter house , to him , and his heirs , and did re-edifie the same . after whom the said house , or the third part of the said templars house , came to thomas late duke of norfolk , and was by him conveyed to sir robert dudley knight , al. sutton , earl of lieoester , who bequeathed the same to sir robert dudley knight , his son ; and lately came by purchase to robert devoreux late earl of essex , that dyed in the reign of the late queen elizabeth ; and it is called to this day , essex house . and not to omit what is written touching the antiquity of the coat of arms belonging to this house ; it is warranted by the same , was , and yet is , to be seen purtraicted in an old manuscript , written many years since , concerning the foundation of that order , and which manuscript now is , or of late was in the custody of the right honorable lord william howard a lover of nobility and honorable arms. it is to be understood that before the order of knight templars assumed to themselves the said coat armour they now wear , that they did embrace as to them appropriate this ensign , a horse galloping with two men on his back . the which ensign was usually engraven on their signet or common seal : it hath been conjectured that the significancy thereof was , that the originall of this order began in poverty and want : so that when they were to undertake any expedition of christian service , they were enforced for want of ability , to ride two of them upon one horse : but it is more truly conceited that the same was rather an 〈◊〉 of love , and charity , and was a true hieroglyphick of an ingenious disposition , and of a 〈◊〉 kindnesse , used amongst noble and free-hearted souldiers ; whereof none were of greater note then this order . who being professed 〈◊〉 and honorable spirits when they should come to the rescue of a christian souldier , who might happen to be wounded , or sick , and comfortlesse in the field , they would relieve him , and set him behinde one of them upon his own horse , and by that means conveigh him to some place of safety ; where they should likewise take some speedy course for his relief . neither was this work of chariy , only practised by the christian knights in those ages ; but it was used by the very infidels , and pagans , who also usually were exercised in the same works of charity , as may be observed , and read , out of the famous and renowned poet ariosto ; who relates , that reginaldo and fernand , two knights charlemaine did fight together , and each of them was mortally wounded , and therefore , they agreed to adjourne the combate till another day . and that , during the space of the parly reginaldo's palfrey strayed away , and could not be found ; whereupon fer nand proffered reginaldo a part of his horse to ride upon , and willed him to mount up behind him , with assurance he would convey him safe to the place he desired , which reginaldo accepted , and fernand performed : this history is writ by ariosto in the italian language , and not unworthy observation to this intent . the knights templars took their originall about the year of grace , 〈◊〉 . and upon this occasion many noble men , who were religiously bent , obliged themselves by speciall vows to serve christ as regular cannons in chastity , and obedience ; and to renounce their own proper will for ever . the first of that order was hugo paganus , and godfrido de sancto hadomaro . their habit was prescribed by pope honorius to be a white habit ; and after , by order from pope eugenio , these knights had their first habitation appointed them by baldwin king of jerusalem , neer unto the holy temple ; there they were ever after saluted by the names of knights templars . this order in processe of time did grow so universally great , that many great 〈◊〉 and townes of christendome received their order of the knights templars , as well in this our nation , as in other parts , where they enjoyed fair revenewes and large possessions ; for in england this university , called the temple , was the feat and habitation of divers knights of that order . but it hath of late by the princely donation of king james our late soveraign been confirmed to the professors of the common law , under the great seal of england . the society of said the inner temple hath lately assumed to themselves a pegasus , whereof in particular i spare to relate any more ; for the same is vulgarly known to all . to the inner house was also appropriated divers learned legists from time to time , which in number , continuance , and gifts of nature , did exceed every other of the said innes of court : and therefore was anciently tearmed inner temple boun pleader . which continueth to this very day ; and it is withall much esteemed of , beautified , and graced with a special garden plot , famous for its situation , neatnesse and nearnesse of the river . the ensign is azure , a pegasus argent . lincolns inne . this house , owning a right to the arms as well as name of the lacyes earls of lincolne , have set up over the gate the lyon rampant purpure ; committing a great mistake in that , if sir john fern's account of that familie of the lacyes be true , ( which hath passed for authentick ) : for he tels us that or , a lyon rampant purpure was his right ; but it was only a quartering , and not the paternall coat : for his first and principall bearing was party per crosse , gules & 〈◊〉 a bend sables , over all a file or three labels arg. and this was the proper coat of those lacyes , the other was the coat of the lord nigeld or neal , baron of halton . this society of lincolnes inne , the next for antiquity , and ancient ally to the middle tenple , is situate in a street or lane known formerly by the name of new-street , and now chancery lane being once the mansion-house of a gentleman called william de havershall , treasurer to king henry the third , who for disloyalty to his soveraign , was by the said king attainted of treason , so that thereby his house and lands became annext to the crown . and thereupon the king gave this house to ralph de nova villa , vulgo nevill , chancellor of england , as appeareth by an ancient record : who also was bishop of chichester , and kept his habitation or place of abode in that place . this house came afterwards to the hands of henry lacy earl of lincoln , by reason whereof it was called lincolns inne and keepeth the style to this day . this earl henry deceased in that house about the year of our lord 1310. neverthelesse this house did afterwards continue to the bishops of chichester untill the 〈◊〉 of king henry the eighth , and the interest thereof came by conveyance to justice gullyard and other feoffees , who during his life , and after him his posterity , held it untill the reign of the late queen elizabeth , and then sir edw. gullyard knight , ( to whom the same did successively descend by inheritance ) sold the same with the inheritance thereof to the benchers and society thereof . there is no memory of any florishing estates of the students and professors of the common lawes resident in this colledge , until the reign of king henry the sixth , when it appeareth by the rolls and remembrances of that house , that the same became somewhat to be famous . but now of late time this house hath been much enlarged and beautified , with ranks of goodly edifices , and also with a fair and goodly chappel . the first of the chiefest buildings thereof was begun at the cost of sir thomas lovell knight , then or before a fellow of that society , who erected that fair gate-house into chancery lane , of brick and free stone , whereupon is engraven the arms of lacy earl of lincoln , together with his own . the said chancery lane is so called , for that king edward the third , in the fifteenth year of his reign annexed the house of covents by patent to the office of chancery , now called the rolls . grays inne beareth sables a griffin rampant , or. this house was sometimes the abiding mansion of the noble family of gray , from whence the name of the house is deduced . it is situate within the mannor poorpoole , a prebendary antiently belonging to the cathedral church of st. paul , london . in the reign of king edward the third , the gentlemen students of that society ( as is confidently affirmed ) took a grant of this house from the said baron gray who lived in those dayes . and it is held probable that the grayes armes have been anciently by this fellowship maintained ; and are still taken up , and kept as the proper and peculiar ensigne of that colledge or house , and thus the same is found portraited . barry of six arg. & azure , a bordure quarterly or , and of the second . but now of late yeares this honorable society have assumed for their proper coat armor , or ensign of honor , a griffin or , in a field sables . thavies inne beareth azure , two garbes , or , on a bend gules . on a chief sable , a letter t. arg. hereafter ensue the inferior hostels ordained for students that professe the practice of the common law of this realm , to the end they may the better obtain unto themselves the understanding of the principles & grounds of the same laws ; and be thereby the better prepared for to manage the causes of the subjects in the severall courts of justice within the dominions , whether at westminster , or elsewhere : and also by their labour , and industry to become graduates and be the better enabled to be entred into the innes of court. these inferior courts being nurseries : and are entituled inns of chancery . and first for this thavies inne , it is probable that the house by all conjecture is the most ancient of all others of that nature , and it doth in that regard challenge the precedency in this rank . this house was in the raigne of king edward the third , ( as is by 〈◊〉 to be found ) the dwelling , and mansion house of one john thavye citizen and armourer of london ; and was by the then apprentices of the law held of him at a certain rent annual , as by a record yet to be seen in the husting courts of london , doth appeare and may be verified for antiquity : but since that time the house hath been purchased by the benchers or the antients of lincolns inne , which about the raign of king henry the seventh , to the end that there might be entertained in that place a society of students , practisers , and professors of the common laws of this realm . and this house still retaineth the name of the said thavies , who was the first owner of it , as is before mentioned . furnivals inne beareth arg. a bend betwixt six martlets within a bordure azure . this house was sometime the mansion of sir william furnivall in the raign of king richard the second , as by record appeareth . he was afterwards lord furnival ; his heir general married to sir john talbot , created earl of shrewsbury by king henry the sixth , by reason whereof this mansion house came to the family of the 〈◊〉 , earls of salop : and afterwards of later years , in the raign of queen elizabeth , the same house was by the benchers or the ancients of lincolns inne purchased for the serting into the same a society of students of the common lawes , from george lord talbot earl of salop ; as by sundry deeds in the possession of the late right honorable gilbert earl of shrewbury doth appear . bernards inne beareth party per pale indented ermin and sab. a cheveron gul. fretty . this house was in the thirteenth year of the reign of king henry the sixth , a messuage belonging to one john mackworth then dean of the cathedral church of lincoln ; and in that time in the holding of one lyonel bernard , who next before the conversion thereof into an inne of chancery , dwelt there . and it hath ever since retained the name of bernards inne , or bernards house . staple inne : port de vert un pacquet de doyne arg. this house was sometimes belonging to the english merchants of the staple , as it hath been by ancient tradition held . it is of late adorned with a convenient large garden-plot to walk in , and is at this day rightly esteemed for the most ample and beautifull inne of chancery , within this academy . clifford's inne reareth checky or & azure , of fesse gul. within a bordure of the third , charged with a bezanet . this house albeit it followeth in an after rank from the former , yet it is worthy to be reputed amongst the formest , as being in reputation with the best , both for conveniency and quiet situation thereof , as for worth and good government ; it was also sometime the dwelling house of maccoln de hersey , and came to the king for debts , and was after sometimes the house of the lord clifford , as by inquisition , which was taken that year , and remaining on record , doth appeare , which hath these words , isabella quae fuit roberti clifford , 〈◊〉 cum pertinent . quod robertus habuit in parochia sancti dunstani west ' in suburb . londini &c. tenuit , & illud demisit post mortem dicti roberti , 〈◊〉 de bancho pro 〈◊〉 l. per annum , &c. ut pat . per inquisitionem , cap. 18. edwardi 3. post mortem dict . roberti clifford . this house at this day is the inheritance of that antient and right honorable family of cliffords earls of cumberland , for which there is an annual rent still rendered to the earles of cumberland for the time being . clements inne beareth argent , anchor without a stock in pale proper , entertaining a c. for clement into the body thereof . this house sometimes was a messuage belonging to the parish church of st. clement danes , from whence it took its denomination ; neer to this house is that fountain which is called clements well . this anchor is engraven in stone over the gate of the first entrance into the house , and is an hieroglyphick , figuring thereby that pope clement , as he was pope , was reputed caput ecclesiae romanae , for the roman priesthood , or anchorage of christendome , figured by the anchor , and by the text c. the sacerdotal dignity . some hold that the device of the anchor was rather invented upon this reason ; of the martyrdome of pope clement , as jacobus de voragia writeth , that he received his martyrdome being bound to a great anchor , and cast into the sea by the command of the emperor trajane . new inne beareth vert , a flower-pot arg. maintaining jully flowers , gules . this house is so called by reason of its then late or new creation , being in the reign of king henry the seventh ; therefore the same is not of late a foundation , as some imagine , which is , that the late dissolution of strond inne , being by the duke of somerset uncle to king edward the sixth , this house in lieu thereof was instituted for the dispersed gentlemen professors and students of the common laws of this realm . it is certain that sir thomas moor knight , lord chancellor of england , in the reign of king henry the seventh was a fellow student of this society ; and in the reign of king henry the eighth , removed his study into that of lincolns inne . this house was sometimes called by the name of our ladies inne , for that the picture of our lady was pourtraicted at the doore thereof . and in the reign of king edward the fourth was 〈◊〉 by sir john fyncaullxe , knight , chief justice of england , or of the kings bench , or 6. l. per annum , wherein he placed students , and practisers of the common lawes ; who before that time had a house in the 〈◊〉 bayly called st. georges inne : the passage thereunto was over against st. sepulchers church , and by some is reputed to be the first and most ancient of all other innes of chancery : but the same house at this day is converted into severall tenements and garden plots . lyons inne beareth checkie or , and arg , a lyon saliant , sab. langued and armed gules . this house received its foundation of modern time ; and lately before the acquiring thereof , it was a dwelling house , known by the name of the black lyon ; and in the reign of king henry the seventh , was purchased by divers gentlemen , students , and professors of the common lawes : the first treasurer of this society was one john bidwell . the greatest number of this society are the natives of the west parts , viz devonshire and cornwall ; but for the most part devonshire gentlemen . chesters inne , or strond inne beareth azure within a bordure gules , three garbes , or , in a bend of the second . in the reign of king henry the eighth , this house ( for that sir bevis st. marrour knight duke of somerset kept there his court ) was an inne of chancery called strond inne , and before that time belonged to the bishop of chester , after to the bishop of worcester , and unto the bishop of landaffe , with the parochiall church of st. maries adjoyning thereunto ; all which were swallowed up in an dom. 1549. for to build an ample and spacious edifice to the use of the said duke , the maternall uncle to king edward the sixth . the six clerkes office , otherwise called riderminster's inne beareth azure , two cheveronels , or , between three bezants arg. charged with . eight pellets . this house though it be not saluted by the name of an inne of chancery , as the others are , which are of like name and nature , yet is the same more properly to be called an inne of chancery then any of the rest ; for that the chancery officers do there reside , namely attourneys , commonly called the six clerks of the chancery , and are to this day a society of gentlemen well learned in the laws : these were at the first sacerdotall , and therefore called clerks . and in those days when the institution of them was first established , they were all of them church-men . this house was acquired and gotten for the society by one john riderminster esquire , a member thereof ; who in his time was a very skilfull and well learned man , and both faithfull and just , as well to his client as to his friend . it was antiently the inne , or the mansion of the abbot of norton in lincolnshire , and since that time it hath been the dwelling-house of one andrew hersfleet , and is most proper to be called an inne of chancery , for the officers of chancery only reside there : the house is situate in chancery lane , where the causes appertaining to chancery are only handled and discust . cursitors inne : beareth gules on a chief arg. two mullets sables , within a bordure compone or and azure . this edifice was , in 〈◊〉 dayes of queen elizabeth of famous memory , built by the right honourable and grave counsellor of state sir nicholas bacon knight , lord keeper of the great seal of england , for the benefit and decency of a new contrived office , now called cursitors , therein to lodge and to keep their severall offices ; these cursitors have the making of all originall writs ; ( according to the register ) which are sued out , and taken forth in causes commenced by the students at the common law. in times past the chiefe officer of the court of chancery was ever a bishop , and termed cancellarius , because he sat in cancellis , that is to say , in chancels , or places letticed after the manner of chancels in churches , as petrus 〈◊〉 a learned writer hath left to posterity . the masters of this court were for the most part doctors of divinity , and had prebendaries in churches , and other dignities and promotions . the cursitors , or rather the choristers , as it befitteth a chorus , there being no honourable cathedrall or collegiate church la esglise which can be vvell without them . and in former dayes both antient and modern , the ghostly fathers or confessors were examiners in chancery , as men held most conscionable , and thereupon fittest for that function . but fince in those dayes all the former ecclesiasticall persons , are become meerly lay-men , and yet no doubt held to be as godly , conscionable , and honest , as any ; provided ever that they be men of skill , persons who are of great integrity , and able of understanding . nam ad pietatem requiritur scientia . the colledge called doctors commons beareth gules on a bend argent , three treefoils ; within a bordure vert. the professors of the civil law , or the imperial , being also in some sort canonists and professors of the laws 〈◊〉 , have their hostels or residing place upon st. bennets hill , neer pauls chain . this house was by the industry and cost of mr. henry harvey doctor of the civil or canon law , and at that time master 〈◊〉 trinity 〈◊〉 in cambridge , and dean of the arches , instituted for the company and society of the said doctors , professors of the same study . gresham colledge beareth argent a 〈◊〉 erminoys between three mullets sables . this famous work , and most worthy colledge scituate in bishopsgate street , had its foundation laid by that worthy merchant sir thomas gresham knight , about the year of our lord 1579. who ordained therein seven lectures of seven severall arts to be there publickly read , 〈◊〉 . divinity , civill law , phyfick , rhetorick , astronomy , geometry , musick . and this to be performed by seven severall persons , learned professors thereof ; only in the time of the terms at westminster . the annual stipendary to every lecturer is 50. l. by annual pay , and each of the lecturers hath a convenient lodging provided for his use there in the same colledge . the office of the remembrancers of the exchequer at westminster beareth , or , a cheveron gules , and a canton ermin in a bordure compony , argent and azure . this house wherein now the kings remembrancer keepeth his office was sometimes antiently the inne belonging to the barons of stafford , & was in former time called staffords inne , which said house , and that other in ivie-lane , where mr. osborn the king's remembrancer keepeth his office , or rather the lord treasurers remembrancer , and the house called hospitium johannis de 〈◊〉 laurentio , wherein 〈◊〉 brainthwait serjeant at the law , 〈◊〉 his abode and dwelling in amen-corner , the bishop of elyes house , now stationers-hall ; the three tuns tavern , the bull-head tavern , the chamber belonging to diana , the next house to doctors commons called the old camera 〈◊〉 , were of antient times the lodging for the residents , and canons , and prebends of st. pauls , who belonged unto that famous cathedrall church of st. paul. st. katherine's hospitall beareth party per fesse , gules and azure : in 〈◊〉 a sword bar-wise argent , pomelled and hilt or : in poynt a demy catharine wheel of the fourth . by the licence of the prior of the covent , and the society of holy trinity in london , the said hospitall called st. katherines was founded by queen matilda wife to king stephen . the ground whereon this hospitall is 〈◊〉 , was then the proper inheritance of the said prior and covent , and the said hospitall was after enlarged by queen elianor wife to edward the first , and after philippa wife to edward the third , founded there a chancery , and it hath been of late a free chappell or hospital for poor sisters . finis . errata . page . 41. l. 4. a mistake in the last quarter of the cut . p. 52. a mistake in the cut , the eighth quarter should have been the last . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a67873-e350 fern. glo. gen. p. 4. seg. hon. mil. & civ . l. 4. c. 5. bartol . de dig. l. 12. seld. 〈◊〉 . of hon. c. 〈◊〉 p. 4. drus. observat . lib. 3. cap. 19. psal. 49. 2. fern. l. gen . p. 9. pro. 17. 6. fern p. 13 fern. selden p. 856 aristot. l. 4. de pol. fern. p. 14 segar . l 4. p. 226. bart. l. 1. cap. de dig . 12. seg. p. 〈◊〉 ibid. fern p. 1. noble by merit . nobility mixt , sir j. fern. segar l. 4 c. 15. seld. tit. of hon. c. 8 p. 853. p. 832. rot. vasco . 24 hen. 6. m. 7. n. 3. sel. p. 870. c. theod. l. 6. 〈◊〉 . 21. l. 1. sir j. 〈◊〉 form. l. 3. p. 382. edit . rom. 1621. seld. tit. of hon. c. 〈◊〉 f. 858. seld. tit. of hon. pag. 862. pag. 864. ibid. p. 865. sir john 〈◊〉 , p. 37 ibid. p. 36. aug. de civ . dei. lib. 4. cap. 4 cypr. lib. de 12. abusionibus . sir john fern. ibid. poetrie . ibid. painting . vid. paul lomazzo p. 14. history . sir john 〈◊〉 ferne. ibid. sir john ferne. p. 61. ibid. bart. in l. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . ibid. li. de capitu . ferne p. 86. 〈◊〉 . of 〈◊〉 vid. fortescue de laud. ang. cap. 49. sir john feine , p. 95. m. seld. tit. of ho. p. 555. * cam. fol. 176. † lib. 4. p. 507. ad 〈◊〉 . brit. art. 88. verst . p. 322. sir tho. smith de rep. aug. * p. 667. 〈◊〉 sir john ferne. p. 100. camb. de ordin . p. 117. & de reliquiis p. 23. spel. glos. p. 51. segar p. 224. ibid. spelm. p. 10. c. 2. ibid. segar . ferne. spel. p. 51. segar . l. 4. p. 246. seld. tit. ho. p. 769. camb. brit. p. 170. segar . ch . 1 p. 51. will. of malmsb. de gest . reg. l. 〈◊〉 . c. 6. seld. 〈◊〉 . of hon. p. 773. p. 778 ; ibid. p. 779 bract. 〈◊〉 36. cook 5. jacobi part . 6. selden . p. 772. mat. patis sir 10. fern glo. of genere . cam. brit. p. 74. pag. 175. vid. stat. de an. 23. h. 6. c. 15. seg. lib. 2. lin . 2. vid. mills fol. s 〈◊〉 . 4 ed 4. 20 see stow in anal. p. 693. & 694. edit . vet . in 4. dor. cl. 〈◊〉 20 hen 7. 20 sep. for k. of the bath , see far. f. 65. 5 book . mr. seld. fol. 790. camd. brit. p. 171 seg. f. 69. rot. pat . 10. jacob par . 10. membr . 8. seld. p. 〈◊〉 pat. 9. jac. part 48. sel. f. 827. pat. 10. ja. par . 10. n. 18. segar . l. 2. c. 3. p. 53. albert. rosu dicti . gloss. p. 79. bract. lib. 1 cap. 8. gloss. p. 79. lamb. fol. 336. seld. f. 87. spel. gloss. fol. 79. mr. seld. title of hon. ch . 5. f. 699 , 704 seg. lib. 4. fol. 223. coke par . 2. pag. 5. camden . fol. 122. sel. f. 712. see mr. sol. f. 748. cook 2. part . 80. b. 〈◊〉 pleas . del . coron . lib. 3. ch . 1. 〈◊〉 dir 205. & 300 fitz. nat . br . 165. lamb. just. l. 2. c. 1. fol. 17 dier . 315. 5 eliz. c. 1 mills de nob. pol. vel liv p. 58. pat. 18. h. 6. par . 2. m. 21. rat. pet . 4. 〈◊〉 par . 1. sir wil. segar . f. 821. segar . fol. 220. instit. par . 2. fol. 5. 〈◊〉 fol. 315. ib. f 325. cam. rem . 6. 15. seld. fol. 605. ibid fol. 609. spelman , 〈◊〉 fol. 〈◊〉 . ib. f. 109. selden . fol. 639. see sir jo. 〈◊〉 . hon. mil. & liv . fol. 641. seld. title of honor , ch . 5. f. 641. ib. fol. 646 & camd. brit f. 591. seldens title of honor , pag. 761. segar . fol. title of honor , pars latina . 〈◊〉 . fol. 219. segar . fol. 214. sir john fern. fol. 138. ludovic . de molina de hisp. primogen . lib. 3. c. 6. lamb. per. kent , fol. 364. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . 97. fetn glory of generosity . segar . 〈◊〉 . mil. & civil . coke 3. fol. 238. bracton : de acqui . rerum . dom. l. 24. in 1. 7. 11. camd. brit f. 105 see bract. also , lib. 1. chap. 8. seld fol. 123. ingul . hist fol. 484. ib. ib. f. 510. 26 hen. 〈◊〉 chap. 1. sold. title of honor. chap. 7. ibid. f. 44. ibid. fol. 4. her. trismegist . paus. in boeoticis . seld. f. 11. seld. c. 8. fol. 149. chopni de dominio . lib 3. tit . 8. coke 7. par . seld. fol. par . 1. c. 8. ibid. cap 8. seg. hon. mil. & civ . lib. 4. cap. 6. jac. rebust . de dig . lib. 12. th. walsingham 17 rich. 2 seld. c. 3. par . 1. seg. fol. 214. see 〈◊〉 . de divin . lib. 2. 〈◊〉 . ad spartian . stat. hyb . 24 h. 8. cap. 12. & 25. segar l. 4. cap. 4. leunclavius supplement , annal . turc . ann. chr. 1566. seld. fol. 906. coke 8. part . 53. cart. 21. rich. 2. mem . 12. num . 18. pat. 24. hen. 8. par . 1. pat. 21. jac. part . 8 num . 4. versteg . fol. 413. bract. l. 3. de coron . 116. ib. de acq . rer . dom. lib. 2. c. 34. dier's reports . 283. b. glory of generosity . fol. 62. ibid. coke 4. part . 118. b. 6. part . 53. b. ibid. dyer . 79. coke par . 1. fol. 16. 32 of ed. 3. 35. in the case of gilb. humfrevill seld. tit. of honor , fol. 632. bed. hist. eccl. lib. 2. cap. 5. ibid. lib. 2. cap. 15. 〈◊〉 . p. 77. see the statute of the year , 1273. seld. p. 117 anno 18. 1. edw. 1290. stat. de 〈◊〉 : an. reg. ed. 20. an. 36. ed. 1. an. 37 ed. 1. & an 7. rich. 2. hen. 3. ed. 4. rich. 3. vide plow . den f. 121. statute 8. of hen. 6. cap. 15. crompt . courts 16. vid sta. de an 〈◊〉 h. 6. cap 〈◊〉 . 21 of ric. 2. cap. 12. plowd . 221. 6. bract. initio libri . brookes prerog . 13. c. 73. & stamff 72. dyer 60. cromptons courts . fol. 11. notes for div a67873-e17240 rules in blazon . sir john fern makes 〈◊〉 . colours . segar , fern , guillim . guillim . favin p. 1. ca. 3. fol. 24 ib. p. 25. hon. mil. & civ . p. 213. notes for div a67873-e33010 heylyn . fol. 325. & 326. seld c. 5. fol. 792. fav . fol. 68. & 70. heylyn . hist. de st. geo. cap. 1. fol. 142. cedton . pag. 650. de vit . const. l 1. l. 32. seg. f. 155. heyly n-hist . de st. georg. fol. 318. geof . of munmouth . aubertus maereus , fol. 145. lesleus , 〈◊〉 9. pa. 193. favin . l. 4. fol. 14. segar . seld. title of honor ca. 〈◊〉 p. 55. bodin . de rep . lib. 5. cap. 4. seld. pars : sec. cap 3. fol. 552. favin l. 3. pag. 372. hon. mil. & civ . lib. 2. p. 87 88 , 89. fav . lib. 3. fol. 312. & aubert . meraeus . pag. 62. fol. 63. knights of st. lazarus . knights of mount carmel . porcupine . thistle . croissant . ermin . cock and dog . seld. pag. 554 , 555. * a book of devotion full of improbable 〈◊〉 licencedby the church of rome . fau. l. 6. fol. 11. segar . favin . l. 6. fol. 138. ibid. f. 137 aub mae . foi . 99. segar . favin . l. 6. fol. 142. ibid. fol. 163 , 164. aub. maer . fol. 119. seg. aub. 〈◊〉 . mr. seld. title of honor , fol. 576. favin . l. 8. 〈◊〉 . 310. segar . fol. 66. vid. aub. maer . f. 77. & 78. hist. orient . cap. 65. & 66. 〈◊〉 . fol. 92. 7 of ed. 2. segar . fol. 66 , 67. favin . l. 9. fol. 388. 〈◊〉 . l. 2. ol . 105. ibid fol. 106. favin lib. fol. 381. seg fol. 107. favin . l 7. fol. 273. aub maer . lib. 2. f. 79 ibid. sol . 150. favin . fol. 392. notes for div a67873-e41070 verst . 〈◊〉 . 321. gloss. f. 336. vid. pomp. 〈◊〉 . de magist . rom. p. 5. favin . l. 4. cap. 4. ibid. ibid. favin . l. 〈◊〉 . c. 4 f. 36. the science of herauldry, treated as a part of the civil law, and law of nations wherein reasons are given for its principles, and etymologies for its harder terms. mackenzie, george, sir, 1636-1691. 1680 approx. 368 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 88 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2004-08 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a70582 wing m204 estc r21727 12618253 ocm 12618253 64440 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english 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(eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a70582) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 64440) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 673:7 or 696:31) the science of herauldry, treated as a part of the civil law, and law of nations wherein reasons are given for its principles, and etymologies for its harder terms. mackenzie, george, sir, 1636-1691. [8], 98 [i.e. 102], [5] p., 30 leaves of plates : coat of arms. printed by the heir of andrew anderson ..., edinburgh : 1680. attributed to george mackenzie. cf. nuc pre-1956. errata: prelim. p. [8]. added t.p., engraved: scotland's herauldrie / by sr. george mackenzie ... "an alphabetical table ..." [i.e. index]: p. [1]-[5] at end. imperfect: reel 696:31 lacks engraved t.p. and plate facing p. 95. reproduction of original in cambridge university library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within 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nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng heraldry -scotland. 2004-03 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2004-04 spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images 2004-05 judith siefring sampled and proofread 2004-05 judith siefring text and markup reviewed and edited 2004-07 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion scotland's herauldrie . by s r. george mackenzie of rose-haugh knight . the science of herauldry , treated as a part of the civil law , and law of nations : wherein reasons are given for its principles , and etymologies for its harder terms . virgil . — antiquam exquirite matrem . edinbvrgh , printed by the heir of andrew anderson , printer to his most sacred majesty , anno domini , m. dc . lxxx . to my countrey-men . hearing , when i was beyond seas , herauldry look'd upon as the science of gentlemen , and finding it taught as such in the academies , i resolved to know somewhat of it , upon design , rather to serve my countrey , then to satisfie my curiosity : for it was justly admir'd , that we only of all nations had never publish'd any thing , to let the world know what marks of honour our predecessors had gain'd . and having had great intimacy with a most learned advocat at bourge in france , who was admir'd over all europe for his skill in this art , it was easie for me to find that there was one book yet wanting upon this subject ; for some had treated this science as meer law , without understanding the practice of blazoning , as bartolus , chassaneus , &c ▪ whilst others handled it as a part of the civil law , as guilim , menestrier , colombier , and others , without being bred to the law , which requires a whole man , and his whole age. to reconcile which two , i was induced to write some observations , whilst i was young , to joyn the theory with the practice , and to examine and polish the principles and terms of that excellent art : and if these serve to please or instruct you my country-men , i have satisfied my ambition , and got my reward . having also design'd to learn from our old rights and evidents , the origin and progress of our stiles , and by what steps they arrived at their present perfection , ( in which work i have made considerable progress ) i did from the original papers i saw , and from the old chartularies of our abbacies , draw an account of our families ; but because i want time to fit them for the press , i resolve to leave the manuscript , as a new testimony of my kindess , to my native countrey . the heads of the chapters . chap. i. the origin and use of arms , where of seals . chap. ii. who can give or bear arms. chap. iii. of the shield . chap. iv. of colours and metals . chap. v. of furs . chap. vi. of the principal points of the shield . chap. vii . of lines used in herauldry . chap. viii . of the partitions of the shield . chap. ix . of the honourable ordinary's in general . chap. x. of the chef . chap. xi . of the pale . chap. xii . of the bend. chap. xiii . of the face , or fess. chap. xiv . of the cheveron . chap. xv. of the bordur and orle. chap. xvi . of the cross. chap. xvii . of the saltyr . chap. xviii . of such figures , square and round , as are only us'd in herauldry . chap. xix . of living creatures , trees , flowers , &c. and the general laws of herauldry , relating to them . where , 1. of planets , &c. 2. of the parts of a man ; 3. of four-footed beasts ; 4. of beasts , and their several parts ; 5. of fowls ; 6. of fishes ; 7. of trees , and plants , &c. 8. of castles , and instruments of war ; 9. of vtensils , crowns , and others , used in armory . chap. xx. why arms are changed . chap. xxi . marks of cadency , and differences . chap. xxii . of bastards . chap. xxiii . of abatements . chap. xxiv . of marshalling . chap. xxv . of atchievements in general . chap. xxvi . of the helmet . chap. xxvii . of mantlings . chap. xxviii . of wreaths . chap. xxix . of crests . chap. xxx . of crowns . chap. xxxi . of supporters , where likewise of compartments . chap. xxxii . of motto's , or devises . chap. xxxiii . of slughorns , or the cry of war. chap. xxxiv . of devises . the blazon of the atchievement of the king of scotland , and the reasons of that bearing . the blazon of the atchievement of his majesty of great-britain . errata . though the sheets were carefully revised , yet some escapes have been committed : the most material mistakes are to be corrected as followeth ; the rest are obvious to the considerat reader . page 3. l. 20. for and fife , r. in fife . p. 5. l. 22. r. in pale for . p. 6. l. 2. r. for their arms. p. 14. l. 16. dilatione , r. delatione . p. 15. add chap. 3. p. 16. l. 3. j'escu , r. l'escu . p. 19. l. 1. r. topaz . l. 8. for taoyth , r. iacynth . l. 9. r. metellorum . l. 14. cartwright , r. carter . l. ult . for pointeo , r. pointed . p. 23. l. 22. r. caeruleis . p. 24. ch. 6. l. 25. for e , r. f. p. 28. fig. 4. l. 2. r. counterchanged . p. 30. ch. 9. l. 23. dele or . p. 40. l. 37. r. diminutive . p. 43. l. 6. the r. an . p. 45. fig. 12. marg . r. straloch . ibid. dele aliter . p , 47. l. 1 , 2 , & 3. for argent , r. or. ch. 18. l. 17. for obsturcir , r. obscurcir . l. 18. for ce , r. je . p. 48. l. 8. r. besantée , l. 9. for bestanted , r. besanted . p. 54. marg . for lochcow , r. lochnaw ▪ fig. 11. l. 4. parting , r. pearcing . p. 57. fig. 6. l. 4. for hearts , r. an harts . p. 61. fig. 4. l. 2. for with , r. within . p. 66. fig. 11. l. 3. for oars , r. raes . p. 68. fig. 6. l. 5. bears , r. boars . p. 70. l. 7. heir , r. heirs . l. 37. tailye , r. entail . p. 71. l. pen. it s , r. ils . p. 72. l. 1. their , r. these . p. 73. l. 48. r. convenire . p. 74. l. 32. kings , r. king. p. 75. l. 10. r. arms of . p. 77. l. 33. r. nam . p. 79. l. 30. caur , r. caeur . l. pen. for of two sex , r. two of sex . p. 81. l. 3. cressets , r. croslets . p. 84. fig. 8. l. r. oars , r. raes , p. 88. l. 22. for shields , r. helmets . p. 90. l. 36. west , r. waist . p. 92. l. 21. r. dolphins . l. 40. farme , r. favin . p. 94. l. 11. for baronet , r. banneret . p. 98. l. 15. r. cry it out . p. 100. l. 16. r. verberantem , and r. significantem . l. 41. r. thus , the standard bearing the st. andrew 's cross , &c. nota , these three ordinary's chef , band , face , are ( in complyance with the received customs ) indifferently written and termed throughout this treatise chef , chief , or chief ; face , fasce , or fesse ; band , or bend. nota , the arms of straiton of lowriston , and also the arms of stirling of keir , are blasoned in several parts of this book by divers ways , and that conform to the old records of arms , where they are to be seen in all these differing forms . errours in the plates . in the royal atchievement of scotland , the lyon in the banner ought to look to the staff. in the plate of the partitions , third coat , the parting of the chef , is contrary . in the plate of the quartered atchievments , the first and last coat of the earl of kelly , should be gules . the field of the coat of bruce , in the same plate , should be or. the science of heraldry . book 1. chap. 1. the origin and use of arms . heraldry is that science , which teacheth us to give or know arms ; suteable to the worth or intention of the bearer . arms may be defin'd to be marks of hereditary honour , given or authorized by some supream power , to gratify the bearer , or distinguish families . the first name given to such bearings , was , imagines , scutis qualibus apud troiam pugnatum est , continebantur imagines , plin. lib. 35. c. 3. the grecians called them , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . conan . l. 9. com . jur . civil . c. 2. n. 3. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , as cujac . observes , ad l. 13. f. ad l. cor. de fals . the civilians call them , insignia ; l. 2. in princip . f. de his qui not . infam . l. eos . sect 2. f. defalsis . but bart. is tax'd for , insigniis & insigniorum ; whereas the true latine is , insignibus & insignium , us'd in the former texts . some call them , insignia armorum , the latine of which is also doubted by tiraquel . cap. num . 19. others call them , tesserae gentilitiae ; and in the civil law they are called , tituli , arg . rub. & l. un . c. de his qui potent . nom . & ibi bart. the germans call them wappen , or clenodia : the italians , carmas : the french , armoiries : the scots and english , arms ; from the latine , arma , which was us'd in this sense even amongst the romans , virgil , et genti nomen dedit , armáque fixit troiae . these arms are distinguished from hieroglyphicks , symbols , emblems and devices , in that , these require no fixt colours , as arms do . the emblem represents some moral lesson , but arms are the testimony of some noble action : arms are hereditary , but these are assum'd , and altered at pleasure . some think , that the giving of arms arose from the example of iacob blessing his children ; in which he gave them marks of distinction ; as iudah , a lyon , &c. and certain it is , that the tribes did bear these upon their ensigns . others ascribe their invention to the germans , and some to the romans . some think , the goths and vandals gave the first arms , to excite their souldiers to noble actions , upon their invading italie . others ascribe the exactness of this invention to charles the great ; aldrovan . l. 1. others to henry i. in anno 986. hop . cap. 3. but by comparing all these opinions , it is clear , that the wearing thir marks of distinction , is a iure gentium , and a part of the law of nations : for even the barbarous nations , such as the cimbri , teutones , &c. were observed by plutarch in vita marii , gessisse in armis pictas ferarum imagines : and hopping asserts , that he hath seen a shield from china , charg'd with a panther in a field , orr : yet certainly , the digesting these customs into an art , and the subjecting them to rules , must be ascribed to charlemaign and fredrick barbarossa ; for they did begin and grow with the feudal law , paul , iov . & mart. crus . lib. 2. part . 2. cap ult . and i cannot here forget , that some learned men have ascrib'd the first wearing of colored shields , to the scots and picts : and that the wearing of clothes of diverse colours , rose from their conforming their clothes to the variety of their shields , limneus lib. 5. de jur . pub . cap. 6. num . 6. speidel in not . jurid . histor . verb. wappen . the reasons of inventing this art , and giving such marks of distinction , and the advantages arising from the knowledge of heraldry and arms , are , 1. the great design that men had to perpetuate their own great actions . 2. the desire that governours had , to encourage others to do great things by rewarding with a cheap kind of immortality what their deserving subjects did . thus marshals predecessors got three pales gules , on a chief , orr , by the kings dipping his finger in camus the danes blood , and drawing three pales gules upon his shield , after that camus was defeat in a battel , in which the first keith fought most generously , anno 1006. 3. the advantage of distinguishing friends from enemies , who could not be better known , then by their several bearings , and thus vegel lib. 2. de re milit . tells us , that the roman legions were thus distinguished , virgil. lib. 2. mutemus clypeos , danaumque insignia nobis aptemus . 4. to show a respect to religion . thus the christians bore the cross , at their expeditions into the holy-land , which were therefore called , croissads : and the pringles and others , bear escalops , to show their devote pilgrimages : of which these shells were the badges , and for which pilgrimage , the pringles were first called pilgrims , and thereafter by corruption pringle . for the same reason doth the dowglass carry a heart , in remembrance of the pilgrimage to the holy-land , with king robert the bruce's heart ; which was to be , and is buried there , at the special command of that pious prince , about the year , 1328. 5. to show from what country the bearers came : thus the maxwels and ramsays bear the eagle , to show their descent from germany . the ruthvens the arms of portugal ; from which king they are said to be descended : and the name of marjoribanks bear the cushion , to show that they were iohnstouns originally . 6. to show their alliances . thus we quarter arms ; and by this means , the memory of great families , and even of clans and sirnames , are only preserved . thus scotland , by bearing a double tressour flori , and contre flori , is remembred of their league betwixt france and them in the reigns of achaius and charlemaign . thus there is no monument of the randolphs , but by quartering their cushions with the arms of the dumbars ; nor of the pepdies , but by the pepingoes , born by the earle of hume : nor of the giffords , but by the three bars ermine , born by the earle of tweddail , as their arms : nor would have any known that there had been a lord brechin of the name of wishart , if the marquess of dowglass had not quartered his arms , as having married the heretrix . 7. to remember princes of their obligations to some families . thus king robert the bruce gave the house of winton a falling crown supported by a sword ; to show , that the seatons had supported the crown when it was in a distrest condition : which seaton of barns yet bears , because he got the land which was dispon'd , with the arms : and to veitch , a bullocks head , to remember posterity , that the bearer had assisted that king with aliment , in bringing some bullocks in his great distress . 8. to instruct descent by blood ; and therefore arms are called tesserae gentilitiae . thus the weems and fyfe , are known to be cadets of macduff , and the colquhouns and m cfarlans cadets of the family of lennox , by their arms ; and these are surer marks of consanguinity than the sirname , as may be known by many instances ; and among others the shaws in the north , are known to be m cintoshes by their arms. 9. to show , that the bearers possest once great imployments . thus the earle of southesks predecessours did bear a cup in an escotcheon , upon the eagles breast , to show , that his predecessours were cup-bearers , regi olim à pateris , ut praelibaret & auro , ista notis certis perhibent insignia gentis . and wood of largo two ships , to show , that his predecessours were admirals . thus burnet carries a hunting-horn in his shield , and a high-lander in a hunting garb , and grew-hounds for his supporters ; to show , that he was his majesties forrester in that northern forrest , as forrester of that ilk is in the south : for which he also carries three hunting horns . the earle of holdernesse , ramsay , carried a sword pale-wayes , to show , that he and his successours had right to carry the sword of state , the day of gowries conspiracy , as a reward for killing gowrie . 10. these shew ofttimes to the bearers , to whom they have been oblidged . thus the dundasses bear for their supporters , the lyon , which was the arms of the earls of march , to show , their support they got from that nobleman ; and they show the intimacy and friendship of the giver . thus king robert the bruce having carried as a privat badge three lawrel leaves , with this word , sub sole , sub vmbra virens : he gave to irvin , drum's predecessour , who had been constantly his armour-bearer , the three hollen leaves , which is a kind of lawrell . 11. these shew the bearers antiquity , and thus macdowal ( for though macdougal may be macdonald , yet macdowal is not ) is known to be amongst the ancientest sirnames of scotland , because he bears a lyon collard , with a broken crown about his neck , in remembrance of dovallus , his predecessours ( as is alledg'd ) killing nothatus , who was a tyrant , and who liv'd many years before christ : which ( if true ) are the ancientest arms i ever saw , belonging to any private family in europe . 12. these let us know , if the bearers be noblemen or gentlemen , and what their dignity is ; as will appear by several casques and crowns . 13. the shield , and ofttimes the signet , made the bearers , who were kill'd in the crowd , to be known , that they might be honourably buried . 14. they being appended , inform us of the true sirnames of the granters , which are become illegible ; and thus by the seals i have found some charters to be granted by menzies of weems , when we could hardly read the name : and i have been in processes , wherein charters were alledg'd to be false and forg'd , because the granters true arms and seal were not appended . 15. by these arms , we are instructed of the right originations , and writings of sirnames : and thus we know the name of tarbet to be wrong writ ; and that it should be writ , turbett , seing they have three turbetts , fretted proper , for their arms. and thus we find that buchannan erred , calling the winrams , viniramus ; which gave occasion to some of that name lately , to take a vine branch for their arms ; for the old arms is a ram passant , and were given the first of that name , for being incomparable at a game wherein men were to wind and turn a strong ram from the sheep with one hand : whereupon he was also called winramme . thus the trumbles are turnbulls to their names ; and boëtius sayes , that they were so called , because the first of that name , did turn and divert a mad bull from killing king robert the bruce . of which antiquities and games there is no record but heraldry . 16. these arms show who have been founders of towns , castles or churches . thus the church of durham is known to be built by the kings of scotland , and the town of erfort is known to be built by the french king , because it bears their arms , dresser pag. 227. 17. these inferr a presumptive right of superiority , quando arma in portis vel curiis pinguntur , bart. tract . de insig . and thus when the millaners did ingage to be vassals to the emperor fredrick the first , they undertook to carry the arms of the empire upon the steeple of their chief church , limn . dejure publ . cap. 6. num . 126. and when orknay and zetland were fully resign'd to the kings of scotland , it was agreed , that the arms of scotland should be affixt in their publick courts : and thus the dukes of venice are known not to have an absolute jurisdiction , because they are not allowed to represent the arms of their family upon the coin of the publick , alberi . ad l. si qui c. de oper . publ . and one of their dukes was severely censur'd by the state , for having contraveened this rule in heraldry , tessaur . decis . 270. arms do presume propriety in moveables especially , to which men have only right by possession , and not by writ , hopping , cap. 13. and this is an ordinary presumption in all judicatures , nam sicut ex signis signatum , ita ex insigniis domini rerum cognoscuntur , tusk . tom . 1. conclus . 516. 18. these arms are also most necessar for signing articles of peace amongst princes , and contracts and other writs amongst private persons ; and by them also knights and warriours did find out one another in battels and tiltings : an example whereof our history gives , in the lairds of drum and m clean at the battel of harlaw . 19. by these the ships of enemies are known , and are accordingly confiscated , if taken at sea ; which lawyers extend so far , that if a ship carry the flagg of an enemy , it will be declared prize , though it belong to a kingdom in amity with the taker , iason . consit . 163. h. 19. many likewise took a part of their superiour or over-lords arms , as is observ'd in camdens remains , pag. 157. and thus most of the sirnames in annandale carry the arms of the bruce ; in murray , some part of the murrays arms ; and in tevidale , the dowglass arms , or some part thereof . 20. i confess that arms are sometimes derived from the names of the bearer , as peacock bears a peacock , cockburn a cock , &c. and these are called , arma cantantia , by the latine ; 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , by the grecians ; des armoiries parlants , by the french ; rebus or canting arms , by the english : and are never presum'd to be noble arms , because , it is presumed that if the bearer had done any generous actions , which deserved arms , they had never recurred to their names ; yet this rule holds not still true : for of old , some men got their lands as rewards of great acts , and sirnames came not in the mode with us , till the reign of king malcolm canmor , who gave sirnames to all his nobles , and then many took their sirnames from their lands they possest , as the cockburns and others , and suited their arms to their names to the end it might be known that they were heritors of such places : for which cause likewise we find , that chiefs of families are ordinarly of that ilk , that is to say with us , that their names and lands are the same . some also derive their names as well as their arms from some considerable action : and thus a second son of struan robertson , for killing of a wolf in stocket forrest by a durk in the kings presence , got the name of skein , which signifies a durk in irish , and three durk-points in for pale for his arms. some likewise got names from their arms , for being strangers , the people amongst whom they came , not knowing their arms , gave them names from their symbols or arms they did bear . thus , the fowllis were called , from the leaves they carried : monsieur des feules , and the herrises or herrisons , with us got their names from the porcupine , or herrison in french , which was their arms , as brothers of the house of vendosm : and historians observe , that the french were called galli , ex eo quod gallos in conis galeae , seu pro cristis gerebant : and therefore , limneus , cap. 6. num . 1. concludes , that omnia arma quae cantant , non sunt insignia illiberalia , sive vilium hominum . arms are ordinarily assum'd by kingdoms , and towns , either to represent what they glory most in : thus the kingdom of granada , take a pome-granate . thus the earle of buchan , took three garbs , or sheaves of corn , because buchan was more fertil in corn than other places of scotland ; which though very fertile now in grain , yet were then full of woods : or else kingdoms , and towns take something which resemble the situations of their countrey . thus holland takes a lyon , and paris a ship , because the ground upon which it was built , represented the figure of a ship : and ordinarily with us , towns took for their arms the most remarkable thing belonging to their towns ; as , edinburgh and dumbarton , their castles : or else the saint , which was their patron , as pittinweem , st. adrian ; and tayn , st. duthacus ; or else the badge of that saint , as st. iohnstoun , the holy lamb , which is the badge of st. iohn : and dundee , the pot and the lillies , which is the badge of the virgin mary . which invention was borrowed from the ancients , for we find that diana was represented upon the coyn of massilium , now marsels , because that city was founded by phocea . alexandria , napoli , ( now naples ) and other towns built by the romans had , in memory of romulus and remus , a wolf sucking two young ones upon the reverse of their coyn . in imitation of which custom , i find , that not only the roman medals did thereafter bear reverses , but some of even our towns do bear them till now . thus aberdeen gives their for arms three towers , triple towr'd ; and for their reverse , st. michael , standing in the porch of a church . i have seen the books of arms of most nations , and i have in general observed , that every nation hath shewed their humour , as much in heraldry , as in their other characters : for the arms of almost all the families in spain , are given , to signifie some undertaking for the christian religion , against its enemies , the moors , turks , or other hereticks . and their shields of late are fill'd with ave maria's , i. h. s. and such other devote characters . the arms of the italians are ordinarily emblems and witty hieroglyphicks . the german atchievements consist of multitudes of coats , marshall'd in one , to gratifie the humour of their countrey ; who are vain of nothing so much , as of their pedegrees . those of poland and denmark , are as wilde and monstrous as the people are who bear them . but the french , who are great artists , wherever they study , do suffer their natural volagenesse to be consin'd and fixt by rules of art. and the scots , to expresse their friendship to the french , have of old , imitated them in their heraldry , asmuch , as we do the english , since we were happily united with them under one monarchy . the turks take oftentimes letters of the alphabet , as a cognizance ; because their religion discharges them to use images . and it is observed , that the spaniards use oftentimes letters , in imitation of the turkish moors their neighbours : or else , these have been left with them since the moors possest their countrey . of seals . by the civil law , testaments and all writs of importance were to be sealed . and by our law , quilibet baro , vel alius tenens de rege habere debet sigillum proprium , ad serviendum regi , ut de jure tenetur . stat. rob. 3. cap. 7. num . 5. and by the 130. act. 9. parl. i. 1. every freeholder should compear at the head-court with their seals ; and if he cannot come , he should send his attorney with the seals of his arms : and these who want such seals , are to be amerciat by the foresaid statute : rob. 3. and therefore till of late , every gentleman sent his seal to the clerk in lead , which the clerk kept by him ; many of which are yet in their hands . examples whereof , i have set down , chap. supporters , fig. 5. & 6. of old , the appending of the seal was sufficient in charters , without the subscription of the party . reg. maj. lib. 3. cap. 6. si recognoscit sigillum suum in curia , debet illum warrantizare , suae autem malae custodiae imputetur , si damnum inde incurrat , per sigillum suum ex insolentia , aut negligentia custodum : whether the seal affixt be the granters seal , that then the truth shall be searcht ; for by comparing many sealings together , per comparationem plurium sigillorum , & alias chartas eodem sigillo signatas . it was lawful amongst the romans , for such as wanted seals , to append the seals of others , § . possunt inst. de test . and this was very ordinar with us ; but then the nottar behooved to expresse , that this was so done . thus i have seen an charter granted by the lord of the isles to the abbacy of aberbrothock , which sayes , et quia meum sigillum est minus notum in scotia , ideo apposui sigillum episcopi rossensis . commissions from shires , to their respective commissioners in parl. were also to be sealed , act. 101. parl. 7. i. 1. and this custom of sealing papers without subscriptions , continued in vigour till march , 1540. at which time , king iames the 5. by the 117. act. 7. parl. did ordain , that because men might lose their seals , or their seals might be counterfeited ; that therefore all evidents should for the future be subscrib'd , as well as sealed . and yet queen mary did thereafter , parl. 6. act. 29. appoint that all reversions , bands , and discharges of reversions should be sealed : and thereafter , i. 6. by the 80. act. parl. 6. appointed all papers importing heretable title , to be both sealed and subscrib'd . and though by the 4. act . parl. 9. iames 6. papers which are to be registrated , need not be sealed , because the seal was supply'd by the registration . yet , i see no posterior law dispensing ( without registration ) in other cases : and it would be a further check upon forgers of papers , that the granters seal were to be appended . for many can forge a subscription , who cannot forge a seal . so that each forger , behoov'd to associat at least another with himself ; which would discourage them before the cheat , or help to discover the forgers after the cheat were perpetrat : but retours must yet be seal'd with the seals of the inquest , satut : rob. 3. cap. 1.4 . and decreets of apprisings , with the seals of the assizers and verdicts of the justice-courts , are also to be seal'd by the regulations , 1670. i cannot here forget to inform , that of old , our acts of parl. had oftentimes the kings great seal appended to them : upon the right hand were appended all the seals of the ecclesiasticks , and upon the left , all the seals of the nobility ; with which the whole act was surrounded . of these i have seen many , and particularly , a ratification , granted by king iames 4. to hepburn , earl of bothwel , upon the forfeiture of the ramsay , anno 1480. which bears , in quorum omnium fidem , ac corroborationem , & laudationem earundem praefatus supremus dominus noster rex , & regni status per se singulariter requisiti sua sigilla , quorum nomina sigilla representant , praesentibus appendi jusserunt . i conceive that seals , may very well represent , not only the bearing it self , but the colours ; which i first order'd to be practised : for the seal may be varried in its cut as the other figures of this book are , which may be very useful , seing many mens arms differ only in the colours . chap. ii. who can give , or bear arms . of old , emperours , or senats only gave arms , laz. lib. 9. cap. 17. but thereafter they did choose an old expert warriour , on whom they bestowed the power of rewarding , with coats of arms , such as had deserved well : and these were called foeciales by the romans : but now are called heraldi , or herawldi . for heer , signifies an army , and alt , an elder , senes in armis : or from heer , an army , and alda , which in the hungarian tongue , signifies a common servant , hopping . cap. 6. part . 9. the ehief of that society is called lyon , king of , or , at arms , with us : rex armorum in latine . which name he bears from the lyon , which is the royal charge with us : and konning , van wappen by the germans . ibid. garter in england ; and montjoy , st. denis in france : and his patent in scotland runs thus . carolus , dei gratia , &c. tenoreque praesentium facimus , creamus , constituimus & ordinamus memoratum carolum aereskin , leonem , & nostrum foecialem , regem armorum , &c. dedimus & imposuimus , tenoreque praesentium damus , & imponimus ei , nomen leonis nostri foecialis , regis armorum . una cum stilo , titulo , &c. ac per praesentes ordinamus eum in dicto officio actualiter investiri , & secundum praxin coronari , &c. & similiter , munimus pranominatum cae . tanquam leonem , regem armorum , plenâ potestate , libertate , licentiâ & authoritate , personis , virtute praeditis , & de nobis benè meritis , diplomata armorum , secundum ordinem , & constitutiones eatenus praescriptas , concedendi . but though this power be bestowed upon heralds , yet princes have not so denuded themselves of it , but that they may and do ordinarily grant coats of arms : and thus , when noble-men get their honours by patent with us , there is either a command given therein , to the lyon , king at arms , to grant arms , crest , crown and supporters , or else , they are specified in the patent . and it is a rule in the heraldry of all nations , and in use with us , that no part of the royal bearing can be bestowed by the lyon , without a special order from the prince , colomb . cap. des brisurs , pag. 74. and this may reprehend the error of some of our heralds , who have given the tressure-flori , conter-flori to private persons , without a warrand . the lyon in scotland did formerly direct his patents thus . to all and singular , to whose knowledge these presents shall come : iames balfour of kinnaird , knight , lyon , king of arms , through the whole kingdom of scotland , and islands thereto adjacent : sendeth his due commendations and greeting : know you , that sir iames galloway , knight , master of requests to our dread soveraign , charles , king of scotland , england , france and ireland , defender of the faith , &c. one of his majesties most honourable privy council in this kingdom , hath requested me , by vertue of my office , to give and assign unto this his ancient coat-armour , being arg . a lyon rampant , azure , langued , and arm'd gules ; a crest , with escrol and motto ; which he may bear without wrong doing to others . to whose reasonable request i have condescended , and for crest , does assign him to bear above his helmet , upon an wreath arg . and azure , a mound bespread , with the rayes of the sun proper , embrac'd betwixt two corn ears , saltoir wayes or ; and above all , in an escrol this motto , higher , as here in the margent adjected is to be seen . all which arms , crest , escrol and motto , i the said lyon , king of arms , doth by these presents ratifie , confirm , give , grant and assign , unto the said sir iames galloway , knight , and to his posterity for ever , to use , bear and show forth the famine , in signet , shield , coat-armour , ensign , or otherwise , at all times , and in all places , at his and their free liberty and pleasure . in witnesse whereof , i have to thir presents , affixt my hand and seal of office at holy-rood-house , the nineteenth day of december , in the sixth year of the reign , of our soveraign lord , king charles , and of our redemption , 1631. iames balfour , lyon. the concessions by the lyon do now run thus . to all and sundry whom it effeirs . i sir charles areskine of cambo , knight and baronet , lyon , king of arms ; considering , that by several acts of parliament , as well of our dread soveraign lord , charles the second , by the grace of god , king of scotland , england , france and ireland , defender of the faith ; as of his majesties royal predecessors : especially , by the twenty one act of the third session of this current parliament , i am impowered to visit the whole arms and bearings within this kingdom , and to distinguish them , and matriculate the same in my books and registers , and to give extracts of all arms , expressing the blazoning thereof , under my hand and seal of office : and which register , is by the fore-cited act , ordained to be respected , as the true and unrepealable rule of all arms and bearings in scotland , to remain with the lyons office , as a publick register of the kingdom . therefore , conform to the power given to me by his sacred majesty , and according to the tenors of the said acts of parliament ; i testifie and make known , that the arms of old , belonging to the royal burgh of aberdeen , and now confirm'd by me , are matriculate in my said publick rigister , upon the day and date of thir presents : and are thus blazoned , viz. the said royal burgh of aberdeen , gives for ensigns armorial , gules , three towers triple towered , within a double tressure counterflowred argent : supported by two leopards propper : the motto in an escrol above , bon-accord , ( the word bon-accord was given them by king robert bruce , for killing all the english in one night in their town , their word being that night bon-accord . ) and upon the reverse of the seal of the said burgh is insculped , in a field azure , a temple argent , saint michael standing in the porch mitered and vested propper , with his dexter hand lifted up to heaven , praying over three children in a boyling caldron of the first , and holding in the sinister a crosier , or. which arms above-blazoned , i hereby declare to have been , and to be , the true and unrepealable signs armorial of the burgh royal above-named . in testimony whereof , i have subscrib'd this extract with my hand ; and have caus'd append my seal of office thereto . given at edinburgh , the twenty fifth day of february , and of our said soveraign lords reign , the twenty sixth year , 1674. charles areskine , lyon. the concessions of arms , granted by the emperor , called wappen-brief , run thus . rudolphus secundus , &c. fideli , nobis dilecto , hieronymo megiserio , liberalium àrtium , & philosophiae magistro , gratiam nostram caesaream & omne bonum . cum constet , ex liberalium artium & bonarum literarum cognitione , tanquam fonte quodam perenni pulcherrimarum virtutum scaturientes rivulos in animos hominum diffundi , quibus alioquin rudes naturae humanae sensus irrigati , ad producendos utiles humanorum fructus feraciores efficiuntur . nos sanè caesareae benignitati nostrae omninò convenire arbitramur , ut musis & bonis literis deditos atque addictos clementer suscipiamus fovendos atque ornandos , tùm ne ipsi frustra in arena virtutis desudasse videantur , tùm & alii honoris & premii spe illecti , eundem vitae cursum alacrius ingrediantur . edocti itaque , te suprà dictum hieronymum megiserum , adjecto ad literarum studia animo , quod gnavi & strenui milites facere solent , omnibus nervis eo incubuisse , ut reliquis commilitonibus neutiquam inferior , sed superior potius videri , optatosque laborum tuorum fructus consequi posses , ac hâc quidem spe , te neutiquam frustratum , sed meritis tuis exigentibus juvenili etiamnum aetate florentem magisterii gradu atque dignitate insignitum esse , nobisque persuasum habentes , te deinceps etiam tui neutiquam dissimilem futurum , sed expectationi concitatae undiquaque satisfacturum . his equidem rationibus adducti pretermittere non potuimus , quin benignam nostri erga musarum alumnos animi propensionem insigni aliquo argumento , quod aliquando posteris etiam tuis honori atque ornamento esse possit , testatam redderemus . motu itaque proprio ex certa nostra scientia animo benè deliberato , ac de caesareae potestatis nostrae plenitudine , tibi supra dicto hieronymo megisero legitimisque liberis , haeredibus , posteris & descendentibus tuis , utriusque sexus ex te perpetua deinceps serie nascituris infrà scripta armorum insignia clementer dedimus , donavimus atque elargiti sumus , sicuti vigore presentium damus , concedimus , donamus atque elargimur . scutum sc. nigrum , à bas● surgentem habens colliculum tricipitem lutei coloris , quorum intermedio , reliquis duobus collateralibus , aliquantulum eminentiori insistat cygnus croceus sive aureus ad dextram conversus , rostro hiante , collo sinuoso ●●exu sursum porrecto , alisque latè explicatis ad plausum quasi compositus , ex utroque autem colliculorum collateralium prodire videatur surculus , lauri foliis undiquaque virescentibus insignis . scuto imposita sit galea clausa , ornata serto laureo , phalerisque seu laciniis nigris & croceis sive aureis ab utroque latere mixtum circumfusis ac molliter defluentibus . ex cujus vertice promineat alius cygnus itidem crocei sive aurei coloris , ac per omnia similis illi , qui in clypeo descriptus habetur , quemadmodum haec omnia in medio praesentis nostri diplomatis suis coloribus rectiùs elaborata & ob oculos posita conspiciuntur . volentes & caesareo edicto nostro firmiter decernentes , quòd tu suprà dicte hieronyme megisere , omnesque liberi , haeredes , posteri & descendentes tui , utriusque sexus , legitimo conjugii foedere , perpetuis deinceps temporibus orituri , jam descriptis armorum insigniis , eoque ut in superioribus habetur modo , in omnibus & singulis honestis & decentibus & actibus tam serio quàm joco , in scutis , sepulchris , sigillis , monumentis , annulis , & supellectilibus , tam in rebus spiritualibus , quàm temporalibus & mixtis , in locis omnibus pro rei necessitate & voluntatis arbitrio , liberè uti possitis & valeatis . aptique sitis & idonei ad ineundem & recipiendum omnes gratias , libertates , feuda & privilegia , quibus caeteri armigeri & feudorum capaces atque participes utuntur , fruuntur , potiuntur & gaudent , quomodolibet consuetudine vel de jure . quocirca mandamus universis & singulis principibus , tam ecclesiasticis , quàm secularibus , archiepiscopis , episcopis , ducibus , marchionibus , comitibus , baronibus , militibus , nobilibus , clientibus , capitaneis , vice-dominis , advocatis , praefectis , heroaldis , officialibus , questoribus , civium magistris , iudicibus , consulibus , civibus , communitatibus , & denique omnibus nostris & sacri romani imperii subditis atque fidelibus dilectis , cujuscunque status , gradus & conditionis exstiterint , ut te saepé nominatum hieronymum megiserum , omnesque liberos , haeredes , posteros & descendentes tuos legitimos , utriusque sexus , suprà scriptis armorum insigniis perpetuis deinceps temporibus , pacificè , quiete & sine impedimento aliqu● , uti , frui , potiri & gaudere sinant , idemque etiam ab aliis fieri curent . si quis autem praesens diploma nostrum transgredi & temerario ausu violare conatus fuerit , praeter gravissimam nostram & sacri imperii indignationem , viginti quinque marchas auri puri mulctam se noverit ipso facto incursum . harum testimonio literarum , manu nostrâ subscriptarum , & caesarei sigilli nostri appensione munitarum . datum in civitate nostra vienna , die 21. mensis januarii , anno domini , 1578. regnorum nostrorum , romani tertio , hungarici septimo , & bohemici itidem tertio . rudolphus . some lawyers ( though vers'd in herauldry ) have been of opinion , that every man can assume arms to himself at his pleasure , without authority , providing he assume them not , in emulationem alterius , to the prejudice of another : and if this judgement were , bartol . tract . de arm . num . 5. and panorm . c. delectis , de exces . prelat . because ( said they ) every man may choose a name for himself , seing this is not forbidden in any written law. but tiraquel and others , have very justly maintain'd , that none can assume arms , but that all must owe them to authority : for as magistrates of old only bestowed , jus imaginum , ita hodie tantum illi jus insignium vel armorum conferre possunt : anno. rob. lib. 3. sunt enim arma tesserae , & symbola dignitatis , & nemo potest dignitatem sibi arrogare sine principis licentia , l. nemo f. de dignit . & licet hoc jure scripto , non sit interdictum , est tamen rationabili consuetudine , & communi gentium consensu interdictum ; & ideo observandum , per. l. quod non ratione f. de legibus . but to quiet all debate in this controversie , most of nations have discharg'd the carrying of arms to any , save gentlemen , or such who have a special warrand . which is also done in scotland , by the 125. act. 12 parl. iacob . 6. the words whereof are , ovr soveraign lord , and the estates of this present parliament , considedering the great abuse that has been amongst the leidges of this realm , in their bearing of arms , usurpand to themselves such arms as belong not unto them ; so that it cannot be distinguished by their arms , who are gentlemen of blood by their antecessors , nor yet may be discern'd what gentlemen are descended of noble stock and lineage : for remeid whereof , his highness , with advice of the saids estates , has given and granted , and by this present act , gives and grants full power and commission to lyon king of arms , and brethren heralds , to visit the whole arms of noblemen , barons and gentlemen , born and used within this realm ; and to distinguish and discern them with congruent differences , and thereafter to matriculat them in their books and registers , and put inhibition to all common sort of people , nought worthy by the law of arms to bear any signs armorial ; that none of them presume to take upon hand , to bear or use any arms in time coming , upon any their insight and houshold-gear ; under the pain of escheating their goods and gear , so oft as the samine shall be found , graven or painted , to our soveraign lords use : and likewise , under the pain of one hundred pounds , to the use of the said lyon , and his brethren heraulds ; and failying of payment thereof , that they may be incarcerat in the nearest prison-house : therein to remain upon their own charges , during the pleasure of the said lyon. from which act , we may draw these conclusions , 1. that only such as are gentlemen by blood can carry arms ; which opinion is also received now into the law of nations , hopping , cap. 6. par. 10. but it was first enacted by frederick the emperour , lib. 2. feud . tit . 27. de pace tenenda . 2. it is observable , that the lyon cannot give arms to such as are not noble by descent : for the reason inductive of this statute , is , that there may be a difference betwixt such as are noble , and such as are not ; but there would be none , if it were lawful to the lyon to give arms even to such as are not gentlemen by birth : for as he cannot nobilitate , so neither can he bestow the marks of nobility . likeas , by that act , he is commanded to inhibit all such as are not noble to carry arms. but yet the prince may still bestow arms , without any restriction , though he cannot properly make a gentleman : for that comes by blood , and not by patent . and camden informs us , that of old there was a distinction betwixt gentlemen of blood , and gentlemen of coat-armour ; and that the third from him , who first had coat-armour , was to all effects and purposes a gentleman of blood , pag. 157.2 . albeit the letter of that law doth only forbid , to wear , and use arms without authority , as said is , upon in-sight , or houshold-gear ; yet , per paritatem rationis , they cannot use them upon tombs , seats in the church , or else-where : & de praxi the lyon with us , doth raze and deface all such arms : but whether the users of false arms , do incur the penalties in such cases , may be doubted ; seing penae sunt restringendae , and are not to be extended beyond the letter of the law. 3. by that act , the lyon is to distinguish , and discern arms with congruent differences ; from which words it may be inferr'd , that not only arms must be originally given by the lyon , but that marks and differences amongst the cadets , and descendants of the same family , should be given by the lyon ; and that these cadets cannot assume them : and this is suitable to the opinion of the doctors , who teach , that non solum potestas conferendi nova insignia , sed potestas augendi , mutandi , diminuendi , & confirmandi insignia vetera , est penes principem & ejus heraldos , hopping , cap. 8. membro 5. but it may be doubted , if prescription of arms by predecessors , be not sufficient to infer a right to the bearing of arms , and to defend against the penalties of this act : as to which points , the doctors deliver these conclusions . 1. that no man can prescrive the right of using arms belonging to another noble family without immemorial possession , but that they may prescrive a right to bear indefinitely , or to bear the arms of any other private person , per spatium decem annorum inter praesentes , & viginti annorum inter absentes , vult . consil . 17. volum . 3. but by our law , where prescription is not allowed , except in the cases wherein it is introduced by a special and express statute , it is probable , that prescription might well have defended before that act , iacob . 6. but since that time it should not , seing that act ordains all arms to be matriculate in the lyon's books , and registers . the penalty appointed by that act , to be inflicted upon such as carry false arms , is , that the moveables and furniture whereupon these arms are graven , and painted , shall be confiscated : which words must be taken disjunctively , and not copulatively , notwitstanding of the particle ( and ; ) for if the arms be either graven or painted , they are to be escheated : as also , the contraveeners are to pay one hundred pounds to the lyon , and his brethen heralds : but by the civil law , he who bears and uses another another mans arms , to his prejudice , vel in ejus scandalum & ignominiam , is to be punished arbitrarily at the discretion of the judge , l. eorum f. de falso ; but he who usurps his princes arms , loses his head , and his goods are confiscated , l. sacri asflatus , c. de divers . rescript . suitable to which law , the duke of norfolk was forfeited , and execute by hen. 8. for no other cryme , but because he did bear the arms of enland , though his predecessors had born them 100. years . hovv sacred the lyons office is with us , appears among many other instances from this , that the lord drummond was in anno , 1515. ( as leslie observes in his storie ) forfeited , for striking the lyon , vita ac dignitate aegrè concessis . but seeing the patent given to the lyon gives him power , to give arms to such a● are virtuous , and worthy persons ; and since , by the foresaid statute , the lyon is only discharg'd to suffer any to bear arms , who are not worthy by the law of arms , to bear any signs armorial : it is therefore worthy of our enquiry , to know who are such persons , as may by the laws of heraldry have arms given them by the lyon , without a special commission from the prince . and first , it is uncontraverted , that a gentleman may bear without a warrand the arms of his predecessors , and such as are descended by three generations from him , to whom arms were given are gentlemen . but this holds only in the eldest , for cadets must have marks of cadency , and differences assign'd them by the lyon , and cannot assume them as was formerly observed . 2. though the patent allows the lyon to give arms , personis virtute praeditis , and philosophers , poets , and orators say , that vertue is the truest nobility , which is allowed by the cannon law , cap. nos . qui , & cap. pen. ext . de praeben . yet lawyers distinguish betwixt nobility politick or civil , which they assert ; is not bestowed by vertue only , and moral nobility which vertue doth destow . bald. in l. nobiliores , c. de commerciis : from which text , they prove clearly this distinction . and therefore ▪ the patent joyns these two persons , virtute praeditis , & de nobis meritis ; for certainly , such as have deserved well of the prince , may have arms given them by the lyon : for the first institution of that office was ( as i formerly proved from laz. ) design'd to reward such as had done great service to the prince : and the lyon is judge competent to the bearers merit , in order to this effect ; nor can the law presume , that the lyon will transgresse so grosly , as to assert that he has served the state , who never did : for that were in him , crimen falsi . 3. riches do not nobilitate , nor do they warrand the lyon to bestow arms upon the possessors . tiraqueil de nobilitat . cap. 3. though , as ierom observes , nobility is nothing oftimes but ancient riches . 4. the being an heritor of land doth not nobilitate in all cases , even though the heritage be very considerable ; for else a rich man might ennoble himself : but these feuda only render the possessors noble , which are bestowed by the prince , or confirmed by him . for a few in either of these cases make the receivers noble , seeing the prince is the fountain of honour . and a few in those cases is a sufficient warrand to bear arms , tiraqu . cap. 7. and this remembers me of a custom in scotland , which is but gone lately in dissuetude , and that is , that such as did hold their lands of the prince , were called lairds ; but such as held their lands of a subject , though they were large , and their superiour very noble , were only called good-men , from the old french word , bonne homme , which was the title of the master of the family ; and therefore such fews as had a jurisdiction annext to them , a barrony , as we call it , do ennoble : for barronies are establisht only by the princes erection or confirmation . and thus it was found by the parl. of grenoble , that qui possident castrum cum territorio , & omnimoda jurisdictione sunt exempti à contributione subsidiorum , ut nobiles , licet non sunt à nobili progenie , guid. pap . decis . 385. 6. the employment of a souldier doth enoble , if it be honoured with any considerable command , l. 2. c. de primicier , calls it , praeclarem nobilioremque militiam ; & l. 2. c. ut nemo prim . aliter miles , aliter plebeius punitur . 7. church-employments do nobilitate , bart. concil . 180. pertext . in l. 2. c. ut nemo privat . and generally , it is a law in heraldry , that doctors , orators , and lawreat poets may be honoured with coats of arms. the rule runs thus , doctores , oratores & poetas ( laureatas ) togatam militiam profitentes , à dilatione insignium , galea aperta fenestratorum , & cristis , vexillis , laciniis , condecoratorum , citra laesae majestatis crimen arcendos non esse . hopping . pag. 443. and vaschal . pag. 712. warrands this by a decision of the courts of france . nobility and the right of bearing coat-armours , being thus acquired , is lost many wayes ; as first , by leading a vitious and profligat life , l. si qua c. de secund . nupt . where it is ordain'd , that ob scelera & vitae turpitudinem , honestae nobilisque decore privetur . and the reason given for this is , quia nulla sine honestate est nobilitas : and nobility thus is not re-assumable by their children : but this , with many other vertuous laws , is gone in dissuetude : for only crimes and a sentence , doe now take off the sacred character of honour . and with us , upon reading the sentence of forfeiture , the arms are torn , and the decreet of forefeiture bears an order for this , but no other sentence for other crimes discharges the bearing of arms with us : albeit by the civil law it seems , that all crimes discharges the bearlng of arms , statuas detrahendas scire debemus , l. 24. f. de pen. cap. 1. c. decis . 130. nor can such as are condemned for capital crimes get arms , tresser . de existim . l. 3. c. 25. and whatever renders the bearer infamous , doth likewise render him incapable of getting arms , though every infamy forfeits them not . 2. this right is not lost by poverty , even in the longest course of time , tiraquel , cap. 5. 3. this right is lost by exercising mean trades , viles & mechanicas artes , l. nobiliores , c. de comer . but when they leave off these , they return to their former dignities , pap . decis . 196. but the being an advocat is accounted no such trade : for an advocat is noble by his profession , l. providendum , c. de postulat . & l. advocat . c. de advocat . div . iuà. and spartian speaking of iulian the emperor , saith , that he was descended of salinus iulianus , who was twice consul , and twice governour of rome , but was much more noble by being a learned advocat : and therefore in france , they , as all other gentlemen , are exempted from paying taxes , pap. decis . 388. physicians likewise , and their posterity have a right to bear coat-armours , tiraquel . cap. 31. though merchants be most worthy members of the common-wealths , yet they are not noble nor gentlemen by their profession , l. nobiliores , c. de commer . nor should they have coat-armours ; but the laws of heraldry , and the general custom of the world allowes them a merchants mark , call'd by the doctors , marcha mercatoria : and as no man may bear another mans arms , so no merchand may put his mark upon another mans goods , nam balla mercatorum ex signo cognoscuntur , feret . lib. 15. de re naval : and he who puts another mans mark upon his own goods , or balls , loses his own , mascard , v. l. 1. conclus . 1. because that he would occasion a confusion in trade , and because the law presumes that to be done to conciliat to the users goods , the priviledges or advantages due to anothers ; and for the same reasons , one tradesman cannot hang up another tradesmans sign , whereby his customers may be withdrawn , or strangers may be cheated to give their sale to one who deserv'd it not : it being ordinare for people to go to such signs , where they have heard others to have bought excellent commodities : and therefore monar . observes a decision , whereby the parl. of paris found , 1612. that a merchand , who had assumed lately the marke of a red crosse , which his next neighbour , who was a rich merchand had long used , should desist in all time coming from using that sign . from this rule are excepted the merchands of paris , whom charles 5. anno 1371. ennobl'd , and allowed to bear coat-armours , and by their examples the chief burgesses of capital towns pretend to the same priviledge , l' osean . pag. 65. of the shield . arms were ordinarily painted or engraven upon the bearers shield , which shield was called by the ancients , scutum , which was called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , sculpere : quod imaginibus illustrium virorum , ipsorumque insignibus sculptus esset , plin. l. 35. c. 8. vel scutum , à graeco , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , corium , because their targets were covered with skins , or parma . the scutum was long , and four square , the other two round : and our shield is made up of the figure of both ▪ of old , the souldiers did bear their cognizances upon their shields , that they might be known . veget. de re milit . l. 2. c. 18. and thence it is , that we bear now our cognizances upon cuts , like to their shields : the shield was made of wood , covered with leather , but the buckler was of brasse : this shield now is called by the french ; escu , by the italian scudo , by the english a shield : and what space is within the shield , is called a field , by the english , and campo by the italian , spanish , and by the latins , area , fundus , campus : the ancientest form of a shield , was ovall , which shape the italians still retain , after that they were worn in heraldry in the shape , fig , 1. and all our charters have such seals appended : but the latest form used both here , and in france , is fig. 9. the lynes whereof are straight till they come very near the bottom . the italians , and germans carry them ordinarily , as fig. 3. because they alledge that this form of a shield did give most ease to the bearer in giving a thrust , but surely it agrees not so well with the charge which is put upon the shield . some families carry their arms in a banner represented by a shield , that is quadrangular : as the family of perez in spain , for having recall'd the army , by putting up his handkerchife as a standard , and the sieur de coucy in france , for recalling the army , by raising the banner , hopping , cap. 5. sub-divis . 12. the shield uses ordinarily to be plac'd upright , yet sometimes it is hung by the right , or left corner : this is ordinarily in scotland , and i have seen the prestons arms so hung in a shield above the gate of craigmiller . this the french call , i'escu pendu ; the italians , scudo pendente : and the reason given for it , is , that when tiltings ( torneamenta ) were proclaimed , there were two shields hung upon an oak , or other tree , at the place where the tiltings were to be : and he , who offered to fight a foot , did touch the shield that hung by the right corner , and he who was to fight on horse-back , touched that which was hung by the left corner : for in these dayes , it was judg'd more honourable to fight on foot then on horse-back , columbier , cap. 43. the shield is also called by the english , an escutcheon , from the word escusson , for so the french call a little shield . that which is born upon the shield is called the charge , and the shield is said to be charg'd with it : and the field and charge together are called the coat of arms , the french call it , un cott'd arms : and the reason why arms are called coats of arms , is , because of old , men wore those symbols upon coats above their arms , as heralds do at this day : so great desire had men in those dayes to have their personal valour and courage known in battels , and combats , by the ensignes armo●ial which they bore . i have here set down several forms of shields , to show how various figures were imploy'd for that use by the ancients ; but that fig. 9. is the ordinary form now in use for mens arms , as the lozenge fig. is for women , which ( as loyseau observes ) is allow'd only to the wives of considerable persons , who had no power to raise their own banner . i finde that mur●el , countesse of strathern , carried hers in a lozeng , anno 1284. which shews how long we have been versant in heraldry . if there be but one shield , or coat of arms to be descriv'd , that is called to blazon : but if there be moe coats joyned in one , that is call'd , marshalling : the french or italian have no such distinction . to blazon a coat , is to descrive what the things born are , and what their colour is : in which these rules are to be observed . 1. it is fit to use the ordinar termes , and not to be too inventive and curious ; for else every one out of vanity should invent a peculiar way , and new terms : and not any two heralds should understand one another . 2. there must be no reiteration of words in blazoning the same coat ; and therefore the english say not , he bears argent ▪ a lyon gules , collard , argent , but they say , collard of the first , because argent was the first colour ; yet the french repeat the colours after , and observe not this rule , and it is the better way for eviting confusion : for when there are many pieces in the shield , it is most difficult and tedious to remember alwayes what is first , and second , third , and fourth ; and all this trouble serves to no purpose , and it is not at all natural . the third rule is , to evit as much as is possible , the words , of , or , and with . 4. in blazoning a coat , you must begin with the field , and then proceed to the charge ; and if the field be charg'd with moe things , you must name first , that which lyes nearest the shield . the english say in blazoning , he beareth ●zur , but the french never say , he beareth a-zur , and the word , beareth , is superfluous : the english sometimes say , the field is argent , vid. guilims , pag. 285. but that is likewise superfluous : and it is better , with the french , and latine , to expresse , 1. the bearers name , and then to expresse the colour of the field , v g. winram , gules , a ram passant , argent , whereas guilims would have blazon'd these arms thus , he beareth gules , a ram paussant , argent , by the name of winram : which way of blazoning sounds not so well as the first , nor is so short and proper . naked shields were sometimes born without any charge , upon many accounts : thus alphonsus king of portugal , did take five shields plac'd ●altier-wise , in remembrance of 5. sarasen kings , whom he kill'd chassan , concil . 17. part . 1. and the first of the name of hay , got three shields in a field argent , because he and his two sons did gallantly defeat the danes at the battel of loncart , 942. after which battel , they were brought to the king with their shields all coloured with blood , as buchanan observes : and baliol gave for his arms g. an escutcheon or. chap. iv. of colours and mettals . heralds do not expresse all colours by our ordinar terms , nor do they admit all colours in blazoning but they use ordinarily two mettalls , to expresse two of the ordinary colours , viz. white by argent , and yellow by or ; and that because silver is white , and gold is yellow . the spaniards call such fields as are all mettal , campo de plata . the use of thir mettals and colours , and the difference betwixt them , did in coat-armours arise , from the several colours us'd by souldiers , and others in their habits whilst they were in armies , as pet. sanct. proves by many citations . and because it was the custom , to embroider gold or silver upon silk , or silk upon cloath of gold , or silver ; therefore the heralds did thereafter appoint , that in imitation of the cloaths so embroyder'd colour should not be us'd upon colour , nor mettal upon mettal . the colours us'd by them are only blew , which they call azur ; red , which they call gules , from the hebrew word gulude , a piece of red cloath , or from the arabick word , gule , which signifies a rose , which are ordinarily red , as menestier observes . black , which they call sable , because the best sable furrs are black ; and green which they call vert : which is the french word of green , or sinople ; for so the french term green , never using the word vert : and the reason why it is called sinople , is from a town in the levant , called sinople , where the best materials for dying green are found , and not from the greek words , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , because it being contraverted at constantinople , whether green was a proper colour to be us'd in heraldry , it was determined , that it suted with heraldry , cum armis . menestier derives sinople from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , green arms , by suppressing the first syllable as the greek often do . the french admit purple in heraldry , though favin and some heralds in that nation , think that purple is but argent worne , which by occular inspection turns purple : they likewise allow carnation or flesh colour colomb . the french observe , that the english use taunie , which heralds call tenne ; and is composed of gueuls and sable : and the english observe , that the french use it , guilims , pag. 21. but guilims is here in a mistake ; for the french use it not , but the english do . colombeir likewise observes , that the english use sanguin ; which is made up of pure lacque and orange , which is compos'd of leed and tin : but colombeir is mistaken here , for the english use not orange , but the germans do sometimes . the ordinar colours and mettals in use , are , or , argent , gules , sable , azur , vert and purpure . why heralds choosed these five colours only , i can give no surer reason , then that they thereby resolved to fix the uncertainty of vagrant and capritious artists ; even as lawyers have fixt prescription to forty years , and minority to twenty one ; but yet there are some original colours . aristotle reduced them to four , white , black , yellow and red . cardan makes them seven . albus , croceus , purpureus , puniceus , viridis , caeruleus , niger . scaliger chooses , album , flavum , rubrum , purpureum , viridem , caeruleum , & nigrum , exercit. 325. but the chimists observe , that white , blew , red , green and yellow , are the original colours , and from them heralds have choosed thir . these colours have their own mystical representations in heraldry . for or is us'd to expresse the bearers faith , justice , temperance , riches , generosity , or prosperity : argent , his humility , innocency , beauty : and a white shield was given to novices , when they went to the war , and before they had done any glorious action , virgil. parma . inglorius , alba azur : his charity , victory : gules , his magnanimity , courage , love and charity : sable , his grief , prudence , honesty . sinople or vert , his courtesie , civility , youth and abundance . yet sometimes these colours are us'd to disguise and conceal the bearers origin . thus , some were originally murrays , but being forc'd to change their name , and leave their countrey , they retain'd their arms , but chang'd their colours . for whereas the murrays bore azure , three stars argent , they bear now arg . three stars azur : and yet colours have been chang'd upon very honourable occasions : and thus ker of cesfoord did bear g. till their chief was kill'd at gambspath , upon the border fighting valiantly for his countrey : whereupon king iames the fourth appointed , that for the future , the house of cesfoord should carrie vert , in remembrance of that green field whereupon he was kill'd . sometimes also colours were chosen by knights to their arms , because at tiltings , they us'd to appear in that colour ; and for that reason , the first crichtoun chois'd his lyon that he bears to be azure . sometimes also the things born are allow'd in their natural colours , if they be of many colours , and then the things born are said to be born proper . as the peacocks in scotland , bear three peacocks proper , that is to say , in all their ordinar colours . but though this be allow'd in the charge , yet it is not allow'd in the field ; for that must be of either the ordinar mettals , or colours . yet this suffers some exceptions , as in the arms of the count de prado in spain , who bears a meadow proper , that is to say , a green field charg'd with flowrs of several colours . or is writ , o ; argent , ar gules . g. azur , az ; sable , s. vert . &c. sin ; purpur , p. some fantastick heralds have blazon'd not only be the ordinar colours and mettals , but by flowrs , dayes of the weeks , parts of a mans body , as le feron and bara , and have been condemned for it by the heralds of all nations : yet the english have so far own'd this fancy , that they give it for a rule , that the coats of soveraigns should be blazon'd by planets , those of noblemen by precious stones , and have suited them in the manner here set down . or. topax sol arg. pearl luna sab. diamond saturn gul. ruby mars azur . saphir iupiter vert. emerald venus purpur . amatbist mercurii tenne taoyth dragons head sanguin sardonix dragons tail . but i crave leave to say , that thir are but meer fancies , and are likewise unfit for the art in which they are imploy'd : which is clear from these reasons , 1. the french , from whom the english derive their heraldry , and to whom they conform themselves , not only in principles and terms of art ; but even in extrinsick words of the french language , do not only not use thir different wayes of blazoning , but constantly treat them en ridicule . 2. the italian , spanish , and latine haralds , use no such different forms : but blazon by the ordinary colours ▪ and mettalls , non variari nomina debent mettallroum , vel colorum in magnatum , aut in regum insigniis pro hac re provoco ad scriptores caeteros , qui gallice , germanice , aut latine hac de re disseruerunt , pet. sanct . pag. 58. and one of the great designs in heraldry , is to have the art universal , and to have the arms they describe generally understood in all nations ▪ yea , and even mr. cartwright , their countrey man , do's condemn this way as fantastick . 3. art should imitate nature , and as it were an unnatural thing in common discourse , not to call red●punc ; red , because a prince wea●s it : so it is unnatural to use these terms in heraldry : and it may fall out to be very ridiculus and unnatural in some arms. as for instance , if a prince had for his arms an asse couchant under his burden , gules : it were very ridiculus to say , that he had an asse couchant mars , for the word mars will agree very ill with asses , sheep , lambs , and many other things which are to be painted red in heraldry . and a hundred other examples may be given , but it is enough to say , that this is to confound colours with charges , and the things that are born with colours . 4. as this is unnecessar , so it confounds the reader , and makes the art unpleasant , and deters gentlemen , and others from studying it , and strangers from understanding what our heraldry is : nor could the arms of our princes , and nobility be translated in this disguise unto the latine , or any other language . but that which convinces me most , that this is an error , is , because it makes that great rule unnecessar , whereby colour cannot be put upon colour , or mettall upon mettall ; for this cannot hold , but where mettalls and colours are imploy'd . it was of old impossible to know the colours of arms , except they had been blazon'd , or illuminated ; and yet arms differ only by their colours : as we see in our lyon , which scotland carries red ; kinghorn , blew ; rosse of balnagoun , white ; and therefore , the french have found out this device , for discovering even in taliduce , or carving what the colours are . for they make or pointe o , arg . plain , azur is represented by lyns in fasse , gules by lyns in pale , vert , by lyns in band , purple by lyns in barr , sable by lyns in pale , and face ●punc ; i have thought fit , to represent tenne , by lyns in band and barr , and sanguine by lyns in face and barr ; as will more clearly appear by the figures : and i could wish that gentlemen would cause cut seals in this fashion , so that not only the bearing , but the colours of the bearing might be known by the seal . it is an uncontraverted rule in heraldry , that colour cannot be put immediatly upon colour , nor mettal upon mettal : that is to say , that if the field be argent , the immediat charge must not be either , or , or argent ; but must be of some colour , as azur , gules , &c. and if the field be of any colour , as azur , sable , &c. then the immediate charge must be either , or , or arg . the reason why i add the word immediat here , is , because , though the field be or , yet the immediat charge may be a lyon , or any thing else : if that lyon be charg'd with another charge ( which heralds call super-charge ) then , that super-charge may be or : this rule was not observ'd amongst the romans , as pier. observes , cap 19. nam herculeani seniores gerebant ceruleam aquilam alis utrimque expansis in parma rubra . but this law was first authorized by charles the great , and thereafter improv'd by henry sirnamed aucuper velser , lib. 4. and it is now stated in this forme by heralds . in legibus heraldicis , non convenit metallam supra metallam ponere , ita quoque non decet colorem supra colorem pingere , hoppin . cap. reg . 2. vid. anton . thessaur . decis . 270. and thereafter , trissin italia liberata sayes . ond ' essi non poneano in alcum secundo , metal supra metal , ne mai colore sopra eolor , ma vi poneano sempre eli ' uni , eli ' altri mescolati insieme talche sél campoerad ' argento od'oro , vandava il color sopra , é sel colore teneva il campo , era●l metal sorr'esso . where he shows us , that the origin of differencing mettals , from colours , was from the differences which fell out in the trojan wars , betwixt the followers of achilles , and ulisses : whereupon achilles friends blazon'd only mettals , and vlisses his friends colours . and in commemoration of that difference , heralds appointed that ▪ mettalls , and colours , should thereafter be no more divided , lest heraldry should become , or be made a badge of discord , in courts or armies : but i prefer petr. sanct. his conjecture above related . albeit this rule be very universal in heraldry , yet it suffers its own exceptions , as 1. heralds gave to godfrey of b●lloigne , king of ierusalem , crucem auream majorem , cum quatuor cruciculis aureis , in scuto argenteo , chass . de glor . mundi . consil . 38. conclus . 70. to the end that men seeing his arms should enquire after them , and so learn the fame of the bearer . and the french call , to this day , such irregular bearings , des armes , a enquerir , arms to be enquired into . the 2. exception is , of the extremities of beasts , such as their horns , tongues , nails , and their crowns upon their heads , which may be mettal upon mettal , or colour upon colour . the 3. exception is of marks of cadencie in royal families : thus the house of bourbon , carry battons gules , on a field azur : the like is in our privat marks to younger brothers , of cadencie , such as our mollets , cressents &c. given . the 4. exception is , of the colour purpure ; for purple , is accounted mettal , when it is upon colour ; and colour , when it it is upon mettal : the reason of which exception seems to be , either because is a royal colour , and therefore to be priviledg'd , or more probably , because purple is thought by some heralds ( as was formerly observ'd ) to be oftentimes , argent worn off by use , and time . so that it is hard to know when it was at first design'd to be a mettal , and when a colour . sometimes also a chief will appear to be so contriv'd , as to be mettal , upon mettal or colour , upon colour : but then the french call it cousu , a chief sew'd to the shield . and thus they evite that objection , the french also claim the priviledge to their flowerdeluce , as desvarennes observes , because it being given frequently by the prince , to such as had formerly fields of colour , or mettal : the rule could not be observ'd . but in this i differ from them ; for it may still be plac'd upon some other figure , so as to salve the rule ; and if they plead this priviledge to their flowerdeluce , the scots may to their lyon , and the germans to their eagle : but in my opinion , it is better to shun the breaking of rules , then to be vext making apologies . some heralds debate what colours are noblest in heraldry , and bart. de insig . num . 29. gives it for a rule , aureum esse nobiliorem , posteumque purpureum , & tunc rubeum , sequi hunc azorem , hunc album . caeteros vero esse nobiliores , aut ignobiliores , quo , de albedine , vel , nigredine plus participant . but i humbly conceive , that this debate is impertinent to many cases : for colours are chois'd to expresse the humour of the bearer , or the nature of the bearing . and therefore , there can be no precedencie . for that colour is best , which is fittest ; but otherwise it seems , that those colours which have most resemblance to light , are the best colours ; seing light is the author and cause of all colours : and therefore white is preferable to all colours , but in heraldry or is preferred to it , seing white is not a colour in heraldry , but an mettals and mettalls are by the principles of this art still preferred to colours , and gold is preferable to silver . though ordinarily colours are not only preferrable , as they suit best with what is represented ; as for instance , in the keiths arms , three pales , gules : being to represent three bloody draughts drawn by the king , and a hand gules in the mcfersons arms for killing the cumming , could not have been so honourably represented by any other colour ; yet if the bearing require no special colour , it is given as a rule , that the shield should be of a nobler colour than the bearing : and if the shield be compos'd only of different colours , as will be seen hereafter , in shields , parted per pale , or per fesse , that the nobler should be in the upper part , or upon the right side : quoties arma fiunt ex diversis coloribus , semper nobilior color nobiliori in loco ponendus , hopping , cap. 11. lex . 4. the old scots us'd still to expresse colour by the word tincture . chap. v. of furrs . shields were anciently either painted , or covered with skins , as the targets , or shields of our hig-hlanders , yet are : the painting gave occasion to the colours formerly treated of , and the covering to the furrs , or skins mentioned in this chapter . and this i take to be a better ryse for their being in shields , then to say , that they were used in mantles and garments ; and that therefore heralds use them as guilims observes : for this may be a good reason why they are us'd in mantlings , but not in the shields . pet. sanct. calls these furrs vellera . there are two furrs allow'd by heralds , viz. ermin , and vair . ermine is a little beast , lesse then a squirrell ; so call'd , because it lives ordinarily in the woods of armenia ; the colour of its body is a pure white , and its tail is black : and therefore our heralds make ermines to be a furr , whereof the ground is white , distinguish'd with black spots ; but it is not naturally of the form represented in this figure , the disposal of these black spots being only invented by furriers , who mix for beautie the blacknesse of the tail with the whitenesse of the body . but because the black spot of the tail , was not sufficient , to spot the whole skin ; therefore furriers do take the wool of italian lambs shorn out of the bellies of their dames , by which they beautifie the skin with various spots , as varennes observes , pag. 8. it is hotly debated by menestier , and his namelesse adversare , whether these be whole skins of ermins , or only the tails of ermines , that are ; represented in blazoning : but i think both erre , for it cannot be the intire skin , with its own natural spots only , for some are very frequently spotted : nor can it be the tails of ermines only , as menestier asserts ; for these tails are so little , that they would make ill furring : but i think that these spots are added by heralds , not only in imitation of the spotted furrs used by ladies , for these are regularly spotted , and in heraldry they are not , but to diversifie the many coats of arms : and thus some bear one spot in the middle , some two , some three , some one in chief ; some dispose them as a crosse , &c. they are call'd by the italians , armelini , and the latine expresse them per maculas nigras muris pontici . where the ground or field is black , and the pouldring white , we call it contre-ermine , colomb . pag. 52. though guilims call it more improperly ermins : making no difference , betwixt the names , but the addition of the letter s. but the french write still hermins , guilims sayes , that where the field is or , and the pouldring black , it is call'd erminois , and cites for this bara , pag. 14. but there is no such thing to be found in bara . and where the field is black pouldered with or , he calls it pean : but i find no such term us'd in the french ; for they call furres , or doublings , des pannes or pennes , which possibly gave occasion to this mistake , and many others , in such as understand not the french tongue ; for the french say only hermine , if it be proper , viz. white pouldered with black ; but if the colours alter , they expresse the same as sable pouldred with ermins , or ; as also they say , or pouldred , with ermins sable , semé d. or. hermins de sable , bara . pag. 14. and colombier , pag. 53. if there be but one hair of red in each side , guilims calls it ermenits ; but these are but fancies , for erminits signifies properly little ermins . the other furr is call'd vair , vellus petasite , where all the several pieces are made in form of little glasses , and , as some think , are call'd vair , from the french verre , a glasse ; or as some say , from the variation of the colours ; and therefore , the latine say , arma variata ex pellibus albis & cerulis . the field of it is arg . and az . and if so , it is simply call'd vair ; but if the colours alter , or be moe , the alterations must be exprest : and therefore our heralds have ill blazon'd straiton of lauristons arms , verri arg . and az . for here the naming the colours was superfluous . this furr must be still of mettal and colour , and in blazoning , you must begin at the mettal as he carries verry or , and sinople : nor is there any difference betwixt these words , vair , verry , and verrey , though sir iohn fern , pag 86. assignes to every word its particular difference ; but guil. pag. 28. condemns this justly as a meer fancie , and founded upon no authority ; and i wish he had adverted to this himself in other places . vair is ordinarily of six ranks ▪ if they be moe or fewer they must be exprest : this rule the french still observe . the french likewise observe , that if the pieces be of mettal , and made not in form of a glasse , but of a bell , then they are to be call'd beffroy colomb . pag. 58. et on dit a la band de beffroy de vair : d , une seul tire , that is , of one rank . the origin of vair in armorie is from the furr of a beast , called varus , whose back is a blew-gray , its bellie being white : and therefore heralds have exprest it in blew and white colours , and when the head and feet of that beast is taken from its skin , it resembles much the figure of vair , us'd by the heralds , vid , aldrovand de quadruped . lib. 2. cap. 24. and the reason why they are never used in heraldry , in the natural colour of blew-gray , is , because heraldry admits no mix'd colours ; and therefore it has chosen blew , because that is the nearest colour to blew-gray : and the reason why it is never used all blew , or all white , is , because the whole skin is parted into these different colours : the first use of them in heraldry is said to be from le segneur de coucies , fighting in hungarie , and seeing his army flee , did pull out the doubling or lyning of his cloak , which was of those colours , and hung it up as an ensign : whereupon the souldiers knowing his courage , and confiding in it , did return to the battel , and did overcome their enemy . colomb . pag. 58. leigh , fol. 132. is of opinion that ermine is not a colour , but may be lookt upon , and should serve in heraldry as a mettal : but guilims , pag. 24. taxes him in this of an error , ( saith he ) it is us'd as the doubling or lining of mantles , and mettal is not fit for that employment : and therefore he concludes that it must be a colour : but in this i think they err both , for seing it is a compound of mettal and colour , i think it should be lookt upon , as neither the one nor the other , and so may be put indifferently upon mettal or colour without offending the rules ; for seing it is mettal and colour , it can no more be put upon colour then upon mettal , and so it must be us'd indifferently as both , or not put in a coat with either mettal or colour , which were impossible : but in the practice of heraldry , they are indifferently us'd , as may be seen by the tresor armorique de france , and in scotland ermin is born sometimes with colour , as in the arms of the mccullochs . chap. vi. of the principal points of the shield . before i descrive the charge , that is to say , the things born in the shield , i must advertise my reader , what the several points of the shield are ; for the same things make different arms , according as they are plac'd , and therefore , by the doctors call'd , alveoli , seu cellulasoli . the reason of the names , and designations of the several points , is from the several parts of a man , who is in heraldry , architecture , and painting , the true measure of all simetrie , and perfection : imagine then a man standing in the field , his highest point is his head , which in french is chef , and so chief point is not so call'd in heraldry , because it is the most excellent , but because it is the head of the shield ; and the english writ it wrong , for it should be writ chef : it is allow'd three points a , b , c. the second point , is call'd honour point , because a man wears all the badges of his honour , about his neck : as is to be seen in the knights of the holy ghost , saint esprit , and even in the knights of the garter , who wear their coller about their neck , on st. georges day ; though for conveniencie they wear it otherwise , at ordinary occasions . the third point e is call'd caeur , or centre point , the heart point ; but by guilims , and other english heralds , is erroneusly call'd fesse point : and yet in this they follow bara , as i conceive : but he calls it fesse , or face : which last is more proper , because face , which is one of the ordinaries , as shall be said hereafter , passes through this point : for fesse signifies the flank , or the buttocks , and these are not the middle part of a man : and the italians call ceur point , il centro , and the latine , centrum parmae . the use of these points , is , to difference coats exactly : for arms having a lyon in chief , differ from these who have a lyon in nombrill point and all the points have their different significations : for bearings which argues precedencie , or wit , are plac'd in chief point : these which are given as additions of honour , are plac'd in honour point : these which are given to reward courage , are given in caeur point , or centre point : these that are given in reward of supplie , or support , are given in one of the flank points ; because a mans thighs or flanks are his great supporters , &c. the learned spelman divides the shield in three regions , the highest , he calls cephalica , the middle he calls centrica ; and the lower perigaei . 1. but these ( not being followed by other writers and differing only from others in the way of expression ) are not to be used . menestrier the iesuite divides the shield in 16 points , distinguisht in five threes , and a single base point . the first three , he calls the three points of the chiefe , the second three , he calls the three points of honour , the third threes , he calls the heart points , the fourth threes , he calls the nombril or navel-points , the fifth threes , he calls simplie the points . and the single and lowest point he calls the base point . and thus he designs the several situations of any bearing exprest in the shield , by saying it is placed in such a point , or in the canton dextre or sinistre of such a point : if it possess all the three , he terms them couch'd , or laid alongst the cheife , or nombril , &c. sometimes also they are said to be placed in pale or pale-wise , or saltire-wise , &c. when arms are described without relation to , or expressing the point where they are to be plac'd , they are then understood to possess ▪ the center of the shield called by plutarch , homer , and others 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the seat of the arms. chap. vii . of lyns used in heraldry . the charge or bearing is compos'd of several and different forms of lyns , of which , though the french do not treat separately ; yet seeing they are common to all bearings , i thought fit to premise to the knowledge of them an explication of different lyns ; of which they are compos'd , following guilims , cartwright , and the english heralds . the figure explains it self . the chief reason why the lyns are thus used in heraldry , is to difference bearings , which would be otherwise the same ; for a chief wavé differs from a chief simple , as much as if the one bore a chief , and the other a lyon rampant : but though this be the general reason , yet there are particular reasons for these differences , as shall be observed hereafter . the difference betwixt invecked and engraild , is , that they are opposite , the one being the other turned out , indented and daunsette , differ , in that the one is the other inverted ; but i think them all one : and so the french and latine calls them promiscuously dentatus , vid. skinner . but for difference , because the one is large and the other small , therefore indented is term'd dentata absolutely , and daunset dentes decumani in latine , and di non ordinaria grandezza by the italian , pet. sanct. pag. 181. invecked , is so called by the english from the latine invehor ; because it carries in its corners upon the thing whereupon it borders ; but i finde no such word used by the french : yet i think it is useful , seeing ingraild which they make use of , to signifie both , is of a contrary figure . the word ingraild , is said by upton and guilims , to come from ingredior , quia ingreditur rem circumscriptam : but this is a mistake , for then invecked and ingraild should not differ , though they be contrair in their figure ; but the true origination of it , is from the french word graile , which signifies hail , and engraile in ordinary french , signifies struck , and cut by hail : which hail , being round , pinches and cuts the leaves of trees , or any thing else in the form represented by that lyne , which is called , linea striata , in latine , and skanellata , by the italians . waved is so call'd , from the waves of the sea , which it represents , and is therefore called undê ; and is used for signifying that the bearer got his arms for service done at sea : thus the drumonds bear three faces undé , or wavé , because the first of that name came with queen margaret , as master of the ship , and having suffered great storm , through which he by his skill conducted them ; he did thereafter get three faces wavé , representing those great waves : the latine call it , vndiformis or vndulata , pet. sanct. pag. 163. neb●lé is so called , because that lyne represents a cloud ; for which cause , french heralds call it , nuancé , colomb . page 102. linea nubilosa , and is given to such as have been eminent for their skill in navigation and pilotry : for that employment oblidges them to understand clouds , storms , and winds : crenelae is a french word , signifying the battelement of houses , as the figure of this lyne signifies , which is called , linea pinnata , and it is used on the arms of such as have defended castles for their prince or countrey , or of such as are skilful in architecture . chap. viii . of the partitions of the shield . after battels were ended , the shields of the souldiers were considered ; and he was accounted the most deserving , whose shield was either most , or deepliest cut ; and to recompence the dangers wherein they were known to have been by these cutts , heralds did represent those cutts upon their shields . and those bearings in general , are called the partitions of the shield . the ordinar cuts did give names to the ordinar partitions , of which the others are made by several conjunctions : if the shield was cut from the chief to the base , it is called by the french , parti ; if all over , coupé ; if from the right high angle , to the lowest left angle , tranché ; if from the left high angle , to the right low angle , taillé : but the english observe not these terms , nor have they followed the french in this ; but they name the partitions by the honourable ordinaries , and what the french call parti , they call parted per pale ; for coupe , they say parti per fesse ; for taillé they say parti per bend sinistre ; for tranché they say , parti per bend : for a be●d dextre , needs not be called otherwise then a bend simplie , as in the figure herewith annext will appear , and in this i prefer the english to the french , because they in this use not many superfluous terms , and hereby avoid much confusion ; likeas they in this agree better with the latine and italian heraldry . but where the lynes cannot describe the several cuttings of the shield , there must be new terms , and there only they should have place ; and therefore gyrons , quarters and cantons were first invented . a gyron is the french word of bosom , and these partitions are called gyrons , because they meet in the bosom : they were of old called , contrarie-conid , because they did meet in in cono ; portat arma contra conata ex octo partibus , vid. fern. 211. they are in the latine called , pinnulae octonae , and merli octango-laxi , by the italians : and therefore if they be eight , they need not be exprest , but the number must be exprest if there be moe , or fewer : and berengarius was so called , quia ejus arma erant benè gyronata . but the earl of argil's coat should not be blazon'd gyroné , for it may be blazon'd by the ordinary lyns : and therefore i chuse rather to blazon it thus parted by pale , face , bend dextre , and sinistre , or , and sable ; and as this is suitable to reason , so i desire any person to consider if the earl of argyl's coat does not differ from that of grolle in colomb . page 80. why then should they not differ in the termes of art : and for authorizing me in this , i recommend the reader to colomb . fig. 11. & 12. pag. 81. a quarter is the fourth part of the shield , and is called canton from the french word canton , which signifies a corner . it represents the banner that has been given to the bearer , as a reward of his service , or at least is equivalent , as if a baner had been given him . a pyle in heraldry represents that ingine whereby souldiers and others secured the foundations of their buildings ; and have been given since to such as had been very useful in founding common-wealths , colonies , or families : but three piles are oft-times mistaken ( as i conceive ) both in england , and with us for the passion nailes ; which where ordinarie simbols , assum'd by such as went to the holy-land· and thus i blazon the wisharts arms , arg . three passion nails , gules meeting in point , for they resemble exactly the jesuites cognizance , which are three passion nails . and generallie in france and spaine , where these pyles are gules , and meet in point , they are called passion nails : and i rather believe this because spelman pag. 572. relates , that the wisharts got this name out of malice from the sarazens , whom robert the first of that name , did much persecute , about the time of the norman conquest . we express still the place from which the pyle takes its beginning , by the word ; issuing as issuing out of the chief , issuing out of the corner dextre . a flasque is the segment of a circle stretched alongst the straight side of the shield . it is given as a reward for learning , as guilims alleadges , and has its name , as skinner observes , à similitudine uterum antiquorum : animicandorem notat , herodian . in severo , pag. 223. but spelman asserts , that they are the facings of gowns , which were of old so shapt . others also there are wno think these flasques to be the proper rewards given by princes , to such as have served them as domestick servants : for the voyder which is the diminution of the flasque , is acknowledged by guilims , to be the reward for domestick service , & eadem est ratio totius , & partis . the flanch is yet as much larger than the flasque , as the flasque is than the voyder . it is a general rule in blazoning all these partitions , that we must begin with that colour or mettal which possesses the highest part or corner dexter , descriptio harum partitionum ( sayes pet. sanct. pag. 194. ) inchoari debet ab eo fulgore , seu coloris , seu metalli , qui primus obversatur oculis in superiore loco , vel in angulo dextro . sometimes one colour is said to be cut upon another , which bearing has been invented in imitation of cloaths , wherein stuffs of one colour were ordinarily cut out after that fashion of old , in sumptuous varieties : but i likewise imagine , that this way of blazoning has been fallen upon to save some of the received rules of heraldry ; for we then only say , that one colour is cut upon another , when there is a border , and any honourable ordinary of one colour ; which ordinary does not reach the extremities of the shield , as it ought to do : an example whereof , upton gives , pag. 248. where he calls such coats , arma duplicia & jaggata , gules voided , or by the three barrs , portat de rubeo ablato , sive evacuato super aurum , ad modum trium barrarum . the discription of the plate belonging to the eight chapter i. this kind of bearing is blazoned by the french , party coupé , tranché , taillé . ii. with us , parted per pale , face ( or fesse ) bend and barr : or parted per pale , fesse , bend dexter , and sinister . iii. ermine on a chief parted per pale gules and or , a lyon passant counterchanged : quartered in the second place with the coat of ker. iv. parted per fesse , or , and gules , a lyon rampant within a double tressur , counterflowred , and countercharged . per fesse , argent , and azure , a lyon rampant , counterchanged . v. parted per fesse , argent , and sable , a cheveron counterchanged , and in base , a cinquifoil of the first . perfesse , waved , argent and gules . vi. parted per bend argent and azure , a crescent counterchanged . per bend , indented , argent and gules , a crescent in chief of the second , and a mollet in base or . per bend indented argent and sable , in chief a spur-revell of the second . per bend gules and or , a flower de-lis tending towards the sinister chief counterchanged . vii . parted per pale , fesse , bend , dexter and sinister , or and sable ; but i shall let it pass in the terms generally used in this kingdom , viz. gyronie of eight pieces , or and sable : quartered with the coat of lorn . the same quarterea with the coats of stewart and lorn . some cadets of argyle , give the lyns of the gyrony , engrailed , others waved , for a difference . gyrony of eight ermine and gules . the same , and in each of the last 4 pieces , a bee volant en arriere argent . viii . parted pe-pale , argent and sable , a cheveron , and in base a crescent counterchanged . per pale argent and sable , a chief indented counterchanged . ix . or , a saltire and chief gules , a canton of the first charged with a lyon rampant as the second , or , three barrs waved gules , on a canton of the first , a lyons head erased within a double tressure counterflowr●d as the second , langued az●r . the same , and over all a simiter in pale argent , hilted and pomelled of the field . x. argent two flasques azure ; this sayes guil , is given for vertue and learning , and especially for service in an ambassage . xi . or , three pyles gules ( or rather passion nails ) in point . sable , three pyles conjoined in the nombrill argent , on a chef gules a lyon passant guardant or , if these issue from any other part than the chef it is necessar to express it . xii . argent on three pyles sable al 's many annulets or , but the paternal coat of this name , belongs to . argent three pyles sable , on a chef of the second , al 's many annulets or. argent three pyles sable . or three pyles within a double tressure counterflowred sable , on a chef of the second , al 's many e●salaps as the first . argent three pyles engratled gules : this is quartered in the second place by hume of polwart with his paternal coat , being vert , a lyon rampant argent , within a border roses gules , by the name of hume , argent three pyles sable , surmounted of a fesse waved gules . chap. ix . of the honourable ordinaries in general . the bearing which is charg'd upon the field , is either an fowl or other creature , tree , flower , or some such thing , which depends not upon heraldry , but has its name , and being independent from that art , and these are call'd common charges : or else it is one of these pieces which is properly invented , and has its name , and beeing from heraldry , and those are call'd the proper charge . and such pieces are call'd the honourable ordinaries , because heralds do ordinarily bestow them upon deserving persons . but leich and guilims do erre in calling them the most worthy partitions , for partitions , and ordinaries are different , as shall be shown hereafter . thir honourable ordinaries ( or piec●s honorables , as the french call them ) are numbred by the french to be ten , chief , pale , band , fasce , barre , crosse , saultoir , cheveron , bordre , and o●le ; and express all the several parts of a mans intire armour . as the chef , the helmet ; the pale , his lance ; the band and bar , his sword and belt ; the fasce , his scarfe ; &c. but this is but a conjecture , or fancy : and i rather think that these have been invented to be different marks of different qualities in the bearer . as for example ▪ the chief reward those actions which are the product of wit , the cross religious exploits , &c. the english make the border , nor orle , no honourable ordinaries , and so make them nine , viz. 1. cross. 2. chief . 3. pale . 4. bend. 5. fesse . 6. an inescucheon . 7. a cheveron . 8. a saltyr . 9. a bar. each of these do in the french heraldry fill a third part of the shield ; but the english give them more or less , or as shall be hereafter observed . in this the french agree with the italians and spaniards , as pet. sanct. observes , and seeing all the honourable ordinaries are of the same quality , i see not why they should not have equal room in the field . chap. x. of the chief . when there is a partition in it , if the partition be in the upper part , it is call'd a chief surmounted of another , but if it be divided in its lower part , it is call'd a fillet , as guilims observes , who derives that word fillet , from the fillet that is put about the hair ; but it is indeed a french word , signifying a small threed . a chief cover'd by any thing which hangs over it , is call'd by the french un chef couvert , and sometimes the covering is like an episcopal chapperon : this mr. guilims not understanding the french , calls shapournet , or shapernet , as cartwright writes ; and by this , and many other errours it appears how different languages have occ●sion'd many mistakes in the term●s . sometimes it is blazon'd a chief crenelé , sometimes wavé , &c. according to the lyns which compose it . there is much notice to be taken to the several wayes of blazoning this ordinarie , as will appear by the examples hereeo subjoyned . the description of the plate belonging to the tenth chapter . i. argent , a chief gules . gules a chief or. or , a chief azure . argent , a chief sable . ii. gules , a chief or , surmounted of another argent : such a chief , says guil. denotes a double reward given by the soveraign . iii. or , on a chief sable , three escallops of the first : this is quartered with , argent , three roses gules , by the title of montrose . argent , on a chief vert , three crescents of the first . or , on a chief sable , two mollets argent . iv. azur , in chief three spur-revells argent . v. argent , three hollin leaves in chief vert , and a hunting horn in base sable garnished gules . vi. argent , on a chief gules , three pallets ( or pales ) or : some painters have of late done this chief , pallie of 6 ; but that is an errour . azur , three moll●ts argent , on a chief or al 's many pallets gules : thus he bears the keiths chief counterchanged , as deriving his origin from that noble familie , the dicksons having been keiths . vii . this is a french coat , and by them blazoned , de vert , au chef d'argent , couvert d'azur . couvert , i. e. shadowed by the foot of hangings or tapestry , for that is the reason of that bearing . viii . the french blazon this , de sable , au chef d'hermines chapperonné d'or : in our language , sable , a chief ●rmine hooded or . ix . according to the french , d'argent au-chef mantellé de sable ; but according to us , parted per chief cheveron wayes sable and argent . x. d'azur au chef cousu de gueules , bordé d'or , i. e. azur , a chief gules embordured or . xi . d'or au chef d'azur chappé a dixtre d'argent : or a chief azur parted per bend sinister in the dexter canton argent . xii . d'azur au chef d'or à dextre de gueules : azur , a chief or , and dexter canton gules . chap. xi· of the pale . the pale is that ordinary , which stands perpendicular in the shield : and it comprehendeth in the opinion of all , the third part of the shield . a pallet is , as says guilims , the half of the pale , and an endorse is the fourth part of the pallet . the french say . that souldiers of old carry'd pales of wood to encamp them , which they fixt in the earth , and as varenus observes , they are bestow'd on him who empai'd a city for its defence . for palus signifies these pales with which cities or camps were guarded l. 1 68. f. de verb signifi . pali & perticae in numerum mat●eriae re●igendae sunt , & ideo lignorum appellatione non continentur and , aul. gell. lib. 5. c. 6 ▪ observes , that castra & fossarum supercilia palis precinger● moris fuit . betwixt these they fixt or ty'd small rods , and therefore the french express no diminutive of a pale , but a verget , which is their ordinary word for a small rod ; and we should call it a rod , and what the english call an endorse , they call a pale charg'd with another little pale or verget . but i believe endorse is also an old french terme , and signifies to put upon the back of any thing , in dorso ; and therefore executions of summonds are call'd indorsations in scotland , because they are writ upon the backs of the summonds . if there be more pales , they are numbred as pales , four or eight ; but if there be only six pales , then the french say simplie palé arg . and azur , &c. the description of the plate belonging to the 11. and 13. chapters i. argent a pale sable ; this is quartered in the second place with the coat of mar , being , azure a bend betwixt six cross crosslets fitched or . argent a pale gules quartered in the second place with his paternal coat by the name of carnegie , or , an eagle displayed azure armed and membred sable . ii. or , a pale engrailed sable . parted per fess gules and ermine , a pale counterchanged , and three mascles , two in chief and one in base or. iii. argent three pallets ( or pales ) gules : some will have it pallé of six , or , three pallets gules , over all on a cheveron engrailed azure , al 's many buckells of the first , iv. azure a pallet argent . v. or , an endorse gules . vi. argent a shak-fork sable . this is called a shak-fork with us , and should not touch the corners of the escutcheon . it relates to some office about his majesties stables , this being an instrument whereby hay is thrown up to horses : and some think that it was given to the family of glencairn as master of horses to one of our kings ; but the french call it , une pairle from the latine parilis , though a late author makes it to be pallium archiepiscopale , albeit it differs from that in somethings , as it is described by innocent c. de pallo 62. sometimes also the letter y is taken for it , as in the arms of the town of yssodun , who took this for their arms , as the first letter of the name of their town , menest . art . du blazon . paege 168. vii . pallé of six ( or simplie according to the french pallé ) gules and argent , on a bend azure three cusheons or. pallé of six sable and or : guarterly quartered with the coat of stewart : or a fess checkie azur and argent , and with the coat of murray , azure , three starrs within a double tressure counterflowred , or. pallé of six argent and sable , on a fesse of the first , three mollets as the second . viii . gules two flanches ermine . ix . by the french , d'azur au pal d' or bordé de gueules : by us , azur , a pale or imbordured gules . x. argent a face ( or fesse ) gules : now quartered in the atchievement of the lord melvill , who gives gules three crescents argent , within a bordur of the second , charged with eight roses as the first , likewise by the name of melvill . argent a fesse azure . argent a fesse azure , within a tressure counterflowred gules . gules a fesse checkie argent and azur , as his paternal coat , quartered with the coat of abernethie . or a fesse checkie azure and argent . argent a fesse azure , betwixt two crosse crosslets in chief , and a mollet in base sable , within a bordur gules . xi . argent a fesse wreathed azure and gules . the same within a bordur of eight crescents . xii . or three barrs waved gules argent three barrs sable . ermine three bars gules chap xii . bend . the bend ( or bande as the french write ) is that honorable ordinarie , which passes from the right angle of the shield , to the lower left angle . the bar is just contrare , for it passes from the highest left corner , to the lowest right corner ; and is therefore call'd by the english a bend sinister . both comprehend a third part , according to the french ; but according to the english , it comprehends the fifth part only of the shield , when i● is uncharg'd , but the third part when charg'd , but i see no reason why this should hold in the cross , saltyr and bend , and not in the other ordinaries , nam ubi eadem ratio , idem jus est statuendum . this bend represents the belt of a knight , and is call'd baltheus in latine , and in italian , benda or cingulo , and is born of different colours , and in different forms by sundrie nations : for the french wear their sword belt , as a bend ; the germans as a face about their middle . the french wear their bend white , the spaniard red , the english scots and danes blew , the barbarians black· such french as wear a bend in their arms with us , wear it white , to show their origine . according to some amorists it represents a ladder , and is given to such as scal'd first the walls of castles or towns. guilims marks its divisions thus , the half of the bend is call'd a gartier , from the french word gartier ; a cost is the fourth part of the bend , and half of the gartier ; a ribband is half the coast. cartwright differs in this from guilims , but the french use no such fancies , but call all diminutives of the bend , cotisé , from coste the side , because these cotices are margin'd upon the side of the bend. and if there be moe or less than six bends in one shield , they express the number . guilims observes that the bendlet differs from bend ; in that it is still limited to the sixt part of the shield , and in that it still begins at the corner , where the bend is in the middle corner betwixt the lyns . the french have no such word as scarpe , but what the english call scarp , they call counter cottice , and if any thing should be call'd a scarpe , it should be the bend , for it looks likest to a scarfe ; and a bend in english , is un escarpe , in the french , or a scarfe . i finde bend sinister us'd but very seldom with us in scotland , so much we have hated every thing which lookt like bastardry . the desription of the plate , belonging to the 12. chapter . or , a bend gules : or according to some , argent a bend gules . azure , a bend argent . argent , a bend azure . gules , a bend engrailed argent . argent , a bend waved sable . or , a bend checkie , sable and argent . ii. argent on a bend azur , three buckels or : quartered with the coat of abernethy . argent , on a bend sable , three buckels or. i●i . or , on a bend azur , a star betwixt two crescents of the field . the same , and in the sinister canton , a rose gules , stalked and barbed proper , for difference . the same , within a bordur ingrailed gules , for difference . the same , with an oak tree vert , suppressed of the bend , for difference . the same with a broken lance in chief gules , for difference . iv. argent , on a bend azur , three mollets of the first . gules , on a bend argent , three mollets sable . argent , on a bend sable , three escalops of the first . sable on a bend or , three cannarie birds vert . argent , on a bend sable , three boar heads couped or. argent , on a bend ingrailed sable , a waggon of the first . or , on a bend waved azur , three lozenges of the first . his second brother gives the bend waved on the upper , and engrailed on the nether side . v. argent , three bendlets sable . argent three bendlets coticed , and engrailed on the outter side gules . or , a bendlet twixt a staggs head , erased in chief , and an hunting horn in base sable , garnished gules . vi. argent , a broken spear in bend , betwixt two spur revells azur . gules a sword in bend argent , hilted and pomelled or , surmounted of a fess as the third : this is quartered with the coat of abernethy . vii . argent , a bend coticed sable , betwixt two garbs gules . argent , a bend engrailed betwixt three crescents sable . viii . azur , a bend or , issuing out of two lyons mouths or throats of the second : in french , d'azur a la bande d'or mouvante de deux testes & gueules de lyon de mesme ; some terme this bend in french , la bande engoulee : it 's called by syl. pet. sta. balteus fluens ex hiante rictu leonum , and is a spanish bearing . ix . argent , a bend sable , betwixt two other demi-bends , couped or broken off , the upper issuing from the sinister flank , and moving towards the dexter chief , the nether from the dexter side to the sinister base , and two martlets , one in the chief , the other in base , all of the second : this is a french coat , and by them blazoned , d'argent à la bande de sable accompagneé de deux autres demy bandes retraites , celle qui tend vers le chef mouuante du flanc senextre , & celle , qui tend verse la pointe , mouuante , du flanc dextre , & de deux merletes de mesme l'vne enchef & l' autre en pointe . x. or , on a bend azur betwixt three boar-heads erased sable , al 's many lozenges of the first . argent , on a bend sable , three mascles of the first , a chief of the second , charged with al 's many spur-revells or. xi . gules , on a bend sinister argent , three crescents sable . argent , a bend sinister sable , twixt an annulet in chief gules , and a gryphon-head , erased in base sable , in his mouth a key azur . xii . argent , a bend sable charged with another waved of the first . gules , on a bend engrailed or , a batton , or ( according to some ) a flute azur . gules , on a bend or , a flute of the field . chap. xiii . of the face . the face is that honorable ordinary , which by two lyns traverses the face of the shield , keeping the centre equally distant from both the lyns , and comprehends a thrid part of the shield . the italians and latins call it fascia , or benda . the english writ it fesse , and derive it from the loyns of a man ; but fesse is a french word , signifying the buttocks , which are much lower then the center , and therefore the french ( bara excepted ) writ it still face , and it represents the scarfe of a warriour , un esharp , colomb . pag. 118. and from bearing arg . a face azur , the first of the sharps who came from france with king david , was call'd monsieur de l' esharp , and by coruption sharpe . the face hes no diminitive in the english heraldry , which i admire , seeing they assigne so many diminitives to other ordinaries : but the french call little faces , trangls , if they be equal in number ; but burels , if they be unequal in number , as five or seaven : in our scotish the face is call'd a bar , as in the earl of perths arms , who is said to bear o. three barrs wavé g. ; those should be call'd faces according to the french , and fesses according to the english ; and yet it appears that a face of old was truly call'd a bar , and it represents in its shape one of those barrs which are us'd all over some doors ; and therefore the latine authors call it verris , skinner verb. bar. as also the name of dempster carry a sword arg . surmounted of a bar or , to show that they were heritable dempters , who are criminal officers ; and therefore carry a sword for power in criminals , and it is call'd ius gladii : and because the dempster us'd to stand at the bar , and pronounce the verdict ; therefore they got the bar ; and this ordinarie does in effect represent in its shape the bars , which ly alongs in judicatures . the house of austria carry g a face arg . because leopold 2 duke of austria in the first battel of the holy war had his coat , which was cloath of silver , so covered with blood , that it was all red , except that part which his scarfe covered , which remain'd still of its native colour : this showes that this ordinar represents the scarfe , and shows why it is given by heralds . when the bar is above any charge , so that the charge in so far is not seen , we say he carries v. g. a sword surmounted of a bar , as dempster does . chap. xiv . of the cheveron . a cheveron is an ordinar french word , signifying a couple , by vitruvius capreolus , and therefore this ordinar represents a couple in its shape , fig. 1. by the latine now it is call'd tignum or cantherius ; by the italian , capriolo or caviletto , and is given by heralds to such as have supply'd their prince , countrey , or family : and thus the hepburns carry g on a cheveron arg . two lyons pulling at a rose : the reason of which was that when the scots were near beat at the battel of two brothers of that name came in with a fresh supply and recovered the battel ; ( as holins-bead also confesses ) for which they got the cheveron , to signifie the supply they brought , the two lyons to represent the two brothers , and that they were scots pulling at a rose , which is the arms of england . as also robertsone of struan got a cheveron added to his shield , for taking graham , who kill'd king iames the first ; but he has not us'd it of late , because he thought it a mark of cadency . leigh sayes , that a cheveron represents a womans attire for her head ; but the conjecture is very groundless , and proceeds from wa●● of french , and for the same want of french some use to say , a cheveron rompé , for a broken cheveron , which is in french , un cheveron rompu , or brisé . spelman well observes , that it is given to men for ●ompleating , and having brought any great design to perfection , since the putting on of the couple shews the work to be compleated : and therefore the greeks us'd to say , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . it comprehends also the third of the shield , and the reason why a cheveron is taken broken in its top , is because the principle house was ruin'd and sold , and therefore the cadets , to show that they are fallen from the original height of the familie , take the cognizance bruis'd in its top . if there be more cheverons , they are call'd cheveronells , of which leigh and all the english write , that there can be three in a field ; but the french say three cheverons , and why not three cheverons as well as three bends , bars , &c. the french mark 1.3.4 . or 5. cheverons at pleasure , and in this , as in many other things we follow the french : for the mclellans bear , or , two cheverons sable . a couple close contains the fourth part of a cheveron , and are not born but by pairs , except there be a cheveron betwixt them . if the cheveron be turn'd down with the point to the base , it is call'd a cheveron inverted . if two cheverons be joyn'd together , the english call them brazed from the french word bras , as i conceive , which signifies arms , because they are interlac'd as arms ; the french , accrochete . the description of the plate belonging to the 14. chapter . i. argent a cheveron sable . ermine a cheveron gules . argent a cheveron gules , and chief azur . azur a cheveron ermine . ii. gules on a cheveron argent , three mollets of the first . argent on a cheveron gules , three mollets of the first . gules on a cheveron argent , a rose betwixt two lyons ( or lyon cells as some wil have it ) combatant of the first . iii. argent a cheveron sable , betwixt three mollets gules . gules a cheveron argent , betwixt three mollets or. iv. argent a cheveron sable , betwixt three boar heads erased gules armed of the first . argent a cheveron gules , betwixt three boar-heads erazed azur , armed and langued of the first . argent a cheveron gules , betwixt three boar-heads erased sable . v. argent a cheveron checkie gules and of the first , betwixt three bugles sable , garnished as the second . or , a cheveron checkie sable and argent betwixt three martlets ( or kaes ) of the second . vi. argent a cheveron betwixt three roses gules . gules , a cheveron betwixt three flowers de lis or. vii . or , two cheverons sable . or , two cheverons sable , and three mollets in pale gules . gules two cheverons engrailed , betwixt three flowers de lis or. viii . ermine two cheverons gules . gules , a cheveron voided betwixt three cinquefoils or. argent a cheveron voided gules betwixt three pheons in chief , and an unicorns head erased in base sable . argent a cheveron gules surmounted of another ermine , betwixt three laurel slips vert . ix . argent two swords cheveron-wayes azur pearcing a mans heart in chief proper , and in base a cinquifoil of the second . argent , two daggers azur , the pomells divided in chief , and the points conjoined , piercing a mans heart in base proper , in the honor point a cinquifoil sable . x. in french , de sable aù cheuron d'argent brisé où eclatté par le haut . i. e. sable a cheveron argent , burst or split on the top : by syl. pet. sta. capreolus fractus , diminutus capite , mutilus , &c. xi . gules , a cheveron reversed argent . xii . argent , three cheverons brased ( or rather interlac'd one with the other ) in base , a sun in chief azur . chap. xv. of the bordur and orle . shields had bordurs for their ornament , and sometimes for their difference , as vestiments had fringes , and thence did the bordur grow an honourable ordinarie amongst heralds : it possesses the fifth part of the shield amongst the english , but the third amongst the french. an orle is a little bordur , from the latine word orula , which signifies a little bordur ; but both the one and the other are given to recompense such , as have given protection and defence : for the bordur defends what is within it , and therefore scotland got the orle flower deluc'd from the french , to recompense the assistance , the french got from the scots in all the wars : at which time , and for the same reason , the scots got the guarding of the french king's body , which honour they retain to this day . it is now us'd as a mark of distinction by cadets , because they ought to defend their elder brothers family , as the bordur defends the shield . all nations use few terms in describing borders , except the english , who use very many , and such as are unnecessar , and have proceeded from affecting french words for terms of art : for if the bordur be charg'd with dead things , it is call'd a bordur entoire , as of annulets , besants , &c. which word is from the french word entoure ( about ) corrupted ; this word is also improper ; for all bordurs go about the shield . if the bordur be charg'd with fowles , it is call'd by them enalauron ; if it be charg'd with other beasts , it is term'd enurny ; if with flowers , fruits , or leaves , verdoi ; and then the particulars , and their numbers are exprest , as verdoy of eight 〈…〉 if with furre , it is call'd purflew generally , and then the furr is specified , as he bears g. a bordur purflew ermine . the french say only , g. a bordur ermine , as also they say , he bears or , a bordur of 8 pigeons . if the bordur be of moe colours , it is said to be componed of such and such colours , when there is but one range of them : but if there be moe ranges , and these be counterly plac'd chequer wise , the bordur is said to be compon'd , and counter-compounded . skinner in his dictionary thinks , that enalauron is a corruption of inorulatus ; but i think it comes from the french , who say , un bordure en alerions , to describe a bordure of martlets , so that enalauron is the corrupti of en alerion . the fiblier is the french diminitive of a bordur ; but the english have no diminitive of it . he translates likewise a bordur purflew , fimbria acu puta nam pourfiler is profilare , id est , aureo filo intexere , so that purflew is rather a bordur embroder'd , than furr'd . the description of the plate , belonging to the 15. chapter . i. gules , a lyon rampant argent within a bordur componed ( according to the english gobbonated ) azur and of the first . or , a lyon rampant within a double tressure counterflowred gules , a bordur componed azur and argent : quartered with the coats of stewart and randolph . argent , a lyons head erased gules , within a bordur componed azur and of the first . ii. gules , a lyon rampant within a bordur engrailed argent . argent , on a fesse azur , three mollets of the first within a bordur engrailed as the second . iii. azur , a bordur with these words , ave maria gratia plena . iv. azur , on an orle or , eight decrescents of the first , all within a bordur argent , charged with four lyons rampant gules . or according to others , azur , within two bordurs , the outmost argent charged with four lyons rampant gules , the inmost or , of 8 decrescents as the first . v. or , a bordur gules . or , a bordur azur . gyronie of eight , or and sable , a bordur imbatled vert . vi. per pale sable and argent , on a chaplet , four quarterfoiles counterchanged . per pale sable and argent , on a chaplet four cinquefoils all counterchanged . per pale sable and argent , on a chaplet four mollets counterchanged . this by the french is termed un orle rond . vii . argent , an orle gules , and in chief 3. martlets sable . viii . or , a lyon rampant within a double tressure counterflowred ( with flowers de lis ) gules , armed and lingued azur . ix . argent , a cheveron gules , betwixt three cross crosslets fitched sable , within a double tressure counterflowred of the second . gules , a cheveron within a double tressure counterflowred argent : quartered with the coat of frazer , being , azur three frazes argent . x. argent , a lyon rampant within a double tressure counterflowred azur , armed and lingued gules . or , a lyon rampant sable , armed and lingued gules within a double tressure counterflowred of the second . xi . or , three cusheons within a double tressure counterflowered gules : now born by some of the name of dumbar , and by stewart earl of murray . or , three crescents within a double tressure counterflowred gules : quartered with the coat of cumming , azur three garbs or. azur , three starrs within a double tressure counterflowered argent , quartered with the coats of athol and stewart . xii . or , an orle azur now born in the atchievement of the earl of hume . or , an orle indented upon the inner-side azur . chap. xvi . of the cross . the cross has been in great esteem , since our saviours death did make it so venerable amongst christians : for the egyptians did ingrave it upon the breast of their god serapis : and caelius rod teaches us , that the ancient , philosophers and mathematicians did highly esteem that figure . but that which made this ordinare so considerable in heraldry , was the expeditions unto the holy lands , and the holy war ; for both the pilgrims after their pilgrimage took the cross for their cognizance , and the ensigne of that war was the cross ; and therefore these expeditions were call'd croissads : and in these wars , the scots carry'd st. andrews cross argent , the french a cross arg . the english a cross or , the germans sable , the italians azur , the spaniards gules , as colomb . observes . thus montmorancy carry the cross , because they were the eldest christians amongst the gaules ; and the dukes of savoy , because they did assist the rhodes against the turks : and the sibald , who are come from sabaudia , carry the cross , because savoy or sabaudia , from whence they came , carry'd the cross ; for sibandas or sibaldus is but the corrupted name of sabaudus . before the holy war , the cross was blazon'd four cantons or quarters . it has several denominations , according to the several persons , who did originally bear it : thus the cross of calvary is long in the pale , and short in the arms , fig. 8. a patriarchal cross ( or a cross of lorraine , bacause lorraine wears it ) as in the fig. 7. a cross of maltha , is that which is born by he knights of maltha for defending the christian religion , fig. 19. a cross crosslet , is that which has all corners of it crossed as is the fig 9. a cross patee , is that which has large extremities , though they be not fimbriated or doubled , as guilims alleadges , pag. 90. a cross fitched , is that , whose lowest point is sharpn'd , and fit to be fixed in the earth , as in the figures 11. and 12. fitched comes from fichée , which signifies fixed in the french language ; but the writing it fitchee with a t is the errour : but such words though unnecessar , vex the reader to purpose : and therefore it were better to say , a cross fixable ; and for the same reason it were better to say , a cross crouch-wise , than to say , a cross potent , or potence : for a potence signifies a crouch in the french , but potent and potence are the same terms : nor could the french understand their own terms in those books . i cannot here pass by a ridiculous remark made by upton an english writer , otherwise learned , the reading of whom might have possibly occasion'd some mistakes . nota , quod istae cruces non sunt propriè signa , sed differentiae signorum . quare dic quod rex haraldorum videns aliquem cupientem portare arma , ignorans aliquam bonam , vel malam conditionem in eo , vel proprietatem , debet asignaere sibi de crucibus supradictis , quam crucem portare , signat portantem non habere aliquam causam , vel conditionem secundum quam possent sibi arma assignari , sed signant hominem brutalem . the reason of crosses fitched ( or fixable , as i term them ) was that the primitive christians did alwayes carry crosses with them as marks of devotion ; and when they setled themselves in their journey at any place for devotion , they fixt these portable crosses in the ground . chap. xvii . of the saltyr . the saltyr crux transversalis seu decussis , is a saint andrews cross , and is very ordinary in scotland , because st. andrew was our patron saint ; for st. andrew appeared to achaius our king upon that cross , when he fought against the picts . it was of old one of those instruments which were us'd as ladders , to scale the walls of towns ; and therefore it is call'd sautoir by the french , from sauter to leap , because it did help the souldiers to leap over walls : the english write saltyr , but i know no reason for that word : the former reason has in my judgement occasion'd that the saltyr is with us , and all other nations born ordinarly engrail'd , or ragg'd , as we call it , because the souldiers us'd to cut so those trees , for helping them to climb , and to support their feet or hands , upon its nicks . upon the account , that the saltyr is a st. andrew cross , therefore the andersons carry ar . a saltyr engrail'd sable betwixt four stars gules . when five of any thing , as leaves , beasts , &c. are born like a cinque , they are said to be born in saltyr , because of its shape , from the aggreement of a cinque and saltyr in their shapes : and by the italians it is call'd figura , a forma della lettera , x. and what we call saltyr-wise , they call incrotiato a foggia della lettera x. and we in scotland use the word saltyr , or st. andrews equally oft ; because the saint andrews cross is one of the badges of our nation . the description of the plate belonging to the 16. and 17. chapters . the latine terms of most of the crosses following , are set down as syl. pet. sta. vpton , and others have them . i. a plain cross ; this is call'd , crux simplex & plana . or , a cross gules . argent a cross betwixt four mollets azur . ermine , on a cross gules , a crosslet fitched or , and in the sinister quarter argent two mollets azur . argent , a plain cross sable quartered with the coat of cumming . ii. a cross engrailed . crux striata , cannaliculata , seu crispata , by some ingradata . by dion in macrino , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . or , a cross engrailed sable . argent , a cross ingrailed sable . sinclair earl of caithness bears this cross over all dividing his other coats . sinclair lord sinclair bears the same in an inescutcheon , others of that name gives , this cross azur . argent , a cross engrailed betwixt four roses gules . iii. a cross waved . crux undosa . argent , a crosse engrailed on the outter , and waved on the inner side sable . quarterly argent and sable , a cross parted per cross indented , counterchanged of the second and first . iv. a cross raguled . crux arbori similis quae decussis ramalibus undique asperatur , vel crux truncata , seu undique asperata . v. a crosse voided . crux secta introrsim , seu perforata . it is said to be voided , when the field appears throughout ; but if it be of another colour or mettall , it is said to be charged with another of such a colour . vi. a crosse potent . crux patibulata . the french call this , la croix potancée . argent , a cross potent azur , betwixt four mens hearts proper . argent , a cross potent sable , betwixt four mens hearts proper . argent , a plain crosse sable , twixt 4 hearts . vii . a cross patriarchal . crux patriarchalis , or as some call it , the cross of lorrain . viii . a cross calvary . this cross by morgan pag. 8. is set upon three degrees or steps . ix . crosslet . crux recruciata , seu cruciata . or , on a cross azur , five cross-crosslets of the first . argent , a cross-crosslet gules , on a chief azur , a mollet in the dexter canton of the first . x. cross crosslet fitched . recruciata cuspidata , vexillaris , or according to vpton , cruciata , figitiva . azur , a bend , betwixt six cross-crosslets fitched or. this is quartered with the coat of areskine by the earl of mar. argent , a cross-crosslet fitched sable : quartered in the second place with gules , a closs helmet argent . xi . patée , crux patula ad scapos , seu crux pateus . gules , a cross patée or , betwixt three mollets argent . gules , three crosses patée argent . azur , three crosses patée argent . xii . patée fitched . crux patula desinens in cuspidem oblongam , seu cu●pidata . gules , a bend twixt six crosses patée fitched or. azur , a bend ar●ent twixt six cross patée fitched or. gules , a crosse patée fitched argent , issuing out of the base undie or. xiii . patée fimbriated , patula fimbriata . xiv . tau , or cross of st. antony , crux sancti antonii . xv. a crosse florie , florida . or , a crosse florie gules . sable , a crosse florie betwixt four escallops argent . xvi . a crosse patonce . this is called by the english , a cross patonce , and by colomb . pag. 142. croix enhendée . argent , a crosse patonce gules , betwixt three mollets sable . xvii . a crosse flurrie , according to morgan , and by some , patens florida , but colomb . pag. 136. calls it , croix flowerdelisée . xviii . a crosse avelane , avellana , the ends thereof resembling the husk of a filbert-nut . xix . a crosse anchored , anchorata , but colomb . calls this , the crosse of maltha , or a crosse patée of eight points : and that crosse which the french call a crosse anchored , is much like to that figure 22. called by morgan , molin . xx. a crosse patonce voided , florida , perfossa seu introrfim secta . xxi . a crosse sarcel● or resarcile by morgan ; by vpton pag. 219. termed dupla partita flo●ida : but that which the french call croix ressercellée colomb . pag. 138. differs much from this . xxii . a cross moline , according to morgan ; by upt. mollendinaris : but by the french as is already said , croix ancrée . argent , a cross moline sable . argent , a crosse moline within a bordur azur . xxiii . a cross mil●ine by the english. xxiv . a crosse crennelle or imbatled on both sides , undique pinnulata , by the french crenellée & bastillée . argent , a cross counter-imbatled sable . xxv . a crosse furchie , furcata . there be many other kinds of crosses little differing in forme from some of these before mentioned , but none of them are in use in scotland . xxvi . a cross of st. andrew , the patron of scotland , by some termed a saltir crux sancti andreae , decussis , seu crux decussata . argent , a st. andrews crosse sable . sable , a st. andrews crosse argent . argent , a saltir ingrailed sable . arg●nt , as s●ltir ingrailed gules , surmounted of another or , betwixt four bugles sable . or , a saltir verrey . xxvii . or , on a st andrews cross azur , nine lozenges of the first ; this ought to be an plain crosse , and not ingrailed as in the plate . argent , on a saltir vert , betwixt four crosse-crosslets fitched gules , five crescents of the field . xxviii . gules , a saltir betwixt four crescents or ; quartered with the coat of kirkaldy of inshture being , gules , three stars argent : the saltir should also be plain in this gentle mans bearing . argent , a saltir waved betwixt four roses gules . argent , a saltir ingrailed betwixt four roses gules . argent , a saltir betwixt four roses gules . argent , a saltir azur , betwixt two crescents in chief and base gules , and al 's many garbs in fesse of the second banded or. xxix . argent , a saltir , and chief gules . argent , a saltir gules , and chief waved of the second . argent , a saltir gules and chief imbatled of the second . argent , a st. andrews cross azur , on a chief of the second , three cusheons or. argent , a saltir sable , on a chief gules , three cusheons or. xxx . argent , a saltir couped gules . argent , a sword in pale azur , hilted and pomelled or , surmounted on the point of a mollergules , overall a saltir couped sable . or , on a fesse azur , betwixt a bulls head couped in chief , and a gally her oars erected saltir-wayes in base sable , a st. andrews cross argent . chap. xviii . of such figvres square and round as are only us'd in heraldry there are b●sides the ordinaries many other figures , which are proper to heraldry : and therefore i have insert them here next these ; and before i begin to treat of the common charge . these are either round or square . the round get from the english various names , according to their various forms , which i have here set down from guilims . if they be 1 or , then we call them 1 besants , if they be 2 argent , then we call them 2 plates , if they be 3 vert , then we call them 3 pomeis , the french word for aples if they be 4 light blew , then we call them 4 hurts , if they be 5 sable , then we call them 5 pellets or ogresses if they be 6 purpure , then we call them 6 golpes , if they be 7 tenne , then we call them 7 oreges , if they be 8 sanguine , then we call them 8 guzes , if they be 9 gules , then we call them 9 torteauxes . but the french allow no such multiplicity , nor confusion of terms ; and colomb , sayes , c ' est plustost obsturcir la science que l' éclaircir , c ' est pourquoy ce ne scaurois approuuer ces terms begearres d' angleterre . the ordinar round figures approved by all nations , are , the besants , which were the money of constantinople , and had their name from that town , which was called bizantium , and have been generally born of old by such as were at the holy war ; of late they are born by such as have been rais'd , by being thesaurers or customers : for these besants are still of mettal . if these roundlets be of colour they are term'd , torteauxes , generally by the scots and french. if they be half mettal , half colour , they are call'd besant torteaux , if the mettal be in the highest place , or in the dexter side ; if otherwise , they are called torteaux besants : this word torteaux is in latine called limba torta & rotunda ( round cakes ) and thence sprung the term torteaux leigh : calls them wastals . it is given by chassaneus conclus . 75. as a rule , that besantae numerantur usque ad octo , si excedant dicentur besanteae & tortellae numerantur sicut besantae : that is to say , if the besants exceed six , you should say , bestanted , and need not specifie their number . if these roundlets be shadow'd , they are call'd bowles ; and the first who bore these , was the family of medicis now duke of florence , because the first of that name , edward de medicis , who serv'd under charles the great , kill'd mugel a giant , who wasted all about florence , and murdered passengers by a mace of iron , at which were hung five iron bowles , and did thereupon take five bowles for his arms. the four corner'd figures , are either lozanges , which are exactly four squar'd para-lello grammata , and are born by mathematicians , and ofttimes are the symbols of exact honesty , and constancy ; that being a figure whose right side is alwayes highest , homus quadratus , chas lib. 1. conclu 75. tells us , that lozangiae factae sunt ad modum lozangiorum in vitriis . the fusill is longer , and has its highest and lowest angles sharper than the lozanges : it was the form wherein women carry'd their arms of old , and by the old shape of it , and the present name , it represents a spindle : if there be many of these , then we say , lozan'd or fusill'd . the macle is also four square , but it is voided as in the fig. 3. some think they resemble the mashes of a net , and if so , they must still be voided , as guilims well observes , pag 317. and they signifie the bearer to have been pollitick , and fit to take others in his net , as sir iohn fern observes ▪ but if the macle represents a mash , why was it cut as a macle ? and therefore i do rather believe colomb . pag. 149. who asserts , that these macles were first used in the arms of the house of rohan , who chused them , because all the carps , and flints also of their lands in the dutchie of rohan , are all markt with this figure , which being a thing very extraordinary , and singular , gave occasion to them to use these in their arms , and these spots are called macles in that countrey from the latine macula : whereupon the dukes of rohan have for their motto , sine maculâ , macla . in my opinion they look like mirrours , and seeing the name of purves carries three macles , and that their name in france is purvoir , i think these macles represents mirrours in their arms. the english call thir figures macles , without distinguishing whether they be voided or pierc'd ; but if they be pierc'd round , the french call them rustres . i have also set down the form of a fret , which should consist of six pieces , if of moe , we say fretted . billets are also four corner'd , but are longer in the sides , than at the ends ; they represent a brick , and therefore are call'd laterculus by the latine heralds : some ancient families bear these , to show the antiquity of their families , as varreus observes , for of old all houses were built of brick . some families with us use them , to show their original was from england , where brick tyles are much us'd . i have added the earle of errols coat as an example of inescutheons . the description of the plate , belonging to the 18. chapter . i. azur , a fesse betwixt three lozenges or. the same quartered with the coat of balfour , argent on a cheveron sable , an otters head crazed of the first . argent , a cheveron ensigned on the top , with a crosse pateé betwixt three lozanges sable . argent , three lozanges sable , on a chief of the second , al 's many lyons passant guardant as the first . ii. argent , a fesse fusiliesable ( or five fusils in fesse ) or , a cheveron betwixt three fusils azur . or , a cross crosslet fitched sable betwixt three crescents in chief , and al 's many fusils in base gules . iii. azur , on a cheveron betwixt three mascles argent , al 's many cinquefoiles gules . azur , on a fesse betwixt three mascles argent , al 's many cinquefoiles of the first . gules , six mascles or , 3 , 2 , and 1. quartered in the second place , in the atchievement of cockburn of langtoun , with his paternal coat argent , three cocks gules . azur , three mascles , or. iv. or , on a fesse , betwixt three crosses , pateé gules , al 's many bezants . or , on a fesse , betwixt three crosses , pateé in chief gules , and an star in baze azur , al 's many bezants . argent , on a fesse azur , three bezants . azur , a cheveron , betwixt three bezants . v. ermin , a frett gules . ermine , fretté gules . ermin , a frett ingrailed gules . gules , a frett argent . sable , fretted or. vi. sable , a bend betwixt six billets or : this is quartered in the atchievements of the earles of linlithgow and callender . vii . argent , three shields ( or inescutcheons ) gules . gules , an inescutcheon or , sable , an inescutcheon , chekie argent and azur , betwixt three lyons heads erased of the second . argent , four barrs imbatled azur , over all an inescutcheon , gules . viii . argent , a cheveron sable , betwixt three torteauxes , ( or three roundles ) gules . argent , a cheveron , betwixt three pellets , ( or three roundles ) sable ) this may serve for roundless of other colours ; of each of which , there want not instances amongst the bearings of this kingdom . ix . or three annulets gules . gules , three annulets or stoned saphire : quartered in the second place in the atchievement of montgomery earl of eglingtoun . chap. xix . of living creatures , trees , flowrs , &c. and the general laws of heraldry relating to them . there are some things proper to heraldry , as the honorable ordinars , and of these i have treated particularly : but there are other things , which have only relation to heraldry , as they are exprest as bearings in the shields of particular persons ; as planets , meteors , animals , trees , flowers : and thus , all things may be here comprehended , and heralds to swell their books , treat of those , either to show why such things are born : ( but since that depends upon the actions done by the bearers , that is rather the part of an historian , then a herald : but however in the second part of this work , wherein i have given an account of our families and arms , i have set down the reason of every coat , as far as my enquirie can reach ) or else others make long discourses of the nature of the things born ; but that belongs rather to a natural philosopher , then to a herald . i am then resolv'd only to trouble my self with the general laws to be observ'd in bearing these things , which i have reduc'd to these rules . 1. the first is , that every thing be plac'd in its natural form , if there be no special reason for doing otherwise . for nature is the chief model , and pattern of art in all things , and art only imitates nature . 2. that if a rapacious creature is to be set down , it is to be exprest in the posture that is most devouring ; because then it is presum'd to shew most strength : and thus a lyon is to be exprest , rampant , &c. bart. de insig . num . 16. animalia fera debent exprimi in act● ferociori . 3. other creatures that are not wild and ravenous , ought to be exprest in their noblest position , as a horse salient , a grey-hound running , &c. 4. creatures , that are remarkable for any posture , ought to be born in that posture , as a lamb passant , because it is naturally simple ; a serpent noué , or circling in a knot , because it is remarkable for that forme . 5. all creatures must be looking to the right side of the shield , and must have their right foot first ; which things bartol founds upon , l. qui clavum § item sciendum f. de aedilit . edict . yet i found it rather upon the general opinion that men have , that the heart is in the right side , and that therefore the right side in man is strongest , and so he has made it the noblest side in all other things . 6. as the right side is nobler then the left , so the upper part is nobler then the lower : and therefore things that must look either up , or down , ought rather to be design'd looking upward . 7. but if two creatures or things be looking to one onother , then these rules are not to be respected , bartol . num . 22. 8. when beasts are to be painted upon banners , the noblest position is to look to the staff ; because that is the support of the banner : if upon houses that have chimneys , the noblest position is to look to the fire , because generally the worthiest persons are plac'd next to the fire : if there be no chimney , the noblest posture is to be plac'd , looking from the door : if upon caparasons , they ought to look to the head of the horse , or beast that bears them . ix . if they be born to expresse a historie , they are to be painted in the posture that best expresses the historie . x. in some things custom has allow'd a peculiar position in heraldry ; which ought to be observ'd : as two keys are to be born like a saint andrews cross , because the keys born by the pope , are so painted : a sword is to be born in pale , because the sword of honour is so carry'd before kings and magistrats . but these postures , and the special terms are to be found in guilims , carter , morgan , and others ; and many of them may be known by the explication of the coats here set down . of planets , &c. i. azur , the sun in his glory . this is quartered with per fesse gules and vert , on a cheveron argent betwixt three mascles in chief or , and an unicorns head erased in base of the third , as many mollets as the first , be the name of ker. azur , the sun in his splendor , betwixt two crosses pateé fitched in chief , and a mollet in base argent . azur , the sun in his glory , betwixt three flowers de lis argent . ii. argent , three stars azur . argent , a fesse , betwixt three stars azur . azur , three stars within a double tressure , counterflowred argent ; now quartered in the atchievement of the marques of athol . argent , an bugle sable , garnished gules , on a chief azur , three stars of the first . gules , three stars or , quartered in the atchievement of gordon , earl of satherland . iii. azur , a crescent , between three stars argent . azur , a frasier , issuing out of a crescent , betwixt three stars argent . iv. argent , on a bend azur a mollet betwixt two accornes , or. argent , a fesse waved azur , betwixt three mollets gules . ermine , on a chief gules , three mollets argent . argent , on a cross azur , a crescent betwixt four mollets of the first . v. gules , an increscent or , azur , a moon decrescent proper . or , on a fesse azur , betwixt two crescents : the upper inverted gules , three mollets argent . vi. gules , three crescents argent . gules , three crescents argent within a bordur of the second , charged with eighth roses , as the first : quartered with argent , a fesse gules , be the name of melvil of raith . or , three crescents gules . vii . azur , three cross crosselets fitched , issuing out of al 's many crescents argent . gules , three cross-crosselets fitched , issuing out of ( or within ) al 's many crescents argent . viii . azur , nine stars or , 3 , 3 , 2 , and 1. sable , the sun in his glory , betwixt nine stars argent , three , two , three and one . ix . argent , a rainbow proper . x. azur , iupiters thunder-bolt in pale or , inflamed at both ends proper , shafted saltir-wayes , and winged in fesse argent . iupiters thunder-bolt winged as the former , but of old he gave ane and throwing the thunder-bolt . xi . azur , a star of eighth rayes , within a double tressure counterflowred or : this he gave over all on an shield of pretence ; but has lately laid it aside . xii . azur , a comet or blazing star in the dexter corner , and straming in bend or. of the parts of a man. sable , an naked man his arms expanded proper . the same , within a bordour argent : ii. argent , a savadge head couped distilling drops of bloud , and thereupon a bonnet composed of bay and hollin-leaves all proper , within an orle of eigth martlets sable . argent , a savadge head full fac'd , distilling drops of bloud within an orle of eighth martlets sable , a bordur invecked gules . azur , three savadge heads couped argent . iii. argent , three negroes heads couped proper with a ribban about the brow knit behind of the first . iv. azur , three sarazen heads conjoyned in one neck proper , the faces looking to the chief , dexter and sinister sides . the same , with this difference , that the uppermost head was affixt by a wreath to the other two . v. sable , a chevalier armed at all points , brandishing a simiter aloft , and mounted on horse-back argent . the same , within a bordur gules . vi. argent , a dexter arm issuing from the sinister-side , holding an oak-tree eradicat and broken asunder near to the branches proper , betwixt a crescent in the sinister chief , and a mollet in the dexter base gules . argent , a sinister hand holding an oaken-battone palewayes proper , surmounted of an bend ingraised gules . argent , three sinister hands couped and erected in pale 2. and 1. gules . vii . two coats quarterly , first sable , a catharin-wheel argent . second argent , three gut de sang . ( or drops of blood ) proper . third as the second , the fourth as the first· viii . gules , a dexter hand couped fesse-wayes , and thereon a hooded falcon pearched or , on a chief argent three mollets of the first . argent , three sinister hands tending to the sinister chief-point gules 2. and 1. or , an dexter hand holding an dagger betwixt three hearts gules . ix . gules , a dexter hand couped fesse-wayes proper , holding a sword in pale argent betwixt two broken hammers or. quarters the same with the coat of baird . gules , a dexter hand couped , holding a dagger-point downward argent , and in chief two spur-revells or : others give it a dexter-hand issuing out of the sinister-flank , holding a simiter in pale . x. sable , two leg-bones in cross argent . xi . or , three mans hearts within a bordur ingrailed gules . gules , on a chief argent , three mens hearts of the first . argent , three nails ( according to some arrows ) fastned in , or parting a heart gules . xii . gules , on a fess betwixt a bow and arrow in full draught in chief , and three legs couped at the thigh in base argent ; a lyons head crased sable . argent , an naked savadge proper , shooting an arrow out of an bow gules . of four footed beasts . i. argent , a lyon passant guardant gules crowned or : but now , argent , a lyon passant guardant gules , crowned with an imperial crown , and collared with an other open crown or. argent , a lyon passant guardant gules , crowned with an imperial crown or : quartered with , argent a cross engrailed sable by the name of sinclair . argent , a lyon passant guardant gules ; quartered with edmistoun , or three crescents gules : and over all dividing the coats a cross engrailed sable , by the name of sinclair . argent , a lyon passant guardant gules crowned or , within a bordur indented of the second . ii. or , a lyon rampant sable degoutte . azur , a lyon rampant argent crowned or ; quartered in the atchievement of the marquess of dowglas . or , a lyon rampant gules , couped in all joynts of the first . iii. argent , a lyon rampant azur armed and langued gules : quartered with azur , three water-budgets or , by the name of vallange . argent , a lyon rampant gules . sable , a lyon rampant argent . argent , a lyon rampant gules crowned , and chained or. iv. argent , a demi-lyon rampant sable , issuing out of a fesse with a flower de lis in base gules , all within a bordour of the second . v. argent , three lyons heads erased gules , langued azure . or , three lyons heads erased gules : quartered in the atchievement of the marquess of huntly . vi. gules , three lyons rampant argent , now born by the laird of baluagowan . sable , two lyons counterpassant argent , collared gules . gules , on a cheveron argent , a rose betwixt two lyoncells combatand of the first . vii . or , a lyon rampant reguardant gules ; quartered with the coat of cuming . gules , a lyon rampant or , armed and langued azur with a sword in his dexter paw proper hilted , and pomelled of the s●cond . viii . argent , three unicorn-heads couped sable . argent , three unicorn-heads erased sable . vert , on a cheveron betwixt three unicorn-heads erased argent ; alse many stars sable . ix gules , a boar passant or. the same , and on a canton ermine , a sword in pale proper . x. azur , three boars heads couped or. the same within a bordur of the charge . the same with a saint-andrews cross in the center . azur , a bend betwixt three boars-heads couped or. argent , three boars-heads erased azur , armed or. xi . azur , three bears-heads couped argent , muzled gules . the same quartered with the coat of frazer . the same quartered with the coat of preston . azur , on a cheveron , betwixt three bear-heads couped argent , muzled gules , a mans heart proper . azur , three bear-heads couped argent , muzled sable ; above the shield a viscounts crown , and over the same , on an helmet befitting his quality , mantled gules , doubled argent , and wreath of his colours is set for his crest , a boar passant argent , overspread with drops of blood ; supported on the dexter by an vnicorn or , powldered with ermine sable ; and on the sinister by a dragon ermine : with this symbol , fax mentis incendium gloriae . xii . gules , a ram passant argent . of four-footed beasts , and their several parts . i. argent , a fesse betwixt 3. otters-heads erased gules : but. argent , 3. otters-heads erased gules . argent , on a cheveron sable , an otters-head erased of the first . ii. argent , a bend ingrailed gules , betwixt two otters heads couped sable : but other books , especially the latest , gives the coat of livingtoun ( which it seems is all one with lethingtoun ) of saltcoats , argent , an b●nd ingrailed gules , and in chief a bears-head erazed azur , muzled of the second . iii. azur , an hare salient argent , with an hunting-horn about his neck ve●t garnished gules . argent , a ratch hound current , betwixt three hunting-horns sable . parted per bend sanguine and vert , two grey-hounds current bend wayes argent . iv. azur , the holy lamb carrying a staff and flag argent , and thereon a saint-andrews cross gules . gules , an holy lamb passant reguardant staff and cross argent , with the banner of saint-andrew proper ; all within a double tressure counterfloured of the second : the escutcheon being surmounted on the breast of an eagle with two necks displayed or. v. or , a stags-head couped , attired with sex-tynes on every horn sable . vi. azur , a dears-head cabossed or. the same within two lawrel-branches disposed orle-wayes . azur , three dears heads cabossed or. or , hearts head cabossed sable , attired gules . vii . gules , a bucks head couped or. gules , an hearts head couped and attyred with ten tynes , betwixt three cross-crosselets fitched , all within a double tressure counterflowred or. viii . sable , three leopard heads erased argent . azur , a leopards head erased or. ix . argent , three roe-bucks in full course gules . vert , three bucks passant argent , attyred and ungul●d or. argent , a horse passant proper furnished gules . x. gules , three woolf heads erased argent , armed and langued azur . some of the old books give the field azur . the same within a bordur ingrailed of the second . xi . argent , a bulls ●ead erased sable . argent , three bulls heads erased sable , armed vert. argent , three cows heads erased sable . xii . sable , three cats a mountain passant in pale argent . of fowls , &c. i. argent , an eagle displayed sable . or , an eagle displayed azur , armed and membred gules . argent , an eagle displayed gules . or , an eagle displayed sable . ii. argent , an eagle displayed with two heads sable : but now , he gives the eagle surmounted on the breast of an inescutcheon argent , charged with a saltire sable . and most of the name gives only the saltire . argent , an eagle displayed with two heads sable , on a chief vert , two spur-revells or. azur , an eagle with 2. heads displayed argent over all on a fesse sable , two mollets of the second argent , a double eagle displayed gules . iii. or , an eagle pearching on a helmet gules . the same within a bordur embatled of the second . gules , an hand issuing out of the sinister flank , and thereon an ho●ded falcon pe●r●hed or , a chief argent charged with three mollets azur . iv. argent , a gryphon saliant sable winged , be●ked and armed gules . gules , a gryphon saliant within a tressure counterflowred argent . argent , a cheveron engrailed gules , betwixt three gryphones saliant vert , armed and membred of the second . v. gules , three martlets argent . argent , three martlets gules within a bordur or. argent , three bounten birds proper on a chief azur a sword fesse-wayes of the first hilted and pomelled or. sable , on a bend or , three cannarie birds vert. argent , a cheveron betwixt three turtle-doves azur . vi. gules , three crans argent . gules , three crans within a bordur invecked argent . azur , a cran argent . gules , a cran without head argent . vii . or , a falcons head issuing out of a mans heart proper , betwixt 3. mollets azur . but the lord halkertoun has changed this bearing lately . or , a falcons head issuing out of a mans heart proper , betwixt 3. mollets azur , on a chief of the second alse many bezants . viii . argent , 3. cocks gules : quartered with the coat of weapont , gules , 6. mascles or , 3 , 2 , and 1. argent , a fesse chekie azur , and of the first , betwixt 3. cocks gules . argent , on a fesse gules , 3. cocks passant or. ix . argent , in nests vert , 3. pelicans feeding their young or. azur , a bend betwixt two pelicans in their nests feeding their young argent : in some old books azur , on a bend , or , 3. pelicans vulned proper . argent , three pelicans vulned gules . gules , a phenix argent in flames proper . x. parted per cheveron embatled vert and gules , 3. craws argent , aliter argent , a craw feeding on a garb both proper . gules , on a fesse argent , three cornwall ( or cornish ) kaes sable becked and membred of the first , betwixt alse many mollets or. argent , a raven ( or corbie ) proper . xi . sable , on a bend argent , betwixt two cottises or , three cornish crawes of the first . some call these fowls martlers , and give them azur , as in the explication of the plate of the bends . xii . argent , a dragon with wings displayed within a bordur inwardly circular sable , charged with 3. crescents of the first . or , a fesse ermine , betwixt three dragon heads erased gules . argent , a dragon vert spouting fire : quartered in the second place with the coat of seaton . of fishes . i. a sea argent waved sable in french vnémer d' argent ondoyée ou agitée de sable , and is the coat of sadoc de vencon chevali●r de la table ronde . argent , a rock sable betwixt three fountains proper . ii. argent , an otter issuing out of a bar waved sable ; but , argent , an otter issuing out of a bar waved sable , crowned or , as the coat of meldrum : quartered with the coat of seaton which is or , three crescents within a double tressure counterflowred gules . argent , three otters issuing forth of a bar wave sable : quartered with the coat of preston . argent , three otters heads couped sable . iii. azur , a saltir ingrailed betwixt three swans najant in a loch proper , 2. in fesse , and 1. in base argent . or , a saltir ingrailed sable , betwixt two swans najant in fess undié ( or in a loch ) proper . iv. argent , an dolphine najant azur : quartered with the coat of cathcart , viz. azur , three crescents with as many crosse-crosselets fitched , issuing out of the same argent : or azur , 3. cross-crosselets fitched with alse many crescents argent . v. azur , three salmond najant fesse-wayes in pale argent . azur , three fishes called garvine-fishes najant fesse-wayes in pale argent . the midlemost looking to the sinister , and the other two to the dexter . as the fourth in their atchievements , parted per fesse waved argent . and vert in the center a salmond naiant proper . vi. sable , a cheveron or , betwixt 3. trouts hauriant argent . azur , three trouts fretted in triangle : one looking to the base , and two to the dexter and sinister chief argent : quartered with argent , an horse head couped sable furnished gules . vii . azur , an imperial crown , and under it two herring in form of a st. andrews cross or. viii . argent , three turbets fretted proper , one fesse-wayes looking to the sinister , and two to the dexter chief and flank . ix . gules , an inescutcheon argent , betwixt 3. pyke or geds heads couped or. azur , 3. geds or pyks hauriant argent . x. argent , on a st. andrews cross ingrailed sable , five escalops or. this pringle of whitebank , as his representer bears . argent , on a saltir engrailed azur , five escallops as the first . azur , three escallops or. xi . per pale argent and gules , a bordur of eighth escallops counterchanged . per pale waved argent and gules , a bordur of eighth escallops counterchanged . azur , a cheveron argent , betwixt two flowers de lis in chief , and a crab in base or. xii . gules , a salmond head couped fesse-wayes argent , with an annullet through the nose proper , betwixt 3. cinquefoilles of the second . gules , three salmonds ( some say trouts ) hauriant palewayes in fesse with a ring through each of their noses argent . of trees and plants , &c. i. azur , an oak-tree accorned or , growing out of a mount in base proper , betwixt two cross-crosselets fitched of the second . the oak with two keyes hanging on the dexter side azur , being fastened to one of the branches with strings gules . a bugle sable , hanging on the branches of the oak stringed gules , within a bordur engrailed argent . the oak tree , betwixt two ships under sail ; and some of the woods give the tree eradicated . argent , three oak trees vert. argent , a pine-tree eradicated proper with a bugle pendent upon one of the branches or. argent , a vine-tree growing out of the base leaved and fructed , betwixt two papingoes endorsed standing at the foot , and feeding upon the clusters all proper . argent , a fir-tree growing out of the middle base vert , surmounted of a sword in bend , bearing upon the point an imperial crown proper . argent , a palm-tree growing out of a mount in base proper , surmounted of s. andrews-cross gules , on a chief azur three mollets of the field . ii. argent , on a cheveron gules , betwixt three oak-trees vert , a boars head couped of the field . azur , a cheveron betwixt three oak-trees or. argent , an oak-tree growing out of a mount in base proper , surmounted of a fesse azur . argent , upon a mount in base , a grove of trees proper . iii. azur , a cheveron or , betwixt two scrogs or starved branches in chief , and a mans heart in base argent . argent , three trunks or stocks of trees couped under and above 2. and 1. sable . argent , a tree eradicated and lying fesse-wayes vert , betwixt three pheons azur . iv. argent , three edock-leaves slipped 2. and 1. vert . argent , three lawrel-leaves slipped vert . v. argent , three hollin-branches , each consisting of alse many leaves proper , banded together gules . argent , three hollin-leaves slipped vert. vi. argent , on a bend azur three accornes in the seed or . argent , three accorns slipped vert . vii . argent , a flower de lis azur . gules , a cheveron betwixt three flowers de lis or . azur , a pot of growing lillies argent . gules , an fesse or , betwixt two lillies slipped in chief argent , and an annulet in base of the second . viii . argent , on a fesse azur , three primroses of the field . or , a lyon rampant vert armed and langued gules , over all on a fesse purpure , three primroses of the field . argent , ●hree gellie-flowers gules within a double tressure counterflower delised vert : quartered with the coat of calender being sable , a bend betwixt six billets or , and over all on an shield of pretence , he gives the coat of linlithgow , viz. azur , an oak-trre or , within a bordur argent , charged with eighth gellie-flowers . livingston , earl of callender gives the gellie-flowers eradicated , and livingston , viscount of kilsyth gives them slipped . ix . argent , a cheveron betwixt three roses gules barbed vert . argent , a cross engrailed betwixt four roses gules . x. azur , three garbs or. argent , a cheveron gules betwixt three ears of rye slipped and bladed vert . argent , three ears of wheat slipped in fesse vert . xi . gules , three cinquefoilles ermine : quartered with the coat of arran . azur , three frasiers ( or frases ) argent ; these are strawberrie-leaves , but the painters have of a long time done them like to cinquefoils , making no difference , which certainly is an error : they are the paternal bearing of the lords salton , lovat and fraser ; and are quartered in the atchievements of the marquess of huntly , earles of wigton , and tweddal , and lord pitsligo . xii . argent , an hand issuing out of the dexter side holding an garland ensigned with an imperial crown proper , on a chief gules two thistles of the first . azur , a garb or banded of the first betwixt three thistles as the second . the thistle is the badge of the king of scotland . of castles and instruments of war. azur , a castle argent gates and windowes gules : but , or , a mountain azur inflamed proper , quartered now by sir george mckenzie of tarbet with the mckenzies armes . sable , two barrulets engrailed betwixt alse many towers treeple towered in chief argent , and three crescents in base or. azur , on a rock proper a castle argent . gules , three towers triple towered within a double tressure counterflowred argent . several names of this kingdom bear churches , bridges , pillars , and such like for their ensignes armorial which i omit . ii ▪ azur , on a cheveron betwixt three bear-heads argent , muzled gules , a bucks head betwixt two hands couped , each grasping a dagger proper . argent , on a cheveron betwixt three roses gules , two swords points downward , and conjoyned at the pomells of the first hilted and pomelled or. iii. gules , a sword in bend argent , hilted and pomelled or , surmounted of a fesse as the third : quartered with the coat of abernethie . gules , two swords points downward crossing other saltirewayes argent , hilted and pomelled or , and a sinister hand couped in base pointing upward of the second . gules , three swords in fesse pale-wayes with their points downward argent , hilted and pomelled or. iv. argent , a fesse azur surmounted of three arrows , the midlemost in pale , and the other two in bend with the points downward , and meeting in the base counterchanged of the first and second ; in chief a boars head erased sable . vert , a fess engrailed betwixt four mollets argent , over all in pale , an arrow point downward gules , feathered and headed of the second . the arrow is given here as a difference from cuthbert of castlehil chief of the name . v. argent , on a bend cottised and engrailed vert , three buckels or ; but of late they have given the bend engrailed azur , and sometimes engrailed sable . argent , on a bend azur three buckels or , quartered with the coat of abernethy . argent , on a fesse azur three buckels or. argent , on a bend azur betwixt two lawrel leaves slipped vert , three buckells or. vi. gules , three daggers ( or skeins ) pale-wayes in fesse argent pomelled or , surmounted of alse many woolf-heads couped of the third . gules , a cheveron betwixt three skeins argent , hefted and pomelled or , surmounted of alse many woolf-heads couped of the third . vii . gules , three pole-axes in fess pale-wayes argent , surmounted of a fess checkie of the first and second . argent , two halberts crossing other in saltire azur . viii . per bend sinister argent and gules , a hand couped and grasping a lance bend-wayes , bearing on the top thereof an helmet proper in the sinister chief angle , a spur-revel of the first , and in the dexter base a horse-head couped sable . or , three helmets bavers open proper . gules , three boars-heads erased argent , betwixt a lance issuing out of the dexter base , and an lochaber-axe issuing out of the sinister , both erected in pale of the second . gules , a closs helmet argent . ix . or , a sword erected in pale , surmounted on the top with an imperial crown proper , betwixt three crescents within a double tressure counterflowred gules . azur , a sword in pale argent , hilted and pomelled or , betwixt three crescents of the second . or , a two handed sword in pale azur . x. azur , three broad axes argent 2. and 1. xi . azur , a ship under sail argent : and the same earle for the first coat , as representing spar , sometime duke of orkney , bears azur , a ship at anchor , her oars in saltire within a double tressure counterflowred or. azur , in the sea vert , a ship in full course or , masts , sails , and taiklings proper flagged gules . argent , a ship with her sails trussed up sable : quartered in the atchievement of the duke of hamilton . xii . or , a lumfad her oars erected in saltire sable , in chief a dexter hand couped fesse-wayes , holding a mans heart palewayese ( according to some a flower de lis , gules . but mckintosh has altred this , and gives now four coats quarterly first or , a lyon rampant gules , as being come of mcduff . second argent , a dexter hand couped fesse-wayes , grasping a mans heart pale-wayes gules , third , azur , a boars head couped or. fourth or , a lumfad her oars erected in saltire sable . argent , a lumfad with her oars in action sable : now quartered in the atchievements of the earle of argyle and glenurqhie . argent , an ark in the waters proper surmounted of a dove azur , bearing in her beck an olive-branch vert . of vtensils , crowns and others used in armory . i. argent , a saltire sable , on a chief of the second , three cusheons or. argent , a saint andrews cross and chief azur . the second charged with three cusheons or. argent , a mollet ( or rather a spur-revel ) gules , on a chief sable a cusheon or. or , three cusheons gules , each charged with a crescent argent or , three cusheons within a double tressure countefloured gules . ii. or , a cheveron betwixt three purses gules . some give the cheveron checki● azur and argent . others give a fess checkie . iii. gules , on a fess or , a mollet azur , betwixt three quadrangular locks argent . gules , a sword in pale proper , hilted and pomelled or , betwixt three padlocks argent . iv. azur , a fetterlock argent , on a chief of the second , three , sanglier heads as the first . but others give it argent , a mans heart proper within a fetter-lock sable , on a chief azur , three boars heads erased of the first . and there are lately some other alterations made in this coat . argent , on a bend sable , three-fetterlocks . or. v. gules , three keyes barr-wayes or ; or as the english blazon fesse-wayes in pale . the same within a bordur verry . vi. or , a cheveron checkie sable and argent , betwixt three water budgets of the second : quartered with the coat of melvil . azur , three water budgets or : quartered in the second place in the achievement of the earle of drumfreis . or , a bears head couped gules , betwixt three water budgets sable . the same within a bordur . vii . azur , three covered cups or 2. and 1. azur , three mollets in fess betwixt alse many covered cups argent . gules , two cups covered or , and in the midle chief a star argent . sable , a cup argent with a garland betwixt two lawrel-branches , all issuing out of the same vert. viii . sable , a catharine-wheel argent : quartered in the atchievement of sir iames turner with argent , three gut . de sang . proper . ix . azur , theee bells or. azur , a fesse betwixt three bells or. x. or , three candlesticks sable 2. and 1. xi . argent , a cheveron gules betwixt three chess rooks sable ; but now he gives sable , on a cheveron or , betwixt three mollets argent , alse many chess rooks of the field . azur , a burning cup betwixt two chess rooks in fess or. xii . gules , three antique crowns or. gules , a boars head couped betwixt three antique crowns or. with his paternal coat by the name of fraser gives , second and third argent , three antique or open crowns gules . or , a fesse chekie azur and argent ▪ betwixt three open crowns gules . chap. xx. why arms are chang'd . arms once taken ought not to be chang'd without a sufficient cause . the ordinary causes of changing arms are six . first , when the bearer becomes subject to another , and thus william the conqueror chang'd the arms of england . 2. the succeeding to a greater fortune , and thus the familie of stewarts arms were chang'd by our kings , when they succeeded to the crown 3. adoption , as by tailies with us . 4. some considerable new exploit , and thus a savoyard having preserv'd francis 1. at the battle of pavie crav'd liberty to change his arms , and take a sword arg . accompany'd with a flower de luce . 5. some new devote enterprise , as those who went to the holy war. 6. marks of cadency , and defamation , and marriage : of which three last , i shall treat in separate chapters . what was meant by a gentleman of name and arms in ancient records is doubted : for some interpret this of those , who made profession of arms : others do more justly interpret this of these , who came to the honour of having sirnames , and coat-armour ; for till william the conqueror's time in england , and king malcome , canmor's reign in scotland , there were no sirnames ; but men were call'd by their fathers name , as gulielmus , filius iacobi : but thereafter they got sirnames from the lands they possest : and therefore it was a mark of nobility in those dayes , to have a few , or lands . but now a gentleman of name and arms , is he , whose name and arms are registrated by heraulds , as menestier observes . chap. xxi . marks of cadencie and differences . arms are sometimes given upon a personal account by a prince ; thus kings give sometimes to such strangers , who have mediat happily as ambassadors , betwixt them , and their own masters , the arms of their kingdom in a canton ; and generally in these cases , arms are personal , and descend not to his successors : and such arms are called insignia personalia , noal . de transmis . casu 33. and cartwright , pag. 20. gives an instance of this in the person of s. henry , st. george , who got the arms of swede in a canton , when he was ambassadour there : and the italians give many instances of this rule , in arms given by princes to cardinals : but if successors be not secluded ; then arms descends to his heirs , though they be not exprest , bart. ad l. 1. c. de dignit . hoping . c. 7. § . 1. and these succeed to their arms , though the arms were bestow'd upon the father after their birth , even as they would succeed to a crown falling to their father after their birth , tiraquel . c. 15. hot. quaest . illust . 2. but when they are given by the prince to a man , or to his posterity , then his successors , who are descended of him , do carry the arms , and have right thereto , and that though they renounce to be heirs , noal . ibid. because these are marks of their princes favour , and no lucrative parts of succession : and therefore , possiblie it is that our nobility bear the titles , and enjoy the honours of their predecessors , though they renounce to be heirs , and though these honours and titles were given at first to their predecessors and their heir . but it is here questioned by the doctors , whether daughters have right to bear arms of the family : as iason observes , consil . 63. virile officium est arma & insignia deferre , the carrying arms belongs only to men ; yet it is generally concluded , that women who were never marry'd , may carry their predecessors arms , tiraquel . de nobil . cap. ult . & tacit. lib. 3. annual . de funere juniae ait , viginti clarissimarum familiarum imagines antilatae sunt , sed praefulge●ant cassius atque brutus , eo ipso quod effigies eorum non visebantur : idem probatur per l. mulieres , c. de dignitat . and the custom both in france and scotland is , that they bear the paternal coat in a lozenge , limneus : de jure reipublicae , cap. 6. but they should be born in a fusil , which is a figure longer then a lozen , and signifies a spindle in french , which is a womanly instrument : yet when women have been once marry'd , they can no more carry their paternal coat or arms , because , by marriage , transeunt ex familia patris , in familiam mariti , bart. ad l. quoties c. de privil . schol. menoch consil . 197. and yet to show whence they sprung , they carry their paternal coat marshall'd with their husbands , as shall be hereafter observ'd : but the children born by them cannot carry their grand-fathers arms , noal : ibid. no man can bear his mothers arms ; for children follow the condition of their father , not of their mother ; and yet the mother may by paction or testament provide , that they shall not succced , except they bear her arms , in which case they may be forc'd to carry them if the prince consent : for he only can bestow arms ; and without this the son cannot bear them , peleus act forens : c. 96. whither agnati transversales , such as nephews , uncles , &c. have right to carry the arms that are given by the prince to their uncles , and those of his family may be doubted : and that they may is concluded by the doctors ; nam agnati intelliguntur esse de familia , l. pronunciatio , f. de verb. signif . but if the arms be granted to a man and these descending of his body , they will thereby , or by any such expresse concession be secluded . it is most ordinar in scotland to tailye estates to the eldest heir fernal , she marrying one who shall bear the name and arms of the disponers family : but whether the person who marries that heretrix or heiresse , as the english speak , may lawfully carry the disponners arms , according to the laws of heraldry , wants not its scruple ; seeing arma gentilitia , which are presumed still to be granted to a man and his heirs , non transeunt ad extraneos ; else any man might give arms , as well as the prince or heralds : yet lawyers are very positive that their pactions are lawful , & qui liber●s non habet , potest in alium transferre suum feudum ea conditione , ut adoptatus nomen & arma & insignia ferat . former . tract . feud tit . de his qui feudum accipere possunt ; and that because arms are given , not only to reward the receivers vertue , but to distinguish families , & quia adoptatus transit in familiam & agnationem adoptant● . some lawyers do here distinguish betwixt him , who is so assum'd or adopted by one of his own predecessors , or family ; for these surely may bear the arms of the adopter ; and these who were strangers before the adoption ; and they conclude that these cannot have right to the arms : and this is asserted by hopping . de jur . insig . cap. 7.5 . num . 251. to be the common opinion of the best lawyers . but i think it may be more justly distinguisht ▪ whether the disposition be made to a daughter , she marrying one who shall bear the name and arms ; for in that case certainly , the children may bear the arms , for she was heiresse her self : but if lands were disponed to a meer stranger , not upon condition that he should marry a daughter , but that he should bear the name and arms ; it may be in that case asserted , that the receiver of the disposition cannot bear the arms : for that was not in the disponners power to bestow , except the prince consent . and suitable to this it is observed by co. 4. inst . 126. that edmond de eincourt obtain'd from e. 1. a liberty under the great seal to assign his name and arms : but that the parliament of england did finde that such an assignation without the kings consent , was voyd . and with us , if the king either confirm a right made of name and arms , or accept a resignation upon that condition , this is thought equivalent to an original right . though the descendent of him , to whom the arms were first granted , may bear them ; yet the eldest son who represents the receiver of the arms , properly can only bear them intire by the laws of spain , molim . l. 2. de hisp . primog . the same is observed in france , colomb . tit . de brisurs : and expilly relates à decis . of the parliament of grenoble , anno 1496. wherein they found that the cadets of the family , could not bear the arms of it simply , and without distinction : the like was found by the parliament of tholouse , anno 1509. in scotland and england the same is observ'd . in piemount all the sons of counts bear the same arms , without any other distinction , save that the eldest carrys the crown of a count , but the cadets do not tessaur decis . 270. nu 6. in germany , the several branches of great families distinguish themselves only by different crests , without inserting any addition in the arms themselves : as menestrier observes , pag. 389. the eldest also of the three secular electors , use in each of their coats , the badge of their office as a mark of their office , rather then as a distinction , hop . c. 7. and gaspar . bombaci observes , that there are few or no differences us'd in italy : che vuole essempi frequenti di arme di un medisimo liguaggio ln varie guise non sostantialmente maaccidentalmente diversificate ; bisogna que esca fuori d' italia . and i think that the reason , why the germans use none is , because all succeed equally there to the honours and estate . likeas , it seems that in italy the reason of frequent omitting them is , because there , the cadets are ordinarily church-men ; and these use , nor need no marks of difference or cadency ; because they are to have no succession , and because ofttimes the cadet by his office , is greater , and more honourable then the eldest is by his birth , menestrier , pag. 390. but our church-men being allowed succession ought to use these differences . these marks , whereby the cadets or younger sons do distinguish their arms from those of the principal house , or the chief house , as we say in scotland , are called brisurs by the french : because its brisent , they break the principle bearing of the family . by the english , they are called differences , and of late are call'd marks of cadency by both when their differences were first instituted , is not easie to be determined ; but that they are very old , may be conjectur'd from this , that paradin makes robert count of anjou who liv'd , anno 870. to bear the arms of france within a bordur gules , for a difference . by fern , pag. 155. arms were divided into perfect , and abated arms. perfect were call'd abstract : but arms fixal , and terminal were these of cadets : this guilims , and others have not noticed , and here he makes embording , as he calls it to be the difference of the second son· colombier relates , that in the bibliotheck of the count of brien , he found those differences set down for cadets , which are now received by the english , and ascriv'd to vpton : to the eldest ▪ unlambeaux à trois pendans , a file of three lambeaux : which is not only a corruption , but a mistake of the french ; for the beam is the lambeau : but guilims and others call the pendants lambeaux . bartol . call them candela , and upton lingulae sive labellae : this is given to the eldest son whilst his father lives , to signifie that he is but the third person , his father being one , his mother another , and himself being the third . i finde amongst our arms , some bear this constantly ; though they never were the eldest sons of their families : as the earl of abercorn , who was at first but a second son of the house of hamilton : and findaury , who was a second son of the family of arbuthnet . i finde also , that at an indentor betwixt david prince of scotland , and david earle of cranford , anno 1399. the princes coat is hung upon an oak tree , having no other supporters , and the coat is the ordinary coat of scotland , with a file of three labells ; and i conceive that these files of three pendants , should be expunged out of these coats : for though they be born sometimes as ordinary charges , and not as marks of difference ; yet here they were originally given as marks of difference , as is clear from their blazone . the second son has a crescent , to show that he should encrease the family , by adding to the estate and repute of the family . the third an mullet or spur ryal , to show that he should follow chevalry . the fourth , a martlet , because expecting no patrimony , he should become a souldier , and defend castles , which were the only old fortifications , in which castles martlets use to make their nests . the fifth , an annulet d' or , to remember him to atchieve great actions : the badge whereof was in old times , jus aureorum annulorum . the sixth , a flower de iuce , to remember him of his countrey and prince . the seventh , a double rose , to remember him to endeavour to flourish like that excellent flower . the eighth , an cross moulin , or the anchoring crosse , to remember to grip when he can fasten ▪ seing he has nothing else , to which he may trust . the ninth , a double quater foil , or a flower of eighth leaves , to expresse that he is remov'd from his eldest brother , and the succession by eight degrees . the modern french , and generally all nations do now reprobat these affected forms ; and allow every privat person to take what mark of distinction , can sute best with the coat , which his chief bears . against the former differences these arguments may be brought . first , that the french , from whom these were borrow'd , have rejected them . 2. no other nation uses them : and uniformity should be very much studied in heraldry , to avoid confusion ; and that our arms may be the more universally understood . 3. these , nor no constant differences can suit with all arms ; for if the bearer had three crescents proper , two , and one ; it were very irregular to adject a fourth , which would wronge both the beauty and regularity of the former bearing . sometimes also the whole shield is semé de fleuer de lis , all covered with flower de luces : in which case it were impossible that a flower deluce could be a distinction . 4. it is appointed by that rule , that the mark of cadency shall be still placed in the centre of the shield ; as colombier relates of that old forme , pag. 74. whereas in many coats paternal , or in coats armours of chief families , the centre point is naturally charg'd with some of those same marks , as crescents , flower deluces , annulets ; &c. 5. the only reason why it is prest , that the differences should be known is , to the end that the degrees of consanguinity may be clearly instructed ; whereas if the degrees be not remote , then they are easily known without such cognizances ; but if they be remote , then thir cognizances are ineffectual : for no ●emoter degree than the grand child of the first sons can be thus known : for though the second son ( for example ) who is descended of a former second son , may take a crescent upon a crescent ; yet it is not conceiveable how this second son , or his second son can be thus distinguished by his arms. 6. this confounds all the ancient coats , and has absurdly fill'd ours with moe crescents and mullets then are in the arms of all europe besides . 7. these differences do respect france in some things , which are not communicable to britain : for the flower deluce was given at first to remember the bearer of his countrey ; that flower being the ordinary cognizance of france : but seing the flower deluce is not the cognizance of scotland or england ; therefore that ground ceases with us . 8. colomber does very well observe , that the old forms were contrare to the rules alow'd in heraldry , by the consent of all nations ; for no subject can take that for his arms , much lesse for a distinction or diminution , which is a part of the soveraigns coat ; and therefore the flower deluce being a royal bearing with us , no subject ought to bear it as a mark of difference . and lastly though these may show that they were once second brothers , yet they are not perfect marks of difference : because many cadets wear the same difference , and thus many families do bear crescents , as second sons of huntly : and there have been twenty second sons of that familie , which no crescent could distinguish : whereas if they had taken another difference at pleasure , they might have shun'd that confusion ; and the registrating the mark given cadets in the lyons register , with the reasons why they are given to that son , and at what time , will clear much better the degrees of consanguinity , then these differences can : and yet that was the only reason , why these differences were invented . and therefore colomb . concludes thus , mais quant à m●y ie tiens toutes ces contra in tes inutiles , pource quelles ne peuent pas conveniru à toute sorte d' armes ▪ the french have constantly , and the scots frequently taken such differences , or brisurs as might expresse at once some considerable alliance , or action , and might likewise distinguish their families from that of their chief ; for so we call the representative of the family , from the french word chef , a head : and in the irish with us the chief of the family , is call'd the head of the clane . thus the lord balmerrinoch cha●ges the cheveron , which the elphinston carryes , with three buckles ; because his mother was monteeth , and daughter to the laird of carse , whose charge these are : and the lord couper , brother to balmerrinoch did charge the cheveron , with three hearts , because his mother was daughter to maxwel of newark . sometimes also they chang'd only the colour of any one part of their chiefs bearing , and sometimes they alter'd the ordinaries , taking on a bend these cognizances , which the chief carry'd in chief , or upon a saltire what he carry'd on a crosse , &c. as is to be seen in the families descended of the craufoords , rutherfoords , purvesses , &c. our predecessors also took marks of difference from their employments : and thus forbes of corse , a cross fitché , because they were learned-church-men for many generations : bruce of earls-hall a flower deluce , given him as a reward by the french king ; which the patent yet showes : and there are no better differences ▪ than any one of the ordinaries , or to alter the ordinary lines : thus sir william bruce of balcaskie got the lowest line of the chief in the bruces arms wav'd , to show his kindnesse to , and his skill in the art of navigation . sometimes also cadets add to the number of what is born by their predecessors ; as if he carry two stars , they add a third : and sometimes they diminish the number , otherwise alter the position , so that if the eldest have five crescents saltirewayes , the cadet will dispose them on a bend , &c. albiet every person may take any cognizance he pleases to difference his own arms , from these of the chief , and all others of the name ; yet there are some rules here to be observed : as first , that they take no part of their princes arms , without his majesties licence : such as lyons , nor the double tressure flower deluc'd , and contre flower-deluc'd , nor the flower deluce simple : for though his majestie bears not these , as kings of scotland , yet they are still a royal bearing : and the doctors assert that this rule holds in spain , as to all the kingdoms under that kings subjection . the bearing , or charge of the chiefs house should not be alter'd , as many families in scotland have done : thus auchinleck of balmanno gives arg . a cross embatled sable ; whereas auchinleck of that ilk gives arg . three bars sable : and scot of balwyrie bears different arms from these of balcleuch . but this was occasion'd by cadets , their marrying heretrixes , whose arms they assum'd without using their own , seing they got no patrimony from their predecessors . 2. it is irregular to alter the chiefs colours , as campbel of lundy does , who bears gyronie of eight pieces er. and sa. whereas the earl of argyle bears gyrone of eight peeces ( as we erroneously blazen ) o. and sa : yet this was allow'd of old by our custome , which may defend what was done , though it should be no precedent for the future , seing all nations do now endeavourvery justly , not to differ , that so all arms may be universally understood . 3. it was thought irregular to diminish any part of the chiefs bearing , as campbel of cesnock has done , who fill'd the room of one of the gyrons with a cheveron : for how can he be said to bear the chiefs arms with a difference , who diminishes them , and how can it be known that he is descended of that family when he bears not the arms of it : for either of the alterations makes the bearings very different , and there are original families who differ only so ; and yet such differences are ordinar abroad . 4. these cadets , who have their arms quarter'd with other arms , need no difference : for the quartering , or empaling is a sufficient difference : as is clear in the example of campbel of glenarchie , hoom of r●nton , and others : and therefore it was unnecessar for the earle of kellie to have born a crescent for a mark of difference , as second son of the earl of mar , seing he bears quarterly with the arms aerskine 1. and 4. an imperial crown within a double tressure or : bestowed upon him for his assistance given to king james in gauri's conspiracy . 5. it is observable , that though a cadet be descended of a cadet , yet i think , he needs not express the difference of that family , out of which he is immediatly come ; for else the coat should be fill'd with differences , and the use of differences , is only to distinguish from the chiefs family . albeit there be no stated , and constant differences in france , yet the cadets of the royal family have their certain and constant differencies : orleans carrys the label , aniou a bordur gules , alencon a bordure g , charg'd with eight besants , &c. for by these they are known to the people in coaches . it is also observable , that the heralds of all nations aggree , that sisters should carry no mark of difference ; the reason of which is by guilims said to be , that when they are marry'd , they losse their sirname , and receive that of their husbands . but i crave pardon to think this reason not sufficient ; for it would only prove that they should not at all bear their paternal coats , and yet i have formerly demonstrated , that they may in some cases ; nor does the reason prove , that daughters before their marriage , should not bear their paternal coats with difference , seing till then they loose not their own sirnames . but the true reason of this rule is , that albeit amongst sons , the eldest excludes all the younger from the succession , and therefore differences are given for clearing the right of succession amongst brothers ; yet sisters succeed equally , and are heirs portioners , and so there is no use for thir differences amongst them , seing seniority infers no priviledge . it is generally believed , that thir differences are excepted from that general rule , whereby it is declared false haraldry to place colour upon colour , or mettal upon mettal ( though guilims nor carter have not observed it ) but yet seing the instances of this exception , are only given in royal bearings , i conceive it is safer to avoid the exception in coat-armours of private persons : sunt enim principes legibus soluti . in what part of the shield these differences should be born , is not certain : but the point of honour is the most proper place , in my opinion , to receive diminutions or additions of honour ; and yet guilims , morgan , and others give us many different examples as to the place : for wingfield bears for a difference a flower deluce in the sinister point of the chief , ienne a crescent for a difference in the midle point of the chief , pag. 243. and in scotland it is generally receiv'd , that the differences should be plac'd upon the point of honour ; but to place them at liberty , may lessen much the easiness of knowing , when the things design'd for difference are not so ; and yet it is impossible to place them in one fixt place in all shields , because that place may be charg'd with some figure in the paternal coat , which cannot well admit the difference to be supercharg'd . but to evite all thir difficulties , it were to be wish'd , that the differences should still be appended to the base without the shield ; for by that means neither should the shield be confounded , nor should we mistake the original charge for a difference , nec è contra : or at least that exact registers were kept of thir distinctions , which would much better clear the degree of consanguinity . chap. xxii . of bastards . such as are not born in lawful marriage , are divided by lawyers in naturales , spurios , & ex damnatis complexibus procreatos : but by our ordinar stile , all of these go now under the general name of bastards , bartol . in l. pronounciatio f. de verb. signif . it is a received rule amongst heralds , that bastards should not bear their paternal coat , nam de jure patrem demonstrare nequeunt : and therefore seing the common law determines not who is their father , it were absurd that the laws of heraldry should allow them to bear any mans arms , as their paternal coat : this rule is allow'd by hopping . de jure insign . cap. § . 3. colomb . cap. 11. guilims , pag. 72. farin . lib. 1. tit . 2. quaest . 13. menoch . concil . 117. lib. 2. boer decis . 127. but though this hold in germany , where bastards are not at all allow'd to bear the arms of their supposed fathers ; yet it is otherwise in some countreys , as in france , britain and italy ; in which their heralds have allow'd , that they may bear the arms of him who is alledged to be their father with the difference of a battoun . some lawyers call this battoun barra , sive baculum , sintag . jur . cap. 6. num . 6. lib. 45. som tinea lutea , hopping , some linea tepat . cap. 5. some call it divisè mar : quest , 1140. the germans call it strich , and bachovius most improperly calls it tignum ; for tignum is a cheveron . this battoun is the fourth part of the bend sinister according to guilims , and should extend to the corners of the shield : but it should be cupé , or cut short of both , it represents a cudgel , and is given to bastards to show that they were not free men , but lyable as slaves of old were , and servants yet are , to be beat and cudgell'd : and though in france the brisurs , or differences of princes of the blood differ from these of private persons , yet bastards have in both the same cognizance as the french g : in england the brisur of royal bastards is still of mettal ; but i think it may be varied in its colour , according to the colours or mettals of the coat , lest there be colour upon colour , or mettal upon mettal : for , albeit some say that brisurs should be excepted from that rule ; yet i think that the note of bastardy deserves no such priviledge . i cannot be so partial here , as not to reprove an error of my own countrey-men , who make the mark of bastardy to be a ribban sable , and make it to extend from the dexter corner of the shield to the sinister : for the mark of bastardy should still be sinister , nor is it call'd a ribband in any nation , and though we have received an opinion , that the bastards distinction may be after three generations born dextre , or omitted ; yet i conceive the opinion is most unwarrantable : for jura sanguinis nunquam praescribuntur , and in the bastards of great families this were very dangerous , for the bastards might pretend to the succession by this means , albeit that mark was invented to exclude them . yet , it is certain , that such as were once bastards , but are legittimated by subsequent marriage , may bear the fathers arms without any such diminution : menoch , concil . 128. whether such as are legittimated by letters of legittimation , per rescriptum principis , may cary their paternal coat , is much debated : some think that they cannot : because the prince cannot bestow the right of bloud , as he cannot make a stranger an agnat , and the bearing of arms is only competent to such , nor can such as are legittimated , per rescriptum principis succed in the feudal rights belonging to the defunct , lib. 2. feud . cap. 15. nor do such legittimations as these , enoble the children of noblemen , who were formerly bastards : tiraquel . de nobilitat . cap. 15. num . 16. others conclude that any legittimation , empowers the person legittimated to bear his fathers arms ; nam pro legittimis habentur & jus sui●atis obtinent , nov. 24. cap. 2. & nov. 189. cap. 9. but a third sort unwilling to extend favours done to bastards , beyond what is necessar , and yet unwilling to bound the power of princes too narrowly , in the matter of honour , which flow'd originally from them , have concluded , that legittimations by the prince does not empower the person , who is legittimated to bear his fathers coat , except that power were expresly contain'd in his legittimation , nisi legittimatio expresse ad delationem armorum facta fuerit , hopping de jur . insignium , cap. 7. albeit , bastards be absolutely excluded from bearing the arms of their suppos'd father plain , and without a diminution ; yet it is doubted if they may not bear their mothers arms : gothofred ad l. 2. de muncip . thinks they may because ( sayes he ) the law must allow them some original , and the marks of it : but so it is , they are not allow'd to bear their fathers arms. 2dly bastards are admitted by the succession of the mother equally with her lawful children , l. pen. c. ad s. c. orf. but so it is that insignia inter bona reputantur : but tiraquel conclud's very justly that they cannot , cap. 15. nam respectu matris agnationis nominisque gentilitii nulla est consideratio , l. 10. f. de grad . chap. xxiii . of abatments . as the law was ready to honour such as deserv'd well , so it had not been just , if it had not punish'd such as transgress'd by removing not only them from their imployments they possest , but by removing their honour from them . this was done either by deposition , i. aut damnum f. de panis : or exauctoration , l. 4. f. dere milit . or by degradation , l. 3. de offic . mag . schol . deposition , was a verbal laying them aside ; degradation and exauctor●ation was real , taking from them the marks of honour : but degradation wa● the throwing them down from an higher to a lower degree , l. 2. c. theo. de curs . publ . and this was by the graecians called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . and that which was called amongst souldiers exauctoration , is as to others called degradation . when souldiers were exauctorated , their arms were taken from them , and in imitation of that , the coat of arms is taken from others , or it is dishonoured with some mark of infamy ; which by the english , and us , is called an abatment ▪ and by the latine , and french diminution of arms. some think , that this diminution of arms took it's origine , from throwing down of images used among the romans : for most of them had their statues standing in the mercat-place , and when they were convict of crimes , these statues were thrown down , l. eorum f. de paenis : but i think that this is more immediately founded upon , l. iudices , & l. quoties c. de dignitat . these who writ as lawyers upon this subject , do remark , that arms are diminished , or lost , for murder , falshood , oppression , false witness , and a profligat life ; and that they are many several wayes defac'd , or diminshed , such as abrasion , perforation ; but the most ordinary way is by reversing and ryving : which far. observes to be ordinary in the case of treason , de crim . les . maj . cap. 16. which punishment is in observance by the laws , and customs of scotland ; for when any person is forfeited in parliament , the lyon , and his brethren heralds come in with their coats , and formalities , and the lyon does publickly tear the arms of the person forfeited , and if he be a cadet of a family , he sayes openly that the tearing of these arms shall be without prejudice to the nobleman or chief , whose arms these are ; after which he and his brethren go to the cross , and there he hangs up the shield revers'd , turning the base , or lowest point upwards : which decian tract . crim . lib. 7. c. 31. asserts to be us'd in imitation of the old form of hanging traitors by the feer . it is debated amongst lawyers , whether the children of forfeited traitors loose thus the arms of their predecessors , and the ordinar resolution is , that either the father who was forfeited , was the first who got arms , and then he being forfeited , his arms are not transmitted : but if his arms pertained formerly to his family ; then his crymes does not debare his posterity from using them : for cryms should only infer punishment against the committers , vid. ant . fabr. l. 9. tit . 29. & tiraquel de nobil . c. 35. but they advise them to crave restitution as the safer way . with us the children of forfeited parents do use their predecessors arms without being restored . not only in treason , but in other cryms this is allowed , as in the cryme of barratrie , or perverting of justice , gigas quest . 2. n. i. and in the cryme of ambitus , or unjust acquiring of an office , tiraquel . de nobilit . c. 6. and of murder , laur. per. pag. 45. and in the cryme of falshood , where any man does falsly assume other mens arms , l. ●os . f. de falso , or committs falshood otherwise , rochenga . cons , crim . 127. with us , only treason forfeits arms once given , except the sentence provide otherwise . in these abatments , the french differ from the english , both in the form , and colour of their abatments : for the english assign a delf tenne to him who revocketh a challenge . an inescutcheon revers'd sanguin , for deflouring a maid . a point dexter for too much boasting in martial acts. a point in point sanguine , due to a coward . a point champion tenne , to him that killeth his prisoner . two gussets sanguine , for adultery . a gore sinister tenne , for him that flyeth from his colours . a point plain sanguine , for telling lyes to a soveraign , or general . the whole coat of arms revers'd is proper only to a traitor . menestier calls these english fancies : for who would bear such abatements , nor have i ever seen such abatements born by any : and therefore i rather think , that lesse remarkable figures are to be us'd , and possibly beasts looking to the left hand , or broken cheverons , have at first been diminutions : and i find that the family of tiepoli were for a conspiracy in venice , by the senate forc'd to quite the tour arg ▪ they carried , and take a vipers tail , anno 1310. and one of the family of fastrzenbeir in pole for being accessory to the murder of st. stinslaus , anno 1279. was forc'd to bear the horse shoes he bore pointing downward , whereas they pointed upward formerly . the french call these abatements , des marques d'infamie , and call the arms wherein these are born , des armes deschargees & rompues , and to a rodomontado or hector , who boasts injustly of his pretended courage , they do gild the dextre point of the chief of his shield . to him who kill'd his prisoner , the blunted point of his shield . to him who broke his paroll , they gave a delph ( which they call un-tablet ) gules in caur point . to him who lyed betwixt the prince , and his subjects they coloured the point of his shield gules . to him who was a coward they gave a gore sinister . sometimes princes do for an abatment , diminish a part of the principle bearing : thus st. lewes king of france ordain'd , that iean a'vesnes should bear no more a lyon arm'd , and langu'd ; because he had abus'd his mother in his discourse before the king : and edward the third of enland ordain'd of two sex stars , which a gentleman had in his arms to be effac'd ; because he had sold a sea-port , of which he was made governour . chap. xxiv . marshaling . till now , i have only treated of distinct coats armours , and other abatments : in the next , my method obliges me to consider mo coats armours joyn'd together , the disposing of which is call'd to marshal . the french allow moe coats to be marshall'd , to the number of 32. and the english , and germans to the number of 40. as colomb observes , cap. 8. but i find not the number exprest by any english heraulds in their own books . in scotland we exceed not six ; only the viscount of falkland ( who was an english man ) did bear 33. coat-armours are marshall'd together either to signifie an additione by marriage , by estate , by office , or by dignitie . the learndest antiquaries , and lawyers ( who call quartring cumulatio armorum ) do observe that the quartring of coats , did proceed at first from the vanity of kings and princes , who added the arms of the conquired , or acquired kingdoms to these which they bore formerly , bart. tract , de insign . num . 13. the first instance whereof is given , in the arms of castill , and arragon , and they conclude , that when a person leaves his estate to another , upon condition that he shall bear the disponers name , and arms ; he who is to succeed , is not by condition oblidged to lay aside his own name and arms : but may quarter his own arms , with these of the disponer , except the disponer do , in the institution , prohibite the bearing of any arms , beside his own , fachin . lib. 2. concil . 6. num . 3. and the heir in marshalling his own , and the disponers arms , may use what order he pleases , by giving the first quarter either to his own , or to the disponers ; except the contrair be exprest in the institution , thessaur . decis . pedemont . 270. upon which condition percey got the estate of the lucies in england , cambd. brit. page 630. when a man joyns in the arms of his wife , with his own in one shield , he does it by dividing the shield per pale , in two parts ; on the right side the mans , and on the left the wifes are plac'd ; and therefore this form of bearing is call'd impaling , from the pale that divides the arms , and barron and femme from the different arms that are born ; barron signifies a man , and femme is the only french word for a woman : so that barron , and femme is a mixt expression ; and man and wife would do much better : for now neither french nor english understand it . sometimes also there are four , or moe coats marshall'd together upon this account , according to the number of the heretrices , whom the bearers predecessors have married , and then all the coats are not twice born . sometimes also ( sayes guilims ) he who marries an heretrix , may carry her arms in an inescutcheon upon his own ; because the husband pretends , that his heirs shall one day inherit an estate by her ; it is therefore called an escutcheon of pretence : but this way of bearing is not known abroad upon that occasion . with us in scotland , and in france also it is ordinar , where many coats must be marshal'd , that the bearers own arms are born in an inescutcheon , as the english and we terme it improperly ; for an inescutcheon is properly that which is born within the shield ; but the french doe better terme it sur-tout , a shield over all , because it covers some piece of all the other shields which are plac'd about it : thus the marquess of dowglass beareth 4 coats , 1. azur , a lyon rampant arg . crown'd or , for the name of mcdowald . 2. or , a lyon rampant gules , surmounted of a ribband bend-wise sable , by the name of abernethy . 3. azur , 3 pyles in point gules , for the name of wishart ; i call them rather passion-nails ; born by the iesuits also , and an ordinar bearing among such as went to the holy-war . 4. or , a fesse checkie azur and arg . surmounted of a bend sable , charg'd with three buckles , above all his paternal coat , which is arg . a crown'd heart in the point of honour on a chief azur , three mollets of the first . i must here take notice of an errour in some of our heraulds , who call , a shield above all , a shield of pretence : for it is absurd to say , that a man carries his paternal coat , as a shield of pretence ; and therefore i say only above all ; this of old was call'd , a fesse target , fern. 207. sometimes the arms of one of the heretrices are born in a sur-toutes , or above all : thus the earl of sutherland bear huntlies four coats ; and above all gules , three mollets or , for the name of sutherland ; this our heraulds terme erroneously , a shield of pretence also , for a shield of pretence is only born by him who marries the heretrix ; but not by the heirs procreat of the marriage , who should quarter the arms. here there seem'd a necessity to place the sutherlands in a sur-tout , or above all , because there were four coats born by him , as a son of the earl of huntly ; but this is lately alter'd , and that of sutherland is placed first and fourth , and the coats of huntly in the second and third place . i finde this bearing us'd , where the shield above all might have been in one of the quarters : thus the earl of hume bears quarterly 1. and 4. vert , a lyon rampant arg . by the name of humes 2. and 3. three pepingoes , by the name of pepdie , above all or , an orle azur , by the name of landells ; but these coats might have been better marshall'd thus , 1. and 4. pepdies , 2. and 3. landells , and the humes arms in a sur-tout , or above all ; or 1. and 4. hume , 2. pepdies , and 3. landells , either of which had been more proper . when the arms which are quartered , are the arms of private families , we say not , that he bears the arms of that family in general , but we blazon the particular bearing ; but when the quarters are the arms of great , and well known families , then it is good heraldry to say in general , he bears the arms of such a family in general , without blazoning them : as in blazoning the earl of sutherland's arms , we say , he bears the arms of huntly , without blazoning the particulars of huntlys coats . that the terms of marshalling may be know in latine , i have blazon'd the earl of wintons coat thus , in solo quadrifido gestatur primo setonius , nempe in auro tres lunae crescentes ambiente teniâ gemellâ exlil●is utrinque florente rubicundâ , in secundo buchania , umboni superinducitur vintoniae cerulius insignitus cometa ignescente tenia gemella florida aurea concepta . if the shield above all had been an escutcheon of pretence , the latine had said , pretenditur clypeus . it was very ordinar in scotland not to quarter the heretrix's coat , but to take a part of it into the husbands paternal shield ; and thus hamiltoun of innerveik did take the face checkie , when he married stewart heretrix of bancreef : and this seems very proper , when the husband is not tyed to bear the father in law 's arms by tailzie or express paction . sometimes the husband did of old assume only the wifes arms who was an heretrix , as scot of balcleuch the arms of murdiston , and naper the arms of lennox , and did not bear their own native arms. coat-armours are marshall'd sometimes for honour , and signifie not alliances , nor an estate come by heretrices ; but when earls are created , they get honourable additions , which are quarter'd or impal'd with their paternal coat , of impaling i formerly gave an example in the earl of holderness coat . as to quartering we have many instances ; thus the marquess of montrose bears two coats quarterly , first and fourth arg . on a chief sable , 3. escalops or , by the name of grahame , second and third arg . three roses as montrose . sometimes the coats of augmentation are plac'd first , and fourth , and sometimes the paternal coat is first plac'd ; as to which these rules should be observed , 1. if the person whose coat is to be augmented be a person of an old family , and its representative , he ought to keep his own coat 1. and 4. as montrose doth ; but a cadet may place his coat of augmentation 2. and 3. because his honour is above his birth : but if his majesty bestow any part of his own arms , even upon an ancient family in their coat of augmentation , then the coat of augmentation is to be first . some when they are advanc'd to dignities , if they be not obliged to quarter the coat of some heretrix , they do for a difference take crest or supporters of the family out of which they are descended , and quarter with their paternal coat : as the viscount of kingston bears 1. and 4. the arms of seatoun , in the 2. and 3. arg . a wing'd dragon vert . vomiting fire , which dragon is the crest of his eldest brother the earl of winton : but i approve not this way of marshalling , and i would rather allow a second brother , or any cadet , when nobilitated , to bear the arms of the house with a difference , except he were oblig'd by his marrying an heretrix , to quarter her arms , or had got some symbole of his majesties favour to reward some great service done him . some get cognizances and rewards of honour from their prince , not by way of impaling , or quartering , but in a canton ; thus the earl of annandale got from king iames the sixth in a canton , arg . a thistle vert . crown'd or ; and the earl of elgin got in a canton , a lyon rampant gules , arm'd azur . sometimes also a shield over all is given , as a reward of honour : thus the earl of stirling did bear two coats quarterly , and over all , an inescutcheon of nova scotia , because he was the first planter of it . when any nobleman at his creation , takes or gets a new additional symbole , as earl , ( as montrose carries the roses , not as grahame , but as earl ) i think that these coats , or symbols , should not be transmitted to their cadets ; but are incommunicable , as the honours are , to signifie which they were granted . and such as are descended from the dukes of lennox , may as well take the symbole , which he bears as admiral , as such as are descended from the earl of montrose , may take these roses , which he bears as earl : and yet custome has prevailed against this rule . follows the blazon of the coats in the plate of the quarterings . i. quarterly , first and last , azur , three flowers de lis within a bordure ingrailed or , by the title of obignie in france ; 2. and 3. or , a fess checkie azure and argent within a bordur gules , charged with 8 buckles as the first , by the name of stewart ; on a shield over all argent , a saltire ingrailed ( some give it plain ) betwixt 4 roses gules , by the name of lennox . ii. four coats quarterlie , first azure , 3 boar heads couped or , by the name of gordone ; second or , 3 lyons heads erased gules lingued azure , by the name , or title of badzenoch ; 3. or , 3 crescents within a double tressure counterflowered gules , by the name of seaton ; fourth azure , 3 frazes argent , by the name of frazer . iii. quarterly , viz. first azur , a lyon rampant argent , crowned or , by the name of mcdoual ; second or , a lyon rampant gules , surmounted of a ribbon ( by some a cost ) sable , by the name of abernethie ; third argent , three pyles conjoyning at the point gules , by the name of wishart ; fourth , or , a fess checkie azur and argent , surmounted of a bend sable charged with 3 buckles of the first , by the name of stewart ; over all , his paternal coat being argent , a mans heart crowned gules on a chief azur , 3 stars of the first , by the name of dowglas . iv. two coats quarterly , first or , on a chief sable , three escallops of the field by the name of grahame ; second argent , three roses gules , by the title of montrose ; third as the second , the fourth as the first . v. gave the coats of huntly , and over all , that of sutherland ; but it is now changed thus , quarterly quartered first , gules , three starrs or , by the name of sutherland ; second and third , the arms of huntly , viz. gordone , badzenoch , seaton , and frazer ( as may be seen before in huntlies atchievement ) the last as the first . vi. two coats quarterly , first argent , on a bend azur ; three buckles or , by the name of lesly ; second or , a lyon rampant gules , surmounted of a ribbon sable , be the name of abernethie ; third as the second , the fourth as the first . vii . two coats quarterly , first and last azur , three flowers de lis or , by the name of montgomery ; second and third , gules , three annulets or stoned azur , by the name of eglinton ; third as the second , the fourth as the first ; all within a bordure or , charged with a double tressure counterflowred gules . viii . quarterly , first azur a ship at anchor , her oars erected in saltire within a double tressure counterflowred or , by the name of spar ; second and third or , a lyon rampant gules , by the name of fourth azur , a ship under sail or , ( by some argent ) by the title of caithness ; over all dividing the coats , a crosse ingrailed sable , by the name of stclair . ix . quarterly , first and last , vert . a lyon rampant argent , by the name of home ; second and third argent , 3 pepingo's vert becked and membred gules , by the name pepdie ; over all on a shield or , ane orle azur , by the name of landel . x. two coats quarterly , first gules an imperial crown within a double tressure counterflowred or , as a coat of augmentation for his good service against the earl of gowrie ; second argent a pale sable by the name of areskine ; third as the second ; the fourth as the first . xi . two coats quarterly , first or , a lyon rampant gules , by the name of weem , or mcduff ; second argent , a lyon rampant sable , by the name of glen ; third as the second , fourth as the first . xii . two coats quarterly , first and fourth argent , a lyon rampant azur armed and langued gules , as the old arms of the bruces when they were earls of carrick , second and third or , a saltire and chief gules , by the name of bruce . the reason why bishops , and other officers have their own coats impal'd with those of their office , is because they are in law , in place of husbands to their office : and therefore the canon law calls a bishop , or other benefic●d person , maritus ecclesiae : but if so , it may be askt , why the bishops proper coat , is not impal'd on the right syde , as the husbands is , when his wifes coat is impal'd with his own : to which the proper answer is , that the churches arms take place as the more noble● and the bishop is husband by a figurative speech only . the guarter of england , who is the principle king at arms , bears the arms pertaining to the office , which is argent , a crosse gules on a chief azur ; a crown environ'd with a guarter , buckled and now'd betwixt a lyon passant gardant , and a flowr de lis impal'd with his own coat . sir charles areskin lyon king of arms , gives the coat of the office , being argent , a lyon sejant full-faced gules , holding in his dexter paw a thistle slipped vert , and in the sinister , an escutcheon of the second , on a chief azur , a st andrews crosse as the first , likewise impaled with that belonging to himself , as the second brother of the earl of kellie . but sometimes the office has no known shield , but ane other symbol which is plac'd without the shield : thus the admiral carries an anchor , the chancellor a purse , the theasaurer a whyt rod , the lord chamberlain a key , the constable two swords , and the marshal battons . chap. xxv . of atchievements in general . an atchievement is , the whole arms adorn'd with their exterior parts and ornaments ; which are the helmet , wreath , crest , mantlings , supporters , and motto's , or words : and because these are but accidental parts of the arms , and of late institution , as ferme observes : therefore we are not ty'd superstitiously , to all the nice rules of art ; but may speak of , and express one colour twice , and use , and , within , or such relative particles , as oft as we please . i shall first treat of such of these exterior parts separatly , and then i shall show how they are marshall'd together , in blazoning a compleat atchievement . chap. xxvi . of the helmet . one of the chief parts of armour is a helmet : because it covers the chief part of man , which is his head ; and therefore it is made by heraulds , one of the chief ornaments of their coat armours . it was of old called galea , from the greek 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a cats skin whereof it was made ; cassis by the romans : it is now call'd helm , by the germans , from the dutch word helm , which signifies the head ; hence comes the french word heaume , the english word helmet , and the italian , elmo . who should bear helmets , and in what manner they should be born , is much controverted ; and whole nations , rather than private authors , do here disagree amongst themselves : and yet most of them agree in this , that it is nobler to bear an open helmet , than a closs one ; because the open helm is given to , and is only fit for , such as have command , and so must see what others do , and must speak to them , and tell them what they ought to do ; whereas , such as are obliged to thrust themselves into all dangers , and need little to see others , and speak none , should bear a helmet closse : nostri mores ( sayes besold thesaur . pract. duplicem faciunt stech-vnd ▪ thermer helm ) illam plebeiorum , & clausam ; hanc nobilium , & opertam : and yet this rule is not without all exception , for hopping . cap. 9. & aldrovand . tom-1 . pag. 91. observe , that in spain and italie , some great families bear no helmets upon their coat armours ; and others bear their helmets closs ; and gives an instance in the dukes of brunswick : but generally all nations use helmets in their heraldrie , and distinguish betwixt open and closs helmets . because the english and french do differ so much in their rules here , i resolve to give an account of both their principles , and to begin with the english. the english allow a gentleman to bear , a side-standing helmet with the baver closs : which was the roman custom , as appears by iuvenal . et statua meditatur praelia lusca . to a knight , a helmet standing direct forward , with a baver open without guards . to all persons above the dignity of a knight , and below that of a duke , a side-helmet with an open-fac'd guard visure . to dukes , and all above them , a helmet which is full forward open-fac'd with guard visures . to a knight they allow , a side-standing helmet , with 5 barrs in his guard vizur : fenestras distinctas clathris seu cancellis . to a barron , they allow , to carry his helm half side-wise , half in front , en tiers , as the french call it , with 7 griles or barrs . to counts , vidames , and viscounts , a direct standing helmet , with 9 barrs . to marquesses , a direct standing helmet , with 11 barrs . to kings and emperours , a direct helmet , altogether open . though scotland agrees with england , in the bearing of their helmets , yet i must confess , that both by the consent of all other nations , and in reason also , it were fitter to give kings helmets fully open , without garde visurs ( as the french do ) than to knights , as we do ; for knights are in more danger , and have less need to command ; and seing all nations agree that a direct standing , is more noble than a side-wise standing , i see not why the helmet of a knight should stand direct , and a dukes only side-wise : sculptura , sive ornament●m quod in fronte est , plus prae se fert , quam illud quod a latere est ; nam oculum habet ubique . limneus , lib. 6. cap. 6. there is likewise this difference betwixt them , that the english make no difference , betwixt the bearers , from the metall of which the helmets is made ; whereas the french allow only the knights , a helmet adorn'd with silver ; to counts , and all above them , they allow helmets adorn'd with gold ; and to kings , all the helmet damasquin'd : but limneus , lib. 6. cap. 6. sayes thus , altora est differentia , quod duces uti possunt aureis , comites argenteis , reliqui verò ferreis , ovid. scuta sed & galeae gemmis radientur & auro . timbre is ordinarily us'd amongst the french and italians , for a helmet , and was frequently us'd by the english of old . it is a general word which comprehends all sorts of ornaments of the head , and comes from la forme d'un timbre de cloche , the shape of a bell , which it resembles somewhat : and as l'oseau observes , des ordres des gentils-hommes , cap. 5. gentlemen did not adorn their atchievements with helmets , till they found that the burgesses of paris , did by warrand from charles v. bear coat-armours : whereupon , to distinguish themselves from those , gentlemen did assume helmets ; and by the 200 article of the statutes of orleance , all who were not gentlemen by birth , were discharg'd to bear helmets on their arms. helmets being a part of the souldiers arms , it is only us'd by sword-men , or gentle-men . bishops use mitres , cardinals a hat , and therefore l'oseau , cap. 5. remarks justly , that gown-men should not bear a helmet , but a corner'd cap ; and my reason allowes rather his judgement , than our custom , which is contrary . chap. xxvii . of mantlings . of old , knights , and such as did wear helmets , took great pains to keep them very neat , and clear ; and therefore they did cover them with linning , or stuff doubled with silk , which served also to distinguish them in the battel : and when they went to battel , these coverings being very much cut , and torn , they did thereafter paint them with their casques in their atchievement , or arms ; and these we call mantlings in english , which hang down cut now with art and curiosity : the french call them , lambreqains , from the latine , lamberare , ( it may be ) which , as festus observes , signifies to cut or tear , because these were torn ; the germans , helm-de●ken , and helmzter ; the latine , fascae , seu lacinlae utrinque dependentes ; & paul. iov . oiim hae nihil a●iud quam galearum teg●ina , crus . pag. 477. and that their institution was very old , appears from diod. sieul . iib. 5. cap. 30. and that such were us'd by knights , appears from all the old seals , menest . cap. 8. sometimes skins of beasts , as lyons , bears , &c. were thus born , to make the bearer more terrible ; and that gave occasion to the doubling our mantlings with furrs . in scotland , all the mantlings of noblemen , are g. doubl'd with ermine ; because the robes of our earls and above , are scarlet doubled with ermins : and therefore oftentimes in blazoning we only say , with crown , helmet , and mantling befitting his degree , without expressing the colours : but since mantlings represent only the coverts of shields , and must be represented all torn , i see no reason why they should with us represent the robes of our noblemen : and of old with us , our mantlings were of the colour of the coats , lin'd or doubl'd with the metalls , which was more proper than that we now use . sometimes the atchievement stands within a pavilion , as that of the emperour , and king of france ; this petra sancta calls , tentorium , and is , as he observes , competent only to princes , though all use them not . but i admire , why the kings of england did not assume as well the pavilion , as arms of france ; seing that is one of the special honours of that kingdom . but yet subjects use mantlings in form of a pavilion , as is to be seen in the atchievement of belchier of gilsborough , represented by guilims , pag. 409. and these pet. sanct. calls chlamys , vmbella , or palliolum , pag. 642. where he also informs us , that the general of the pope's armies , carries , ratione officii , his arms within a pavilion or tent. chap. xxviii . of wreaths . above the helmet , immediately did stand the wreath , which the french call , burlet ; and in our ancient scots herauldry , it was call'd the roll , or row , because of its shape : sometimes the english , and we in imitation of them , do terme it , a torse , à torquendo . it was a corde of their mistresses colours , as favin relates , pag. 1. cap. 3. fol. 24. and did hang and dangle to the very cruppers of their horses , the extremities being tassl'd , and enrich'd . the use of it was , to fasten their mantlings to their helmet . now these wreaths should be of the colours of the field , and charge ; and the rule is , that the first should be that of the field , and then that of the immediate charge , and after that , the next mediate , and so forth , if there be moe charges than one ; yet some old wreaths with us , differ from these , and possibly these have been at first mistresses colours . though the earl marshal bear , arg . on a chief or , three pales gules ; yet his wreath is , or , and gules , whereas it should have been , arg. or , and gules . the earl of nithisdale , arg . a double eagle sable , membred gules , yet his wreath arg . and sable , yet this may be ascribed as an errour of the painter , but it should be reform'd . when moe coats are quarter'd , the colours of the paternal coat are only to be twisted in the wreath , and this rule is observ'd in all our atchievements , two or three excepted , which may be reform'd , without naming the bearers . if the field be charg'd with a furr , and colour , then some make the wreath to be of that same furr and colour ; thus the earl of low●on bears , gyron●e of 8 pieces ermine and gules , and his wreath is , ermine and gules ; but i think , that the wreath should never consist of any furr ; for furr is not fit to be twisted in a wreath , nor to bind the helmet , which was the use of a wreath , nor did i ever see any such wreath in approven authors , and we say constantly , on a wreath of his colours , but never of his furrs ; so that these who carry only furrs in their shield , should carry a wreath of these colours ; as if ermine , then white and black , &c. chap. xxix . of crests . the ancients did wear the shapes of several creatures , or some such things above their helmets , call'd crista , to make them appear terrible , virg. lib. 8. aen. terribilem cristis galeam , flamasque vomentem . or to distinguish them in battell ; sed cum centuriones galeas haberent ferreas , transversis tamen & argentatis eristis , quo facilius agnoscerentur à suis , veget. lib. 2. cap. 16. or to adorn their helmet , stat. lib. 2. interdum cristas hilaris jactare comantes . that these are iuris gentium , in use amongst , and approven by all nations , is clear from , limn . lib. cap. 6 ▪ num . 74. and now all such as are allowed to wear helmets , are allowed to adorn them with crests ; and for crests , men choose what they fancy ; only it is not proper to choose such things , as could not stand , or be carry'd by warriours upon their helmets , such as ballances , or such other things , which cannot either stand fixt , or wave with beauty . the french call the crest , cimier , because it stands upon the top of the shield , sur la cime de l'escu ; but the old and proper term us'd in scotland for a crest was , a badge , because our noblemen in riding parliaments , and at other solemnities , do bear their crest wrought out in a plate of gold or silver upon their lacquies coats , which are of velvet : and now the crest is us'd upon all seals and plates , and therefore , it is necessar for noblemen amongst us , to carry differing crests from the chief family out of which they are descended . it is ordinar to bear for a crest , a part of what is born in the charge ; thus the crest of scotland , is a lyon ; the crest of england , is a leopard ; the crest of france , a double flower de lis : and with us the earl of dumfermling carrys a cressent , and the earl of lothian , a sun in his glory : sometimes also the crest is a part of the supporters ; thus the earl of linlithgow carrys for his crest , a demy-savage proper , holding a batton in hand dexter , and his supporters are two savages with battons . the earl of weems carry's for his crest , a swan proper , and his supporters are two swans . sometimes also the crest is bestow'd by the prince , as a reward of service done to the crown ; and the royal crest cannot be born without special warrand ; and thus the earl of lauderdale , bears the crest of scotland for his crest , having a flower de-lis in place of the scepter . sometimes it is relative to alliances , and thus the earl of kinghorn bears for his crest , a lady to the west , holding in her right hand , the royal thistle , and inclosed within a circle of laurells ; in memory of the honour that family had in marrying king robert the second 's daughter . sometimes it represents some valiant act done by the bearer , thus m cclelland of bombie did , and now the lord kirkcudbright does bear a naked arm , supporting on the point of a sword , a mores head ; because bombie being forfeited , his son kill'd a more , who came in with some sarazens to infest galloway ; to the killer of whom , the king had promised the forfeiture of bombie ; and thereupon he was restored to his fathers land , as his evidents yet testifie . sometimes it respects the title of the bearer , thus the lord ross of halkhead bears for his crest , a falcons head eras'd . sometimes it relates to an office or employment , thus the lord iohnstoun , being warden of the marches , and very famous for repressing robbery , took for his crest , a spurr with wings . sometimes it is à rebus , that is to say , something borrow'd from the name ; thus the lord cranston has for his crest , a crane sleeping , with her head under her wing . and sometimes crests are taken by noblemen from the name of the countrey , as the earl of sutherland takes a cat for his crest , because sutherland is call'd cattu in irish , and was so called from the great number of wild cats , which were of old , and yet are to be found , in that shire . sometimes crests are taken from some considerable deliverance : thus the laird of anstruther gives two hands grasping a pole-axe , with the word , per●issem ni peri●ssem ; because his predecessor ( as is commonly reported ) did strike off the head of the laird of barns with a pole-axe , when he was coming to his house with an intenti●n to kill him . it is lawfull to change the crest , and colomb ▪ pag. 4. tells us , that it is lawfull for such as change their arms , to retain a part of their old arms as a crest . cadets also do , and may change their crests : thus dumfermling keeps not the crest of winton , nor kellie the crest of marr ; but it is most proper for cadets , when they take crests , to take a member , or some small part of their chiefs crest , or arms ; as ogilvie of birnies has taken the lyons paw , though it be ordinar to retein the chiefs crest , markt by the ordinar differences , or of a different colour . chap. xxx . of crowns . the first origine of crowns in arms , was from the romans , app. lib. 2. de bell. civil . for they rewarded the great actions of their citizens and warriours , with different and suitable crowns , which i have set down out of ingenious mr. cartwright . corona muralis , this was due to him that was first seen upon the wall of the enemy . corona castrensis , for him that made a breach in the wall of the enemy ; the first , a crown embattail'd , or made with battlement , being of gold ; the other , of towers . and then they had corona navalis , garnish'd with fore-castle , for service at sea , made of gold too . then corona ovalis , of mirtle , for victorie gotten with little hazard ; corona obsidialis , which was made of grass , for him that preserved an army besieged . corona civica , for him that saved a citizen from the enemy , made of oaken boughs . corona olivaris of olive leaves , for victory in the olympick games ; and corona populea , for young men that were found industrious , and studious in the exercises of virtues : but i find that amongst these rewards of honor , that of ivie , called corona hederalis , was only appropriated to the poets . crowns were still the infallible mark of kingly power , and therefore sue●on in calligula's life , observes , parum abfuit , quin diadema sumeret , & speciem principatus , in regnum converteret ; which expression i have set down , to show , that the roman emperours were then less than kings in their titles , though greater in their power . as to the crowns now born , they differ not only according to the quality of the bearer● , but according to the nation wherein they are born ; for england and france differ much in this , though the english acknowledge that they owe their heraldry to the french. i have here set down the different shapes of the english crowns . the first whereof is the crown of the empire of germany , which is but little different from that of england , in the second , which is imperial too ▪ the third is a coronet of the prince , which is the same with the kings , only the arches , mound , and cross , wanting . the fourth is a crownet of an arch-duke , which is the same with a duke , the arch only added . the fifth is a crownet florial , only proper to a duke the sixth is the crownet of a marquess , which differs thus ; it is of leaves and points , the leaves or flowers above the points . the seventh is proper to an earl , which hath points and flowers ; but the points are above the flowers . the eighth is due to a viscount , which is a circulet pearl'd , and neither flowers nor points . as to the french , the french kings crown is closs above , like the imperial , and rais'd into eight demy-diadems , enriched with diamonds , &c. the dolphine crown differs only from the kings , in that it rises upon four demy-diadems , the kings upon eight . the circle of their ducal crown is enriched with stones and pearles , and is raised with eight flowers . their marquess crown has its circle adorned only with pearles ( tempeste ) de perls , and raised into four flowers betwixt 12 points or pearls , as the french call them . their counts carry only a circle of gold , raised unto nine points , ane cercle d' or garny de pier reries rehausse de 9 grosses perle de comte . the viscount has only a circle of gold plain or enambled , and rais'd unto four points , or as the french term them , four pearls . baro●s have also in france , a circle of gold enambled , mounted by a bracelet of pearls . of late , both the barons in england , and lords in scotland , have got coronets by his majesties concession . the bannerets carried only a plain circle of gold , adorn'd with three ordinar pearls . our baronets cary no crown nor circle the regal crown of scotland hath arches , mound , and cross , like to that of england , adorned with precious stones and pearls , and having four flowers . de . lis , and as many crosses pat●é interchanged , farme , pag. 79. the ninth figure here represented , is by silvanus morgan said to be than crown which is born by homager kings , and by iohn baliol , when he held the crown of scotland of edward the first ; but i begg the gentlemans pardon to tell him , that of old the roman emperours carried no other than these , after their apotheosis , and being numbred amongst the the gods , lucan . fulminibus manes radiisque ornabit & astris . a lords coronet . chap. xxxi . of supporters . supporters are these exterior ornaments , which are plac'd without the shield at its side , and were at first invented ( as pet. sancta observes ) to represent the armour-bearers of knights ; but why then are they ordinarily two ? and therefore i rather believe , that their first origine and use was , from the custom which ever was , and is , of leading such as are invested with any great hono● to the prince , who confers it : thus when any man is created a duke , marquess , or knight of st. andrew , of the garter , or any other order , either in scotland , or else where , he is supported by , and led to th● prince , betwixt two of the quality , and so receives from him the symboles of that honour , and in remembrance of that solemnity , his arms are thereafter supported by any two creatures which he chooses ; and therefore , in the received opinion of al heraulds , only nobiles majores , who have been so invested in these honours , are allowed to have supporters : and albeit chiefs of old families have used supporters with us , yet they owe these to prescription , and not to the original institution of heraldry , as shall be observed . others , as menestier , think that when knights hung up their shields to provoke all passengers to the combat , they placed their pages , or armour-bearer under the disguises of wild-men , lyons , bears , &c. to watch who offered to touch them , and thereafter they used these figures as supporters ; but beside , that this fancy seems as wild as the supporters , it may be asked , why some men use fowls , or fishes ? to which nothing can be answered , save that beasts being once allowed , each man choosed thereafter any living creature he pleased . shields are oft-times supported either by living creatures , and these are properly call'd supporters , or by things inanimate ; and these arms are said to be co●is'd , not from costa , the ribs , as guilims alleadges , but from coté the side , an ordinar french word ; for else they would be pronounced , costis●d . the proper word for supporters in scotland is bearers . colomb and the french distinguish not betwixt supporters , and cottises ; nor did i ever see a shield cottis'd by things inanimate , and i believe these cottises are mistaken for the lower parts of the mantlings ; but the french distinguish , entre les supports , & les tenans , and call these only supporters which raise up the shield somewhat , whereas these are tenans , or holders , which hold the shield , but do not raise it ; and such are ordinarily angels , men or women ; whereas brutes , such as lyons , unicorns , &c. are said by them to be the proper supporters . i acknowledge neither the one nor the other distinction , following in this , chass . paict . 1. num. 36. conclus . 49. hopp . cap. 9. § 4. and the other civilians , who call all things which support arms , sustentacula : and albeit the germans assert , that supporters are only due to persons who are invested with the highest jurisdiction , and to great princes , and that guilims thinks that none under the degree of a knight baronet , and that it is believed now that none under knight baronets can have supporters ; nor do some lawyers allow these to any , save such as have a particular warrand from the prince , habendi delatores sive sustentatores , zippaeus ad l. 12. c. de dignitate . yet chassaneus observes , that , non interest sint ne alicujus ordinis nobiles , vel minus , sed sufficit ut in magnâ aliquâ dignitate sint constituti : so that according to his opinion , an heretable sheriff , or an eminent judge may take supporters ; and i crave liberty to assert , that all our chiefs of families , and old barons in scotland , may use supporters : for besides that , to be a chief , was of old , and is still , repute an honour , though it be adorned with no mark of nobility ; yet these chiefs have prescribed a right to use supporters , and that such a right may be prescribed , i have proved formerly , and what warrand is for most of our rules in heraldry , but an aged custom : and that they have constantly used supporters past all memory of man , even when they were knights , is clear from many hundred instances ; thus the lairds of pitcur , did , and do use , two wild-cats , for their supporters ; fothringhame of powrie , two naked men ; irwin of drum , two savages , wreathed about head and loyns with hollin , and bearing battons in their hands ; moncreiff of that ilk , two men armed at all points , bearing picks on their shoulders : and many of our noblemen have only retained the supporters which they formerly had : and that of old , barons might use supporters , de iure , seems most certain ; for they were members of parliament with us , as such , and never lost that priviledge , though for their convenience , they were allowed to be represented by two of their number , and therefore such as were barons before that time , may have supporters , as well as lord barons ; nor should we be governed in this by the custom of england , seing there is dispar ratio ; and this is now allowed by the lyon to such . supporters are not hereditary , but they may be altered at pleasure , colomb . pag. 42. and it is fit , that these extrinsick parts of atchievements should not be hereditary , to the end , men may have somewhat to assume , or alter , upon considerable emergents ; but it cadets keep their chiefs supporters , they use to adject some difference , as is to be seen in the earl of kellies atchievement . sometimes also , a part of the benefactors arms are taken as supporters : and thus the lairds of dundass did take the lyons , which was the earl of marches arms , to testifie how much they were obliged to that family . sometimes they are taken to signifie the employment and humour of the chooser ; thus the lord rae , when he went to germany with his regiment , did take his arms supported on the dexter side by a pick-man arm'd , at all parts proper , and on the sinister , by a musquetier proper . by supporters , sometimes the occasion of the bearers honours is signified ; and thus the earl of panmure changed his old supporters to two grew-hounds , because he was first noticed by king iames upon the occasion of his entertaining him with excellent sport in the moor of monrowman . some use to adorn their supporters with a part of the charge ; and thus the earl of monteith adorns the collars of the lyons , which are his supporters , with escalops , which are a part of his charge ; and the laird of innes , the collars of his grew-hounds with three starrs , which are the charge . the germans and spaniards sometimes want supporters , and sometimes takes supporters , which seems very irregular ; for sometimes they have the head of a lyon , or other beasts , at the opposite corners of their shields ; and sometimes their crest is a serpent , whose body surrounds the shield ; and sometimes their shields are surrounded with the banners which they have taken from the enemies . it is given as a rule by the french heraulds , that only soveraign princes , can use angels for their supporters ; but i see no reason for that rule , nor finde i it in the authors of any other nation ; so that i believe this rule holds only in france , where angels are the supporters of the prince , and so should not be used by any subject without permission : but in scotland , the lords borthwick and iedburgh , have long had angels for their supporters , which were their old supporters before they were noblemen . the compartment is that part of the atchievement , whereupon the the supporters stand , and though none have offered to conjecture what gave the first occasion to compartments in heraldry , yet i conceive that the compartment represents the bearers lands and territories ; though sometimes they are bestowed in recompense of some honorable action : and thus the earls of dowglass got the priviledge of having their supporters to stand within a pale of wood wreathed , because the earl of dowglass , in the reign of king robert the bruce , did defeat the english in iedburgh forrest , and that they might not escape , cause wreathe and impale in the night that part of the wood , by which he conjectured they might make their escape . these compartments were ordinarily allowed to soveraign princes only , nor know i any subjects in britain , whose arms stood on a compartment , save those of the marquess of dowglass above set down , and that of the earl of pearth , who hath for his compartment , a galtrap used in warr ; albeit of late , compartments are become more common : and yet some families in scotland have certain creatures , upon which their atchievements stands , as the laird of dundass , whose atchievement has for many hundreds of years , stood upon a salamander in flames proper ; and robertsone of strowan gives , a monstruous man lying under the escutcheon chained , which was given him for his taking the murtherer of king iames the first . women generally use no supporters ; but they surround their shields with a corde of their colours , which the french call , cordeliere , or las d'amour , the lace of love , cingulus laqueatus in se insertus , born first by the relict of charles viii . as some say , in veneration to st. francis , patron of the cordeliers , pet. sanct. pag. 639. i find muriel , countess of strathern ; to have carried her shield , anno 1284. with one supporter , viz. a falcon standing upon the neck of a duck , which with the neck lyes under the escutcheon , and both shield and supporter are within a lozenge . chap. xxxii . of mottos , or devises . of old , men did choose some sentence or word , whereby they exprest somewhat , and yet concealed somewhat of their genius and inclination : this being carried by knights upon their arms , and being ordinarily relative to them , or explicatory of them , did give ocasion to heraulds to account these as fit ornaments of armories . the english call this a worde ; the french , a devise ; the italians , a motto ; the scots , a ditton ; the latine , epigraphe ; the grecians , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . it is placed by the french , in a scroll above the atchievement ; but in my opinion , if it relate to the crest , it should be placed above ; but if it relate to the armour , it should be placed under the atchievement , that so it may be near to the armour to which it relates . that dittons or words relate sometimes to the bearing , is clear by many instances ; thus the earl of glencairn bears , arg. a shake●fork sable , and his word is , over fork over . sometimes , and most ordinarily , to the crest , as the earl of kinghorn has for his crest , a maid , holding a thistle vert in her hand , within a garland or wreath vert , and or ; and his motto is , in te domine speravi , for having gained the affection of king robert the second 's daughter , he was much crossed in his match , but having at last married her , he took that crest , and the motto relative to it . the earl of galloway has for his crest , a pelican feeding her young ones in a nest , or ; and the motto is , virescit vulnere virtus . and yet burnet of burnetland , who has for his crest , a hand holding a pruning knife , pruning a hollen-tree all proper , hath the same motto : and having pursued burnet of lees before lindsay of the mount then lyon , to change his motto ; lees did thereupon take for his motto , alterius non sit qui potest esse suus , alluding to the occasion . sometimes it is relative to the supporters : thus the supporters of buccleugh , were two ladies in rich and antique apparel az . their lokes over their shoulders , and the word is , amo , which was assumed by his predecessors , when he got his first estate by marrying the heretrix of murdistone . sometimes it relates to the supporters and compartment : thus the earle of pearth gives for his supporters , two savages with battons on their shoulders , and under their feet , a galtrap , with this motto , gang warrily . sometimes it is relative to the difference or mark of cadencie : thus the earle of kellie , a brother of the earl of mar , gave for his word , decori decus addit avito . sometimes the word is relative to some considerable action , and to neither arms , crest , nor supporters : and thus the earl of stirling , having planted nova scotia , the word he took was , per mare per terras . sometimes they are but a meer rebus , alluding to the name , sometimes to the bearers office , as forresters motto is , blow hunter thy horn ; the lord iohnstoun , when warden of the marches , light thieves all , id est , light from your horses and render your selves . sometimes they serve to remember a family to be ware of a misfortune : thus the lord maxwell being forfeited , and thereafter restored , took for his motto , reverisco , i stand in awe to offend . sometimes they show the bearers origine more than the arms do : thus the m cphersons have for their motto , touch not the cat gloveless , to show they are of the clanchattan . these dittons serve ofttimes to instruct us , what is the true bearing : thus the earle of glencairn's ditton , fork over fork , showes that his bearing is a fork , and not an episcopal pale , as some would have it : and though bailzie of lamingtons arms are by some blazoned mollets , ( spurryals ) yet that they are starrs appears from the motto , which is , quid clarius astris . chap. xxxiii . of slvghorns , or the cry of war. not unlike these motto's are our slughorns , which are called cris de guerre in france . the use of them is either to serve as a watch-word to all of one family , or are the name of the place at which a family should meet in time of warr : and thus the m ckenzies have for their slughorn , tulloch ard , which is the place at which this clan does meet ; and the name of hume have for their slughorn ( or slogan , as our southern shires terme it ) a hume , a hume : for it is most ordinar to have either the name of the family who do meet , or the name of the place at which they do meet : and this word or cry was proclaimed every-where , by a person who carried a cross of wood burning , or a firie cross , as we call it , by which and by the cry of war or slogan , all the cadets of the family were advertised to meet at the ordinar place ; for of old , all of a family did dwell in a neighbour-hood . from which we may conclude , that these words are the marks of greatness and of antiquity ; nor were they of old allowed to any but to the chiefs of clans , and to great men , who had many followers , vassals , and dependers ; and in effect they are useless to all others . menestier allows them only to such as had power of carrying a displayed banner , and sayes , that they were taken from the name of the princes , or great men who did command . 2. from the chief place where they were to rendezvous . 3. some used the name of the family out of which they were descended . 4. the name of the saint they adored . 5. the designe they were about . 6. some remarkable and happy accident relating to the family , and these slughorns were not only used in publick rendezvouses , but in private combats , upon which occasions the heraulds used to cry aloud the slughorn of the combatant , when he entred the lists , and the beholders used to cry out chearfully when he prevailed . chap. xxxiv . of devises . though we confound devises and motto's , yet they differ much ; for a devise properly is a painted metaphor , metaphora in fatto , as the italians call them , wherein one thing is represented by another to which it resembles : the painted resemblance is called the body of the devise , and the word whereby these are explained , the souls of the devise : and thus it appears , that a devise comprehends somewhat like to both crest and motto , and that some authors are mistaken , who make devises to be either such as are all soul , such as the pathetick sentences used by some , to express their inclinations ; or those that are all body , such as the ancient hierogliphicks ; or such as are composed of soul and body , which are indeed the true devises . some believe that devises are as ancient as antisthenes , who gave cephisolode for his devise , incense burning , with this word , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , that is to say , i please whilst i consume . but others think that devises were no older than paulus iovius ; and yet petra sancta , lib. ● . simbol . heroic . asserts , that the thistle taken by achaius king of scots , when he made his alliance with charlemaigne , with the word , nemo me impunè lacesset , is the ancientest devise now upon record and all praise it as very regular and pretty . but some think it ought to be lacessit , because the present time shows best the nature of the thing , yet lacesset has more of daring and gallantry . nemo me impune lacesset the rules relat●ng to the words of the devise are , 1. that they be not too general , and such as might be used to almost any thing . 2. that the words do not express as fully the things represented , as if you saw the thing it self ; for else the representation were useless , as una hirundo non facit ver ; and this is called an embleme , and not a devise : and therefore the words of a devise must have still something that is mysteriously imperfect , as ut vivat , under a phoenix burning ; and cominus & eminus , to a porcupine , without adding the word ferit . 3. we must not for the same reason express the thing represented in the words of the devise , so we must not say , ita phoenix , or ut vivat phoenix . 4. the words must relate to the thing , and not to the person , and thus where the devise was gold in a furnace , these words , domine probasti me , are censured , because they are not applicable to the gold. 5. the words must not be clenching , or equivocall , for that were to make devises meer aenigmata . the blazon of the atchievement of the king of scotland , and the reasons of that bearing . the most high and mighty monarch , charles the ii , gives , as the soveraign atchievement of his ancient kingdom of scotland , or , a lyon rampant gules , armed and langued azure , within a double tressure flowred , and counterflowred with flowers de lis of the second . encirled with the order of scotland , the same being composed of rue and thistles , having the image of s t. andrew , with his cross on his breast ; above the shield , an helmet , answerable to his majesties high quality and jurisdiction , with a mantle or doubled ermine , adorned with an imperial crown , beautified with crosses patee , and flowers de lis , surmounted on the top for his majesties crest of a lyon sejant , full faced gules , crowned or , holding in his dexter paw , a naked sword proper , and in the sinister , a scepter , both erected pale-wayes : supported by two unicorns argent , crowned with imperial , and gorged with open crowns , to the last chains affixed , passing betwixt their fore leggs , and reflexed over their backs or , he on the dexter embracing , and bearing up a banner of cloath of gold , charged with the royal arms of scotland , and he on the sinister , another banner azure , charged with a s t. andrews cross argent , both standing on a compartment placed underneath , from which issue two thistles , one towards each side of the escutcheon , and for his majesties royal motto's in an scroll above all , in defence , and under , in the table of the compartment , nemo me impunè lacesset . the historians of our own and forraigne nations assert , that fergus took this lyon for his arms , when he did beat the picts : and thus hopingius , cap. 6 ▪ pag. 3. § 3. tells us , that cum picti in agros scotorum copias primum ducerent , quibus haud minus cupidè , quam strenuè obviam ivit fergusius sublatis signis , & rumpendo ipsorum claustra , assumpsitque leonem rubeum erectum , aurea facie descriptum , cauda tergum , ut fere mos est , dum se ad pugnam incitat , verberans , eoque generosam iracundiam significans . vid. etiam beyerlink . tom. 4. theatr. vit . tit . signa pag. 324. pet. gregor . de republ. lib. 6. cap. 16. limneus de jur . publ . lib. 6. num . 86. memen . ord. equit. card. pag. 146. it is observed by boetius lib. 1. hist. cap. 7. & lib. 10. that the crown with which the lyon born as a crest , is crowned , is corona vallaris , though our painters crown him with an imperial crown ; and certainly a corona vallaris agrees better with the breaking of the picts barriers , for which this crest was at first assumed . the double tressure flowred , and counterflowred , was bestowed upon our kings by charlemaigne , when he entred in a league with achaius king of scots , to shew that the french lillies should still defend and guard the scottish lyon : the word is trescheur in the french , which comes from tressouer or tressoir , a tressing ; and i conceive that these tresses were introduced in heraldry , upon coat-armours , to represent the silver and gold laces , with which coats are usualy adorned . hoping ▪ also in the place formerly cited , tells us , that charlemaigne adorned our crown ( being then emperour as well as king of france ) with four lillies and four crosses , as a reward for , and an encouragement to the scots , to continue in the christian faith , acceptis in coronae circo , quatuor liliis aureis , cum salutiferae crucis quatuor aureis signis paulo eminentioribus , paribus intervallis discretis , ut inde scotiae gentis christianae religionis , inviolataeque fidei observatio omnibus dignosceretur . the royal badges and ordinary symbols of the kingdom of scotland are , a thistle of gold crowned . the white cross of st. andrew in a blue field . the standard bearing . diev et mon droit the collar of the order is composed of thistles , interwoven and linked with sprigs or leaves of rue all of gold , having thereunto pendent on a blew rundle , the image of st. andrew , his vesture of cloath of gold , with the white cross of his martyrdome on his breast , and in a circle invironing the figure beautified with pearles , this epigraph written , nemo me impunè lacesset ; though some think that it should be , nemo me impune lacessit , in the present time , as all other motto's are ; but albeit the present time marks more the nature of the thing : yet the future is more menacing , and expresses more of courage , and this thistle is choosed not for its nature , but for its aptness to express this effect of courage . the ordinary and common ensigne worn by the knights of the order , was a green ribband , whereat hung a thistle of gold crowned with an imperial crown , within a circle also of gold , bearing the foresaid motto , nemo me impunè lacesset . likewayes upon the feast of st. andrew yearlie , being the 30 day of noevmber , when the knights met solemnly in the cathedral church of the town of st. andrews for celebrating the feast , they were , during the solemnity , richly apparelled , and wore their parliament robes ; having fixed on their left shoulders an azure rundle , on which was embroydred st. andrews cross argent , invironed in the centre , with a crown beautified with flowers de lis or. the blazon of the atchievement of his majesty of great britain . the most high and mighty monarch charles the ii. by the grace of god , king of great britain , france , and ireland , defender of the faith , &c. for his majestie 's atchievement , and soveraign ensigns armorial , bears these royal coats quarterly quartered , viz. first , or , a lyon rampant , within a double tressure counter-flowerdelised gules , armed and langued azure , as the royal arms of scotland : second , quartered , first and last azure , three flowers de lis or , as the royal arms of france : second and third gules , three lyons passant guardant in pale or , for the royal ensignes of england : third , azure , an irish harp or , stringed argent , for the ensigne of his majestie 's kingdom of ireland : fourth and last , in all points as the first . all within the orders of st. andrew and of the garter . above the same an helmet answerable to his majesties soveraigne jurisdiction , and thereon a mantle of cloath of gold doubled ermine , adorned with an imperial crown , surmounted on the top for his majesties crest of a lyon sejant full faced gules , crowned or , holding in his dexter paw , a naked sword , and in the sinister a scepter , both erected : supported on the dexter by an unicorn argent , crowned with an imperial , and gorged with an open crown ; to this a gold chain affixed , passing betwixt his fore leggs , and reflexed over his back : and on the sinister , by a lyon rampant guardant or , crowned also with an imperial crown as the other ; the first embracing and bearing up a banner azure , charged with a s t. andrews cross argent , and the last another banner argent , charged with a plain cross ( called of st. george ) gules ▪ both standing on a rich compartment ; from the middle whereof issue a thistle and rose , as the two royal badges of scotland and england : and for his majesties royal motto's in an escrol above all , in defence , for scotland ; and in the table of the compartment , dieu et mon droit , for england , france , and ireland . the royal badges are , a thistle of gold crowned , for scotland , a rose gules for england , a flower de lis or , for france , an harp or stringed argent , for ireland . besides these , there are badges peculiar to the kingdoms of scotland and england , represented on the banners in the royal atchievement , and advanced in his majesties standards by land and sea ▪ viz. azure , a cross of st. andrew argent , for scotland , st. andrew being patron thereof . argent , a cross of st. george ( or plain cross ) gules , for england , st. george being patron thereof . thus have i for the honor and satisfaction of my countrey , interrupted so far the course of my ordinary studies at spare hours , nor was this book only necessary for them , but for all such as love this science ; since the theory of our civilians was not hitherto sufficiently illuminated by the knowledge of blazoning , nor the practical and common knowledge of blazoning rightly founded upon the civil law and law of nations ; our ordinary practicians in this art having been such as cited the civil law without understanding it ; and as it is much nobler to raise a science , than to be raised by it ; so having writ this book as a gentleman , i designe as little praise or thanks , as i would disdain all other rewards . finis . an alphabetical table of the sirnames of these noblemen and gentlemen , whose atchievements , or any part of the same , are made patterns of bearings in this science of herauldry . a aberbuthnet page 52. earl of abercorn , vide hamilton . aberdeen town 9 , 65. abernethy 80 , 81. addair 28. agnew 54. aikenhead 63. aikman 53. ainsly 45. airth 31. aiton 44 , 64. alexander 29 , 97. alison 29. allan 28. andrada in spain 41. anstruther 29 , 91. areskine 32 , 75 , 81 , 84 , 85 , 91 , 94 , 97. arran 67. atchison 58. auchinleck 34 , 46 , 74. auchmoutie . 36. b badzenoch 55. bailzie 52 , 97. bain 54 , 64. baird 56. balfour ibid. baliol 17 , 49. balnewis 28. bannatine , alias ballanden , 38 , 44 , 57. barrie 58. bell 68. bennet 45. beton 49. betson 46. bickerton 58. binning 35 , 52. birnie 54. bisset 35. blackhall 54 , 59. blackstock 63. blair 50. bonyman 54. borthwick 95. braig 65. branch 38. brand 36. lord brechin of old , vide wishart . brown 39 , 52 , 63. brownhill 51. bruce 2 , 3 , 29 , 47 , 74 , 83 , 84 , 94. brymer 60. buchanan 42. buckleuch vide scot. bunten 59. burnet 3 , 31 , 96. butter . 44. c cairns 59. caithnes 66 , 84. calder 57. calderwood 63. callendar 49 , 64. campbel 29 , 41 , 74 , 89. cant 36. carmichael 34. carnagy 33 , 52 , 58. carron 31. carruthers 39. carse 46. cartwright 53. cathcairt 52. cay , or kay 36. chambers 55. charters 33. cheap 64. chein 45. cheislie 39. clayhills 57. clealand 57. cochran 39. cockburn 59. colquhoun 46. colvill ibid. corbet 60. cornwall ibid. corsby 44. cowper 39. crab 62. craigdallie 60. craik 66. cranston 59 , 91. craw 60. crawfurd 74. crawmond 60. crichton 55. cumming 64. cuninghame 33 , 96 , 97. currie 47. cuthbert . 65. d dalgleish 63. dalmahoy 31. dalrymple 46. dalzel 53. dawson 45. delaluna in england 52. dempster 36 , 65. denham 88. dewar 31. dickson ibid. die 52. dischington 35. dowglas 2 , 81 , 83 , 95. drummond 28 , 29 , 34 , 95 , 97. duiguid 45. dumbar 3 , 42 , 95. earl of dumfermling , vide seaton . dun 67. dundas 3 , 55 , 95 , 96. dundie town 63. dunlop 58. durham . 52. e eccles 66. edgar 55. edington 53. edmiston 52. eglington 50 , 84. earl of elgin , vide bruce . elleis 66. elliot 36. elphingston 38 , 74 , 88. esplin . 33. f falconer 59. fenton 35. fenwick 60. fin 59. findlay 65. fisher 61. fishing-company royal ibid. fleeming 42. fletcher 45. fockhart 38. forbes 56 , 74. forman 61. forrest 62. forrester 3 , 57 , 97. forsyth 59. fotheringham 34 , 94. fountain 49. fowlis 63. fraser 64 , 68. fullerton 56. fythie . 59. g gallie 67. galloway 8. earl of galloway , vide stewart . lord garrioch 68. garvie 61. ged ibid. geddes ibid. gibson 68. gifford 3. gilchryst 51. gladstains 53. gleg 55. glen 84. earl of glencairn , vide cuninghame . glendinning 44. gordon 56 , 83. gorran 47. graham 29 , 31 , 82 , 83 ▪ grant 68. gray 41. grierson 67. guthrie . 44 , 55. h hacket 29. halyburton 35 , 36 , 94. hamilton 62 , 64 , 72 , 82 , 95. hardie 54. hay 17 , 49 , 85. heart 54. hepburn 7 , 38 , 55. hog 56. home , hume , or hoom , 3 , 75 , 81 , 84 , 97. honyman 36. hope 49. howston 39. hutchison 65. hutton . 50. i iaffray 33. lord iedburgh , vide ker. innes 51 , 95. iohnston 2 , 47 , 67 , 97. irwin . 3 , 63 , 94. k keith 2 , 21 , 31 , 89. kello 63. earl of kelly , vide areskine kennedy 41. ker 28 , 38 , 51 , 56 , 95. kilgowr 60. viscount of kilsyth , vide livingston . earl of kinghorn , vide lyon. now strathmore , vide lyon. viscount of kingston , vide seaton . kinnaird 46. kinneir 35 , 59. kirkpatrick 47 , 67. kyd 62. kyle . 68. l lang 29. lamb 57. landell 42 , 81 , 84. lauder 59. lauderdale 49. duke of lauderdale , vide maitland . leith 49. lennox 46 , 82 , 83. leslie 35 , 65 , 80 , 84. lethington , or livington 57. libberton ibid. liddel 35. lidderdale 38 , 95. lindsay 34. earl of linlithgow , vide livingston . little 46. livingston 49 , 64 , 90. loch 61. lockhart 68. logan 54. longlands 38. lorn 67. lord lovat , vide fraser . earl of lowdoun , vide campbel . lovell 29. lowis 63. lowry 68. lundin , or lundie 33. lyll 49. lyon 42 , 90 , 96. lyon-office . 85. m macaben 65. macculloch 49. macdonald 3 , 61. macdowal 3 , 55 , 81. macduff 3 , 88. macferlan 46. macgie 57. macgill 59. macgregor 62. macilvain 68. mackenzie 57 , 85 , 97. mackintosh 67. macky 65 , 95. maclean 4. maclellan 39 , 90. macleod 64. macnaught 50. macpherson 21 , 97. main 39. maitland 55 , 90. mar 32 , 45 , 81. earl of mar , vide areskine . earl of march , vide dumbar . earl marischal , vide keith . marjoribanks 2 , 67. masterton 38. maule 62 , 88 , 95. maxwell 46 , 58 , 89 , 97. meldrum 60 , 61. melvill 33 , 52 , 67. menzies 4 , 31. mercer 49. midleton 28. miller 44. milne 45. moir 53. moncrieff 94. monro 58. monteeth 35 , 74 , 95. montgomery 84. marquess of montrose , vide graham . monypenny 52 , 61. morison 53. mortimer 55. mosman 63. moubray 95. muir 41. murehead 42. muriel 96. murray 33 , 42 , 52 , 82. mushet 22 , 39. myreton . 50. n naesmyth 54. nairn 41. napier 46. neilson 54. nevoy 53. earl of nithsdale , vide maxwell . nisbet 39. norvell . 60. o ogill 59. ogilvie 54 , 55. ogston 49. oliphant 52. ormiston 60. orrok . 68. p packstoun 39. earl of panmure , vide maule . panther 58. paterson 59. patton 66. pearson 39. pearth town 57. earl of pearth , vide drummond . pepdie 3 , 81 , 84. laird of pitcur , vide halyburton . polwart 29. pont 52. porteous 57. porterfield 36. powrie 46. preston 55. primerose 64. pringle 2 , 61 , 62. purves . 49 , 74. r rae 57. lord rae , vide macky . rait 44. ralston 63. ramsay 2 , 3 , 7 , 58. randeill 41. randolph 3 , 41 , 42 , 67. rankin 66. richardson 28 , 47. riddell 64. rind 44. robertoun 45 , 66. robertson 58 , 96. ross 6 , 55 , 68 , 90. earl , now duke of rothes , vide lesly . rule 54. rutherfoord 41 , 74. ruthven . 2 , 33. s see of saint andrews 85. lord salton , vide fraser . sanderson 35. sandilands ibid. sawers 23. scot 35 , 55 , 74 , 82 , 97. scrimzeor 55 , 65. scrogie 63. seaton 3 , 42 , 53 , 60 , 66 , 82 , 90 , 91. sempill 39. sharp 34 , 85. shaw 3 , 68. sheires 65. shives 58. skein 66. skirven 33. sibbald 46. simpson 31. sinclair 44 , 84. smyth 46 , 68. spalding 45 , 66. spar 66 , 84. spense 41. spot 29. spotswood 63. sprewl 67. sprottie 62. squyre 31. stewart 34 , 41 , 82 , 83 , 96 ▪ stirling 35 , 65. straiton 23 , 50. strang 49. sutherland 52 , 81 , 84 , 91. sydserf . 63. t tailzefer 38. tarbet 4 , 61. torrie 58. toshach 66. tours 35. troup 58. turnbull ibid. turner 54 , 68. turring . 35. vv vallange 68. vaus 35 ▪ veitch 3 , 58. vrquhart 60. vrrie . 55. w walkinshaw 63. wallace 41. wallop 35. wardlaw 49. watson 63. weapont 49. wedderburn 39 , 64. weems 3 , 84 , 90. weston 36. wigmer ibid. winchester 62. winram , or windraham 4 , 56. winton 59 , 82. earl of winton vide seaton . wishart , or wiseheart 3 , 27 , 29 , 81 , 88. wood 3 , 62. wordie 64. wright 66. whytfoord . 36. y young. 29. finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a70582-e14510 ker earl of a●erum . midleton earl of midleton . one family of the name of richardsone gives . bālnewis of drumond of kincraigie . addair . allen. spot . alison . campbell earl of argyle . campbell of glenurquhy . campbell earl of lowdoun . campbell of gargunnock . alexander earl of stirling , as his paternal coat . laing . bruce earl of elgin . drumond lord madertie . livetennent general drumond of cromlix . wishart . hacket of pitfirren . young of lennie . young of auldbarr formerly of seaton , who gives , astruther of that ilk . graham of fintray . polwart . lovell sometime of ballumbie . notes for div a70582-e16760 menzies of that ilk , or of weem . carron . dewar . airth . the paternal coat of graham marquess of montrose . simpson of udoch . squyre . dalmahoy of that ilk . burnet of lees. keith earl marishal dickson of bughtrig . notes for div a70582-e17440 areskine or erskine earl of mar. carnegy earl of northesk , as an coat of augmentation by the title of northesk . sawers . esplin . lord ruthven . skirven of that ilk . cunningham earl of glencairn . lundie of that ilk . murray marquess of athol . jaffray of kingswells melvill of raith . charters of hempsfield . charters of kilfaunes . lindsay earl of crawfurd . stewart . sir william sharp of stonnyhill . carmichael lord carmichael . carmichael of ballinblae . drumond earl pearth auchinlek of that ilk . fothringham of powrie . notes for div a70582-e18510 vaus lord dirleton of old . bisset of lesindrum sandilands fenton of that ilk . wallop . monteith . leslie earl rothes his paternal coat . stirling of keir . scot duke of buccleugh , as the paternal coat of that name . scot of harden . scot of scotstarbet scot of harwood . scot of whitslaid . tours of innerleith . liddel . dishington sometime of ardross kinneir of that ilk . turring of foveran . binning of carlowriehauch . haliburton of egliscairn . sandersone . honyman . porterfield auchmouty . dempster of pitlover whytford . cant. haliburton of pitcur . brand of baberton . weston or waston , kay or cay wigmer . elliot of stobs . elliot of laringston notes for div a70582-e20200 fochhart . tailzefer . masterton of parkmilne . lidderdale of st. mary isle . ker lord jedburgh . longlands of that ilk . hepburn . branch . bannatine of keams . elphingston lord elphingston . cochran earl of dundonald nisbet of dean . sempill lord sempil howston of that ilk . wedderburn of easter-powrie . brown of colstoun . mclellan . pakston . carruthers of howmains . mushet . chiesly of kersewell . main of lochwood cowper of gogar pearson of balmadies . pearson of kippenross . notes for div a70582-e21310 wallace of ellerslie . stewart earl of murray . spence of aberdeen . of old . gray , lord gray . mure of caldwell . andrada in spain . randeil . campbell of aberuchill . nairn of strathuird one of the lords of session . nairn granchyld to the old nairns of sandford . nairn now of sandford . rutherford . his royal majesties coat as king of scotland kennedy earl of castils . fleeming earl of wigton . lyon , earl of kinghorn buchanan of that ilk . randolph sometime earl of murray . seaton of winton . murray marquess of athol . landell . landell of coule . notes for div a70582-e23050 corsby . bannatyne of corhouse rind . guthry of that ilk . rait of hallgreen . sinclair of roslan . aiton of that ilk . sinclair of olbster . glendinning of that ilk . miller . butter of old . but now butter of gormack gives . spalding . mar. robertoun of carnock bennet . dawson . duiguid of auchinhuiff . lord chein of old . chein of straloth . bennet aliter . an●y of dolphington . fletcher of salton . milne . colvil lord colvil of ochiltry . sibbald of ranke●llor auchinlek of balmanno . maxwell . litle . colquhon . powrie of wood cocksholm betson of contle . dalrymple of st●ir , now praesident of session . carse of fordelcarse . kinnaird of inshture . mcferlan of kertone napeir , lord napeir lennox of woodhead smyth of gibliston . bruce of clackmannan . bruce of balcaskie bruce of newtone kirkpatrick of closburn . johnston earl of annandale currie . gorran . richardsone of smeiton notes for div a70582-e25460 beton , beton of balfour . strang , of balkcaskie . ogston , of that ilk . leith of restalrig . leith of overbarns . leith , of leith-hall . purves , purves , now of that ilk . weapont . wardlaw , of that ilk . mercer , mercer of adie . fountain , hope of craighall . mcculloch , mcculloch of myretoun . mcculloch , of piltonn . lyll . lauderdale . calender . hay , earl of errol . balliol . mcnaught of kilquharitie . straiton of lowriston . blair of balthayock . myrton of cambo . hutton . eglington . notes for div a70582-e27400 ker , earl of lowthian , as an coat of augmentation . gilchryst . brownhil . innes , of ilk . innes , of blairtone . murray earle of tillibardin . murray of philipshauch . sutherland aberbuthnot , viscount of aberbuthnot . aberbuthnot , brother to the said viscount . murehead of stanhope . die. one family of the name of 〈◊〉 own . binning of baird . delaluna in england . durham of duntarvie . oliphant ▪ lord oliphant . melvil , lord melvil . edmistone of ednam . kathcairt . monypenny , of pitmillie . bailzie of lamington bailzie of jeresword pont. carnagie , earl of southesk , gives for his crest . seaton , earl of winton , as an coat of augmentation . cartwright . dalzel earl of carnwath dalzel of glenea . gladstains of that ilk. gladstains of whitelaw . edington of balbartan . moir of scotstoun . morison . morieson of bognie . nevoy of that ilk. nevoy now designed of nevoy , one of the senators of the colledge of justice . aikman . aikman of cairnie agnew of lochcow . turner . blackhal : neilson of craigeaw . neilson . naesmith . naesmith , of possow . hardy . baine . rule . heart . logan . birnie . bonyman . ogilvie . ogilvie earle of airlie . ogilvie earle of finlator . ogilvie of boyne . ogilvie of newgrange . mortimer mcdowal sometime of galloway . maitland , duke of lauderdale . chrichton , earl of dumfreis . dundas of that ilk edgar . collonel william urrie . chambers now barron of ●artas in france , descended of chambers of that ilk in scotland . scot of balweirie badzenoch . ross , earl of ross of old . gleg . hepburn of humbie . guthrie of halckerton . scrimzeor , earl of dundie preston of old . preston now of that ilk . ker earl of roxburgh . baird of auchmed den . baird of newbyth , one of the senators of the colledge of justice . gordon marquess of huntly . gordon of pitlurg . gordon of rothiemay . gordon , viscount of kenmure . hog of bogend . forbes , lord forbes . forbes lord pitsligo . forbes of tolquhon forbes of monimusk . sir arthur forbes , now viscount of grannaird in ireland . windrahime . fullerton . fullerton , of that ilk bears . balfour lord of burleigh . lethingtoun . cleland of that ilk . one of the name of forrester . clay-hills of innergowrie lamb. town of perth , aliàs , st. iohnstoun . calder of asloune . mckenzie earl of seaforth . sir geor. mckenzie of rosehauch . porteous calder of that ilk . ballenden bellenden lord ballenden mcgie . liberton of that ilk . rae . troup . torrie . robertson of strowan . robertson of newbigging turnbul . turnbul of bad-rule . v●itch of davick . schives of muretoun ramsay , earle of dalhoussie . carnegie , earle of southesk . bickerton panther of pitmedden . maxwel , earle of nidsdale . atchison of gossesurd . barrie of that ilk . dunlop of that ilk . monro of foulis . sir geor. monro , lieu. general . blackhall . lawder of halton . lawder of bass. forsyth of tailzerton . mcgil of rankillor . cairns . bounten of kilbryd . kinneir of that ilk . winton of strickmartine . cranston , lord cranston . cranston of meckrie . fythie . fin. falconer . sir john falconer cockburn of langtoun . cockburn of ormiston . ogill . paterson . crawmond of auldbar . ormiston of that ilk . fenwick of that ilk . craw. cornwal . of bonhard . corbet . norvell . kilgour . brymer of wester toun . seton viscount of kingston , as an coat of augmentation . craigdallie . meldrum . urquhart of meldrum , gives . meldrum , sometime of fyvie . meldrum of segie . loch . loch of drylaw gives . moniepennie of pitmille . fisher. garvie . the mc-donalds . foreman of that ilk . foreman aliter . the royal company of fishing . tarbet . geddes of rachin . ged of that ilk . pringle of gallowshiels . pringle of torwood lie . pringle of stitchel . maull earl of panmure . maul doctor of medicine . crab of robslaw . hamilton of hags . sprottie . wood of boningtoun . wood of balbeigno gives . wood of craigie gives . wood of largo bears . forrest . kyd of craigie . winchester . mcgregor . calderwood . spotswood . mosman . watson of sauchton . walkinshaw of that ilk . scroggie . blackstock of that ilk . dalgleish . fowlis of collington . lowis of merchiston . irwin of drum. irwin of bonshaw . ralston of that ilk . aikenhead . sydeser●e . broune of colstome . royal burgh of d●ndie . kello . primrose . primrose of caringtoun . livingstone , earle of linlithgow . wedderburn of eastpoury aiton of that ilk . cumming sometime earle of buchan . riddel . cheap of rossie . hamilton , duke of hamilton . frazer . wordie of torbrecks . bayne sheriff clerk of fyfe . mcleod of that ilk . mcleod of the lewes braig of nether-auquharsk . mcaben of knockdolian . royal burgh of aberdeen lord rae . findlay . dempster of pitlover . a family of the name of scrimgeor . scheires . hutcheson cuthbert , provost of inverness . stirling of keir . leslie , earle of rothes . leslie of balguhan . leslie of wardes . skein of that ilk . skein of fintray . toshauch eccles of kildonan . elleis ▪ eccles of southside rankine of orchardhead . robertoun of bedly . seaton of barnes . patton of kinaldie . spalding of ashinillie . wright . the earl of caithness by the title of cathness , as the third coat in his atchievement craik . earle of arran of old . mcintosh as the chief of the clanchattan . lord of lorn of old . gallie . johnston earl of annandale . kirkpatrick of closburn . marjoribanks of bowbardie . melvil , sometime of carnbie the ancient coat of randolph is now born by some families of the name of dumbar . sprewl of coldoun . grierson of lag . dun of taar●●e . lockart of lee. lockhart of bar. gibson of durie . gibson of paintland rosslord ross. vallange . ross of kilravock ross of auchlossin . shaw of sauchie . shaw of sornbeg . mcilvain of grimet . lowry of maxweltoun . turner . bell of kirkonel . bell of provesthauch . kyle . orrock . smyth of methven . grant of that ilk . grant of bellindalloch . fraser , lord lovat . lord garrioch of old . notes for div a70582-e39890 stewart late duke of lennox . gordone marquess of huntly . dowglas marquess of dowglas . grahame marquess of montrose . gordone earl of sutherland . lesly earl of rothes . montgomery earl of eglintone . stclair ( or sinclar , earl of caithness . home earl of home . areskine earl of kellie . weems earle of weems . bruce earl of kincardin . the compleat gentleman fashioning him absolute in the most necessary & commendable qualities concerning minde or bodie that may be required in a noble gentleman. by henry peacham, mr. of arts sometime of trinity coll: in cambridge. peacham, henry, 1576?-1643? 1622 approx. 451 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 114 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2003-01 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a09195 stc 19502 estc s114333 99849559 99849559 14713 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can 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(eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a09195) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 14713) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1475-1640 ; 1283:22) the compleat gentleman fashioning him absolute in the most necessary & commendable qualities concerning minde or bodie that may be required in a noble gentleman. by henry peacham, mr. of arts sometime of trinity coll: in cambridge. peacham, henry, 1576?-1643? delaram, francis, 1589 or 90-1627, engraver. [14], 124, 129-162, 161-172, [1], 170-211, [1] p. : ill. (woodcuts) anno 1622 imprinted at london [by john legat] for francis constable, and are to bee sold at his shop at the white lio[n] in paules churchyard, [london] : [1622] the title page is engraved and signed "fr. delaram. sculp. anno 1622". printer's name from stc. the first leaf is blank. the page after the first 172 is numbered 166. x4 is replaced by cancel fold x4.5; another fold ² y4.5 inserted after ¹y4. variant: with cancellandum x4. reproduction of the original in the henry e. huntington library and art gallery. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng education -early works to 1800. courtesy -early works to 1800. heraldry -early works to 1800. 2002-02 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2002-02 aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images 2002-03 tcp staff (michigan) sampled and proofread 2002-03 john latta text and markup reviewed and edited 2002-04 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the compleat gentleman fashioning him absolute in the most necessary commendable qualities concerning minde or bodie that may be required in a noble gentlema● . by henry peacham . mr. of arts sometime of trinity coll : in cambridge . — inutilis olim ne videar vixisse — anno 1622 imprinted at london for francis constable and are to bee sold at his shop at the white liō in paules churchyard the compleat gentleman , whose titles are contained in these chapters following . chap. 1. of nobilitie in generall . chap. 2. of the dignitie and necessity of learning in princes and nobilitie . chap. 3. the time of learning , &c. chap. 4. the dutie of parents in their childrens education . chap. 5. of a gentlemans carriage in the vniuersity . chap. 6. of stile in speaking , writing , and reading historie . chap. 7. of cosmography . chap. 8. of memorable obseruation in suruey of the earth . chap. 9. of geometry . chap. 10. of poetry . chap. 11. of musicke . chap. 12. of drawing and painting in oyle . chap. 13. of armory or blazing armes . chap. 14. of exercise of the body . chap. 15. of reputation and carriage . chap. 16. of trauaile . ad optimae spei , generosissimaeque indolis adolescentem , d. gulielmum howard , illustriss . ac vere honoratiss . thomae comitis arundeliae , summi totius angliae mareschalli , &c. filium tertiogenitum . ingenio , genio , dum vis generosus haberi , ingenua haec discas , ingeniose puer . stemma nihil , cultis animum nisi moribus ornes , et studeas studijs nobilitare genus . to the trvly noble and most hopefvll mr. william hovvard , third and youngest sonne to the right honorable thomas earle of arundell and surrey , earle marshall of england , &c. what motiue ( noble sir ) may induce others in their dedications , i know not : sure i am none other hath incited me , then the regard of your owne worth , and that natiue ingenuitie and goodnesse of spirit , i haue euer perceiued in you , since it was my good hap to enioy your acquaintance , and to spend some houres with you at your booke in norwich ; where at this present you haue your education vnder the reuerend , religious , and my honorable good lord , the now lord bishop of norwich . and indeed , to whom rather of right should appertaine these my instructions , in regard of their subiect , which is the fashioning of nobilitie after the best presidents , then to your selfe euery way so nobly descended . beside , it is affirmed , that there are certaine sparkes and secret seeds of vertue innate in princes , and the children of noble personages ; which ( if cherished , and carefully attended in the blossome ) will yeild the fruit of industry and glorious action , not onely aboue the strength of the vulgar , but euen in the scient , and before the time nature hath appointed . so achilles , while hee was yet very young , vndertooke to shoote the fiercest lions and boares , and was so nimble on foote , that he was able to take a wilde beast without either ●oyle or dogge . alexander also , when an egyptian priest saluted him , being very young , by the names of son and child , replyed ; but you shall finde me a man before the walls of athens . but to omit heathenish examples , salomon wee reade , when he was but euen a child , begged wisdome of god , and grace to gouerne well : and ignatius , that holy martyr writeth , salomon was scarce 12. years of age , when he decided that hard controuersie betweene the two harlots : so iosias was but eight years old , when he walked religiously before god. and mee thinkes ( sir ) as in that cornelian stemme ( whereof scipio was said to be the top , and in quo ( vt plura genera in vnam arborem ) videtur infita multorum illuminata sapientia : ) already you grow apace , reflecting as from a faire glasse , that princely moderation and honesty of heart , of the good duke your great grand-father , the honourably disposed mind of my lord , your noble father , together with his loue and admiration , of whatsoeuer is honest or excellent : so that verily you need no other patterne to the absolute shaping of your selfe , then the images of your fore-fathers . but as aristotle saith of the vine , by how much it is laden with clusters , by so much it hath need of props : so say i of greatnesse and nobilitie , euer fruitfull , and apt to abundance , it hath hourely need of support and helpe , by all timely aduice and instruction , to guide and vphold it from lying along . wherefore , since the fountaine of all counsell and instruction , next to the feare of god , is the knowledge of good learning , whereby our affections are perswaded , and our ill manners mollified , i heere present you with the first and plainest directions ( though but as so many keies to leade you into far fairer roomes ) and the readiest method i know for your studies in general , and to the attaining of the most commendable qualities that are requisite in euery noble or gentle-man . nothing doubting , but that after you haue herein seene the worth and excellence of learning , how much it addeth to nobilitie ; what errors are hourely comitted through ignorance ; how sweet a thing it is to conuerse with the wisest of all ages by historie ; to haue in-sight into the most pleasing and admirable sciences of the mathematiques , poetrie , picture , heraldrie , &c. ( whereof i heere intreat , together with the most commendable exercise of the body , with other generall directions for carriage , trauaile , &c. ) you will entertaine this discourse , as vlysses did minerua at his elbow● your guide to knowledge ; the ground , not onely of the sweetest , but the happiest life . and though i am assured there are numbers , who ( notwithstanding all the bookes and rules in the world ) had rather then behold the face of heauen , burie themselues in earthly sloath , and basest idlenesse ; yet mr. william howard at the least , let vs recouer you from the tyrannie of these ignorant times , and from the common education ; which is , to weare the best cloathes , eate , sleepe , drinke much , and to know nothing . i take leaue , from my house at hogsd●n by london , may 30. who is , and shall be euer yours , henry peacham . to my reader . i am not ignorant ( iudicious reader ) how many peeces of the most curious masters haue beene vttered to the world of this subiect , as plutarch , erasmus , viues , sadolet , sturmius , osorius , sir thomas eliot , m. askham , with sundry others ; so that my small taper among so many torches , were as good out , as seeming to giue no light at all . i confesse it true . but as rare and curious stamps vpon coynes , for their varietie and strangenesse , are daily enquired after , and bought vp , though the siluer be all one and common w●th ours : so fares it with bookes , which ( as meddailes ) beare the pictures and deuices of our various inuention , though the matter be the same , yet for variety sake they shall bee read , yea ( and as the same dishes drest af●er a new fashion ) perhaps please the tastes of many better . but this regard neither mooued me . when i was beyond the seas , and in a part of france , adiorning vpon artoise , i was inu●●ed oftentimes to the house of a noble personage , who was both a great sould●er and an excellent scholler ; and one day aboue the rest , as we sate in an open and goodly gallerie at dinner , a young english gentleman , who desirous to trauaile , had beene in italy , and many other places , fortuned to come to his house ; and ( not so well furnished for his returne home as was sitting ) desired entertainement into his seruice . my lord , who could speake as little english , as my country-man french , bad him welcome , and demaunded by me of him , what hee could doe : for i keepe none ( quoth he ) but such as are commended for some good qualitie or other , and i giue them good allowance ; some an hundred , some sixtie , some fiftie crownes by the yeare : and calling some about him , ( very gentleman● like , as well in their behauiour , as apparell ) this ( saith he ) rideth and breaketh my great horses , this is an excellent lutenist , this a good painter and surueyer of land , this a passing linguist and scholler , who instructeth my sonnes , &c. sir ( quoth this young man ) i am a gentleman borne , and can onely attend you in your chamber , or waite vpon your lordship abroad . see ( quoth monsieur de ligny , for so was his name ) how your gentry of england are bred : that when they are distressed , or want means in a strange countrey , they are brought vp neither to any qualitie to preferre them , nor haue they so much as the latine tongue to helpe themselues withall . i knew it generally to be true , but for the time , and vpon occasion excused it as i could ; yet he was receiued , and after returned to his friends in good fashion . hereby i onely giue to know , that there is nothing more deplorable , then the breeding in generall of our gentlemen , none any more miserable then one of them , if he fall into miserie in a strange country . which i can impute to no other thing , then the remisnesse of parents , and negligence of masters in their youth . wherefore at my comming ouer , considering the great forwardnesse and proficience of children in other countries , the backwardnesse and rawnesse of ours ; the industry of masters there , the ignorance a●d idlenesse of most of ours ; the exceeding care of parents in their childrens education , the negligence of ours : being taken through change of ayre with a quartane feuer , that leasure i had 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , as i may truly say , by fits i employed vpon this discourse for the priuate vse of a noble young gentleman my friend , not intending it should euer see light , as you may perceiue by the plaine and shallow current of the discourse , fitted to a young and tender capacitie . howsoeuer i haue done it , and if thou shalt find herein any thing that may content , at the least , not distaste thee , i shall be glad and encouraged to a more serious peece : if neither , but out of a malignant humour , disdaine what i haue done , i care not ; i haue pleased my selfe : and long since learned , enuie , together with her sister ignorance , to harbour onely in the basest and most degenerate breast . chap. i. of nobilitie in generall : that it is a plant from heauen ; the roote , branches , fruit. if we consider arightly the frame of the whole vniuerse and method of the all-excellent wisedome in her worke ; as creating the formes of things infinitely diuers , so according to dignity of essence or vertue in effect , wee must acknowledge the same to hold a soueraigntie , and transcendent praedominance , as well of rule as place each ouer either . among the heauenly bodies wee see the nobler orbes , and of greatest influence to be raised aloft , the lesse effectuall , depressed . of elements , the fire the most pure and operatiue to hold the highest place ; in compounded bodies , of things as well sensible as insensible , there runneth a veine of excellence proceeding from the forme , ennobling ( in the same kind ) some other aboue the rest . the lyon we say is king of beasts , the eagle chiefe of birds ; the whale and whirle-poole among fishes , iupiters oake the forrests king. among flowers , wee most admire and esteeme the rose : among fruite , the pom-roy and queene-apple ; among stones , we value aboue all the diamond ; mettals , gold and siluer : and since we know these to transferre their inward excellence and vertues to their species successiuely , shall we not acknowledge a nobilitie in man of greater perfection , of nobler forme , and prince of these ? can we be curious in discerning a counterfait from the true pearle ; to choose our siens of the best fruit , buy our flowers at twenty pounds the roote or slip : and not regard or make difference of linage , nor be carefull into what stocke we match our selues , or of what parents we choose a seruant ? surely , to beleeue that nature ( rather the god of nature ) produceth not the same among our selues , is to question the rarest worke-mistris of ignorance or partialitie , and to abase our selues beneath the beast . nobilitie then ( taken in the generall sence ) is nothing else then a certaine eminency , or notice taken of some one aboue the rest , for some notable act performed , bee it good or ill ; and in that sence are nobilis and ignobilis vsually among the latine poets taken . more particularly , and in the genuine sence , nobilitie is the honour of blood in a race or linage , conferred formerly vpon some one or more of that family , either by the prince , the lawes , customes of that land or place , whereby either out of knowledge , culture of the mind , or by some glorious action performed , they haue beene vsefull and beneficiall to the common-wealths and places where they liue . for since all vertue consisteth in action , and no man is borne for himselfe , we adde , beneficiall and vsefull to his country ; for hardly they are to be admitted for noble , who ( though of neuer so excellent parts ) consume their light , as in a dark la●thorne in contemplation , and a stoicall retirednesse . and since honor is the reward of vertue and glorious action onely , vice and basenesse must not expect her fauours : as the people of rome created c. fla●ius from a tribune , senator and aedil● for stealing of a book of records . eushicrates , euph●rbas , and phylagrus , were ennobled for treason : and c●ttier by lewis the eleuenth , the french king , vnworthily aduanced from a mender of stockings , to be lord chancellor of france . neither must we honor or esteeme those ennobled , or made gentle in blood , who by mechanicke and base meanes , haue raked vp a masse of wealth , or because they follow some great man , weare the cloath of a noble personage , or haue purchased an ill coat at a good rate ; no more then a player vpon the stage , for wearing a lords cast suit : since nobilitie hangeth not vpon the aicry esteeme of vulgar opinion , but is indeed of it selfe essentiall and absolute . beside , nobilitie being inherent and naturall , can haue ( as the diamond ) the lustre but only from it selfe : honors and titles externally conferred , are but attendant vpon desert , and are but as apparell , and the drapery to a beautifull body . memorable , as making to our purpose , is that speech of sig●smund the empero●r , to a doctor of the ciuill law , who when he had receiued knighthood at the emperours hands , left forthwith the societie of his fellow doctors , & kept company altogether with the knights : which the emperour well obseruing , smilingly ( before the open assembly ) saide vnto him ; foole , who preferest knighthood before learning and thy degree ; i can make a thousand knights in one day , but cannot make a doctor in a thousand yeares . now for as much as the weale publique of euery estate , is preserued armi● & consilio , this faire tree by two maine branches disspreddeth her selfe into the militarie & ciuil discipline ; vnder the first i place valor and greatnesse of spirit : vnder the other , iustice , knowledge of the lawes , which ● consilij fons ; magnificence , and eloquence . for true fortitude and greatnesse of spirit were ennobled ( we reade ) iphicrates , that braue athenian , who ouerthrew in a set battaile the lacedaemonians , stopt the furie of epaminondas , and became lieutenant generall to artaxerxes king of persia , yet but the sonne of a poore cobler . eumenes , one of the best captaines for valour and aduice alexander had , was the sonne of an ordinarie carter . dioclesian was the sonne of scriuener , or book-binder : valentinian , of a rope-maker ; maximinus , of a smith ; a pertinax , of a wood-monger ; seruius tullus , sonne of a bond-woman , thence his name seruius : tarquinius priscus , of a poore merchant , or rather pedler in corinth : hugh capet , the first of that name , king of france , the sonne of a butcher in paris ; who when lewis the sixth , sonne of lothary , was poisoned by blanch his wife for adulterie , being a stout fellow , and of a resolute spirit , hauing gathered a company like himselfe , and taking his aduantage of the time , and distempered humour of the state , carried himselfe and his businesse so , that he got the crowne from the true heire , charles the vnckle of lewis . lamusius , the third king of the lombards , was the sonne of a common strumpet , found laid and couered with leaues in a ditch by king agelmond , who by chance riding that way , and espying a thing stirre in the ditch , touched it with the point of his lance , to see what it was : which the infant with the hand taking fast hold of , the king amazed , and imagining it as a presage of some good fortune toward the child , caused it to be taken out of the ditch , and to bee brought vp , which after ( nursed in the lap of fortune ) by many degrees of honor , got the crowne of lombardy . neither are the truly valorous , or any way vertuous , ashamed of their so meane parentage , but rather glorie in themselues that their merit hath aduanced them aboue so many thousands farre better descended . and hence you shall many times heare them freely discourse of their beginning , and plainely relate their bringing vp , & what their parents were . i remember when i was in the low-countries , and liued with sir iohn ogle at virecht , the reply of that valiant gentleman colonell edmondes , to a countrey-man of his newly come out of scotland , went currant : who desiring entertainment of him , told him ; my lord his father , and such knights and gentle-men , his couzins and kinsmen , were in good health . quoth colonell edmondes , gentlemen ( to his friends by ) beleeue not one word hee sayes ; my father is but a poore baker of edenbourgh , and workes hard for his liuing , whom this knaue would make a lord , to currie fauour with me , and make ye beleeue i am a great man borne , &c. so that the valiant souldier you see , measureth out of the whole cloath his honour with his sword : and hence in ancient times came rome , athens , carthage , and of late the ottoman empire to their greatnesse . honor being then highly prized , euery one aymed at nobilitie , and none refused the most desperate attempts for the good of his countrey . thus the decij , cato , marcellus , with infinite others , became ennobled , and had their altars , statues , columnes , &c. and were welnigh adored with as great respect , as their gods themselues . from no lesse meanesse of birth and beginning , we find many great and famous bishops , ciuilians , orators , poets , &c. to haue attained to the greatest dignities , both of church and common-wealth , and to haue checked with their fortunes , euen glorie her selfe . pope iohn the two and twentieth , was a poore shooe-makers sonne ; nicholas the fifth was sonne of a poulter ; sixt●● the fift , of a hog-heard : alphenus but a tailors apprentice , who running from his master , went to rome , and there studied the ciuill law , and so profited , that for his learning and wisedome , he was after created consull . vlpian but meanely borne , yet tutor to alexander the emperour . cicero was borne and brought vp at arpinum , a poore and obscure village : virgil , the sonne of a potter ; horace , of a trumpeter ; theophrastus of a botcher , with infinite others , i might alledge as well of ancient as moderne times . for doing iustice , the romanes of a priuate man and a stranger , chose numa for their king : and on the contrary , ( as plutarch writeth , comparing them together ) lycurgus of a king , for iustice sake , made himselfe a priuate man : for , a goodly thing ( saith plutarch ) it is by doing iustly to obtaine a kingdome , and as glorious to prefer iustice before a kingdome ; for the vertue of the one ( numa ) made him so esteemed and honoured , that he was of all thought worthy of it ; of the other , so great , that he scorned it . in like manner , for their good lawes and doing iustice , were aduanced to their thrones and goodly tribunals , minos , rhadamantus ( though subiects of poets fables . ) aratus , solon , &c. and how fairely ( beyond their lawrels ) the name of iust , became aristides , traiant , agesilaus , with many others , i leaue to historie to report . for magnificence , and obliging the places wherein they liued , by great benefits , were ennobled , tarquinius priscus , a stranger , and a banished man : and of later times , cosmo di medici in florence , vpon whose vertues , as vpon a faire prospect , or some princely palace , giue me leaue a little , as a traueller to breathe my selfe , and shew you afarre off the faire tutrets of his more then royall magnificence , being but a priuate man , as i finde it recorded in his historie by machiauell . this cosmo ( saith he ) was the most esteemed , and most famous citizen ( being no man of warre ) that euer had beene in the memorie of man , either in florence , or any other citie ; because he did not onely excell all others ( of his time ) in authoritis and riches , but also in liberalitie and wisedoms . for among other qualities which aduanced him to be chiefe of his countrey , he was more then other men liberall and magnificent , which liberalitie appeared much more after his death then before . for his sonne piero found by his fathers records , that there was not any citizen of estimation , to whom cosmo had not lent great summes of money : and many times also he did lend to those gentlemen , whom he knew to haue need . his magnificence appeared by diuers his building : for within the citie of florence hee builded the abbaits and temples of s. marco , s. lorenzo , and the monastery of s. verdiana , & in the mountains of fiesole , s. girolamo , with the abbey thereto belonging . also in mugello he did not only repaire the church for the friers , but tooke it downe , and built it anew . besides those magnificent buildings in s. croce , in s. agnoli , and s. miniato , he made altars , and sumptu●●● chappels . all which temples and chappels , besides the buildings of them , were by him paued , and furnished throughly with all things necessarie . with these publique buildings , wee may number his priuate houses , whereof one within the citie mee●e for so great a personage , and foure other without , at carriaggi , at fiesole , at casaggiuolo , and at trebio , all palaces fitter for princes , then priuate persons . and because his magnificent houses in italy , did not in his opinion make him famous enough , he builded in ierusalem an hospitall to receiue poore and diseased pilgrims . in which worke he consumed great summes of money . and albeit these buildings , and euery other his actions were princely , and that in florence he liued like a prince ; yet so gouerned by wisedome , as he neuer exceeded the bounds of ciuill modestie . for in his conuersation , in riding , in marrying his children and kinsfolkes , he was like vnto all other modest and discree●e citizens : because he well kn●w , that extraordinarie things , which are of all men with admiration beheld , do● procure more enuy , then those which without ostentation be honestly couered . i omit , as followeth shortly after , his great and excessiue charge in entertaining of learned men of all professions , to instruct the youth of florence : his bountie to argiropolo a gracian , and marsilio fi●ins , ( whom he maintained for the exercise of his owne studies in his house , and gaue him goodly lands neere his house of carreggi , ) men in that time of singular learning , because vertue reares him rather to wonder then imitation . to proceed , no lesse respect and honour is to be attributed to eloquence , whereby so many haue raised their esteeme and fortunes , as able to draw ciuilitie out of barbarisme , and sway whole kingdomes by leading with a celticke hercules , the rude multitude by the eares . marke anthony contending against augustus for the romane empire , assured himselfe he could neuer obtaine his purpose while cicero liued , therefore he procured his death . the like did antipater , a successor to alexander , by demosthenes , aspiring to the monarchy of greece . and not long since a poore mahumetan priest , by his smooth tongue , got the crowne of morocco from the right heire , being of the house of giuseph or ioseph . and much hurt it may doe , if like a mad mans sword , it be vsed by a turbulent and mutinous orator ; otherwise we must hold it a principall meanes of correcting ill manners , reforming lawes , humbling aspiring minds , and vpholding all vertue . for as serpents are charmed with words , so the most sauage and cruell natures by eloquence : which some interpret , to be the meaning of mercuries golden rod , with those serpents wreathed about it . much therefore it concerneth princes , not onely to countenance honest and eloquent orators , but to maintaine such neere about them , as no meane props ( if occasion serue ) to vphold a state , and the onely keies to bring in tune a discordant common-wealth . but it shall not be amisse ere i proceede further , to remoue certaine doubts , which as rubs clog the cleere passage of our discourse : and the first concerning bastardie , whether bastards may be said to be nobly borne or not : i answere with iustinian , sordes inter praecipuos nominarinon merentur . yet it is the custome with vs , and in france , to allow them for noble , by giuing them sometimes their fathers proper coate , with a bend sinister , as reignald earle of cornewall , base sonne to the conquerour , bare his fathers two leopards passant gardant , or in a field gules , with a bend sinister azure : the like hamlin , base sonne to geoffrey plantagenet , earle of surrey● some their fathers whole coate , or part of the same in bend dexter ; as iohn beauford , a bastard of somerset , bare partie per pale argent and azure , a bend of england , with a labell of france . sir roger de clarendon , base son to the blacke prince , his fathers three feathers , on a bend sable , the field or. i willingly produce these examples , to confirme our custome of ennobling them ; and though the law leaneth not on their side , yet stand they in the head of the troope , with the most deseruing : yea , and many times ( according to euripides ) proue a better ●hen the legitimate . who are more famous then remus and romulus , who laid the first stone of rome ; more couragious and truly valiant , then hercules , alexander , our king arthur of britaine , and william the first ? more critically learned then christopher longolius , iacobus faber ; more modest , and of better life , then coelius calgaguinus , the delight of his ferrara , with infinite others ? and where decretals and schoolemen may beare the bell , those two grandes , gratian and lombard ? a second question ariseth , whether he that is noble descended , may by his vice and basenesse lose his nobilitie or no. it is answered , that if he that is ignoble and inglorious , may acquire nobilitie by vertue ; the other may very well lose it by his vice. but such are the miserable corruptions of our times , that vices go for prime vertues ; and to be drunke , sweare , wench , follow the fashion , & to do iust nothing , are the attributes and marks now adaies of a great part of our gentry . hence the agrigentines expelled their phalaris : the romanes extinguished the memorie of the whole race of the tarquines , with those monsters of nature , nero , heliogabalus , &c. the sicilians dionysins the later , with others . thirdly , whether pouertie impeacheth or staineth nobilitie . i answere , riches are an ornament , not the cause of nobilitie ; and many times wee see there lyeth more worth vnder a thrid-bare cloake , and within , a thatched cottage , then the richest robe , or stateliest palace . witnesse the noble curij and fabritij , taken from a poore dinner of turneps and water-cresses in an earthen dish , to leade the romane army , and conquer the most potent kings of the world . fourthly , concerning aduocates and physitians , whether we may rancke them with the ennobled or no. aduocates or counsellors being interpreters of the law , their place is commendable , and themselues most necessarie instruments in a common-wealth ; wherefore , saith the ciuill law , their calling is honorable , they ought to be freed of mulcts , publike charges , and all impositions ; and to be written or sent vnto , as vnto persons of especiall worth and dignitie . touching physitians , though the profession by some hath beene thought seruile , and in times past was practised by seruants , as domitian ( saith seneca ) imper auit medico seruo , vt venenum sibi daret ; and that slouenly epithite of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 be by aristophanes bestowed vpon aesculapius : yet it is an art nothing seruile and base , but noble and free , since we know not onely emperors and kings , but saints , yea , our blessed sauiour to haue cured the sicke ; as constantine , adrian , edward the confessor king of england , mithridates king of pontus , ( whose antidote yet beareth his name , ) artemisia queene of caria , who first found the vertue of mugwort , bearing her name in latine ; gentius king of illyricum ( now sclauonia ) who immortally liueth in the herbe gentiana : as also lysimachus in his lysimachia , achilles in achillea , or the yarrow : apollo , podalirius , moses , esay , salomon , ezechias . honor the phisitian , saith ecclesiasticus : then againe , all phisicke or medicine is from god , and he shall receiue a reward from the king : the skill of the physitian shall exalt his head , &c. and as ptolomy sometime obiected against zoilus concerning homer , so may i vnto our lordly 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or physicke-haters : which of them all , trebble their reuenewes , can maintaine so many as one poore galen or hippocrates , who though dead many hundreds of yeares since , feed many thousands of families , euen at this present ? i heere intend no common chyrurgians , mountebancks , vnlettered empericks , and women doctors ( of whom for the most part there is more danger , then of the worst disease it selfe ) whose practise is infamous , mechanique and base . fiftly , concerning merchants ; the exercise of merchandise hath beene ( i confesse ) accounted base , and much derogating from nobilitie , except it be exercised & vndertaken by a generall estate , or the deputies thereof . aristotle therefore saith , that the thebanes and lacedaemonians had a law , that none should bee esteemed and held capable of honor in their common-wealth , except they had ten yeares before giuen ouer trading and merchandise : and valerius maximus reporteth , that among other things the romanes had to disparage tarquinius priscus withall , and make him odious to the people , was that he was a merchants sonne . saint chrysostome vpon that place of mathew , hee cast out the buyers and sellers out of the temple : gathereth , that merchants hardly and seldome please god. and certaine it is , that the ancient romans neuer preferred any that exercised merchandise , to any eminent place or office in their commonwealthe perhaps agreeing in one with aristotle , who speaking of merchants and mechanickes , saith ; vilis est huiusmodi vita , & virtuti aduersa , the kind of life is base , and contrary to vertue . but some may obiect vnto me the great estates of venice , genoa , florence , luca , &c. where their nobilitie is nothing disparaged by the exercise of merchandise . i answer ; as their coines at home they may raise themselues high or lower at their pleasure : but abroad ( like citie maiors ) in other countries they fall vnder value , and a great deale short of their reckoning . but if the owner of the earth , and all that therein is , hath so bestowed and disposed of his blessings , that no one countrey affordeth all things , but must be beholden not onely to her neighbours , but euen the most remote regions , and common-wealths cannot stand without trade and commerce , buying and selling : i cannot ( by the leaue of so reuerend iudgements ) but account the honest merchant among the number of benefactors to his countrey , while he exposeth as well his life as goods , to the hazzard of infinite dangers , sometime for medicinall drugges and preseruatiues of our liues in extremitie of sicknesse ; another , for our food or cloathing in t●mes of scarsitie and want , haply for vsefull necessaries for our vocations , and callings : or lastly , for those , sensus & animi oblectamenta , which the almightie prouidence hath purposely , for our solace and recreation , and for no other end else created , as apes , parrots , peacockes , canarie , and all singing birds ; rarest flowers for colour and smell , pretious stones of all sorts , pearle , amber , corall , cristall , all manner of sweete odou●s , fruites , infinitely differing in forme and taste : colours of all sorts , for painting , dying , &c. but i proceed . sixt and lastly , touching mechanicall arts and artists , whosoeuer labour for their liuelihood and gaine , haue no share at all in nobilitie or gentry : as painters , stage-players● tamblers , ordinary fidlers , inne-keepers , fencers , iuglers , dancers , mountebancks , bearewards , and the like ; ( except the custome of the place determine the contrary ) as her●d●tus and xenophon witnesse to haue beene obserued , both among the aegyptians , scythians , and corinthians . the reason is , because their bodies are spent with labour and trauaile , and men that are at their worke , assidui & accibui vmbratiles esse cogumur . yea , if a noble man borne in captiuitie , or constrained through any other necessitie , shall exercise any manuall occupation or art , hee by the opinion of some , loseth his nobilitie ciuill , but not christian , and shall at his returne bee restored . where i said the custome of the country , i intend thus : by the law of mahomet the grand signior , or great turke himselfe , is bound to exercise some manuall trade or occupation ( for none must be idle : ) as solyman the magnificent , that so threatned vienna , his trade was making of arrow-heads ; achmat the last , horne rings for archers , and the like . from the roote and branches , let vs taste the fruite , which fall not ( like the apples of sodoms ) with a light touch into nothing , but are as those of hesperides , golden , and out of the vulgar reach . first , noble or gentlemen ought to bee preferred in fees , honors , offices , and other dignities of command and gouernment before the common people . they are to be admitted neere , and about the person of the prince , to be of his counsel in warre , and to beare his standard . we ought to giue credit to a noble or gentleman , before any of the inferior sort . he must not be arrested , or pleaded against vpon cosenage . we must attend him , and come to his house , and not ●e to ours . his punishment ought to be more fauourable , & honorable vpon his tryall , and that to bee by his peeres of the same noble ranke . he ought in all sittings , meetings , and salutations , to haue the vpper hand , and greatest respect . they must be cited by bill or writing , to make their appearance . in criminall causes , noblemen may appeare by their arturney , or procurator . they ought to take their recreations of hunting , hawking , &c. freely , without controule in all places . their imprisonment ought not to bee in base manner , or so strict as others . they may eate the best and daintiest meate that the place affordeth ; to weare at their pleasure gold , iewels , the best apparell , and of what fashion they please , &c. beside , nobilitie stirreth vp emulation in great spirits , not onely of equalling others , but excelling them ; as in cimon , the elder scipio africanus , decius the sonne , alexander , edward our blacke prince , and many others . it many times procureth a good marriage , as in germany , where a faire coate and a crest , is often preferred before a good reuenew . it is a spurre in braue and good spirits , to beare in mind those things which their ancestors haue nobly atchieued . it transferreth it selfe vnto posteritie ; and as for the most part wee see the children of noble personages , to beare the lincaments and resemblance of their parents : so in like manner , for the most part they possesse their vertues and noble dispositions , which euen in their tenderest yeares , will but forth and discouer it selfe . hauing discoursed of nobilitie in generall , the diuision , and vse thereof : giue me leaue in a word , to in●eigh against the pittifull abuse thereof , which like a plague , i think , hath infected the whole world . euery vndeseruing and base peasant ayming at nobilitie : which miserable ambition hath so furnished both towne & country with coates of a new list ; that were democritus liuing , hee might haue laughing matter for his life . in naples , such is the pride of euery base groome , that though he be distalla , he must be termed signore , and scarce will ●e open a note from a poore calz●lai● , to whom he hath beene a twelue month indebted for his bootes , if d●n be not in the superscription . in venice likewise , euery mechanique is a magnifice , though his magnificenza walketh the market but with a chequin . in france , euery peasant and common lacquay , is saluted by name of mounsieur , or sire , the king himselfe hauing no other title . the word sire immediatly proceeding from cyrus , the persian word for a lord or great prince , as h. stephanus well noteth ; or as it pleaseth some , from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 authoritie , or 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a lord or gouernor , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . goe but from paris to anjo● , and see if you find not all , from the count to the esculiers , allyed either to the king , some prince of the blood , noble peere , or other . in the low countries , mine old host at arnhem in gildrerland , changed his coate and crest thrice in a fortnight , because it did not please his young wife . for there ye must vnderstand , they are all gentlemen by a grant , ( they say ) from charles the fift , in consideration of a great summe of money they lent him in time of his warres . come into what house soeuer , though miju heer weert , be but a gardiner , ropemaker , or aqua●ita seller , you shal be sure to haue his armes , with the beauer full faced ( allowed to none but kings and princes ) in his glasse-window , with some ingenious motto or other of his owne deuice . i remember one t●link there , gaue for his coate a wilde goose in the water , with this witty one ; volans , natans . another , three hogs falling vpon a dog , who was lugging one of their fellowes ; with this , a endracht mackt macht . another , three great drinking bowles , orbiquiers , with this truly dutch , and more tollerable then the rest , vnderneath , quem non f●●●re disertum ? with infinite others of like nature : yet the ancient nobilitie ( whereof there are many honorable families ; as hohenlo , egment , horne , brede●ode , waggen●●r , betsolaër , with sundry others ) keepe themselues entire , and maintaining their ancient houses and reputation , free from scandall of dishonour , as well as wee laugh at these their boorish deuices . some againe , by altering letters or syllables , or adding to their names , will insinuate themselues into noble houses , and not sticke many times to beare their coates . but the most common and worst of all , is in all places the ordinary purchasing of armes and honors for money , very preiudiciall to true nobilitie and politique gouernment : for who will hazzard his person and estate to infinite dangers for honour , when others at home may haue it si●e sudore & sanguin● , onely by bleeding in the vena c●n● , called marsupium ? the pure oyle cannot mingle with the water , no more this extracted quintessence and spirit of vertue , with the dregges and subsistence of vnworthinesse . euripides , when his father told him he was knighted , made him this reply ; good father , you haue that which euery man may haue for his money . and certainely , vertue dum petis ar du● , will not stoope to take vp her reward in the streete . the french man is so bold , as to terme such intruders gentil-villaines ; but i dare not vse that word , lest some that challenge the first part of it , should returne me the latter . lastly , to conclude , most pittifull is the pride of many , who when they are nobly borne , not onely staine their stocke with vice , and all base behauiour , relying and vaunting of their long pedigrees , and exploits of their fathers , ( themselues liuing in sloath and idlenesse ) disparage and disgrace those , who by their vertuous endeuours are rising . to these and such , i oppose marius , and that stout reply of his in salust : they contemne me● as an vpstart , i scorn● their sloath and basenesse . againe , what they idlely heave and reade at home , my selfe hath either acted or seene ; if they scorne me , let them scorne their ancestors , who came by their nobilitie as i haue done : if they 〈◊〉 mine honor , let them also enuy my labours , mine innocence , my perils , &c. now see how equally they deale : that which they arrogate to themselues from the vertue of others , that they deny me from mine owne , because i haue no images , and my nobilitie is new , &c. shortly after : i cannot , to prooue my descent , bring forth the images of my ancestors , their triumphs , their consulships ; but if neede be , i can shew launces , my ensigne , caparisons , and other such warlike implements , beside a number of scarres vpon my breast : these are my images , my nobilitie , not left me by descent and inheritance , &c. and as resolute of late yeares , was the answer of verdugo a spaniard , commander in friseland , to certaine of the spanish nobilitie , who murmured at a great feast , the sonne of a hang-man should take place aboue them , ( for so he was , and his name importeth : ) gentlemen ( quoth he ) question not my birth , or who my father was , i am the sonne of mine owne desert and fortune ; if any man dares as much as i haue done , let him come and take the tables ●nd with all my heart . chap. 2. of the dignitie and necessity of learning in princes and nobilitie . since learning then is an essentiall part of nobilitie , as vnto which we are beholden , for whatsoeuer dependeth on the culture of the mind ; it followeth , that who is nobly borne , and a scholler withall , deserueth double honour , being both 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 : for hereby as an ensigne of the fairest colours , hee is a farre discerned , and winneth to himselfe both loue and admiration , heigthing with skill his image to the life , making it pretious , and lasting to posteritie . it was the reply of that learned king of arragon to a courtier of his , who affirmed , that learning was not requisite in princes and nobilitie , questa è voce d'un but , non d'un huom● . for if a prince be the image of god , gouerning and adorning all things , and the end of all gouernment the obseruation of lawes , that thereby might appeare the goodnesse of god in protecting the good , and punishing the bad , that the people might bee fashioned in their liues and manners , and come neere in the light of knowledge vnto him , who must protect and defend them , by establishing religion , ordaining lawes ; by so much ( as the sunne from his orbe of empire ) ought he to out-runne the rest in a vertuous race , and out-shine them in knowledge , by how much he is mounted neerer to heauen , and so in view of all , that his least eclipse is taken to a minute . what ( tell me ) can be more glorious or worthy the scepter , then to know god aright ; the mysteries of our saluation in iesus christ , to conuerse with god in soule , and oftner then the meere naturall man , to aduance him in his creatures ; to bee able with salomon to dispute , from the loftiest cedar on libanus , to the lowest hysop vpon the wall ; to bee the co●duit pipe and instrument , whereby ( as in a goodly garden ) the sweete streames of heauens , blessings are conueied in pietie , peace and plentie , to the nourishing of thousands , and the flourishing of the most ingenious arts and sciences . wherefore , saith the kingly prophet , erudimini reges , &c. as if he should say ; how can you kings & iudges of the earth vnderstand the grounds of your religion , the foundation and beginnings of your lawes , the ends of your duties and callings ; much lesse determine of such controuersies , as daily arise within your realmes and circuits , define in matters of faith publique iustice , your priuate and oeconomicke affaires , if from your cradles yee haue beene nursed ( as solomons foole ) with ignorance , brutish ignorance , mother of all miserie , that infecteth your best actions with folly , ranketh you next to the beast , maketh your talke and discourse loathsome and heauy to the hearer , as a burthen vpon the way , your selues to be abused by your vassals , as blinde men by their boyes , and to bee led vp and downe at the will and pleasure of them , whose eyes and eares you borrow . hence the royall salomon , aboue all riches of god , desired wisedome and vnderstanding , that hee might gouerne , and go before so mighty a people . and the ancient romanes , when their voyces were demaunded at the election of their emperor , cryed with one consent , quis melior quam● literatus ? hence the persians would elect none for their king , except he were a great philosopher : and great alexander acknowledged his , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 from his master aristotle . rome saw her best daies vnder her most learned kings and emperours ; as num● , augustus , titus , antoninus , constantino , theodosius , and some others . plutarch giueth the reason , learning ( saith hee ) reformeth the life and ma●●ers , and affoordeth the wholesomest aduice for the gouernment of a common-wealth . i am not ignorant , but that ( as all goodnesse else ) shee hath met with her mortall enemies , the champions of ignorance , as licinius gaue for his mot or poesie : postes reipublica literae ; and lewis the eleuenth , king of france , would euer charge his sonne to learne no more latine then this , qui nescit dissimulare , nescit regnare : but these are the fancies of a few , and those of ignorant and corrupted iudgements . since learning then ioyned with the feare of god , is so faithfull a guide , that without it princes vndergoe but lamely ( as chrysostome saith ) their greatest affaires ; they are blinde in discretion , ignorant in knowledge , rude and barbarous in manners and liuing : the necessitie of it in princes and nobilitie , may easily be gathered , who howsoeuer they slatter themselues , with the fauourable sun-shine of their great estates and fortunes , are indeede of no other account and reckoning with men of wisedome and vnderstanding , then glowormes that onely shine in the darke of ignorance , and are admired of ideots and the vulgar for the out-side ; statues or huge colossos full of lead and rubbish within , or the aegyptian asse , that thought himselfe worshipfull for bearing golden isis vpon his backe . sigismund king of the romanes , and sonne to charles the fourth emperour , greatly complained at the councell of constance , of his princes and nobilitie , whereof there was no one that could answer an embassadour , who made a speech in latine ; whereat lodouicke , the elector palatine tooke such a deepe disdaine in himselfe , that with teares ashamed , he much lamented his want of learning ; and presently hereupon returning home , beganne ( albeit hee was very old ) to learne his latine tongue . eberhard also , the first duke of wirtenberge , at an assembly of many princes in italy ( who discoursed excellently in latine , while he stood still and could say nothing ) in a rage strook his tutor or gouernor there present , for not applying him to his booke when he was young . i gladly alledge these examples , as by a publike councell to condemne opinion of heresie , beleeuing to teach , and teaching to beleeue , the vnnecessitie of learning in nobilitie ; an error as preiudiciall to our land , as sometime was that rotten chest to aethiopia , whose corrupted ayre vented after many hundreds of yeares , brought a plague not onely vpon that country , but ouer the whole world . i ceasse to vrge further , the necessitie and dignitie of learning , hauing ( as octaui●s said to decius , a captaine of anthonies , ) to the vnderstanding spoken sufficient ; but to the ignorant too much , had i said lesse . chap. 3. of the time of learning , dutie of masters , and what the fittest method to be obserued . as the spring is the onely fitting seede time for graine , setting and planting in garden and orchard : so youth , the aprill of mans life , is the most naturall and conuenient season to scatter the seeds of knowledge vpon the ground of the mind , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , saith plato , it behooueth in youth out of hand , to desire and bend our minds to learning : neither as good husbands , while time serueth , let slip one houre ; for , saith he , elsewhere , our ground is hard , and our horses be wild ; withall , if we meane to reape a plentifull haruest , take we the counsell of adrastus in euripides , to looke that the seed be good . for , in the foundation of youth , well ordered and taught , consists ( saith plato againe ) the flourishing of the common-wealth . this tender age is like water spilt vpon a table , which with a finger wee may draw and direct which way we list ; or like the young hop , which , if wanting a pole , taketh hold of the next hedge : so that now is the time ( as waxe ) to worke it plyant to any forme . how many excellent wits haue we in this land , that smell of the caske , by neglecting their young time when they should haue learned ! horace his quo semel , once fit for the best wine , since too bad for the best vineger , who growne to yeares of discretion , and solid vnderstanding , deepely bewaile their misspent , or misguided youth , with too late wishing ( as i haue heard many ) that they had lost a ioynt , halte their estates , so that they had beene held to their bookes when they were young . the most ( and without cause ) lay the fault vpon bad masters ; to say truth , it is a generall plague and complaint of the whole land ; for , for'one discreete and able teacher , you shall finde twenty ignorant and carelesse , who ( among so many fertile and delicate wits as england affoordeth ) whereas they make one scholler , they marre ten . the first and maine error of masters , is want of discretion , when in such varietie of natures as different as their countenances , the master neuer laboureth to try the strength of euery capacitie by it selfe , which ( as that lesbian stone aristotle speaketh of ) must haue the rule fitted to it , not that brought to the rule : for as the selfe same medicines haue seuerall operations , according to the complexions they worke vpon ; so one and the selfe-same method agreeth not with all alike : some are quick of capacitie , and most apprehensiue , others of as dull ; some of a strong memorie , others of as weake ; yet may that dullard , or bad memorie , ( if he be obserued ) proue as good , yea ( in aristotles opinion ) better then of the other . but we see on the contrary , out of the masters carterly iudgment , like horses in a teame , they are set to draw al alike , when some one or two prime and able wits in the schoole , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ( which he culs out to admiration if strangers come , as a costardmonger his fairest pippins ) like fleete hounds goe away with the game , when the rest need helping ouer a stile a mile behind : hence being either quite discouraged in themselues , or taken away by their friends ( who for the most part measure their learning by the forme they fit it ) they take leaue of their bookes while they liue . a second ouer-sight nigh a kin to the former , is indiscretion in correction , in vsing all natures alike , and that with immoderation , or rather plaine crueltie : true it is , quo quisque est solertior & ingeniosior , hoc docet iracundior . but these fellowes beleeue with chrysippus in quintilian , that there is no other method of making a scholler , then by beating him , for that he vnderstandeth not through their owne fault ; wherein they shew themselues egregious tyrants , for , correction without instruction is plaine tyrannis . the noble , generous , and best natures , are won by commendation , enkindled by glory , which is fax mentis honestae , to whom conquest and shame are a thousand tortures . of which disposition for the most part , are most of our young nobilitie and gentlemen , well borne , inheriting with their being , they vertue of their ancestors , which euen in this tender greennesse of year wil bewary it selfe , as well in the schoole as abroad at their play and childish recreations . quintilian aboue all others , desireth this disposition to make his orator of , and whom chiding greeueth , to be tenderly dealt withall ; yet haue i knowne these good and towardly natures , as roughly handled by our plagosi orbilij , as by dionysius himselfe taking reuenge vpon the buttockes of poore boyes for the losse of his kingdome , and railed vpon by the vnmannerly names of block-heads ( oft by farre worse then block-heads ) asses , dolts , &c. which deepely pierceth the free and generous spirit ; for , ingenuitas ( saith soneca ) non recipit contemptum ; ingenuitie or the generous minde , cannot brooke contempt ; and which is more vngentlemanly , nay barbarous and inhumane , pulled by the eares , lashed ouer the face , beaten about the head with the great end of the rod , smitten vpon the lippes for euery slight offence with the ferula , ( not offered to their fathers scullions at home ) by these aiaces flagelliferi ; fitter far to keep beares , ( for they thriue and are the fatter for beating , saith pliny ) then to haue the charge of noble and gentlemen . in germanie the schoole is , and as the name importeth , it ought to be meerely ludus literarius , a very pastime of learning , where it is a rare thing to see a rodde stirring : yet i heartily wish that our children of england were but halfe so ready in writing and speaking latine , which boyes of tenne and twelue yeares old will doe so roundly , and with so neate a phrase and stile , that many of our masters would hardly mend them ; hauing onely for their punishment shame , and for their reward praise . cauendum à plagis ( saith quintilian ) sed potiùs laude aut aliorum praelatione vrgendus est puer : that is , wee must hold our hands , and rather bring a child forward with praise , and preferring of others . beside , there ought to bee a reciprocall and a mutuall affection betwixt the master and scholler , which iudicious erasmus and lodouicus viues , ( sometimes teacher to queene marie , and a spaniard , who came into england with queene katherine her mother ) doe principally require , patris in illum in duendo affectum , by putting on a fathers affection toward him : and as pliny saith , amore , non artifice docente , qui optimus magister est : to win his heart and affection by loue , which is the best master , the scholler againe the contrary . so may a discrect master , with as much or more case , both to himselfe & his scholler , teach him to play at tennise , or shoot at rouers in the field , and profit him more in one moneth , beside his encouragement , then in halfe a yeare with his strict and seuere vsage . but in stead heereof , many of our masters for the most part so behaue themselues , that their very name is hatefull to the scholler , who trembleth at their comming in , reioyceth at their absence , and looketh his master ( returned ) in the face , as his deadly enemy . some affect , and seuerer schooles enfore , a precise and tedious strictnesse , in long keeping the schollers by the walls ; as from before sixe in the morning , till twelue , or past : so likewise in the afternoone ; which beside the dulling of the wit , and deiecting the spirit , ( for , otij non minùs quam negotij ratio extare debes ) breedeth in him afterward , a kinde of hate and carelesnesse , of studie when hee commeth to bee sui i●ris , at his owne libertie , ( as experience prooueth by many , who are sent from senere schooles vnto the vniuersities : ) withall , ouer-loading his memorie , and taking off the edge of his inuention , with ouer heauy taskes in themes , verses , &c. to be continually poring on the booke ( saith socra●●s ) hurteth and weakeneth the memorie very much ; affirming learning to bee sooner attained vnto by the eare in discourse and hearing , then by the eye in continuall reading . i verily beleeue the same , if we had instructors and masters at hand , as readie as bookes . for wee see by experience , those who haue beene blinde from their birth , to retaine more by hearing , then others by their eyes , let them reade neuer so much : wherefore fabius would haue , istud ediscendi taedium protinùs à pueris deuorari , this same toyle or tediousnesse of learning by heart , to bee presently swallowed or passed ouer by children . wherefore i cannot but commend the custome of their schooles in the low countries , where for the auoyding of this tedious sitting still , & irksome poring on the booke all day long ; after the scholler hath receiued his lecture , he leaueth the schoole for an houre , and walketh abroad with one or two of his fellowes , either into the field , or vp among the trees vpon the rampire ; as in andwerpe , breda , vtrechs , &c. where they conferre and recreate themselues till time calls them in to repeate , where perhaps they stay an houre ; so abroad again , and thus at their pleasure the whole day . for true it is , that lipsius saith , ingenia vegeta , must haue suos re●essus , strong and liuely wits must haue their retrait or intermission of exercise , and as rammes ( engines of warre in old time ) recoyle backe to returne with the greater force ; which the mind doth vnto study after pause and rest , not vnlike a field , which by lying fallow , becommeth farre more fat and fruitfull . a fourth error , is the contrary ( for , stulti in contraria currunt , ) too much carelesnesse and remissenesse in not holding them in at all , or not giuing them in the schoole that due attendance they ought : so that euery day is play-day with them , bestowing the summer in seeking birds-nests , or haunting orchards ; the winter , in keeping at home for cold , or abroad all day with the bow , or the birding-peece : they making as little conscience in taking , as their master in giuing their learning , who forgetreth belike , that rumour layeth each fault of the scholler vpon his necks . plato remembreth one protagoras , a bird of the same feather , who when hee had liued threescore yeares , made his boast , he had spent fortie of those threescore , in corrupting and vndoing youth . we haue , i feare , a race of those protager-asses euen yet among our common schoole-masters in england . but the diseases whereunto some of them are very subiect , are humour and folly ( that i may say nothing of the grosse ignorance and in-sufficiency of many ) whereby they become ridiculous and contemptible both in the schoole and abroad . hence it comes to passe , that in many places , especially in italy , of all professions that of peda●eria is held in basest repute ; the schoole-master almost in euery comedy being brought vpon the stage , to paralell the zani , or pantaloun . he made vs good sport in that excellent comedy of pedantius , acted in our trinitie colledge in cambridge : and if i bee not deceiued , in priscianus vapulans , and many of our english playes . i knew one , who in winter would ordinarily in a cold morning , whip his boyes ouer for no other purpose then to get himselfe a heat : another beat them for swearing , and all the while sweares himselfe with horrible oathes , he would forgiue any fault sauing that . i had i remember my selfe ( neere s. albanes in hertforshir● where i was borne ) a master , who by no entreatie would teach any scholler he had , farther then his father had learned before him ; as if he had onely learned but to reade english , the sonne , though he went with him seauen yeares , should go no further ; his reason was , they would then prooue saucy rogues , and controule their fathers ; yet these are they that oftentimes haue our hopefull gentry vnder their charge and tuition , to bring them vp in science and ciuilitie . beside , most of them want that good and direct method , whereby in shortest time and with least labour , the scholler may attaine vnto perfection ; some teaching priuately , vse a grammer of their owne making ; some againe , none at a●● : the most lillies , but praeposterously posted ouer , that the boy is in his quantitie of syllables , before hee knoweth the qualitie of any one part of speech ; for he profiteth no more then he mastereth by his vnderstanding . nor is it my meaning that i would all masters to be tyed to one methode , no more then all the shires of england to come vp to london by one high way ; there be many equally alike good . and since method , as one saith , is but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , let euery master if he can , by pulling vp stiles and hedges , make a more neere and priuate way to himselfe , and in gods name say with the diuinest of poets : — deserta per avia dulcis , raptat amer , invat ire iugi● , quà nulla priorum cast aliam molli diuertitur orbita clive . with sweet loue rapt , i now by desart's passe , and ouer hilles , where neuer track of yore : descending easily , yet remembred was , that led the way to castalie before . but in stead of many good they haue infinite bad , and go stumbling from the right as if they went blindfold for a wager : hence commeth the shifting of the scholler from master to master , who poore boy ( like a hound among a companie of ignorant hunters hollowing euery decre they see ) misseth the right , begetteth himselfe new labour , and at last by one of skill , but well rated or beaten for his paines . they cannot commonly erre , if they shall imitate the builder , first to prouide the scholler with matter , then cast to lay a good foundation , i meane a sollide vnderstanding of the grammar , euery rule made familiar and fast , by short and pleasant examples , let him bring his matter into forme , and by little and little raise the frame of a strong and well knit stile both in writing and speaking ; and what doth harme in all other building , is heere most profitable and needfull , that is , translation . for i know nothing that benefiteth a scholler more then that ; first by translating out of latine into english , which laid by for some time , let him translate out of english into latine againe varying as oft as he can both his words and phrases . dosetus who hath gathered all the phrases of tullie into one volume , manutius , erasmus his cop●a , and drax his callipo●a with others , will helpe him much at the first ; let him after by his owne reading enrich his vnderstanding , and learne haurire ex ipsis fontibus , next exercise himselfe in theames and declamation if he be able . the old method of teaching grammar , saith suetonius , was disputation in the fore-noone , and declamation in the after-noone ; but this i leaue to the discretion of the iudicious master . i passe ouer the insufficiencie of many of them ( with ill example of life ( which plato wisheth aboue all things to be respected and looked into ) whereof as of physicke and ill physitians , there is many times more danger then of the disease it selfe ; many of them being no grammarians at all , much lesse ( as quintilian requireth in a schoolemaster ) rhetoricians to expound with proper and purest english , an eloquent latine or greeke author , vnfold his inuention : and handling of the subiect , shew the forme and fluencie of the style , the apt disposition of figures , the proprietie of words , the weight of graue and deepe sentences which are nerui orationis , the sinewes of discourse . musitians , without which grammar is imperfect in that part of prosodia , that dealeth onely with meter and rhithmicall proportions . astronomers to vnderstand authors who haue written of the heauens and their motions , the seuerall constellations , setting and rising of the planets , with the sundry names of circles and points ; as manilius and pontanus . and lastly , naturall and morall philosophers , without which they canot as they ought , vnderstand tullies offices , or aesops fables , as familiar as they seeme . farre be it that i may bee thought to question the worth and dignitie of the painfull and discreete teacher , who , if learning be needfull , must be as necessarie : besides , i am not ignorant , that euen the a greatest princes , with the most reuerend bishops , and most profound schollers of the world , haue not beene ashamed of tea●ching the grammer : or that i inueigh in the least , against the learned and worthy masters of our publike schooles , many of whom may be ranked with the most sufficient schollers of europe . i inueigh against the pittifull abuse of our nation by such , who by their ignorance and negligence deceiue the church and common-wealth of seruiceable members , parents of their money , poore children of their time , esteeme in the world , and perhaps meanes of liuing all their liues after . chap. 4. of the dutie of parents in their childrens education . neither must all the blame lye vpon the schoolemaster , fond and foolish parents haue oft as deep a share in this pretious spoile ; as he whose cockering and apish indulgence ( to the corrupting of the minds of their children , disabling their wits , effeminating their bodies ) how bitterly doth plato taxe and abhorre ? for auoiding of which , the law of lycurgus commaunded children to be brought vp , and to learne in the country , farre from the delicacie of the citie ; and the brutij in italy , a people bordering vpon lucania , following the custome of the spartans , sent their children after the age of foureteene away , to be brought vp in fields and forrests among shepheards and heardsmen ; without any to looke vnto them , or to waite vpon them : without apparell , or bed to lye on , hauing nothing else then milke or water for their drinke , and their meate such as they could kill or catch . and heare the aduice of horace : angustam , amice , pauperiem pati robustus acri militia puer condiscat , & parthos feroces vexet eques metuendus hasta , vitamque sub die , & trepidis agas in rebus , &c. friend , let thy child hard pouerty endure , and growne to strength , to warre himselfe inure ; learne brauely mounted , sterne caualeir , to charge the fiercest parthian with his speare : let him in fields without doores leade his life , and exercise him where are dangers rife , &c. if many of our young youths and gallants were dieted in this manner , mercers might saue some paper , and cittie laundresses goe make candles with their saffron and egges ; dicing houses and ten shillings ordinaries , let their large roomes to fencers and puppit-players , and many a painted peece betake her selfe to a wheele , or the next hospitall . but now adaies , parents either giue their children no education at all , ( thinking their birth or estate will beare out that : ) or if any , it leaueth so slender an impression in them , that like their names cut vpon a tree , it is ouer-growne with the old barke by the next summer . beside , such is the most base and ridiculous parsimony of many of our gentlemen , ( if i may so terme them ) that if they can procure some poore batcheler of art from the vniuersitie to teach their children , say grace , and serue the cure of an impropriation , who wanting meanes and friends , will be content vpon the promise of ten pounds a yeare at his first comming , to be pleased with fiue ; the rest to be set off in hope of the next aduouson , ( which perhaps was sold before the young man was borne : ) or if it chance to fall in his time , his ladie or master tels him ; indeed sir wee are beholden vnto you for your paines , such a liuing is lately fallen , but i had before made a promise of it to my butler or bailiffe , for his true and extraordinarie seruice : when the truth is , he hath bestowed it vpon him himselfe , for fourescore or an hundred peeces , which indeede his man two daies before had fast hold of , but could not keepe . it is not commonly seene , that the most gentlemen will giue better wages , and deale more bountifully with a fellow who can but teach a dogge , or reclaime an hawke , then vpon an honest , learned , and well qualified man to bring vp their children ? it may be , hence it is that dogges are able to make syllogismes in the fields , when their young masters can conclude nothing at home , if occasion of argument or discourse be offered at the table . looke vpon our nebilitie and gentry now adaies ( saith a wise and graue historian ) and you shall see them bred , as if they were made for mother end then pastime and idlenes ; they obserue moderation neither in talke nor apparell : good men , and such as are learned , are not admitted amongst them ; the affaires of their estates they impose vpon others , &c. but to view one of them rightly , ( saith sen●ca ) looke vpon him naked , lay-by his estate , his honors , et aliae fortunae mendacia , his other false disguisements of fortune , and behold his mind , what and how great he is , whether of himselfe , or by some borrowed greatnesse . but touching parents , a great blame and imputation ( how iustly i know not ) is commonly laid vpon the mother ; not onely for her ouer tendernesse , but in winking at their lewd courses ; yea , more in seconding , and giuing them encouragement to doe wrong , though it wore , as terence saith , against their owne fathers . i dare not say it was long of the mother , that the son told his father , he was a better man , and better descended then he . nor will i affirme that it is her pleasure , the chamber-maid should be more curious in fitting his tuffe , then his master in refining his manners . nor that it is she that filleth the cisterne of his lauish expence , at the vniuersitie , or innes of court ; that after foure or fiue yearesspent , hee returnes home as wise as ammonius his asse , that went with his master euery day to the schoole , to heare origen and porphyrie reade philosophy . but albeit , many parents haue beene diligent enough this way , and good masters haue likewise done their parts , and neither want of will or abilitie of wit in their children to become schollers , yet ( whether out of an ouer-weening conceipt of their towardnesse , a pride to haue their sonnes out-goe their neighbours , or to make them men before their times ) they take them from schoole , as birds out of the nest ere they be slidge , and send them so young to the vniuersitie , that scarce one among twentie proueth ought . for as tender plants , too soone or often remooued , beginne to decay and die at the roote ; so these young things of twelue , thirteene , or foureteene , that haue no more care then to expect the next carrier , and where to sup on fridaies and fasting nights : no further thought of studie , then to trimme vp their studies with pictures , and place the fairest bookes in openest view , which poore lads , they scarce euery opened or vnderstand not ; that when they come to logicke , and the crabbed grounds of arts , there is such a disproportion betweene aristotles categories , and their childish capacities , that what together with the sweetnesse of libertie , varietie of companie , and so many kinds of recreation in towne and fields abroad , ( being like young lapwings apt to be snatched vp by euery buzzard , they prooue with homers willow 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and as good goe gather cockles with calignlas people on the sand , as yet to attempt the difficulties of so rough and terrible a passage . others againe , if they perceiue any wildnesse or vnstaiednesse in their children , are presently in despaire , and out of all hope of them for euer prouing schollers , or fit for any thing else ; neither consider the nature of youth , nor the effect of time , the phisition of all . but to mend the matter , send them either to the court to serue as pages , or into france and italy to see fashions , and mend their manners , where they become ten times worse . these of all other , if they bee well tempered , prooue the best mettall ; yea tulli● as of necessitie desireth some aboundant ranknesse , or superfluitie of wit in that yong-man , he would choose to make his orator of . vellem ( saith he ) in adolescente aliquod redundans & quod amputem : i wish in a yong man something to spare , and which i might cut off . this taken away ere degenerate with luxurious abundance , like that same ranke vine the prophet ieremie speaketh of , you shall finde the heart divino sain editum : and sound timber within to make mercurie of , qui non fit ex quouis lign● , as the prouerbe saith . and some of a different humour will determine , euen from the a , b , c. what calling their children shall take vpon them , and force them euen in despight of nature , like lycurgus his whelpes , to runne contrarie courses , and to vndertake professions altogether contrarie to their dispositions : this , saith erasmus , is , peccare in genium . and certainly it is a principall point of discretion in parents to be throughly acquainted with , and obserue the disposition and inclination of their children , and indeed for euery man to search into the addiction of his genius and not to wrest nature as musitians say , out of her key , or ( as tullie saith ) to contend with her , making the spaniel to carrie the asses loade ; which was well obserued by the lacedamonians and ancient romanes , in laying forth instruments of sundry occupations , before their children at a certaine age , they to choose what liked them best , and euer after to take vpon them that profession whereunto they belonged . how many are put by worldly and couetous fathers inuita minerua , to the studie of the lawes ( which studie i confesse to be honourable and most deseruing , ) who notwithstanding spend most of their time euen in diuinitie at the innes of he court ? and how many divines haue we , ( i appeale to the courts , ) heires of their fathers , friends , ( or purchased ) advousons , whom the buckram bagge would not better beseeme then the bible ? being neuer out of law with their parishioners , following their suites and causes from court to court , terme to terme , no atturney more . in like manner i haue knowne many commanders and worthy gentlemen , aswell of our owne nation as strangers , who following the warres , in the field and in their armes , haue confessed vnto me , nature neuer ordained them for that profession , had they not fallen accidentally vpon it , either through death of friends , harshnesse of masters and tutors , thereby driuen from the vniuersitie ( as an honorable friend of mine in the low countries hath many times cōplained vnto me : ) or the most common mischiefe , miserablenesse of greedie parents , the ouerthrow and vndoing of many excellent and prime wits ; who to saue charges , marrie a daughter , or preferre a yonger brother , turne them out into the wide world with a little money in their purses ( or perhaps none at all ) to seeke their fortunes , where necessitie deiects and besots their spirits , not knowing what calling or course to take ; enforceth them desperate to begge , borrow , or to worse and baser shiftes ( which in their owne natures they detest as hell ) to goe on foote , lodge in ale-houses , and fort themselues with the basest companie , till what with want and wandring so long in the circle , at last they are ( vpon the center of some hill ) constrained to say ( as hercules between his two pillars ) non vlterius . much lesse haue parents now a daies that care to take the paines to instruct , and reade to their children themselues , which the greatest princes and noblest personages haue not beene ashamed to doe . octauius augusins caesar , read the workes of cicero and virgil , to his children and nephewes himselfe . anna the daughter of alexi● the grecian emperour , was by her father so instructed , that while shee was yet a yong and goodly ladie , shee wrote of her selfe a very learned and authentique historie of the church . aemilius paulus the sonne ( who so brauely ended his daies at cannas when his colleague forsooke him ) seeing the fauour of the state not inclineable towards him , left the citie , and onely spent his time in the countrey , in teaching his owne children their latine and greeke ; notwithstanding he daily maintained grammarians , logicians , rhetoricians , painters , caruers , riders of great horses , and the skilfullest huntsmen he could get , to instruct and teach them in their seuerall professions and qualities . the three daughters of euer-famous sr. thomas moore , were by their father so diligently held to their booke ( notwithstanding he was so daily emploied being l. chauncelor of england ) that erasmus saith , he found them so readie and perfect in liuie , that the worst scholler of them , was able to expound him quite through without any stop , except some extraordinarie and difficult place . quod me ( saith he ) aut mei similem esset remoraturum . i shall not neede to remember , within memorie those foure sisters , the learned daughters of sr. anthonie cooke , and rare poetresses , so skilfull in latine and greeke , beside many other their excellent qualities , eternized alreadie by the golden pen of the prince of poets of our time ; with many other incomparable ladies and gentlewoman in our land , some yet liuing , from before whose faire faces time i trust will draw the curtaine . lastly , the fault may be in the scholler himselfe , whom nature hath not so much befriended with the gift of vnderstanding , as to make him capable of knowledge ; or else more vniust , disposed him to sloath , or some other worse inbred vice . marcus cicero , albeit hee was the sonne of so wise , so eloquent , and so sober a father ( whose very counsell and companie had beene enough , to haue put learning and regard of well liuing into the most barbarous gete : ) and had crattippus , so excellent a philosopher to his reader at athens : yet by the testimony of pliny , he proued so notorious a drunkard , that he would ordinarily drinke off two gallons of wine at a time , and became so debauched euery way , that few of that age exceeded him . sundry the like examples might be produced in our times , but one of this nature is too many . others on the contrary , are 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and haue no other helpes saue god , and their owne industry ; wee neuer reade of any master virgil euer had . s. augustine likewise saith of himselfe : se didicisse aristotelis categorias nemine traden●● : that he learned aristotles categories , or praedicaments , no man instructing him ; which , how hard they bee at the first to wade thorough without a guide , let the best wit of them all try . and beda our countrey-man , ( for his profound learning in all sciences ) sir-named venerabilis , attained to the same within the limits of his cell in northumberland , though it is said he was once at rome . ioseph scaliger taught priuatly many yeares in a noblemans house , and neuer made abode in any vniuersitie , that euer i heard of , till called in his latter yeares to leyden in holland : and many admirable schollers and famous men , our age can produce , who neuer came at any vniuersitie , except to view the colledges , or visit their friends , that are inferiour to few doctors of the chaire , either for learning or iudgment , if i may so say , pace matris academiae . chap. 5. of a gentlemans carriage in the vniuersity . hauing hitherto spoken of the dignitie of learning in generall , the dutie and qualitie of the master , of a readie method for vnderstanding the grammar , of the parent , of the child : i turne the head of my discourse , with my schollers horse , ( whom mee thinkes i see stand ready brideled ) for the vniuersitie . and now , m. william howard , giue me leaue ( hauing passed that , i imagine , limbus puerorum , & those perillous pikes of the grammar rules ) as a well willer vnto you and your studies , to beare you company part of the way , and to direct henceforth my discourse wholly to your selfe . since the vniuersitie whereinto you are embodied , is not vntruly called the light and eye of the land , in regard from hence , as from the center of the sunne , the glorious beames of knowledge disperse thēselues ouer al , without which a chaos of blindnesse would repo●●esse vs againe : think now that you are in publike view , and nucibus reliclis , with your gowne you haue put on the man , that from hence the reputation of your whole life taketh her first growth and beginning . for as no glorie crowneth with more abundant praise , then that which is heere won by diligence and wit : so there is no infamie abaseth the value and esteeme of a gentleman all his life after , more then that procured by sloath and error in the vniuersities ; yea , though in those yeares whose innocencie haue euer pleaded their pardon ; whereat i haue not a little meruailed , considering the freedome and priuiledge of greater places . but as in a delicate garden kept by a cunning hand , and ouerlooked with a curious eye , the least disorder or rankness● of any one flower , putteth a beautifull bed or well contriued knot out of square , when rudenesse and deformitie is borne withall , in rough and vndressed places : so , beleeue it , in this paradise of the muses , the least neglect and impression of errors foot , is so much the more apparant and censured , by how much the sacred arts haue greater interest in the culture of the mind , and correction of manners . wherefore , your first care , euen with pulling off your boots , let be the choice of your acquaintance and company . for as infection in cities in a time of sicknesse , is taken by concourse , and negligent running abroad , when those that keepe within , and are warie of themselues , escape with more safetie : so it falleth out here in the vniuersitie ; for this eye hath also her diseases as wel as any other part of the body , ( i will not say with the physitians more ) with those , whose priuate houses and studies being not able to containe them , are so cheape of themselues , and so plyable to good fellowship abroad ; that in mind and manners ( the tokens plainly appearing ) they are past recouerie ere any friend could heare they were sicke . entertaine therefore the acquaintance of men of the soundest reputation for religion , life , and learning , whose conference and company may bee vnto you 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a liuing and a mouing library . for conference and conuerse was the first mother of all arts and science , as being the greatest discouerer of our ignorance , and increaser of knowledge , teaching , and making vs wise by the iudgements and examples of many : and you must learne herein of plato , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , that is , to be a louer of knowledge , desirous to heare much ; and lastly , to inquire and aske often . for the companions of your recreation , consort your selfe with gentlemen of your owne ranke and qualitie ; for that friendship is best contenting and lasting . to be ouer free and familiar with inferiors , argues a basenesse of spirit , and begetteth contempt : for as one shall here at the first priz : himselfe , so let him look at the same rate for euer after to be valued of others . carry your selfe eeuen and fairely , tanquam in statêra , with that moderation in your speech and action , ( that you seemed with vl●sses , to haue minerua alwaies at your elbow : ) which should they be weighed by enuy her selfe , the might passe them for currant ; that you bee thought rather leauing the vniuersitie , then lately come thither . but hereto the regard of your worth , the dignitie of the place , and abundance of so many faire presidents , will be sufficient motiues to stirre you vp . husband your time to the best , for , the greedy desire of gaining time , is a couetousnesse onely honest . and if you follow the aduice of erasmus , and the practise of plinius secundus , diem in operas partire , to deuide the day into seuerall taskes of studie , you shall finde a great case and furtherance hereby ; remembring euer to referre your most serious and important studies vnto the morning , which sin sheth alone ( say the learned ) three parts of the worke . iulius caesar hauing spent the whole day in the field about his militarie affaires , diuided the night also , for three seuerall vses ; one part for his sleepe ; a second , for the common-wealth and publique businesse ; the third , for his booke and studies . so carefull and thriftie were they then of this precious treasure , which we as prodigall lauish out , either vainely or viciously , by whole moneths and yeares , vntill we be called toan account by our great creditor , who will not abate vs the vaine expence of a minute . but for as much as the knowledge of god , is the true end of all knowledge , wherein as in the boundlesse & immense ocean , all our studies and endeuours ought to embosome th●selues : remēber to lay the foundation of your studies , the feare and seruice of god , by oft frequenting prayer and sermons , reading the scriptures , and other tractates of pietie and deuotion : which howsoeuer prophane and irreligious spirits condemne , and contemne , as politian a canon of florence , being vpon occasion asked if hee euer read the bible ouer ; yes once ( quoth he ) i read it quite thorough , but neuer bestowed my time worse in all my life . beleeue you with chrysostome , that the ignorance of the scriptures , is the beginning and fountaine of all euill : that the word of god is ( as our sauiour calleth it ) the key of knowledge ; which giuen by inspiration of god , is profitable to teach , to conuince , to correct and to instruct in righteousnesse . and rather let the pious and good king alphonsi●s , be a president vnto you , and to all nobilitie , who read ouer the bible nor once , nor twice , but foureteene times , with the postils of lyra and burgensis , containing thrice or foure times as much in quantitie , and would cause it to be caried ordinarily with his scepter before him , whereon was engrauen , pro lege & grege . and that worthy emp. & great champion of christendome , charlemaigne , who spent his daies of rest ( after so mnay glorious victories obtained of the saracens in spain , the hunnes , saxens , gothes and vandals in lumbardie and italy , with many other barbarous nations , whereof milions fell vnder his sword ) in reading the holy scriptures , and the workes of the fathers , especially s. augustine , and his bookes de ciuitate dei , in which hee tooke much delight : whom besides , it is recorded , to haue beene so studious , that euen in bed , he would haue his pen and inke , with parchment at his pillow readie , that nothing in his meditation , nothing might ouer-slip his memorie : and if any thing came into his mind , the light being taken away , a place vpon the wall next him , was thinly ouer-laid with●waxe , whereon with a brasen pin he would write in the darke . and we reade , as oft as a new king was created in israel , he had with the ornaments of his kingly dignitie , the booke of the law deliuered vnto him ; signifying his regall authoritie , was lame and defectiue , except swaied by piety and wisedome , contained in that booke . whereunto alludeth that deuice of paradine , an image vpon a globe , with a sword in one hand , and a booke in the other , with , ex vtroque caesar ; and to the same purpose , another of our owne in my minerua britann● , which is a serpent wreathed about a sword , placed vpright vpon a bible , with the word , initium sapiemia . chap. 6. of stile in speaking and writing , and of historie . since speech is the character of a man , and the interpreter of his mind , and writing , the image of that ; that so often as we speak or write , so oft we vndergoe censure and iudgement of our selues : labour first by all meanes to get the habit of a good stile in speaking and writing , as well english as latine . i call with tully , that a good and eloquent stile of speaking . where there is a iudicious fitting of choise words , apt and graue sentences vnto matter well disposed , the same being vttered with a comely moderation of the voyce , countenance and gesture . not that same ampullous and scenical pompe , with emptie furniture of phrase , wherewith the stage , and our pettie poeticke pamphlets sound so big , which like a net in the water , though it feeleth weightie , yet it yeeldeth nothing ; since our speech ought to resemble , wherin neither the curiousnesse of the picture , or faire proportion of letters , but the weight is to be regarded : and as plu●arch saith , when our thirst is quenched with the drinke , then we looke vpon the ennameling and workmanship of the boule ; so first your hearer coueteth to haue his desire satisfied with matter , ere hee looketh vpon the forme or vinetrie of words , which many times fall in of themselues to matter well contriued , according to horace : rembe●● dispositam vel verba invita feq●untur . to matter well dispos'd , words of themselues do fall . let your stile therefore bee furnished with solid matter , and compact of the best , choise , and most familiar words ; taking heed of speaking , or writing such words , as men shall rather admire then vnderstand . herein were tiberiu● , m. ante●ie , and m●cenas , much blamed and iested at by augustus , himselfe vsing euer a plaine and most familiar stile : and as it is said of him , verbum insolens tanquam scopulum effugiens . then sententious , yea better furnished with sentences then words , and ( as tully willeth ) without affectation : for as a king said , dum tersiari studemus eloquendi formula , subterfugit nos clanculùm , apertus ille & familiaris dicendi modus . flowing at one and the selfe same height , neither taken in and knit vp too short , that like rich hangings of arras or tapistry , thereby lose their grace and beautie , as themistocles was wont to say : not suffered to spred so farre like soft musicke in an open field , whose delicious sweetnesse vanisheth , and is lost in the ayre , not being contained within the walles of a roome . in speaking , rather lay downe your words one by one , then powre them forth together ; this hath made many men naturally slow of speech , to seem wisely iudicious , and be iudiciously wise ; for , beside the grace it giueth to the speaker , it much helpeth the memorie of the hearer , and is a good remedie against impediment of speech . sir nicholas bacon , sometime lord chancellor of england , and father to my lord of s. alb●n●s , a most eloquent man , and of as sound learning and wisedome , as england bred in many ages : with the old lord william burgbley , lord treasurer of england , haue aboue others herein beene admired , and commended in their publique speeches in the parliament house and starre-chamber : for nothing drawes our attention more then good matter , eloquently digested , and vttered with a gracefull , cleere , and distinct pronuntiation . but to be sure your stile may passe for currant , as of the richest alloy , imitate the best authors as well in oratorie as historie ; beside the exercise of your owne inuention , with much conference with those who can speak well : nor bee so foolish precise as a number are , who make it religion to speake otherwise then this or that author . as longolius was laughed at by the learned , for his so apish and superstitious imitation of tully , in so much as hee would haue thought a whole volume quite matred , if the word possibile had passed his pen ; because it is not to be found in all tullie : or euery sentence had not sunke with , esse posse videatur , like a peale ending with a chime , or an amen vpon the organes in paules . for as the young virgin to make her fairest garlands , gathereth not altogether one kind of flower ; and the cunning painter , to make a delicate beautie , is forced to mixe his complexion , and compound it of many colours ; the arras-worker , to please the eyes of princes , to be acquainted with many histories : so are you to gather this hony of eloquence a , a gift of heauen , out of many fields ; making it your owne by diligence in collection , care in expression , and skill in digestion . but let me leade you forth into these all-flowrie and verdant fields , where so much sweete varietie will amaze , and make you doubtfull where to gather first . first , tullie ( in whose bosome the treasure of eloquence seemeth to haue beene locked vp , and with him to haue perished ) offereth himselfe as pater romani eloquij : whose words and stile ( that you may not bee held an heretique of all the world ) you must preferre aboue all other , as well for the sweetnesse , grauitie , richnesse , and vnimitable texture thereof ; as that his workes are throughout seasoned with all kind of learning , and relish of a singular and christianlike honesty . there wanted not in him ( saith tacitus ) knowledge of geometry , of musicke , of no manner of art that was commendable and honest ; he knew the subtiltie of logicke , each part of morall philosophy , and so forth . how well he was seene in the ciuill lawes , his bookes de legibus , and his actions in verrem , will shew you : which are the rather worthy your reading , because you shall there see the grounds of many of our lawes heere in england . for the integrity of his mind , though his offices had lien suppressed , let this one saying ( among many thousands ) perswade you to a charitable opinion of the same : arecta conscientia transuerfum vnguem , non oportet quenquam in omni sua vita discedere . whereto i might adde that tale of gyges ring in his offices , which booke let it not seeme contemptible vnto you , because it lyeth tossed and torne in euery schoole ; but be precious , as it was sometime vnto the old lord burghley , lord high treasurer of england , before named ; who , to his dying day , would alwaies carry it about him , either in his bosome or pocket , being sufficient ( as one said of aristotles rhetoriques ) to make both a scholler and an honest man. imitate tullie for his phrase and stile , especially in his epistles ad atticum ; his bookes de oratore : among his orations , those pro m. marcello , pro archia poeta , t. annie milone , sext. rose . amerino , pub. quinctio : the first two against catiline ; and the third action against verres . these in my opinion are fullest of life , but you may vse your discretion , you cannot make your choice amisse . after cicero , i must need● bring you caesar , whom tullie himselfe confesseth of all orators , to haue spoken the most eloquent and purest latine ; et haue bene loquendi laude●● ( saith he ) 〈◊〉 uteris , & ijs quidem reconditis & exquisith , summoque studio & diligentia est consequ●tus . and , in qūo ( saith quintilian ) ●anta vis , id acumen , ea concitatio , vt illum codem animo dixisse appareat quo bellauit . in whom there was so great vehe mency , that fine iudement , that courage and motion , that it seemes hee wrote with the same spirit hee fought . to reade him as you ought , you must bring with you an able iudgement , beside your dictionarie ; by reason of the diuersitie of countries . tracts , places , riuers , people , names of ancient cities and townes , to be sought out , in moderne , strange , and vnknowne names : of materials in buildings ( as in his bridge ouer the rhine framed , ex tignis , trab●bus , fibulis , sublicis , longurijs , &c. ) which , except you were seene in architecture , you would hardly vnderstand : then strange names and formes of warlike engines and weapons then in vse : sundry formes of fortification , water-workes , and the like ; which notwithstanding , since haue beene made knowne and familiar vnto vs , by the painefull labours of those all-searching wits , lipsius , ramus , gionanni de ramellis , and others : and may be read in english excellently translated and illustrated , by that learned and truly honourable gentleman , sr clement edmondes knight , clearke of his maiesties most honorable priuie counsell , my worthy friend : though many excellent workes of caesars , as his epistles , his astronomy , &c. through the iniquitie of enuious time , are vtterly lost and perished . now offereth himselfe cornelius tacitus , the prince of historians ; of whō i may not vntruly say ( as scaliger of virgil ) & euius ore nil tomere excidit , as well for his diligence as grauitie ; so copious in pleasing breuitie , each sentence carrying with it a kind of loftic state and maiestie , such as should ( me think ) proceed from the mouth of greatnesse and command ; in sense retired , deepe , and not fordable to the ordinarie reader . hee doth in part speake most pure and excellent english , by the industry of that most learned and iudicious gentleman ; whose long labour and infinite charge in a farre greater worke , haue wonne him the loue of the most learned , and drawn not onely the eye of greece , but all europe to his admiration . but there being , as lipsius saith , suus cuique lingua genius : let me aduise you of this by the way , that no translation whatsoeuer will affect you , like the authors owne and proper language : for to reade him as hee spake , it confirmeth our iudgments with an assured boldnesse and confidence of his intent and meaning ; remouing that scruple of iealousie we haue commonly of ignorant and vnfaithfull pens , which deale many times herein , sublesta fide . besides , it is an iniurie to the author , who heereby loseth somewhat of his value : like a peece of rich stuffe in a brokers shop , onely for that it is there at a second hand , though neuer worne , or newly translated but yesterday . the next titus liuius , whom like a milky fountaine , you shall euery where finde flowing , with such an elegant sweetnesse , such banquetlike varietie , that you would imagine other authors did but bring your mouth out of taste . in his first decade , you haue the comming of aeneas into italy , the building of rome , the first choise of the senate , the religious rites of numa , the braue combate of the horatij and curiatij , the tyranny of tarquine , the rape of lucrece by sextus his sonne , and first consuls created . in the third , the historie of the second punicke warre , hannibals passage against the league ouer the riuer iberus , who after eight moneths siedge ; tooke saguntum ; his passage ouer the pyrenean hills , his forraging of france : after ascending the alpes , with his ouerthrow of the romanes , with his horse troop●s at the riuer t●cin● , where scipi● ( after a●ricanus ) rescued his father , beeing verie grieuously wounded . his second ouerthrow of the romanes , at the riuer trebia , his hard passage in cruell weather and tempests , ouer the apponin● , &c. in the fourth , is recorded the occasion of the warre , against philip king of macedonia ( concerning the comming in of two young men of acarnania , into the temple of ceres at athens : ) against whom sulpitius was sent , by whom the macedonians were ouerthrowne in a● horse battaile : how l. furius subdued the rebellio●s gaules , ouerthrew hamilcar with thirtie fiue thousand carthaginians ; with many other expeditions of philip of macedon , and sulpitius . in the fift , the going out of the fire in the temple of vesta ; how titus s●mpronius gracch●● , subdued the celtiberian spaniards , and built a towne in spaine called gracchuris , after his name ; posthumius albinius triumphed ouer the portugals : the number of the citizens of rome reckoned by the poll , with the law of volu●●●ius saxa , by which no woman was to inherit , &c. be then acquainted with quintus curtius , who passing eloquently with a faithfull penne and sound iudgement , writeth the life and acts of alexander ; in whom you shall see the patterne of a braue prince , for wisedome , courage , magnanimitie , bountie , courtesie , agilitie of body , and whatsoeuer else were to be wished in maiestie ; till surfeiting ( in the best of his age ) on his excessiue fortunes , and euen burthensome to himselfe : by his ouer-greatnesse , he became 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , an vnprofitable burthen of the earth , and from the darling of heauen , to be the disdaine of all the world . after him ( whom indeed i should haue preferred before , as being honoured with the title of historia● 〈◊〉 ) followeth salust , commended most for breuitie ; as also for the richnesse of his speech and phrase ; but wherein his breuitie consisteth , the most are ignorant . our grammarians imagine , because his discourses ( as they say ) are only of the matter and persons barely and nakedly described , without circumstance and preparation , counsels and deliberations had before , effects and euents after : which is quite contrarie ; as may be seene by the conspiracie of catilin● , which hee might in a manner haue set downe in three words . but how amply , and with what adoe doth he describe it ? what circumstances more open , more abundant , then where he saith ; the romane souldiers being amazed with an vnwonted vprore , betooke them to their weapons : some hid themselues , others aduised their companions to stand st●●tly to it : they were afraid in euery place , the multitude of enemies was so great . the heauen was obscured with night , and thicke cloudes , the perill wis doubtfull : and lastly , no man knew whether it were safest for him to flye , or to stay by it ? and let them now see their error , who affirme his discourse to be vnfurnished of counsels , deliberations , consultations , &c. is not the reason set downe , why iugurth assaulted cirtha at the arriuall of the embassadours ? the intent and preparation of the warre by metellus the consull , laid open in an ample manner , wherein consisteth the richnesse of his discourse ? his breuitie indeed , worthy your obseruation and imitation , consisteth in shutting vp whole and weightie sentences in three words , fetching nothing afarre , or putting in more then needs ; but in quicke and stirring asyndeta's after his manner : as the most learned haue out of him obserued . and since it is tullies aduice , as was his owne vse ( as himselfe testifieth ) non in philosophia solum , sed etiam in dicendi exercitatione , cum gracis latin● con●●ngere : by this time acquaint your selfe with that golden cyri p●dia of xenophon , whom heere you shall see a couragious and braue commander , marshalling an army : there a most graue and eloquent philosopher , in the person of cyrus , shaping out vnto vs with inke of nectar , a perfect and absolute prince , ( to the example of all princes and nobilitie ) for his studies , his dyet , his exercise , his carriage , and euery way manner of liuing : insomuch , as the noble scipio africanus , as well in his warres abroad , as in peace at home , aboue all other held xenophon in highest regard , euer saying , he could neuer commend him sufficiently , or reade him ouer often enough . hitherto haue i giuen you a taste ( at your own choice ) as well for vniuersall historie , as your imitation in writing and speaking . that i account vniuersall , which entreateth of the beginning , increase , gouernment , and alterations of monarchies , kingdomes , and common-wealths : and to further you herein , you may reade iustine , diodorus siculus , zonaras , oresius ; of more later times , sabellicus , carion , with some others . for speciall historie , that reporteth the affaires and gouernment of particular estates ; you haue the most ancient herodotus , the noble and eloquent thucydides , arrianus , halicarnassaeus , polybius , suetonius , and others . all historie diuideth it selfe into foure branches : the first spreadeth it selfe into , and ouer all place , as geographie : the second , groweth and gathereth strength with tract of time , as chronologie : the third , is laden with descents , as genealogie : the fourth and last ( like the golden bow proserpins gaue aeneas ) is that , truly called by cicero , lux veritatis , which telleth vs of things as they were done , and of all other most properly is called historie . for all historie in times past , saith tullie , was none other then annalium confectio , the making of annales , that is , recording of what was done from yeere to yeere . but while i wander in forraigne historie , let me warne you , nefis peregrinus domi : that you be not a stranger in the historie of your owne countrey , which is a common fault impoted to our english trauellers in forreine countries ; who curious in the obseruation and search of the most memorable things and monuments of other places , can say ( as a great peere of france told me ) nothing of their owne our countrey of england , being no whit inferior to any other in the world , for matter of antiquitie , and rarities of euery kinde worthy remarke and admiration . herein i must worthily and onely preferre vnto you the glorie of our nation , m. camden , aswell for his iudgement and diligence , as the puritie and sweet fluence of his latine style ; and with him the rising starre of good letters and antiquitie , m. iohn selden of the inner temple . as for giraldus , geoffrey , higden , ranulph of chester , walsingham a monke of s. athanes with the rest , they did cum saculo caecutire , and tooke vpon credite many a time more then they could well answer ; that i may omit polydore virgil and italian , who did our nation that deplorable iniurie , in the time of k. henrie the eight , for that his owne historie might passe for currant , he burned and embezeled the best and most ancient records and monuments of our abbeies , priories , and cathedrall churches , vnder colour ( hauing a large commission vnder the great seale ) of making search for all such monuments , manuse . records , legier bookes , &c. as might make for his purpose ; yet for all this he hath the ill lucke to write nothing wel , saue the life of henrie the seuenth , wherein he had reason to take a little more paines then ordinarie , the booke being dedicated to henrie the eight his sonne . no subiect affecteth vs with more delight then historie , imprinting a thousand formes vpon our imaginations , from the circumstances of place , person , time , matter , manner , and the like . and , what can be more profitable ( saith an ancient historian ) then sitting on the stage of humane life , to be made wise by their example , who haue trod the path of error and danger before vs ? bodin tels vs of some , who haue recouered their healthes by reading of historie ; and it is credibly affirmed of king alphonsus , that the onely reading of qui●● . curtius , cured him of a very dangerous feuer . if i could haue beene so rid of my late quartane ague , i would haue said with the same good king : valeat avicenna , vi●at curtius ; and haue done him as much honour , as euer the chians their hippocrates , or the sun-burnd aegyptians their aesculapius . for moralitie and rules of well liuing , deliuered with such sententious grauitie , weight of reason , so sweetened with liuely & apt similitudes , entertaine plutarch ; whom according to the opinion of gaza the world would preserue ( should it be put to the choice to receiue one onely authour ( the sacred scriptures excepted ) and to burne all the rest ) especially his li●es and morals . after him , the vertuous and diuine seneca , who for that he liued so neere the times of the apostles , and had familiar acquaintance with s. paul ( as it is supposed by those epistles that passe vnder either their names ) is thought in heart to haue beene a christian ; and certes so it seemeth to me , by that spirit , wherewith so many rules of patience , humilitie , contempt of the world , are refined and exempt from the dregges of paganisme . some say that about the beginning of neroes raigne , he came ouer hither into brittaine ; but most certaine it is , he had diuers lands bestowed on him here in england , and those supposed to haue laine in essex neere to camalodunum , now maldon . againe , while you are intent to forreine authors and languages , forget not to speake and write your owne properly and eloquently : whereof ( to say truth ) you shall haue the greatest vse , ( since you are like to liue an eminent person in your countrey , and meane to make no profession of schollership . ) i haue knowne euen excellent schollers so defectiue this way , that when they had beene beating their braines twentie , or foure and twentie yeeres about greeke etymologies , or the hebrew roots and rabbines , could neither write true english , nor true orthographi● : and to haue heard them discourse in publike , or priuately at a table , you would haue thought you had heard loy talking to his pigges , or iohn de indagine , declaiming in the praise of wild geese ; otherwise for their iudgement in the arts and other tongues very sufficient . to helpe your selfe herein , make choice of those authors in prose , who speake the best and purest english. i would commend vnto you ( though from more antiquitie ) the life of richard the third written by sir thomas moore , the arcadia of the noble sir philip sidney , whome du bartas makes one of the foure columnes of our language ; the essayes and other peoces of the excellent master of eloquence , my lord of s. albanes , who possesseth not onely eloquence , but all good learning , as hereditarie both by father and mother . you haue then m. hooker his politie ; henrie the fourth well written by sir iohn hayward ; that first part of our english kings by m. samuel daniel . there are many others i know , but these will tast you best , as proceeding from no vulgar iudgments : the last earle of northampton in his ordinary stile of writing was not to be mended . procure then , if you may , the speeches made in parliaments frequent learned sermons , in terme time resort to the starre-chamber , and be present at the pleadings in other publique courts , whereby you shall better your speech , enrich your vnderstanding , and get more experience in one moneth , then in other foure by keeping your melancholy studie , and by solitarie meditation . imagine not that hereby i would binde you from reading all other bookes , since there is no booke so bad , euen sir be●is himselfe , owleglasse , or nashes herring , but some commoditie may be gotten by it . for as in the same pasture , the oxe findeth fodder , the hound a hare , the stork a lizard , the faire maide flowers ; so we cannot , except we list our selues ( saith seneca ) but depart the better from any booke whatsoeuer . and ere you begin a booke , forget not to reade the epistle ; for commonly they are best laboured and penned . for as in a garment , whatsoeuer the stuffe be , the owner ( for the most part ) affecteth a costly and extraordinarie facing ; and in the house of a countrey gentleman , the porch of a citizen , the carued gate and painted postes carrie away the glorie from the rest : so is it with our common authors● if they haue any 〈◊〉 at all , they set it like veluet before , though the backe , like ( a bankerupts doublet ) be but of poldauie or buckram . affect not as some doe , that bookish ambition , to be stored with bookes and haue well furnished libraries , yet keepe their heads emptie of knowledge : to desire to haue many bookes , and neuer to vse them , is like a childe that will haue a candle burning by him , all the while he is sleeping . lastly , haue a care of keeping your bookes handsome , and well bound , not cas●ing away ouermuch in their gilding or stringing for ostentation sake , like the prayer bookes of girles and gallants , which are carried to church but for their outsides . yet for your owne vse spare them not for noting or interlining ( if they be printed ) for it is not likely you meane to be a gainer by them , when you haue done with them ; neither suffer them through negligence to mold & be moath-eaten , or want their strings and couers . king alphonsus about to lay the 〈…〉 at naples , called for vitr●vius his book of architecture ; the booke was brought in very bad case , all dustie and without couers : which the king obseruing said , he that must couer vs all , must not goe vncouered himselfe : then commanded the booke to be fairely bound and brought vnto him . so say i , suffer them not to lie neglected , who must make you regarded ; and goe in torne coates , who must apparell your minde with the ornaments of knowledge , aboue the roabes and riches of the most magnificent princes . to auoide the inconuenience of moathes and moldinesse , let your studie be placed , and your windowes open if it may be , towards the east , for where it looketh south or west , the aire being euer subie●t to moisture , moathes are bred and darkishnesse encreased , whereby your mappes and pictures will quickly become pale , loosing their life and colours , or rotting vpon their ●loath , or paper , decay past all helpe and recouerie . chap. 7. of cosmographic . that like a stranger in a forraine land , yee may not wander without a guide , ignorant of those places by which you are to passe , and sticke amused , amazed in the labyrinth of historie : cosmography a second ariadne , bringing a lines enough is come to your deliuery , whom imagine standing on a faire hill , and with one hand , pointing and discoursing vnto you of the coelestiall sphaere , the names , vses , and distinctions of euery circle , whereof it consisteth , the scituation of regions according to the same , the reason of climates , length and shortnesse of dayes and nights , motion , rising and setting as well of fixed stars , as erratique , eleuation of the pole , paralells , meridians , and whatsoeuer els respecteth that coelestiall body . with the other hand downeward , she sheweth you the globe of the earth , ( distinguished by seas , mountaines , riuers , rockes , lakes and the like , ) the subiect of geographie , which defined according to ptolomey and others , is an imitation of the face ( by draught and picture ) of the whole earth , and all the principall and knowne parts thereof , with the most remarkeable things 〈◊〉 belonging . a science at once both feceding the eye and minde with such incredible varietie , and profitable pleasure , that euen the greatest kings and philosophers , haue not onely bestowed the best part of their time in the contemplation hereof at home , but to their infinite charge and perill of their persons , haue themselues trauailed to vnderstand the scituation of farre countries , bounds of seas , qualities of regions , manners of people and the like . so necessary for the vnderstanding of historie ( as i haue said ) and the fables of poets , ( wherein no small part of the treasure of humane learning lyeth hid ) that without it we know not how the most memorable enterprises of the world haue bin carryed and performed ; we are ignorant of the growth , flourish and fall of the first monarchies , whereat historie taketh her head and beginning : we conceiue nothing of the gouernment , and commodities of other nations , wee cannot iudge of the strength of our enemies , distinguish the limits betweene kingdome and kingdome , names of places from names of people : nay ( with mounsier gaular● ) we doubt at paris whether wee see there the same moone wee haue at london or not : on the contrary , we know this and much more , without exposing ( as in old time ) our bodies to a tedious trauaile , but with much more ease , hauing the world at will , or ( as the saying is ) the world in a string , in our owne chamber . how praeiudiciall the ignorance of geography hath beene vnto princes in forraine expeditions against their enemies , vnfortunate cyrus will tell you , ●h● beeing ignorant of oaxis and the streights , was ouerthro●ne by thomiris the scythian queene ; and of two 〈◊〉 thousand persi●ns in his armie , not one escaped through his vnskilfulnesse herein , as iustine reporteth . and at another time what a memorable victorie to his perpetuall glorie carryed l●onidas from the persians , onely for that they 〈◊〉 vnacquainted with the streights of * thermopylae ? and the foule ouerthrow that crassus receiued by the parthians , was imputed to nothing else , ●hen his ignorance of that countrie , and the passages thereof . alexander , therefore taking any enterprise in hand , would first cause an exact mappe of the country to bee drawne in collours , to consider where were the safest entrance , where he might passe this riuer , how to auoide that rocke , and in what place most commodiously giue his enemie battaile . such is the pleasure , such is the profite of this admirable knowledge , which account rather in the member of your recreations then seuerer studies , it beeing beside quickly , and with much ease attained vnto . prince henry of eternall memory , was herein very studious , hauing for his instructour that excellent mathematician , and ( while hee liued ) my louing friend master edward wright . to the attaining of perfection herein , as it were your first entrance , you are to learne and vnderstand certaine geometricall definitions , which are first punctum , or a pricke ; a line , a superficies either plaine , convexe or concave , your angels right , blunt and sharpe , figures , circles , semicircles , the diameter , triangles , squares of all sorts , paralells and the like , as master blundevile in his first booke of the sphaere will shew you ; for you shall haue vse of many of these , to the vnderstanding thereof . cosmography containeth astronomie , astrologie , geography and chorography . astronomie considereth the magnitude and motions of the coelestiall bodies . the coelestiall bodies are the eleuen heauens and sphaeres . the eleuenth heauen is the habitation of god and his angels . the tenth the first mooouer . the ninth the christall●ne heauen , the eight the starry firmament . then the seuen planets in their order , which you may remember in their order by this verse . post sim svm sequitur , vltima lvn asub●st : would you count the planets soo●e , remember sim svm and the moone . the first letter s for saturne , i for iupiter , m for mars , s for the sunne , v venus , m mercurie ; lastly the moone . the imperiall heauen is immoueable , most pure , immense in quantitie , and cleere in qualitie . the tenth heauen or first moouer , is also most pure and cleare , and maketh his reuolution in foure and twentie houres , carrying with the swiftnesse the other heauens violently from east to west , from their proper reuolutions , which is from west to east . the ninth , or christalline heauen , moueth by force of the first mouer , first from east to west , then frō west to east vpon his owne poles , and accomplisheth his reuolution in 36000. yeares . and this reuolution being finished , plato was of opinion , that the world should be in the same state it was before ; i should liue and print such a book againe , and you reade it in the same apparell , and the same age you are now in . two schollers in germany hauing laine so long in an inne , that they had not onely spent all their money , but also ran into debt some two hundred dollers ; told their host of plat●s great yeare , and how that time sixe and thirtie thousand yeares the world should be againe as it was , and they should be in the same inne and chamber againe , and desired him to trust them till then : quoth mine host , i beleeue it to be true ; and i remember sixe and thirty thousand yeares agoe you were here , and left iust such a reckoning behind to pay , i pray you gentlemen discharge that first , and i will trust you for the next . the eight heauen or glorious starry firmament , hath a threefold motion , ( viz : ) from east to west in foure and twenty houres , secundism primum mobile ; then from west to east , according to the motion of the ninth heauen ; then sometimes to the south , and somtime towards the north , called motus trepidationis . touching the motions of the planets , since you may haue them in euery almanacke , i willingly omit them . the spheare of the world consisteth of ten circles , the aequinoctiall , the zodiacke , the two colures , the horizon , the meridian , the two tropiques , and the two polar circles . the aequinoctiall , is a circle diuiding the world , as in the midst equally distant from the two poles : it containeth three hundred and sixtie degrees , which being multiplyed by sixtie , ( the number of miles in a degree ) make one and twentie thousand and sixe hundred miles , which is the compasse of the whole earth . the third part of which ( being the diameter ) about seuen thousand and odde miles , is the thicknesse of the same . those who dwell vnder the aequinoctiall , hauing no latitude either to the north or south , but their daies and nights alwaies of an equall length . the zodiacke is an oblick circle , diuiding the spheare athwart the aequinoctiall into points , ( viz : ) the beginning of aries and libra : in the midst whereof is the eclipticke line ; the vtmost limits thereof are the two tropiques , cancer and capricorne : the length thereof is three hundred and sixtie degrees , the bredth sixteene . it is diuided into twelue signes , sixe northerly , and sixe southerly : the northerne are , aries , taurus , cancer , gemini , leo , virgo ; southerne , libra , scorpio , sagittarius , capricornus , aquarius , pisces : he turneth vpon his owne poles from west to east . the two colures , are two great moueable circles , passing through both the poles of the world , crossing one another with right sphearicall angles : so that like an apple cut into foure quarters , they diuide into equall parts the whole spheare : the one passeth thorough the aequinoctiall points and poles of the world , and is called the aequinoctiall colure : the other passeth through the solstitiall points , and is called the solstitiall colure . the horizon , is a circle immoueable , which diuideth the vpper hemispheare , or halfe part of the world from the neather : it hath the name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which is termin● , or to bound or limit ; because , imagine you stood vpon high-gate , or the towre hill at greenewich , so farre as you can see round about as in a circle , where the heauen seemeth to touch the earth , that is called the horizon : the poles whereof , are the point iust ouer your head , calleth zenith in arabian ; and the other vnder your feete , passing by the center of the world , called nadir . the meridian is an immoueable circle , passing through the poles of the world : it is called the meridian of meridies noonetide , because when the sun rising frō the east , toucheth this line with the center of his body , then it is noone to those ouer whose zenith that circle passeth , and midnight to their antipodes , or those who are iust vnder them in the other world . the number of meridians , are 180. ( allowing two to euery degree in the aequinoctiall ) which all concenter in either pole , and are the vtmost bounds of longitude . by the meridian , the longitude of all places is gathered , and what places lye more easterly or westerly from either . the longitude of any place , is that distance you find vpon the aequinoctiall , betweene the meridian of the place , whose longitude you desire ; and the first meridian which directly passeth ouer the canarie , or fortunate ilands : which distance or space you must account by the degrees , purposely set vpon the brazen circle ; or if you please by miles , allowing sixtie to euery degree . longitude is onely taken east and west . latitude is the distance of the meridian , betweene the verticall point ( or pole of the horizon ) and the aequinoctiall , being euer equall to the height , or eleuation of the pole aboue the horizon : or more plainly , the distance of any place , either north or south from the aequinoctiall , which you are to take ( vpon the standing globe ) by the degrees of the brazen meridian , that countrey or place in the globe , whose latitude you desire , being turned directly vnder it . the tropicke of cancer is an imaginary circle , betwixt the aequinoctiall and the arcticke circle ; which circle the sunne maketh about the thirteenth day of iune , declining at his farthest from the aequinoctiall , and comming northerly to vs-ward ; then are our daies at the longest , and nights shortest . capricorne the like to the antarcticke circle , making our daies the shortest about the twelfth of december . the arcticke circle ( anciently accounted the horizon of greece ) is a small circle : the center whereof is the north pole of the world , which is inuisible ; it is so called from arctes the beare , or charles w●ine , the northerne starre , being in the tip of the taile of the said beare . the antarctike , which is neere to the south pole , and answering the other vnder vs. but i had rather you learnd these principles of the sphere by demonstration , and your owne diligence ( being the labour but of a few houres ) then by meere verball description , which profiteth not so much in mathematicall demonstrations . wee will therefore descend to geographi● , which is more easie and familiar , ( the definition i gaue you before . ) i come to the subiect , the terrestrial globe , which is composed of sea and land. the sea is a mightie water , ebbing and flowing continually about the whole earth , whose parts are diuersly named according to the places whereupon they bound . in the east it is called the indian sea ; in the west the atlanticks , so named from the mount atlas in mauritania : in the north , the hyperborean ; in the south , the meridionall , or south sea , commonly called mar del zur . the mediterranean sea , is that which stretcheth it selfe by the middest of the earth from west to east , diuiding europe , asia , and africa . sinus ( or a gulfe ) is a part of the sea , insinuating and embosoming it selfe within the land , or betweene two seuerall landes : as the gulfe of venice , the persian gulfe , the red sea , sinus mexicanus , vermilius , gangeticus . fretum ( or a streight ) is a narrow passage betweene two lands , as the streight of magellan , anian , gibralterre , &c. an hauen , is the entrance of the sea within the land , at the mouth of some riuer or creeke , where shippes may ride at anchor . a lake , is a great and wide receptacle of water , euer standing still , and not mouing out of the place ; as the lake asphal●i●es , lacus larius , or lago di como , lansann● by geneva , &c. the earth , is either continent or iland . a continent is the land , continued without any diuision of sea , as the low countries to germany , that to austria , austria to hungary , &c. an iland , called insula , quasi in sale , is a land encompassed round with the sea , as great britaine , ireland , corsica , candia , &c. an isthmus , or chersonesus , is a streight or necke of land betweene two seas , as cimbri●a , chersonesus , taurica , aurea , and achaica . peninsula ( quasi penè insula ) is a land enuironed with the sea , except at some narrow place or entrance ; as that vaste continent of peru and brasil in america , were an iland , but for that streight or necke of land , betweene panama and nombre de dies : which philip the second , king of spaine , was once minded to haue cut for a shorter passage for ships into the south sea , but vpon better deliberation he gaue ouer his proiect . a cape or head of land , is the vtmost end of a promontorie , or high land , standing out into the sea , as the cape de bu●na speranza , cape mendozi●● , s. vincene , cape verde , the great cape s. augustine in america , &c. proceeding now to vnderstand the seuerall parts and regions of the world , with their scituation ( as it is meet , dwelling in an house , you should know all the roomes thereof ) you may if you please , obserue ptolomi●s method , beginning first with europe ; and herein with our northerne ilands of great britains , ireland , the orchades , and thule , which are the contents of his first table , and so forth into europe : but he was erronious in his descriptions , obscure by reason of his antiquitie , the names of places since changed ; nauigation by the benefit of the load-stone , perfected ; the want whereof heretofore hath beene occasion of infinite errors among the ancients , as well diuines as historiographers and geographers : as lactantius and s. augustine , could neuer bee perswaded , that there were antipodes , or people going feete to feet vnder vs ; the contrary whereof experience hath taught vs. arrianus , that much esteemed greeke authour , affirmed the scituation of germany to be very neere to the ionique sea. stephanus also , another countrey-man of his , saith that vienna was a citie of galilie . strabo saith , that danubius hath his head neere to the adriatique sea , which indeed ( being the greatest riuer of europe ) riseth out of the hill arnoba in germany , and by hungaria , and many other countries , runneth into sclauonia , receiuing threescore other riuers into his channell : it is therefore farre more safe to follow our later writers . in euery countrey ( to giue one instance for all ) in your obseruation you are to follow this method ; first to know the latitude , then the longitude of the place , the temperature of the climate , the goodnesse or barrennesse of the ground , the limits of the countrey , how it is bounded by sea or land , or both ; by east , west , north , or south : into what prouinces it is diuided within it selfe , the commodities it affoordeth , as what mines , woods or forrests ; what beasts , fowles , fishes , fruits , herbs , plants ; what mountaines , riuers , fountaines and cities : what notable matter of wonder or antiquitie : the manners , shape , and attire of the people ; their building , what ports and hauens ; what rockes , sands , and such like places of danger , are about the place : and last of all , the religion and gouernment of the inhabitants . you shall haue drawne vpon your globe or mappe , vpon the vastest seas ( where most roome is to bee spared ) a round figure , representing the mariners compasse , with the two and thirtie winds ; from euery of which there runneth a line to the land , to some famous citie , hauen , or either ; to shew you , in that sea and place what course you are to keepe to goe thither , whether full north , north-east , south , or south-west , and so forth . these winds , of the spaniards are called rombes : and for that , columbus and vesputius , italians , with others , first discouered the east and west indies ; the eight principall winds , are commonly expressed in the italian . this compasse hath the needle in manner of a flowre-deluce , which pointeth still to the north , i could wish you now and then , to exercise your pen in drawing , and imitating cards and mappes ; as also your pensill in washing and colouring small tables of countries and places , which at your leasure you may in one fortnight easily learne to doe : for the practise of the hand , doth speedily instruct the mind , and strongly confirme the memorie beyond any thing else ; nor thinke it any disgrace vnto you , since in other countries it is the practise of princes , as i haue shewed heretofore ; also many of our young nobilitie in england exercise the same with great felicitie . i haue seene french cards to play withall , the foure suites changed into maps of seuerall countries , of the foure parts of the world , and exactly coloured for their numbers , the figures 1. 2. 3. 9. 10. and so forth , set ouer the heads ; for the kings , queenes , and knaues , the pourtrai●s of their kings and queenes , in their seuerall countrey habits ; for the knaues , their peasants or slaues ; which ingenious deuice , cannot be but a great furtherance to a young capacitie , and some comfort to the infortunate gamester ; when , what he hath lost in money , he shall haue dealt him in land or wit. chap. 8. obseruations in suruey of the earth . first , how almightie god by his diuine prouidence so disposed the earth in the first creation ( not falling out by chance , as some haue thought ) that one countrey , in one place or other , is so neerely ioyned to the next ; that if after it might happen to be ouer peopled , as wel man as beast , by some smal streight or passage might easily bee prouided of a new habitation : which acosta hath well obserued , resoluing vs that doubt , how wilde beasts , as wolues , foxes , beares , and other harmfull beasts , should swim ouer so vaste seas , and breede in ilands . secondly , how the wit , disposition , yea , deuotion and strength of man , followeth the qualitie and temperature of the climate ; and many times the nature of the soyle wherein he liues : as wee see the easterne people of the world , very quicke in their inuentions , superstitious vnto idolatry , as in chin● , calecut , ia●a , and other places . on the contrary , those as farre north in lapla●d , ●●eland , and other places , as dull , and in a manner senc●lesse of religion , whereupon they are held the most notorious witches of the world . we see those that inhabit mountaines , and mountainous places , to be farre more barbarous and vnciuill , then those that liue in the plaines : witnesse the inhabitants of the huge hils sierras , and the andes in america , the mountainous north part of n●ua franci● , the nararrois in spaine , and the highland men in scotland . we see and finde it by experience , that where the soile is dry and sandy , the ayre is most pure ; and consequently , the spirits of the inhabitants actiue and subtile , aboue those who inhabite the fens and marishes . thirdly , consider the wonder of wonders , how the ocean so farre distant , holdeth motion with the moone , filling our shoares to the brim from the time of her appearing aboue the horizon , vntill she hath ascended the meridian : then decreasing as much vntill she toucheth the line of midnight , making his tide twice in foure and twentie houres and odde minutes : how the atlantick or westerne ocean is most rough and dangerfull , the south sea , or del zur , albeit of infinite vastnesse , on the contrary so calme and quiet , that you seemed rather to saile vpon dry land then water . how in the sea of cal●cut it is high water , but at euery full moone : in the sea by the shore of indus , but at euery new moone : how in the maine ocean the currant runnes from east to west , toward the streight of magellan , but from west to east in the med●erranean . fourthly , how in one place the north-wind , as vpon the coast of scythia , neere the mouth of the great riuer duin● , bloweth in a manner perpetually , so that the west or south-west winds are scarce knowne . in another , the east : in the indian sea the winds keep their turnes , obseruing the course of the sunne , which being in aries and libra , the westerne winds blow perpetually . neither lesse admirable are the in-land stoods , and fresh waters for their properties , as nilus , who onely by his ouerflowing , maketh aegypt fertile ( where it neuer raineth . ) eur●pus an arme of the sea by eub●●● ( an iland of the sporades in the aegean sea ) which ●bbeth and floweth seauen times in a day . likewise , much may bee said of our lakes and fountaines in england , scotland , and ireland , of turning wood into stone , iron , and the like . fiftly , it is worthy the consideration , how the diuine wisedome for the behoofe of mankind , hath set an enmitie betweene birds and beasts , of prey and rapine , who accompany not by heards : as lyons , beares , dogges , wolues , foxes , eagles , kites , and the like ; which if they should doe , they would vndoe a whole countrey : whereas on the contrary , those which are necessary and vsefull for mankind , liue gregatim , in heards and flockes , as kin● , sheepe , deere , pigeons , partridges , geese , &c. sixtly , how nature hath prouided for the creatures of the northerne parts of the world , as beares , dogs , foxes , &c. not onely thicke skinnes , but great store of haire or feathers , to defend them from the extremitie of the cold there : on the other side , to those in guiena , by reason of the extreame heate , none at all ; as you may see by the guiney dogges , which are daily brought ouer . seuenthly , how god hath so disposed the riuers , that by their crookednesse and winding , they might serue many places . let vs then consider , how the most fruitfull places and beautifull cities , haue become the dwellings and homes of the most slaues , as spaine ouer-runne by the moor●s , italy by the gothes and vandals ; and at this day , a great part of europe by the turke . how the earth like an aged mother , is become lesse fruitfull , as we see by the barrennesse sometime of the most fertile places , the decay of the stature and strength of men within these few yeares . it is also worthy obseruation , to see how the earth hath beene increased by the accesse of ilands , and againe beene diminished by inundation and gulfes breaking againe into the same . the ilands of the echinades , were cast vp by the riuer achelous , and the greatest part of aegypt by nilus , so were the rhodes and delos . of lesser ilands beyond melon anaphe , betweene lemnos and the hellesp●nt nea , ( as one would say new-come ) and else-where alône , thera , therasia , and hiera , which also from the euent was called automate . and that sundry goodly countries on the contrary , haue beene eaten vp by the sea , our neighbour zeland , and many other places will giue lamentable testimonie : beside the face of the earth hath since the creation , bene much altered by avulsion or diuision of the sea , as sicily was diuided and seuered from italy ; cyprus , from syria ; eub●● from boetia , atlas and macris from eub●●● , barbycus from bythinia , lencosia from the promontorie of the syrenes : and as some suppose , le●bos from ida , prochyta and p●th●●usa from misena ; and which is more , spaine , from barbarie , as strabo is of opinion . againe , it is affirmed by volseus , that our great britaine hath beene one continent with france , and that tract betweene douer and calais , hath beene gained by the sea , there called mare gess●riacum . excellent is that contemplation , to consider how nature ( rather the almightie wisedome ) by an vnsearchable and stupendious worke , sheweth vs in the sea , the likenesse and shapes , not onely of land creatures , as elephants , horses , dogges , hogges , calues , hares , snailes , &c. but of fowles in the ayre , as hawks , swallowes , vultures , and numbers the like ; yea , it affordeth vs men and women , and among men , euen the monke : but hereof see iu●tius in his batania , and if you please alex : ab alexandris with some others . moreouer what inestimable wealth it affoordeth in pearles , corall , amber , and the like . by reading you shall also finde what strange earthquakes , remoouing of whole townes , hilles , &c. haue beene vpon the face of the earth , raising of it in one place , leauing gulfes , and vastitie in another : and lucius marcius , and sextus iulius being consuls in rome , in the country of mutinum , two mountaines met and ioyned themselues together . in the raigne of nero , vectins marcellus being ouerseer of nero's affaires , and steward of his court , medowes and oliue trees were remooued from a common high way side , and placed a good way off on the contrary side ; so whereas they stood before on the right hand , as one trauelled , they were now on the right hand . the like happened within these few yeeres to pl●●rs a towne of the grisons among the alpes . lastly , let vs take a view of the earth it selfe , which because it was diuided with the sea , riuers , marshes , &c. yet making one absolute circle , homer calleth it 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 and for this cause numa pompilius dedicated a temple to vesta in a round forme : the roundnesse of it is prooued of mathematicians by shadowes of dials , and the eclipses ; also by descent of all heauie things to the center , it selfe being the center of the vniuerse , as aristotle and ptolomey affirme . now in respect of heauen , it is so small a point , that the least starre is not darkened with the shaddow thereof : for if the smallest starre , albeit in iudgement of our sence , seemeth but a pricke or point , yet farre exceedeth the bodie of the earth in greatnesse , it followeth in respect of heauen , that the earth must seeme as little . beside , if the earth were of any quantitie in respect of the higher orbes , the starres should seeme bigger or lesse in regard of those hypsomata ( altitudes ) or the climes : but it is certaine that at the selfe same time , sundrie astronomers finde the same bignesse and eleuation of the selfe same starre obserued by their calculation , to differ no whit at all ; whereby we may see if that distance of place which is on the earth ( in respect of the heauenly orbes ) exceedeth all sence , it followes that the earth ( poore little point as it is ) seemes the like , if it be compared with heauen : yet this is that point , which with fire and sword , is diuided among so many nations , the matter of our glorie , our seate ; heere we haue our honours , our armies , our commands ; heere we heape vp riches , at perpetuall warre and strife among our selues , who ( like the toad ) shal fall asleepe with most earth in his pawes : neuer thinking how of a moment of time well spent vpon this poore plot or dung-hill common to beasts as well as our selues , dependeth eternitie , and the fruition of our true happinesse in the presence of heauen , and court of the king of kings for euer and euer . now i must take leaue of our common mother the earth , so worthily called in respect of her great merits , of v●i for shee receiueth vs being borne , shee feedes and cloatheth vs brought forth , and lastly as forsaken wholly of nature , shee receiueth vs into her ●●p , and couers vs vntill the dissolution of all , and the last iudgement . thus haue i onely pointed at the principles of cosmographie , hauing as it were giuen you a taste , and stopped vp the vessell againe , referring the rest to your owne diligence and search . and herein you shall haue your helpes , m. blund●●ile in his treatise of cosmographie and the sphaere , d. deo , m. cooke in his principles of geometrie , astronomie and geographie : ge●●● frisins , ortelius , copernicus , cl●nius the iesuite , ioannes de monte regis , mercator , munster , hunter , and many others ; of ancient writes ptolomey , dionisius halicar nasseus . for mappes i referre you wholly vnto ortelius and those set last forth by hondius being later then plancius , and more perfect by reason of the late discouerie , made by scho●ten , vnto the 57. and 58. degrees of southerly latitude beyond the streight of magellan ; and of late m. henrie hudson , to the 61. or 62. to the north-west , beyond terra de labrador : to omit that terrible voyage of barentson and his companie , for the discouerie of the north-east passage , by the backe-side of noua z●mla , which out of a dutch translation you may reade in english . chap. 9. of geometrie . since plato would not suffer any to enter his schoole , which was 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or not entred into geometrie ; and xenocrates turned away his auditors , if vnfurnished with geometrie , musicke and astronomie , affirming they were the helpes of philosophie : i am also bound by the loue i beare to the best arts and your studies , to giue it you also in charge . philo the iew calleth it the princesse and mother of all sciences , and excellently was it said of plato , that god did alwaies 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ; but more diuinely of salomon : that god did dispose all his creatures according to measure , number and weight ; that is , by giuing the heauens their constant and perpetuall motion , the elements their places and praedominance according to lightnesse or grauitie , and euery creature its number and weight , without which , it were neither able to stand vpright or mooue . to the cōsideration of which depth of wisedome let vs vse the helpe of this most ingenious and vsefull art , worthy the contemplation , and practise of the greatest princes , a science of such importance , that without it , we can hardly care our bread , lie drie in our beds , buy , sell , or vse any commerce else whatsoeuer . the subiect of geometrie is the length , breadth , and height of all things , comprised vnder the figures of triangles , squares , circles , and magnitudes of all sorts , with their termes or bounds . it hath properly the name from measuring the earth , being first found out in aegypt ; for when nilus with his ouer-flowing drowned and confounded the limits of their fields , certaine of the inhabitants more ingenious then the rest , necessitie compelling , found out the rules of geometry , by the benefit whereof , after the fall of the water , euery man had his owne portion of ground lotted and laide out to him : so that from a few poore and weake principles at the first , it grew to that height that from earth it reached vp to the heauens , where it found out their quantities , as also of the elements and the whole world beside . out of aegypt , thales , brought it into greece , where it receiued that perfection we see it now hath . for by meanes hereof are found out the formes and draughts of all figures , greatnesse of all bodies , all manner of measures and weights , the cunning working of all tooles , with all artificiall instruments whatsoeuer . all engines of warre , for many whereof ( being antiquated ) we haue no proper names ; as exosters , sambukes , catapultes , testudo's , scorpions , &c. petardes grenades , great ordnance of all sorts . by the benefit likewise of geometrie , we haue our goodly shippes , galleies , bridges , milles , charriots and coaches ( which were inuented in hungarie and there called cotzki ) some with two wheeles , some with more , pulleies and cranes of all sorts . shee also with her ingenious hand reares all curious roofes , and arches , stately theaters , the columnes simple and compound , pendant galleries , stately windowes , turrets , &c. and first brought to light our clockes and curious watches ( vnknowne to the ancients : ) lastly our kitchin iackes , euen to the wheele-barrow . beside whatsoeuer hath artificiall motion either by ayre , water , winde , sinewes or chords , as all manner of musicall instruments , water workes and the like . yea , moreouer such is the infinite subtiltie , and immense depth of this admirable art , that it dares contend euen with natures selfe , in infusing life as it were , into the sencelesse bodies of wood , stone , or mettall : witnesse the wooden doue of archytas , so famoused not onely by agellim , but many other authors beyond exception , which by reason of weights equally peized within the bodie , and a certaine proportion of ayre ( as the spirit of life enclosed ) flew cheerefully forth as if it had beene a liuing doue . albeit iul. cals . scaliger accounteth this doue no great peece of workemanship , when he saith , he is able to make of his owne inuention with no great labour , a ship which shall swimme , and steere it selfe , and by the same reason that architas his doue was made , that is , by taking the pith of rushes couered ouer with bladders , or those thinne skinnes , wherein gold-beaters beate their leaues , and wrapped about with little strings of sinewes , where when a semicircle shal set one wheele on going ; it mooning others , the wings shall stirre and mooue forward . this archytas was a most skilfull mathematician , as it may be gathered out of horact , who calleth him mensorem , a measurer et marie & terra , numeroque carentis arena , of sea and land , and number-wanting sand . and not inferiour to the aforesaid doue of archytas was that woodden eagle , which mounted vp into the aire , and flew before the emperour to the gates of norimberg of which , as also of that yron flie , that flew about a table , salust lord of bartas maketh mention . ramus attributeth the inuention of either of these , in the preface of his 2. booke of his mathematicall obseruations , to ioannes regiom●ntanus . callicrates , if we may credite plinie , made antes and other such like small creatures of iuorie , that their parts and ioynts of their legges could not be discerned . myrmecides milesius also among other monuments of his skill , made a coach or waggon with foure wheeles , which together with the driuer thereof , a flie could easily hide and couer with her wings : besides a ship with her sailes , which a little bee could ouerspread . varr● teacheth how small peeces of this nature and subtilest workmanship , may be discerned , that is , saith he , by laying close about them , blacke horse haires . of later times , hadrian iunius tels vs that he saw with great delight and admiration , at mechlin in brabans , a cherrie stone cut in the forme of a basket , wherein were fifteene paire of dice , distinct each with their spots and number , very easily of a good eye to be discerned . and that the ilias of homer written , was enclosed within a nut , cicere tels vs he saw it with his eyes , though alexander thought it worthy of a farre better case , the rich cabinet of darius . by the statue of homer the ancients vsually set a nightingale ( as by orpheus a swanne ) for the manifold varietie and sweetnesse of his voice , or the continuance or holding out to the last the same sweetnesse : for some are of opinion , that the perfection of musicall sounds are to be discerned in the nightingales notes . plinie reckoneth vp sixteene seuerall tunes shee hath , and fitteth them to latine words very properly as vnto ditties , which the translator of plinie hath nothing neere so well fitted in the english which might surely haue beene as wel done , as i haue obserued in their notes . but to returne , scaliger ( whether in iest or earnest i know not ) tels cardanus of a flea he saw with a long chaine of gold about his necke , kept very daintily in a boxe , and being taken forth , could skip with his chaine , and sometime sucke his mistresses white hand , and his belly being ful , get him to his lodging againe , but this same 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 alexander wittily scoffed , when he gaue a fellow onely a bushell of pease , for his paines of throwing euery time a pease vpon a needles point standing a pretty way off . archimedes to the wonder of all the world , framed a brasen heauen , wherein were the seauen planets with their motions . hereof claudian wrote a wittle epigram . sap●r king of persia ( as du bartas in the sixt day of his diuine weeke mentioneth ) had an heauen of glasse , which , proudly sitting in his estate , he trod vpon with his feete , contemplating ouer the same , as if he had beene iupiter , and vpon this occasion calling himselfe brother to the sunne and moone , and partner with the starres ; for in his letter to the emperour constantius he beginneth thus : rex regum sap●r , particeps syderum , frater soli● & luna , &c. nor must i forget that heauen of siluer sent by ferdinand the emperour , to solyman the great turke , wherein the motions kept their true courses with those of the heauens , the starres arising and setting , the planets keeping their oblique motion , the sunne eclipsed at his iust time , and the moone duely changing euery moneth with the same in the heauen . by these see the effects of this diuine knowledge , able to worke wonders beyond all beleefe , in so much as archimedes affirmed , hee would moue the whole earth , might a place bee giuen him whereon to stand . but i rather beleeue him , who saith , the foundation thereof shall neuer be mooued . much was it , that with his left hand only , he could by his skil draw after him the weight of fiue thousand bushels of graine , and deuise ( at the cost of hier● ) those rare engines , which shot small stones at hand , but great ones a farre of ; by benefit of which deuice onely , while the stones fell as thicke as haile from heauen among the enemies , syracusa was preferred from the furie of marcellus ready to enter with a resolute and most powerfull armie . the oracle of apollo being demanded when the warre and miserie of greece should haue an end , replyed : if they would double the altar in delos , which was of a cubique forme ; which they tryed by adding another cube vnto it , but that auailed nothing . plato then taking vpon him to expound this riddle , affirmed the greekes , were reproued by apollo because they were ignorance of geometry . nor heerein can i blame them , since the doubling of the cube in solides , and quadrature of the circle in plaine , hath euer since so troubled our greatest geometricians , that i feare except apollo himselfe ascend from hell to resolue his owne probleme , we shall not see it among our ordinarie stone-cutters effected . but in briefe , the vse you shall haue of geometry , will be in suruaying your lands , affoording your opinion in building anew , or translating ; making your milles aswell for grinding of corne as throwing foorth water from your lower grounds , bringing water farre off for sundry vses . seeing the measure of timber , stone and the like ( wherein gentlemen many times are egregiously abused and cheated by such as they trust ) to contriue much with small charge and in lesse roome . againe , should you follow the warres ( as who knowes the bent of his fate ) you cannot without geometry fortifie your selfe , take the aduantage of hill or leuell , fight , order your battaglia in square , triangle , crosse ( which forme the prince of orange hath now alate taken vp ) cres●entwise ( and many other formes iovius sheweth ) leuell and plant your ordinance , vndermine , raise your halfe moones , bulwarkes , casamates , rampires , rauesins , with many other meanes as of offence and defence , by fortification . so that i cannot see how a gentleman , especially a souldier and commander may be accomplished without geometrie , though not to the heighth of perfection , yet at the least to be grounded and furnished with the principles and priuie rules heereof . the authors i would commend vnto you for entrance hereinto are in english. cookes principles , and the elements of geometry , written in latin by p. ramus , and translated by m. doctor hood , sometime mathematicall lecturer in london . m. blundeuile , euclide translated into english. in latine you may haue the learned iesuite clauius , melancthon , frisius , valearius his geometry military . albert durer hath excellently written heereof in high dutch , and in french fercadell vpon euclide , with sundry others . chap. 10. of poetrie . to sweeten your seuerer studies , by this time vouchsafe poetry your respect : which howsoeuer censured and seemeth fallen from the higest stage of honour , to the lowest staire of disgrace , let not your iudgement be infected with that pestilent ayre of the common breath , to be an infidell ; in whose beleefe , and doer of their contrary actions , is to be religious in the right , and to merit if it were possible by good workers . the poet , as that laurell m●i● dreamed of , is made by miracle from his mothers wombe , and like the diamond onely polished and pointed of himselfe , disdaining the file and midwifery of sorraine helpe . hence tullie was long ere he could be deliuered of a few verses , and those poore ones too : and ovid , so backeward in prose , that he could almost speake nothing but verse . and experience daily affordeth vs many excellent yong and growing wits , as well from plow as the pallace , endued naturally with this diuine and heauenly guift , yet not knowing ( if you should aske the question ) whether a metaph●re be flesh or fish . if bare saying poetrie is an heauenly gift , be too weake a proppe to vphold her credite with those buzzardly poore ones , who hauing their feathers moulted can creepe no farther then their owne puddle , able onely to enuie this imperi●ll eagle for sight and flight ; let them if they can looke backe to all antiquitie , and they shall finde all learning by diuine instinct to breathe from her bosome , as both plato and tullie in his tusculanes affirme . str●●● saith , poetrie was the first philosophie that euer was taught , nor were there euer any writers thereof knowne before musaus , hesiod and homer : by whose authoritie plato , aristotle and gale● , determine their weightiest controuersies , and confirme their reasons in philosophie . and what were the songs of linus , orphens , amphi●● , olympus , and that dittie i●pa● sang to his harpe at did●'s banquet , but naturall and morall philosophie , sweetened with the pleasaunce of numbers , that rudenesse and barbarisme might the better taste and digest the lessons of ciuilitie ? according to lucretius ( italianized by ariosto ) and englished by sir iohn harrington , sed veluti putri● 〈◊〉 hia tetra medentes , cum dare conantur , priùs or as pocula circum contingunt mellis , dulci flavoque liqu●re , vt puerorum at as impr●vida iudificetur , &c. as leaches when for children they appoint , their bitter worme-wood potions , first the cup about the brimme with honnie sweete they noint , that so the childe , beguild may drinke it vp , &c. neither hath humane knowledge beene the onely subiect of this diuine art , but euen the highest mysteries of diuinitie . what are the psalmes of dauid ( which s. hillari● so aptly compareth to a bunch of keies , in regard of the seuerall doores , whereby they giue the soule entrance , either to prayer , reioycing , repentance , thanksgiuing , &c. ) but a diuine poeme , going sometime in one measure , sometime in another ? what liuely descriptions are there of the maiestie of god , the estate and securitie of gods children , the miserable condition of the wicked ? what liuely similitudes & comparisons , as the righteous man to a bai● tree , the soule to a thirstie hart , v●itie to oyntment , and the dew of hermon ? what excellent allegories , as the vine planted in aegypt ; what epiphonema's , prosopopoca's and whatsoeuer else may be required , to the texture of so rich and glorious a peece ? and the song of salomon ( which is onely left vs of a thousand ) is it not a continued allegorie of the mysticall loue betwixt christ and his church ? moreouer the apostles themselues haue not disdained to alledge the authoritie of the heathen poets , aratus , me●ander and epimenides ; as also the fathers of the church , nazianzen , s. augustine , bernard , pr●demius , with many others , beside the allowance they haue giuen of poetrie , they teach vs the true vse and end thereof , which is to compose the songs of sion , and addresse the fruite of our inuention to his glorie who is the author of so goodly a gift , which we abuse to our loues , light fancies , and basest affections . and if mechanicall arts hold their estimation by their effects in base subiects , how much more deserueth this to be esteemed , that holdeth so soueraigne a power ouer the minde , can turne brutishnesse into ciuilitie , make the lewd honest ( which is scaligers opinion of virgils poeme ) turne hatred to loue , cowardise into valour , and in briese , like a queene command ouer all affections ? moreouer the muse , mirth , graces , and perfect health , haue euer an affinitie each with either . i remember plutarch telleth vs of telesilla , a noble and braue ladie , who being dangerously sicke , and imagined past recouerie , was by the oracle , aduised to apply her minde to the muse and poetrie ; which shee diligently obseruing recouered in a short space , and withall grew so sprightly couragious , that hauing well fortified argos with diuers companies of women onely , her selfe with her cōpanions sallying out , entertained cleomenes k. of the lacedamoniās with such a camisade , that he was faine to shew his back , leauing a good part of his people behinde , to fill ditches ; and then by plaine force of armes draue out demaratus another king , who lay very strong in garrison within . alexander by the reading of homer , was especially mooued to goe thorough with his conquests . leonidas also that braue king of the spartanes , being asked how ti●taus ( who wrote of warre in verse ) was esteemed among poets , replied excellently● for my souldiers , quoth he , mooued onely with his verses , runne with a resolute courage to the battaile , fearing no perill at all . what other thing gaue an edge to the valour of our ancient britons , but their bard●s ( remembred by athenaus , lucan and sundry other , ) recording in verse the braue exploits of their nation , and singing the same vnto their harpea at their publike ●easts and meetings ? amongst whom taliessi● a learned bard , and master to merlin , sung the life and actes of king arthur . hence hath poetry neuer wanted her patrones , and euen the greatest monarches and princes , as well christian as heathen , haue exercised their inuention herein● as that great glorie of christendome charlemaine , who among many other things , wrote his nephew roulands epitaphe , after he was slaine in a battell against the sarracens , among the * pyrenaan hills : alphonsiu king of naples , whose onely delight was the reading of virgil : robert king of sicilie ; and that thrice renowned and learned french king , who finding petrarchs toombe without any inscription or epitaphe , wrote one himselfe , ( which yet remaineth ) saying ; shame it was , that he who sung his mistresse praise seauen yeares before her death , and twelue yeares should want an epitaphe . among the heathen are eternized for their skill in poesie , augustus caesar , octanius , adrian , germanicus . euery child knoweth how deare the workes of homer were vnto alexander , euripides to a●yntas king of macedon , virgil to augustus , theocr●us to ptolomey and ●●v●nic● , king and queene of aegyp● : the stately pindar to hiere king of sicilie , ennius to scipie , ausonius to gratian , ( who made him pro-consull : ) in our owne countrey , a chaucer to richard the second , gower to henrie the fourth , with others i might alledge . the lady anne of bretaign● , who was twice french queene , passing through the presence in the court of france , espying chartier the kings secretarie , and a famous poet , leaning vpon his elbow at a tables end fast asleepe , shee stooping downe , and openly kissing him , said ; we must honour with our kisse , the mouth from whence so many sweete verses and golden poems haue proceeded . but some may aske me , how it falleth out , that poets now adaies are of no such esteeme , as they haue beene in former times ? i answere , because vertue in our declining and worser daies , generally findeth no regard : or rather more truly with aretin● ( being demaunded why princes were not so liberall to poesie , and other good arts , as in former times ) because their conscience telleth them , how vnworthy they are of the praises giuen them by poets ; as for other arts , they make no account of that they know not . but since we are heere ( hauing before ouer-runne the champaigne and large field of historie ) let vs a while rest our selues in the garden of the muses , and admire the bountie of heauen , in the seuerall beauties of so many diuine and fertile wits . we must beginne with the king of latin● poets , whom nature hath reared beyond imitation , and who aboue all other onely , deserueth the name of a poet ; i meane virgil . in him you shall at once finde ( not else-where ) that prudence , efficacie , varietie , and sweetnesse , which scaliger requireth in a poet , and maketh his prime vertues . vnder prudence is comprehended out of generall learning and iudgement , that discreete , apt suting and disposing , as well of actions as words in their due place , time and manner ; which in virgil is not obserued by one among twentie of our ordinary grammarians , who ( to vse the words of the prince of learning hereupon ) onely in shallow and small boates , glide ouer the face of the virgilian sea. how diuinely , according to the platonickes , doth he discourse of the soule ? how properly of the nature , number of winds , seasons of the yeare , qualities of beasts , nature of hearbs ? what in-sight into ancient chronologie and historie ? in briefe , what not worthy the knowledge of a diuine wit ? to make his aentas a man of extraordinary aspect , and comlinesse of personage , he makes venus both his mother and ladie of his horoscope . and forasmuch as griefe and perpetuall care , are inseparable companions of all great and noble atchieuements , he giues him achates quasi 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , his faithfull companion ? what immooued constancy , when no teares or entreaty of eliza could cause him stay ? what piety , pitty , fortitude , beyond his companions . see how the diuine poet gaue him leaue to be wounded , lest his valour in so many skirmishes might bee questioned , and that a farre off , not at hand , that rather it might be imputed to his fortune , then his rashnesse or weaknesse ; then by one who could not be knowne , to giue the enemie occasion rather of feare , then of challenging the glorie . and whereas he bringeth in camilla , a couragious lady , and inuincible at the swords point in encountring other ; yet he neuer bringeth her to try her valour with aeneas . againe , that tarchon and she might shew their braue deeds he makes aeneas absent : as also when turnus so resolutely brake into his tents . lastly , what excellent iudgment sheweth he in appropriating the accidents and histories of his owne times , to those of the ancient , as where he bringeth in venulus plucked by force from his horse , and carried away with full speed ? the like caesar confesseth to haue happened to himselfe . aene as with his right arme naked , commaunds his souldiers to abstaine frō slaughter . the like did caesar at the battaile of pharsalie , and with the same words . but thus much out of the heape and most iudicious obseruations of the most learned scaliger . efficacie is a power of speech , which representeth a thing after an excellent manner , neither by bare words onely , but by presenting to our minds the liuely idea's or formes of things so truly , as if wee saw them with our eyes ; as the places in hell , the fierie arrow of acesta , the description of fame , the flame about the temples of ascanius : but of actions more open , and with greater spirit , as in that passage and passion of dido , preparing to kill herselfe . at trepida & coeptis immanibus effera dido , sanguineam voluens ac●em , m●●ulisque trementes interfusa genas , & pallida marte futura , interior a domus irrumpit limin● , & altos conscendit furibunda rogos , ensemque recludie dardanium , &c. which for my english readers sake , i haue after my manner translated , though assured all the translations in the world must come short of the sweetnesse and maiesty of the latine . but she amazd and fierce by cruell plots , rouling about her bloody eye , her cheekes all-trembling and arising , full of spots , and pale with death at hand , perforce she breakes into the in-most roomes . — enraged then she climbes the loftie pile , and out of sheath the dardane sword doth draw : ne're for such end ordained ; when a while the troian garments , and knowne couch she saw , with trickling teares her selfe thereon she cast , and hauing paus'd a little , spake her last . sweete spoiles , while fates and heauens did permit , receiue this soule , and rid me of my cares ; what race my fortune gaue i finish'd it , &c. moreouer , that liuely combat betweene nisus and volscens , with many other of most excellent life . a sweete verse is that , which like a dish with a delicate sauce , inuites the reader to taste euen against his will ; the contrarie is harshnesse : hereof i giue you an example in the description of young pallas ( whom imagine you see laid forth newly slaine vpon a biere of crabtree and oken rods , couered with straw , and arched ouer with greene boughes ) then which no nectar can be more delicious . qualem virgine● demessum pollice florem , seu mollis viola , seu languent is hyacinthi , cui nec sulger adhuc , nec dum sua ferma r●cessit , non iam mater alit tellus viresque ministrat , &c. euen as the flower by maidens finger mowne , of th'drooping hy'cinth , or soft violet , whose beautie's fading , yet not fully gone ; now mother earth no more doth nourish it , &c. the like of faire eurialus breathing his last . purpureus veluti cum flos succisus aratro , languescit moriens , lassove papauera collo demisere caput , pluvia cum fortè gravantur . looke how the purple flower , which the plow hath shorne in sunder , languishing doth die ; or poppies downe their wearie neckes do bow , and hang the head , with raine when laden lie , &c. this kind , plutarch tearmeth flowery , as hauing in it a beautie and sweete grace to delight , as a flower . varistie , is various , and the rules of it so difficult , that to define or describe it , were as to draw one picture which should resemble all the faces in the world , changing it selfe like pr●tens into all shapes : which our diuine poet so much , and with such excellent art affecteth , that seldome or neuer he vttereth words , or describeth actions spoken or done after the same manner , though they be in effect the same ; yea , though the conclusion of all the bookes of his aeneides bee tragicall , saue the first ; yet are they so tempered and disposed with such varietie of accidents , that they bring admiration to the most diuine iudgements : among them all not one like another , saue the ends of turnus and mezentius . what varietie in his battailes , assailing the enemies campe , besieging cities , broyles among the common people , set battailes in fields , aides of horse and foot ? &c. neuer the same wounds , but giuen with diuers weapons , as heere one is wounded or slaine with a peece of a rock , a flint , fire-brand , club , halberd , long pole : there another with a drinking boule or pot , a rudder , dart , arrow , lance , sword , * bals of wildfire , &c. in diuers places , as the throat , head , thigh , breast , hip , hand , knee , before , behind , on the side , standing , lying , running , flying , talking , sleeping , crying out , entreating . of place , as in the field , in the tents , at sacrifice , vpon the guard , in the day time , in the night . to proceede further , were to translate virgil himselfe ; therefore hitherto of varietie . i forbeare his most liuely descriptions of persons , times , places , and manner ; his most sweete and proper similitudes , as where he resembleth aeneas , who could not be mooued by any entreatie or teares of dido , or her sister anna , to a stubborne oake after this manner . at veluti annosam valido cum robore quercum , alpini borea nunc hinc , nunc flatibus illinc , eruere inter so certant ; it strider , & altè consternunt terram concusso stipite frendes , &c. as when the alpine winds with each contend , now this , now that way , with their furious might , some aged oake vp by the rootes to rend , lowd whistling's heard , the earth bestrewed quite ( the body reeling ) all about with leaues : while it stands firme , and irremoued cleaues vnto the rocke ; for looke how high it heaues the loftie head to heauen-ward , so low the stubborne roote doth downe to hell-ward grow . againe , that elegant comparison of ar●●ns ( hauing cowardly slaine the braue ladie camilla , and retired himselfe for feare● into the body of the armie ) to a wolfe that had done a mischiefe , and durst not shew his head . at velut ille prius que●●tela inimica sequantur , continuò in montes sese anius abdidit altos occiso pastore lupus , magnove iuvenco conscius audacis facti , caudamque remulcens subiecit pauit antem vtero , sylvasque petiuit , &c. and as a wolfe that hath the shepheard slaine , or some great beast , before the countrey rise , knowing him guiltie , through by-waies amaine hath got the mountaines , lee●ing where he lies , or clapt his taile betwixt his legges , in feare tane the next coppise , till the coast be cleare . after virgil , i bring you ouid , as well because they liued in one time , ( yet ouid confesseth he saw virgil but once in all his life ) as that he deserueth to be second in imitation , for the sweetnesse and smooth current of his stile , euery where seasoned with profound and antique learning : among his workes , his epistles are most worthy your reading , being his neatest peece , euery where embellished with excellent and wise sentences ; the numbers smoothly falling in , and borrowing their lustre and beautie from imitation of natiue and antique simplicitie : that of acontius is somewhat too wanton ; those three , of vlysses , demophoon , and paris to o●none , are suspected for the weaknesse of conceit , in regard of the other , to be none of ouids . concerning his bookes , amorum and de arte amandi , the wit with the truly ingenuous and learned will beare out the wantonnesse : for with the weeds there are delicate flowers in those walkes of venus . for the argument of his metamorphosis , he is beholden to parthenius , and diuers others , and those who long before wrote of the same subiect . about the yeare 1581. when the king of poland made warre in moscouia , certaine polonian embassadours trauailing into the in-most places of moscouia , as farre as podolia and kiouia : they passed the great riuer boristhenes , hauing in their company a certaine young gentleman , very well seene in the latine , greeke , and hebrew tongues ; withall , an excellent poet and historian : he perswaded the polonians to well horse themselues , and ride with him a little further ; for he would ( said he ) thew them ouids sepulcher ; which they did : and when they were gone six daies iourney beyond boristhenes , through most vaste and desolate places , at last they came into a most sweete and pleasant valley , wherein was a cleere running fountaine , about which the grasse growing very thicke and high , with their swords and fauchions they cut it downe , till at last they found a stone , chest , or coffin , couered ouer with stickes and shrubs , whereon , it being rubbed and cleansed from mosse and filth , they read ouids epitaph , which was this : hîc situs est vates , quem diui caesaris ira augusti , latia cedere iussit hume : sapè miser voluit patrijs occumbere terris , sed frustrà : hunc illi fata dedere locum . this his sepulcher ( saith mine authour ) remaineth vpon the borders of greece , neere to the euxine sea , and is yet to be seene . of lyricke poets , as well greeke as latine , hold horace in highest account , as the most acute and artificiall of them all , hauing attained to such height , that to the discreete iudgement , he hath cut off all hope of equalizing him : his stile is elegant , pure and sinewie , with most wittie and choice sentences , neither humili contentus stylo ( as quintilian saith of him ) sed grandil●quo & sublimi . yea and if we beleeue scaliger , more accurate and sententious then pindar . his odes are of most sweete and pleasant inuention , beyond all reprehension , euery where illustred with sundrie and rare figures , and ve●ses so sluent , that the same scaliger protesteth he had rather be a composer of the like , then be king of whole arragon . in his satyres he is quicke , round and pleasant , and as nothing so bitter , so not so good as iuvenal : his epistles are neare ; his poetica his worst peece , for while he teacheth the art , he goeth vnartificially to worke , euen in the verie beginning . iuvenal of satyrists is the best , for his satyres are far better then those of horace , and though he be sententiously tart , yet is his phrase cleare and open . persius , i know not why we should so much affect him , since with his obscuritie hee laboureth not to affect vs ; yet in our learned age he is now discouered to euery schoole-boie : his stile is broken , froward , vnpleasing and ha●sh . in martial you shall see a diuine wit , with a flowing puritie of the latine tongue , a true epigrammatist : his verse is cleare , full , and absolute good , some few too wanton and licentious , being winked at . lucane breathes with a great spirit , wherefore some of our shallow grammarians , haue attempted to equall him with virgil : but his errour is , while hee doth ampullare with bigge sounding words , and a conceipt vnbounded , furious and ranging , and cannot with virgil containe himselfe within that sweete , humble and vnaffected moderation ; he incurreth a secret enuie and ridiculous contempt , which a moderate and well tempered style auoideth . seneca , for maiestie and state yeeldeth not to any of the grecians whosoeuer , cultu & ni●ore , to vse scaligers words , farre excelling euripides : and albeit he borrowed the argument of his tragaedies from the graecians , yet the spirit , loftinesse of sound , and maiestie of stile is meerely his owne . claudian , is an excellent and sweete poet , onely ouerborne by the meannesse of his subiect , but what wanted to his matter he supplied by his wit and happie inuention . statius is a smooth and a sweete poet , comming neerest of any other to the state and maiestie of virgils verse , and virgil onely excepted , is the prince of poets aswell greekes as latine ; for he is more slowery in figures , and writeth better lines then homer . of his works his sylue are the best . propertius is an easie cleare and true elegiacke , following the tract of none saue his owne inuention . among comicke poets , how much antiquitie attributed to plautus for his pleasant veine ( to whom volcatius giueth the place next to cacilius , and varro would make the mouth of muses ) so much doe our times yeeld to terence , for the puritie of his stile : wherefore scaliger willeth vs to admire plautus as a comoedian , but terence as a pure and elegant speaker . thus haue i in briefe , comprised for your behoofe , the large censure of the best of latine poets , as it is copiously deliuered by the prince of all learning and iudge of iudgements , the diuine iul. cas. scaliger . but while we looke backe to antiquitie , let vs not forget our later and moderne times ( as imagining nature hath heretofore extracted her quintessence , and lest vs the dregges ) which produce as fertile wits , as perhaps the other , yea and in our brittaine . of latine poets of our times in the iudgement of beza and the best learned , buchanan is esteemed the cheife : who albeit in his person , behauiour , and fashion , he was rough hewen , slouenly and rude , seldome caring for a better out side then a rugge-gowne girt close about him , yet his inside and conceipt in poesie was most rich , and his sweetnesse , and facilitie in a verse , vnimitably excellent , as appeareth by that master peece his psalmes ; as farre beyond those of b. rhenanus , as the stanza's of petrarch the times of skelton : but deseruing more applause ( in my opinion ) if hee had fallen vpon another subiect ; for i say with one , mihi spiritus diuinus eiusmod● places quo scipsum ingessit a patre , & illorū piget qui dauid psalmos suis calamistris inustos sperarant efficere plausibiliores . and certaine in that boundlesse field of poeticall inuention , it cannot be auoided , but something must be distorted beside the intent of the diuine enditer . his tragedies are loftie , the stile pure , his epigrams not to be mended , saue heere and there ( according to his genius ) too broad and bitter . but let vs looke behinde vs , and wee shall finde one english-bred ( whose glorie and worth , although cineri suppôsta doloso ) is inferiour neither to buchanan , or any of the ancients , and so much the more to be valued , by how much the brighter he appeared out of the fogges of barbarisme and ignorance in his time ; that is , ioseph of exeter , who liued vnder henrie the 2. and richard the first , who wrote that singular and stately poeme of the troian warre , after the historie of dares phrygius , which the germanes haue printed vnder the name of cornelius nepos . he died at bourdeaux in france , where he was archbishop , where his monument is yet to bee seene . after him ( all that long tract of ignorance , vntill the daies of henrie the 8. ( which time erasmus calleth , the golden age of learning , in regard of so many famously learned men , it produced more then euer heretofore ) flourished sir thomas more , sometime lord chancellor of england : a man of most rich and pleasant inuention : his verse fluent , nothing harsh , constrained or obscure ; wholly composed of conceipt , and inoffensiue mirth , that he seemeth ad lepôres fuisse natum . how wittily doth hee play vpon the arch-cuckold sabinus , scoffe at frenchified lalus , and herney a french cowardly captaine , beaten at the sea by our english , and his shippe burned , yet his victorie and valour to the english disgrace , proclaimed by brixius a germane pot-aster ? what can be more loftie then his gratulatorie verse to king henrie vpon his coronation day ? more wittie then that epigramme vpon the name of nicolaus an ignorant phisitian , that had beene the death of thousands , and abyngdons epitaph ? more sweete then that nectar epistle of his , to his daughters margaret , elizabeth , and cicelie ? but as these ingenious exercises bewraied in him an extraordinary quicknesse of wit and learning , so his vtopia his depth of iudgment in state-affaires , then which , in the opinion of the most learned budaus in a preface , before it our age hath not seene a thing more deepe & accurate . in his yonger yeeres , there was euer a friendly and vertuous emulation , for the palme of inuention and poesie , betweene william lillie the author of our grammer , and him , as appeareth by their seuerall translations of many greeke epigrammes , and their inuention tried vpon one subiect ; notwithstanding they lou'd and liu'd together as deerest friends . lillie also was beside , an excellent latine poet , a singular graecian ; who after he trauelled all greece ouer , and many parts of europe beside , and liued some foure or fiue yeeres , in the i le of the rhodes : he returned home , and by iohn collet deane of paules , was elected master of pauls schoole , which he had newly founded . shortly after , began to grow eminent , aswell for poesie as all other generall learning , sir thomas challoner knight ( father to the truly honest , and sometime louer of all excellent parts , sir thomas challoner , who attended vpon the late prince ) borne in london , brought vp in cambridge ; who hauing left the vniuer sitie , and followed the court a good while , went ouer with sir henry knyuet , embassadour to charles the fift , as his friend and companion : what time the emperour being preparing a mightie fleete against the turkes in argier , the english embassadour , sir thomas challoner , henry knowles , m. henry isam , and others , went in that seruice as voluntaries with the emperour . but the galley wherein sir thomas challoner was , being cast away by foulenesse of weather , after he had laboured by swimming for his life as long as he was able , and the strength of his armes falling him , he caught hold vpon a cable throwne out from another galley , to the losse and breaking of many of his teeth , and by that meanes saued his life . after the death of king henry the 8. he was in the battaile of muskleborough , and knighted by the duke of s●mmerset . and in the beginning of the raigne of queene elizabeth , hee went ouer embassadour into spaine , where at his houres of leisure , he compiled ten elegant bookes in latine vers . de ropub . anglorum instauranda ; superuised after his death by malim , and dedicated to the old lord burghley , lord treasurer . being sent for home , by her maiestie , he shortly after died in london , and was buried in paules neere to the steppes of the quire , toward the south-doore , vnder a faire marble ; but the brasse and epitaphe written by doctor haddon , by sacrilegious hands is since torne away . but the muse and eternall fame haue reared him a monument more lasting and worthy the merit of so excellent a man. of english poets of our owne nation , esteeme sir geoffrey chaucer the father ; although the stile for the antiquitie , may distast you , yet as vnder a bitter and rough rinde , there lyeth a delicate kernell of conceit and sweete inuention . what examples , similitudes , times , places , and aboue all , persons , with their speeches , and attributes , doe as in his canterburie-tales ( like these threds of gold , the rich arras ) beautifie his worke quite thorough ? and albeit diuers of his workes , are but meerely translations out of latine and french , yet he hath handled them so artificially , that thereby he hath made them his owne , as his troilus and cresseid . the romant of the rose , was the inuention of ithan de mehunes , a french poet , whereof he translated but onely the one halfe : his canterburie-tales without question were his owne inuention , all circumstances being wholly english. hee was a good diuine , and saw in those times , without his spectacles , as may appeare by the plough-man , and the parsons tale : withall an excellent mathematician , as plainly appeareth by his discourse of the astrolabe to his little sonne lewes . in briefe , account him among the best of your english bookes in your librarie . gower being very gracious with king henrie the 4. in his time carried the name of the onely poet , but his verses to say truth , were poore and plaine , yet full of good and graue moralitie : but while he affected altogether the french phrase and words , made himself too obscure to his reader ; beside his inuention commeth farre short of the promise of his titles . he published onely ( that i know of ) three bookes , which at s. marie oueries in southwarke vpon his monument lately repaired by some good benefactor , lie vnder his head ; which are , vox clamantie , speculum meditantis , and confessio amantis . he was a knight , as also was chaucer . after him succeeded lydgate , a monke of burie , who wrote that bitter satyre of peirs plow-man . he spent most part of his time in translating the workes of others , hauing no great inuention of his owne . he wrote for those times a tollerable and smooth verse . then followed harding , and after him skelton , a poet laureate , for what desert i could neuer heare ; if you desire to see his veine and learning , an epitaph vpon king henry the seauenth , at west-minster will discouer it . in the latter end of king henrie the 8. for their excellent facultie in poesie were famous , the right noble henrie earle of surrey ( whose songs and sonnets yet extant , are of sweete conceipt : ) and the learned , but vnfortunate , sir thomas wyat. in the time of edward the sixth liued sternhold , whom king henry his father , a little before had made groome of his chamber , for turning certaine of dauids psalmes into verse : and merrie iohn heywood , who wrote his epigrammes , as also sir thomas more his vtopia , in the parish wherein i was borne ; where either of them dwelt , and had faire possessions . about queene maries time , flourished doctor phaer who in part translated virgils aeneids , after finished by arthur golding . in the time of our late queene elizabeth , which was truly a golden age ( for such a world of refined wits , and excellent spirits it produced , whose like are hardly to be hoped for , in any succeeding age ) aboue others , who honoured poesie with their pennes and practise ( to omit her maiestie , who had a singular gift herein ) were edward earle of oxford , the lord buckhurst , henry lord paget ; our phoenix , the noble sir philip sidney , m. edward dyer , m. edmund spencer , m. samuel daniel , with sundry others ; whom ( together with those admirable wits , yet liuing , and so well knowne ) not out of enuie , but to auoide tediousnesse i ouerpasse . thus much of poetrie . chap. xi . of musicke . mvsicke a sister to poetrie , next craueth your acquaintance ( if your genius be so disposed . ) i know there are many , who are adeo 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and of such disproportioned spirits , that they auoide her companie ; as a great cardinall in rome , did roses at their first comming in , that to auoide their sent , he built him an house in the champaigne farre from any towne : or as with a rose not long since , a great ladies cheeke in england , their eares are readie to blister at the tendrest touch thereof . i dare not passe so rash a censure of these as pindar doth , or the italian , hauing fitted a prouerbe to the same effect , whom god loues not , that man loues not musicke : but i am verily perswaded , they are by nature very ill disposed , and of such a brutish stupiditie , that scarce any thing else that is good and sauoureth of vertue , is to be found in them . neuer wise man ( i thinke ) questioned the lawfull vse hereof , since it is an immediate gift of heauen , bestowed on man , whereby to praise and magnifie his creator ; to solace him in the midst of so many sorrowes and cares , wherewith life is hourely beset : and that by song , as by letters , the memorie of doctrine , and the benefits of god might be for euer preserued ( as we are taught by the song of moses , and those diuine psalmes of the sweete singer of israel , who with his * psalterie so lowdly resounded the mysteries and innumerable benefits of the almightie creator , ) and the seruice of god aduanced , as we may finde in 2. samuel 6. vers . 5. psalme 33. 21. 43. and 4. 108. 3. and in sundrie other places of scripture , which for breuitie i omit . but , say our sectaries , the seruice of god is nothing aduanced by singing and instruments , as we vse it in our cathedrall churches , that is , by “ antiphonie , restes , repetitions , varietis of moodes and proportions with the like . for the first , that it is not contrary , but consonant to the word of god , so in singing to answer either : the practise of m●riam the prophete●se , and sister of moses , when she answered the men in her song , will approue ; for repetition , nothing was more vsuall in the singing of the leuites , and among the psalmes of dauid , the 136. is wholly compounded of those two most gracefull and 〈◊〉 figures of repetition , symploce and anaphora . for resting and proportions , the nature of the hebrew verse , as the meanest hebrician knoweth , consisting many times of vneuen feete , going sometime in this number , sometimes in that ; one while ( as s. hierome saith ) in the numbers of sappho ; another while of alcaus , doth of neoessitie require it : and wherein doth our practise of singing and playing with instruments in his maiesties chappell , and our cathedrall churches , differ from the practise of dauid ; the priests and leuites . doe we not make one sound in praising and thanking god , with voyces and instruments of all sorts . d●●●e ( as s. hierome saith ) reboet laquear ●empli : the roofe of the church ecchoeth againe , and which lest they should cauill at as a iewish ceremonie , we know to haue beene practised in the ancient puritie of the church ; but we returne where we left . the physitians will tell you , that the exercise of musicke is a great lengthner of the life , by stirring and reuiuing of the spiri●s , holding a secret sympathy with them ; besides , the exercise of singing , openeth the breast and pipes ; it is an enemy to melancholy and deiection of the mind , which s. chrysostome truly calleth , the deuils bath . yea , a curer of some diseases : in apugli● , in italy , and therea bouts , it is most certaine , that those who are stung with the taramula , are cured onely by musicke . beside , the aforesaid benefit of singing , it is a most ready helpe for a bad pronunciation , and distinct speaking , which i haue heard confirmed by many great diuines : yea , i my selfe haue knowne many children to haue bin holpen of their stammering in speech , onely by it . plato calleth it , a diuine and heauenly practise , profitable for the seeking out of that which is good and honest . homer saith , musitians are worthy of honor , and regard of the whole world ; and we know , alb●it ly●urgu● imposed most streight and sharpe lawes vpon the lacedaem●ni●ns , yet he euer allowed them the exercise of musicke . aristotle auerreth musicke to be the onely disposer of the mind to vertue and goodnesse ; wherefore he reckoneth it among those foure principall exercises , wherein he would haue children instructed . tulli● saith , there consisteth in the practise of singing , and playing vpon instruments , great knowledge , and the most excellent instruction of the mind : and for the effect it worketh in the mind , he termeth it , sta●ilem , thesaurum , qui moros instituit , componi●que , ac mo●tit ●rarum ardores , &c. a lasting treasure , which rectifieth and ordereth our manners , and allayeth the heate and furie of our anger , &c. i might runne into an infinite sea of the praise and vse of so excellent an art , but i onely shew it you with the finger , because i desire not that any noble or gentleman should ( saue his priuate recreation at leasurable houres ) prooue a master in the same , or neglect his more weightie imployments : though i auouch it a skill worthy the knowledge and exercise of the greatest prince . king henrie the eight could not onely sing his part sure , but of himselfe compose a seruice of foure , fiue , and sixe parts ; as erasmus in a certaine epistle , testifieth of his owne knowledge . the duke of venosa , an italian prince , in like manner , of late yeares , hath giuen excellent proofe of his knowledge and loue to musicke , hauing himselfe composed many rare songs , which i haue seene . but aboue others , who carryeth away the palme for excellency , not onely in musicke , but in whatsoeuer is to be wished in a braue prince , is the yet liuing maurice landgraue of hessen , of whose owne composition i haue seene eight or ten seuerall sets of morets , and solemne musicke , set purposely for his owne chappell ; where for the greater honour of some festiuall , and many times for his recreation onely , he is his own organist . besides , he readily speaketh ●en or twelue seueral languages : he is so vniuersall a scholler , that comming ( as he doth often ) to his vniuersitie of marpurge , what questions soeuer he meeteth with set vp , ( as the manner is in the germane and our vniuersities ) hee will extempore , dispute an houre or two ( euen in bootes and spurres ) vpon them , with their best professors . i passe ouer his rare skill in chirurgeri● , he being generally accounted the best bone-setter in the country . who haue seene his estate , his hospitalitie , his rich furnished armorie , his braue stable of great horses , his ●●tesie to all strangers , being men of qualitie and good parts , let them speake the rest . but since the naturall inclination of some men , driueth them ( as it were ) perforce to the top of excellencie : examples of this kind are very rare , yea great personages many times are more violently carried , then might well stand with their honours , and necessitie of their affaires : yet were it to these honest and commendable exercises sauouring of vertue , it were well : but many neglecting their duties and places , will addict themselues wholly to trifles , and the most ridiculous and childish practises . as eropus king of macedonia , tooke pleasure only in making of candles : domitian , his recreation was to catch & kill flyes , and could not be spoken with many times in so serious employment . p●olomans philadelphus was an excellent smith and a basket maker . alphonso atestino duke of ferra●ra , delighted himselfe onely in turning and playing the ioyner . rodolph the late emperour in setting of stones , and making watches . which , and the like , much eclipse state and maiestie , bringing familiaritie , and by consequence contempt with the meanest . i desire no more in you then to sing your part sure , and at the first sight , withall , to play the same vpon your violl , or the exercise of the lute , priuately to your selfe . to deliuer you my opinion , whom among other authors you should imitate and allow for the best , there being so many equally good , is somewhat difficult ; yet as in the rest herein you shall haue my opinion . for mo●●●s , and musicke of pietie and deuotion , as well for the honour of our nation , as the merit of the man , i preferre aboue all other our phoenix , m. william byrd , whom in that kind , i know not whether any may equall . i am sure , none excell , euen by the iudgement of france and italy , who are very sparing in the commendation of strangers , in regard of that conceipt they hold of themselues . his cantiones 〈◊〉 , as also his gradualia , are meere angelicall and diuine ; and being of himselfe naturally disposed to grauitie and pietie , his veine is not so much for light madrigals of canzonets , yet his virginella , and some others in his first set , cannot be mended by the best italian of them all . for composition , i preferre next ludouico de victoria , a most iudicious and a sweete composer : after him orlando di lasso , a very rare and excellent author , who liued some forty yeares since in the court of the duke of baueir . he hath published as well in latine as french many sets , his veine is graue and sweete : among his latine songs , his seuen poenitentiall psalmes are the best , and that french set of his wherein is susanna vn jour . vpon which dittie many others haue since exercised their inuention . for delicious aire and sweete inuention in madrigals , luca mar●●zio excelleth all other whosoeuer , hauing published more sets then any authour else whosoeuer ; and to say truth , hath not an ill song , though sometime an ouer-sight ( which might be the printers fault ) of two eights , or fifts escape him ; as betweene the tenor and base in the last close , of , i must depart all haplesse : ending according to the nature of the dittie most artificially , with a minim rest . his first , second , and third parts of thyrsis , veggo dolca 〈◊〉 ben chi fa hoggi mio sole cantava , or sweete singing amaryllie , are songs , the muses themselues might not haue beene ashamed to haue had composed . of stature and complexion , hee was a little and blacke man : he was organist in the popes chappell at rome a good while , afterward hee went into poland , being in displeasure with the pope for ouermuch familiaritie with a kinswoman of his , ( whom the queene of poland , sent for by luca marenzio afterward , she being one of the rarest women in europe , for her voyce and the lute : ) but returning , he found the affection of the pope so estranged from him , that hereupon hee tooke a conceipt and died . alphouse ferabosco the father , while he liued , for iudgment and depth of skill , ( as also his sonne yet liuing ) was inferior vnto none : what he did was most elaborate and profound , and pleasing enough in aire , though master thomas morley censureth him otherwise . that of his , i saw my ladie weeping , and the nightingale ( vpon which dittie master bird and he in a friendly aemulation , exercised their inuention ) cannot be bettered for sweetnesse of aire , or depth of iudgement . i bring you now mine owne master , horatio vecchi of modena ; beside goodnesse of aire most pleasing of all other for his conceipt and varietie , wherewith all his workes are singularly beautified , as well his madrigals of fiue and sixe , as those his canzonets , printed at norimberge : wherein for tryall , sing his viuo in fuoco amoroso lucretia mia , where vpon i● catenat● more , with excellent iudgement , hee driueth a crotchet thorough many minims , causing it to resemble a chaine with the linkes . againe , in s●is potessi raccor'i m●i sospiri , the breaking of the word sospiri with crotchet & crotchet , rest into sighes : and that , fa mi vn canzon● , &c. to make one sleepe at noone , with sundry other of like conceipt , and pleasant inuention . then that great master , and master not long since of s. markes chappell in venice ; second to none , for a full , loftie , and sprightly veine , following none saue his owne humour : who while he liued , was one of the most free and braue companions of the world . his poenitentiall psalmes are excellently composed , and for pietie are his best . nor must i here forget our rare countrey-man , peter phillips , organist to their altezza's at bruxels , now one of the greatest masters of musicke in europe . he hath sent vs ouer many excellent songs , as well motets as madrigals : he affecteth altogether the italian veine . there are many other authors very excellent , as boschett● , and clandie de monte verde , equall to any before named ; gimmoni ferreti , stephano felis , giulis rinaldi , phillipe de monte , andrea gabrieli , cyprian de rore , pallaui ceno , 〈◊〉 , with others yet liuing ; whose seuerall workes for me here to examine , would be ouer tedious and needlesse ; and for me , please your owne eare and fancie . those whom i haue before mentioned , haue bene euer ( within these thirtie or fortie yeares ) held for the best . i willingly , to auoide tediousnesse , forbeare to speake of the worth and excellency of the rest of our english composers , master doctor douland , tho : morley , m. alphonso , m. wilbie , m. kirbie , m. wilkes , michael east , m. bateson , m. deering , with sundry others , inferior to none in the world ( how much soeuer the italian attributes to himselfe ) for depth of skill and richnesse of conceipt . infinite is the sweete varietie that the theorique of musicke exerciseth the mind withall , as the contemplation of proportions , of concords and discords , diuersitie of moodes and tones , infinitenesse of inuention , &c. but i dare affirme , there is no one science in the world , that so affecteth the free and generous spirit , with a more delightfull and in-offensiue recreation , or better disposeth the minde to what is commendable and vertuous . the common-wealth of the cynethenses in arcadia , falling from the delight they formerly had in musicke , grew into seditious humours and ciuill warres , which polybius tooke especially note of : and i suppose , heereupon it was ordained in arcadia , that euery one should practise musicke by the space of thirty yeares . the ancient gaules in like manner ( whom iulian tearmed barbarous ) became most curteous and tractable by the practise of musicke . yea , in my opinion , no rhetoricke more perswadeth , or hath greater power ouer the mind ; nay , hath not musicke her figures , the same which rhetorique ? what is a reuert but her antistrophe ? her reports , but sweete anaphora's ? her counterchange of points , antimetabole's ? her passionate aires but prosopopoe's ? with infinite other of the same nature . how doth musicke amaze vs , when assures of discords she maketh the sweetest harmony ? and who can shew vs the reason why two basons , bowles , brasse pots , or the like of the same bignesse ; the one being full , the other emptie , shall , striken , be a iust diapason in sound one to the either ; or that there should bee such sympathy in sounds , that two lutes of equall size being laid vpon a table , and tuned vnison , or alike in the gamma , g sol re vt , or any other string ; the one stricken , the other vntouched shall answer it ? but to conclude , if all arts hold their esteeme and value according to their effects , account this goodly science not among the number of those which lucian placeth without the gates of hell , as vaine and vnprofitable : but of such which are 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , the fountaines of our liues good and happinesse : since it is a principall meanes of glorifying our mercifull creator , it heigthens our deuotion , it giues delight and ease to our trauailes , it expelleth sadnesse and heauinesse of spirit , preserueth people in concord and amitie , allaieth fiercenesse and anger ; and lastly , is the best phisicke for many melancholly diseases . chap. 12. of drawing , limning , and painting : with the liues of the famous italian painters . since aristotle numbreth graphice generally taken , for whatsoeuer is done with the pen or pencill ( as writing faire , drawing , limning and painting ) amongst those his 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or generous practises of youth in a well gouerned common-wealth ; i am bound also to giue it you in charge for your exercise at leasure , it being a quality most commendable , and so many waies vsefull to a gentleman . for should you ( if necessitie required ) be employed for your countries seruice in following the warre , you can describe no plot , manner of fortification , forme of battaglia , situation of towne , castle , fort , hauen , iland , course of riuer , passage through wood , marish , ouer rocke , mountaine , &c. ( which a discreete generall doth not alwayes commit to the eye of another ) without the helpe of the same . in all mathematicall demonstrations nothing is more required in our trauaile in forraine regions . it bringeth home with vs from the farthest pa● of the world in our bosomes , whatsoeuer is rare and worthy the observance , as the generall mappe of the country , the riuers , harbours , hauens , promontories , &c. within the landscap , of faire hils , fruitfull vallies : the formes and colours of all fruites , seuerall beauties of their floures , of medicinable simples neuer before seene or heard of : the orient colours , and liuely pictures of their birdes , the shape of their beasts , fishes , wormes , flyes , &c. it presents our eyes with the complexion , manner , and their attire . it shewes vs the rites of their religion , their houses , their weapons , and manner of warre . beside , it preserueth the memory of a dearest friend , or fairest mistresse . and since it is onely the imitation of the surface of nature , by it as in a book● of golden and rare-limmed letters , the chiefe ende of it , wee reade a continuall lecture of the wisedome of the almightie creator , by beholding euen in the feather of the peacocke a * miracle , as aristotle saith . and that you should not esteeme basely of the practise thereof , let me tell you that in ancient times painting was admitted into the first place among the liberall arts , & throughout all greece taught only to the children of noble men in the schooles , and altogether forbidden to be taught to seruants or slaues . in no lesse honour and esteeme was it held among the romanes , as we finde in plinie and many others who euery where advance the professors ; and the dignity of the practise thereof nothing base or seruile , since one of the most noble families in rome , the fabij thought themselues much honoured by the addition of that sirname pictor . for the first of that name , although he was most honourably descended , honoured with many titles , consulships and triumphs , excellently learned in the lawes , and beside accounted in the number of the orators of his time ; yet he thought his skill in painting added to these honors , and his memory would heare the better of posteritie , for that he was endued with so excellent & quality : for after with his owne hand he had painted the temple of salus round about within , and finished his worke , he wrote in faire letters in an eminent place , quintus fabius pinxi . neither was it the exercise of nobilitie among the ancients onely , but of late dayes and in our times we see it practised by the greatest princes of europe , without praeiudice to their honors . francis the first , king of france , was very excellent with his pencill ; and the vertuous margaret queene of navarre beside her excellent veine in poesie could draw and limne excellently ; the like is reported of 〈◊〉 duke of savois . nor can i ouerpasse the ingenuitie and excellency of many noble and gentlemen of our owne nation herein , of whom i know many ; but none in my opinion , who deserueth more respect and admiration for his skill and practise herein then master nathaniel bacon of broome in suffolke ( younger sonne to the most honourable and bountifull minded sir nicholas bacon , knight , and eldest barronet , ) not inferiour in my iudgement to our skilfullest masters . but certainely i know not what fauourable aspect of heauen that right noble and ancient family , which produceth like delicate fruites from one stemme so many excellent in seuerall qualities , that no one name or family in england can say the like . painting is a quality i loue ( i confesse ) and admire in others , because euer naturally from a child , i haue beene addicted to the practise hereof ; yet when i was young , i haue beene cruelly beaten by ill and ignorant schoolemasters , when i haue beene taking , in white and blacke , the countenance of some one or other ( which i could do at thirteene and fourteene yeares of age : beside the mappe of any towne according to geometricall proportion , as i did of cambridge when i was of trinitie colledge , and a iunior sophister , ) yet could they neuer beate it out of me . i remember one master i had ( and yet liuing not farre from s. athanes ) took me one time drawing out with my pen that peare-tree and boyes throwing at it , at the end of the latine grammar● which he perceiuing , in a rage strooke mee with the great end of the rodde , and rent my paper , swearing it was the onely way to teach mee to robbe orchard as beside , that i was placed with him to bee made a scholler and not a painte● , which i was very likely to doe ; when i well remember he construed vnto me the beginning of the first ode in horace , edite , set ye forth , 〈◊〉 , the sportes , atavit r●gib●● , of our ancient kings ; but leauing my ingenious master , to our purpose . for your first beginning and entrance in draught , make your hand as ready as you can ( without the helpe of your compasses ) in those generall figures of the circle , ovall , square , triangle , cylinder , &c. for these are the foundation of all other proportions . as for example , your ovall directs you in giuing a iust proportion to the face . your square or cube for all manner of ground plots , formes of fortification , wherein you haue no vse of the circle at all . your circle againe directs you in all orbicular formes whatsoeuer , and so forth of the rest . hauing made your hand fit and ready in generall proportion , learne to giue all bodies their true shaddowes according to their eminence and concauity , and to heigthen or deepe as your body appeareth neerer or farther from the light ; which is a matter of great iudgment , and indeede the soule ( as i may say ) of a picture . then learne all manner of draperie , that is , to giue garments and all manner of stuffes , as cloth , silke , and linnen their naturall and proper soldes ; which at the first will seeme strange and difficult vnto you , but by imitating the choisest printes and peeces of the most iudicious masters , with your owne obseruance you will very easily attaine the skill . but since i haue already published a booke of drawing and limming ; wherein i haue discouered whatsoeuer i haue thought necessa●ie to perfection herein , i will referre you for farther instruction to it , and onely here giue you the principall authors for your imitation . since , as i said , proportion is the principall and chiefe thing you are first to learne , i commend vnto you that prince of painters and graund-master albert durer , who beside that his peeces for proportion and draperie are the best that are , hee hath written a very learned booke of symmetrie and proportions , which hath beene since translated out of high dutch into latine . and though his peeces haue beene long since worne out of presse , yet you may happen vpon them among our skilfull painters , which if you can get reasonably keep them as iewels , since i beleeue you shall neuer see their like : they seeme old , and commonly are marked with a great d in an a. for a bold touch , varietie of posture , curious and true shaddow : imitate goliziu● , his printes are commonly to be had in popes head alley . himselfe was liuing at my last being in the low countries at harl●● ; but by reason of the losse of one of his eyes , he hath giuen ouer a hinge in copper , and altogether exerciseth his pencill in oyle . the peeces of michael angelo are rare and very hard to be comeby . himselfe liued in rome , and was while hee liued esteemed the best painter in europe , as verily it seemeth by that his famous peece , of the last iudgment in the popes chappell , being accounted one of the best in the world . hans holben was likewise an excellent master , hee liued in the time of king henry the eight , and was emploied by him against the comming of the emperor charles the 5. into england . a i haue seene many peeces of his in oile , and once of his owne draught with a penne a most curious chimney-peece k. henry had bespoke for his new built pallace at bridewell . of later times and in our age the workes of shadan , witrix , and my honest louing friend crispin de pas of vtrecht are of most price ; these cut to the life , a thing practised but of late yeares : their pieces will best instruct you in the countenance , for the naturall and 〈◊〉 dowes therof , the cast and forme of the eie , the touch of the mouth , the true fall , turning & curling of the haire , for ruffes , armour , &c. when you are somewhat ready in your draught ( for which you must prouide pens made of rauens quils , black lead , dry pencils made of what color you please by grinding it with strong wort , & then rowling it vp pencilwise and so let it dry ) get my booke , entituled the gentlemans exercise , which will teach you the vse and ordering of all manner of colours for limning , as how to make any one colour what you please by the composition of many , as a scarlet , carnation , flame colour , all manner of greenes for leaues or banckes , purples for the breake of the morning , the violet , the hyacinth , &c. all manner of changeable colors in garments of silke ; brownes & blackes for haire colours , the colours of barks of trees , the sea , foūtains , rocks , flesh colours or carnations for the face & complexiō , with the manner of preparing your card , & inbriefe whatsoeuer is needfull to be knowne of a practitioner . now hauing your colors in their shels finely ground and washed , and varietie of pencills great and small , beginne first to wash ouer some plaine printes , then after to imitate to the life ( according vnto my directions in that booke : ) wherein by degrees you will take incredible delight , and furnish your conceipts and deuices of emblems , anagrams , and the like with bodies at your pleasure , without being beholden to some deare and nice professed artist . painting in oyle is done i confesse with greater iudgment , and is generall of more esteeme then working in water colours ; but then it is more mechanique and will robbe you of ouer much time from your more excellent studies , it being sometime a fortnight or a month ere you can finish an ordinary peece . i haue knowne michael lanss of delf in holland , the most excellent painter of all the low countries , to haue beene ( at times , ) a whole halfe yeare about a picture , yet in the end to haue blurred it out ( as it is his manner ) for some small disresemblance , eyther in the eye or mouth ; so curious is the workemanshippe to doe it well : beside oyle nor oyle colours , if they drop vpō apparell , will not out ; when water colours will with the least washing . but lest you should think me ignorant or enuious , i wil not conceale frō you the manner of working herein , and though it may bee you shall not practise it , it may profit others . first for your table whereupon to draw your picture , plane it very euen , and with size ( made of glue sodden long in faire water , till the glue be quite dissolued ) mingled and heat with spanish white finely ground , white it ouer ; then let it dry , then white it ouer againe , and so the third time , when being dry , scrape it very euen with a sharpe knife till it be smooth , then prime it with red lead or some other colour , which being drie , draw your picture out vpon it with a peece of chalke , pencill of coale , lastly , with black lead ; so lay on your colours . grind all your colours in linseede oyle , ●aue when you grinde your white for ruffes and linnen ; then vse the oyle of walnuts , for a linseede oyle will turne yeallowish . hauing all your colours ready ground , with your pallet on the thumbe of your left hand , & pencills for euery colour , in the same lay your colours vpon your pallet thus : first , your white lead , then lake , iuorie , blacke , seacoale blacke ( as you see the complexion ) lampe blacke , vmber for the haire , red lead , yealow oaker , verdigreace ; then your blewes , masticot and pinke , the rest at your pleasure , mixing them on the other side of the pallet at your pleasure . to begin a picture , first drawe the eye , the white thereof make of white lead with as little char-coale black ; hauing finished it , leaue from the other eye the distance of an eye , then draw the proportion of the nose , the compasse of the face , after that make the mouth , the eare , the haire , &c. after you haue made the white of the eyes and proportion of the nose , &c. lay your carnation or flesh colour ouer the face , casting in here and there some shadowes which worke in with the flesh colour by degrees . your flesh colour is commonly compounded of white lead , lake , and vermilion , but you may heighthen or decpen it at your pleasure . then shadow the face all ouer as you see cause , and finish the nose , compassing the tippe of it with some darke or light reddish shadow . the shaddowes for your face are compounded commonly , of iuory , blacke , white lead , vermilion , lake , sea-coale blacke , &c. then shaddow your cheekes and lippes ( with the mouth stroke , which make of lake onely ) with vermilion and lake as you list mixed together . now make the circles of the eyes . for the gray eye , take charcoale blacke and white lead heighthened or deepened at your pleasure . for the blacke circle of the eye , take vmber , sea-cole-blacke , and a little white , and mixe them as you thinke fit . for the round ball in the eye take lampe-blacke and verd-greace , for lampe-blacke will hardly dry without it . for the hands and the shaddowes betweene the fingers vse the same flesh-colours and shaddowes as in the face for heighthening or deepening . if you would make a flesh-colour of a swarthy complexion , mingle white lead , lake , and yealow oker together , and in the shadodwes , put in some vmber and sea-coale blacke . for blacke haire , take lampe● blacke onely , and when you will haue it brighter , mixe it with a little vmber , white , and red lead . for flaxen haire , take vmber , and white lead ; the browner you will haue it , put in the more vmber , the whiter more white ; but if darker , yet adde to a little sea-coale blacke . for yealow haire , take masticote , vmber , yealow oker , and a little red lead ; if you will haue it redder , put in the more red lead and vmber . for a white haire , take halfe iuorie blacke , and halfe of vmber , and with your knife temper them well vpon your pallet with white lead , with more white , or vmber , or i●ory , raising or deepening it at your pleasure . for the teeth , take white lead , and shaddow it with char-coale blacke . for ruffes , lawnes , and linnen . for linnen , take white lead mingled with char-coale black , so making it whiter or darker at your pleasure ; for your sine lawnes , put a little oyle smalt in amongst it , and with a fine little bagge of taffata stuffed with wooll or the like , take vp the colour and presse it hard downe where you would haue it . for veluets of all colours . for blacke-veluet , take lampe-blacke and verdigreace , for your first ground ; but when it is dry , lay it ouer with iuory blacke and verdigreace , ( to help it to dry ) and for the shaddow vse white lead , with a little lampe blacke . for greene veluet , take lamp blacke , and white lead , and worke it ouer like a russet veluet ; then being dry , draw it onely ouer with verdigreace , and a little pinke , and it will be a perfect greene veluet . for a sea-water greene veluet , lay on the aforesaid mingled russet verdigreace onely , if you will haue it more grassy , put to more pinke . for a yellowish greene , put a little masticot among your verdigreace at your pleasure : but note this , al your shaddowing must be in the russet , and these greens onely drawne lightly ouer . for red veluet , take vermilion , and shaddow it with browne of spaine , and where you will haue it darkest , take sea-cole blacke mingled with spanish browne , and shaddow where you will , letting it dry , then glaze it ouer with lake , and it will be a perfect red veluet . for a crimson or carnation veluet , put the more or lesse white lead to the vermilion , as you shall see cause . for blew veluet , take oyle smalt , and temper it with white lead ; ●he brighter you will haue it , put in the more white ; the sadder , the more smalt . for yellow veluet , take masticot and yellow oker , and deepen it for the shaddow with vmber . for tauny veluet , take browne of spaine , white lead , and lampe blacke , mixed with a little verdigreace to shaddow it , where you see occasion ; and when it is dry , glaze it ouer with a little lake , and red veluet added vnto it . for purple veluet , take oyle smalt , and temper it with lake , halfe lake , halfe smalt ; then take white lead and order it as bright or as sad as you list . for ash-coloured veluet , take char-cole blacke , and white lead , and make a perfect russet of the same , deepning it with the black , or heigthening it with your white at your pleasure . for haire-coloured veluet , grinde vmber by it selfe with oyle , and lay it on your picture , and heigthen with white lead and the same vmber . for sattens in oyle colours . for blacke satten , grinde lamp black with oyle , then mixe it with some white lead ; where you will haue it shine most , mingle some lake with your white lead . for white satten , take white lead ground with oyle , then grinde iuorie black by it selfe , and where you will haue it sad , adde more of the blacke . for greene satten , take verdigreace and grinde it by it selfe , then mixe some white lead with it ; and where you will haue it bright , adde some pinke : if more inclining to a popingiay , adde more pinke to your white lead ; and to deepen it more , adde more verdigreace . for yellow satten , grinde masticot by it selfe , yellow oker by it selfe , and vmber by it selfe ; where you will haue it lightest , let the masticot serue ; where a light shaddow , let the oker serue , where the darkest or saddest , vmber onely . for blew satten , take oyle , smalt , and white lead , ground by themselues ; white lead for the heigthening , and smalt for your deepening , or darkest shaddow . for purple satten , mixe oyle , smalt , with lake , and white lead : heigthening with white lead . for orenge tauny satten , take red lead and lake , where you will haue it brightest take red lead by it selfe , and where made sad , lake . for red satten , grinde browne of spaine by it selfe , mingling vermilion with the same ; where you would haue it light , put in a little white lead . for haire coloured satten , take vmber and white lead ; heigthen with your white lead , and for the darke shaddow of the cuts , adde to your vmber a little sea-cole blacke . for taffata's . make your taffata's all one as you doe your sattens , but you must obserue the shaddowing of taffata's ; for they fall more fine with the solds , and are thicker by much . for changeable taffata's take sundry colours , what you please , and lay them vpon your garment or picture one by another ; first casting out the solds , then with your pencill driuing and working them finely one into another . for cloth. cloth likewise is as your sattens , but that you must not giue so shining and suddaine a glosse vnto it . for l●●ther . as buffe , take yellow oker , and some white lead mixed with it : and where you will haue it darker by degrees , mixe vmber with it , and when you haue wrought it ouer , take a broad pencill and frieze it ouer with vmber and a little sea-coale blacke . for yellow leather , take masticot and yellow oker , shaddow it with vmber at your pleasure . for blacke leather for shooes , lampe blacke , shaddowed with white lead . for white leather , white lead , shaddowed with iuorie blacke . to expresse gold and siluer . to expresse gold vpon armour , or the hilt of a sword or rapier , take vmber , red lead , and masticot ; lay your ground onely red lead , if you please , mixed with a little pinke , and where you will haue the shaddow darke , vse vmber , where the light , masticot . for siluer , take char-coale blacke and white lead ; where you will haue it darke , vse more char-coale , and for the light , giue it a bold and suddaine stroke with your white . and thus you make your pearle . note , that you must grind your sea-coale and char-coale ( of a sallow , if you can get it ) in faire water first , and when it is dry , grind it in oyle . for skie and landscape . for a sky or landscaps , that seeme a great way off , take oyle smalt , or bice if you will , and with linseed oyle onely temper it on your pallet ( for in grinding smalt or bice , they vtterly lose their colour ) with white lead , and where it looketh redde as the morning , vse lake , &c. of wood colours , barkes of trees , &c. your wood colours are compounded either of vmber and white , char-coale and white , sea-coale and white , vmber blacke and white , or with some greene added . sometime adde a little lake or vermilion . of sundry greenes in oyle . for a deepe and sad greene , as in the in-most leaues of trees , mingle indico and pinke . for a light greene , pinke and masticot : for a middle and grasse-greene , verdigreace and pinke . remember euer to lay on your yellowes , blewes , reds , and greenes , vpon a white ground which giueth them their life . to make cleane your pencils , rub soape hard into them , and lay them by a while , after wash them in warme water . to make cleane your grinding stone and mullar , rub it ouer with crums of bread . to keepe your colours from drying in the heate of summer , set them in the bottome of a bason of water . if you would get farther experience , acquaint your selfe with some of our excellent masters about london , where there are many passing iudicious and skilfull . the onely and most esteemed peece in the world for iudgement and art , is the battaile ( commonly called , the battaile of doomes day ) fought in the night betweene s●lym the first , emperour of the turkes , and ishma●l sophi king of persia. it is a night peece done by bellino , the famous venetian painter , by the commandement of s●lym , after his victorie , and sent as a present to the duke and state of venice , where it yet hangeth in their counsell chamber . there is likewise a very rare and admirable peece in and warpe , done by a blacksmith vpon this occasion . this smith falling in loue with a painters daughter , ( who vowed neuer to marrie any , but of her fathers profession ) gaue ouer his trade of a smith , and sell to painting some foure or fiue yeares : in which time , the hope of gaining a faire maid guiding his hand , hee became so cunning , that he not onely obtained his wench , but a masse of wealth by his pencill ; there being offered for this one peece alone , seauen thousand crownes . it hangeth in one of the great churches there , s. georges or our ladies , i remember not well which . but thus much of drawing and painting in generall . now it shal not be amisse , for the aduancement of this excellent skill , which none can loue or admire more then my selfe ( that i may omit the liues of the ancient graecian and romane painters ) to come neerer our times , and acquaint you with the best masters italy alone hath affoorded . ioannes cimabus . italy being ouer-runne , and miserably wasted with warres , what time all good learning and arts lay neglected , about the yeare 1240. painting and painters were there so rare , that they were faine to send into greece for men skilfull herein . of whom the italians learned the rudiments and principles of this art , in a manner quite lost amongst them . so that while certaine graecian painters , sent for by some of the nobilitie of florence , were painting a church in florence , one ioannes cimabus a young man , and naturally affecting this art , grew so farre into familiar acquaintance with them , that he learned the manner of their draught , and mingling colours , that in a short time he excelled the best masters among them ; and was the first that i can find among the italians , that brought painting into credit , and got a name by his skill herein . for some of his peeces for the raritie , were carried out of his house into the new church in florence , with musicall instruments of all sorts , and solemne procession● others being vttered at great rates ouer all france and italy ; in so much , as charles the french king moued with his fame , came to florence to see his worke. he died in the yeare 1300. leauing behind him his scholler giotto , who by the opinion of dante 's in his purgatorie farre surpassed him : he was so humorous , saith the interpreter of dante 's , that if himselfe or any other espyed any fault in his work , he would ( like mishael ianss , now liuing at delft in holland ) deface and breake it in peeces , though he had bestowed a tweluemoneths paines thereon . andrea taffi . about this time also , the graecians brought the art of working in musiue , or mosaique to venice , where in s. markes church they wrought it ; with whom taffi falling acquainted , hee drew one of the best masters among them , named apoll●●●m , to florence , who taught him to bake mosaique glasses , and to temper the size for them : so they wrought together ; but the rudenesse of that age was such , that neither they nor their workes were in that esteeme as they deserued . gaddo gaddi . about this time also liued gadde gaddi , a very rare master , a florentine borne ( for the fine and subtile aire of florence , hath produced men of more sharpe and excellent spirits , then any other place of italy ) who excelled in mosaique , and wrought it with better iudgement then any before him ; insomuch as hee was sent for to rome , anno. 1308 the yeare after the great fire , and burning of the church of s. iohn lateran● , and the pallace of pope clement the fifth : whence well rewarded , he returned backe into tuscane , where he dyed anno 1312. margaritene . margarit●n●● was borne in arezz● , a very skilfull master : he was the first that deuised laying gold or gilding vpon bole armoniacke to be burnished , as we see it in knops now adaies vpon the valences and canopics of beds ; and to make a glew for picture tables , that should neuer decay . giotto . giotto was not onely a rare painter , but also an excellent architect , for all manner of curious conceipt in building : and to say truth , was the first who of latter times in italy brought picture into admiration , and her true height . he was borne at vespign●●● , a village fourete●ne italian miles from florence : his father was an husbandman , and gi●tt● being a boy of some twelue yeares of age , was set by him to keepe sheepe : but nature hauing ordained him for another end ; the boy while hee was tending his sheepe , would be practising with a sticke vpon the sand , or dustie high-way , or vpon void places vpon walls with a coale , to draw whatsoeuer sorted with his fancie . it fortuned on a time , while he was drawing the picture of one of his sheepe , cimabus to passe by , who admiring such art in the boyes draught , ( who had neuer any other direction saue out of his naturall inclination ) demanded of him if he would dwell with him : who answered , yea , if his father were so contented . the father agreed , and placed him with cimabus , who in short time so excelled , that he farre surpassed the rusticke greeke manner of working , bringing forth a better moderne art , and the true working by the life , which had not beene knowne in two hundred yeares before . he was very inward and familiar with dante 's the poet , whose picture he drew : he was of all others famous for his skill and conceipt in expressing affections , and all manner of gesture , so that he might be truly called natures scholler . his workmanship is especially seene at acesi , a citie of vmbria , in the cloisters of s. francis , where the body of s. francis lyeth buried : where among other rare inuentions of his , is to be seene a monke kneeling before obedience , who putteth a yoake vpon his necke , he holding vp both his hands to heauen , and shee laying her forefinger vpon her mouth , casteth vp her eyes towards christ , from whose side the blood issueth in great abundance . on either hand of her stand wisedome and humility , to shew where true obedience is , there is wisedome and humility , which helpe to finish euery good worke : on the other side is an historie where chastity standeth vpon a strong and high rocke , as not to be won , or mooued by the force of kings , though they seeme to offer crownes , scepters , and palmes . at her feete lyeth purity , in the shape of a childe washing it selfe , and by chastity standeth pennance , hauing diuen away with her discipline winged loue : in a third place standeth pouerty barefooted , treading vpon thornes , a dogge barking at her ; at one side , a child throwing stones at her , on the other , another child with a sticke putting the thornes towards her legs . this pouerty is marryed to saint francis , whom christ giueth by ioying their hands : in a fourth place is saint francis , praying with such great deuotion , and inward affection expressed in his countenance , that it detaineth the beholder with singular admiration . from thence returning toward florence , he wrought in distemper ( as we call it ) or wet with size , sixe histories of patient i●b , wherein are many excellent figures : among others the positures and countenances of the messengers bringing the sorrowfull newes vnto him , which are not to be mended : withall a seruant , with one hand keeping off the slies from his sore master , and with the other stopping his nose : the countenances and draperies of the standers by done with such grace and iudgement , that the same hereof presently went ouer all italy . insomuch that pope benedict sent a messenger from rome into tuscany to know what manner of man giotto was , and what his workes were ; beeing purposed to beautifie saint peters church with sacred histories by the hand of some excellent master . this messenger or courtier from the pope , taking his iourney to florence , passed by siena , and still enquiring out the best masters , tooke a draught of something from euery one of them to carry back to the pope , to choose as he thought best : comming to florence in a morning betimes , he came to the shop of giotto , desiring ( as he had done of others ) to giue him a touch with his pencill , or some peece to show his holinesse . giotto being merily disposed , tooke a sheete of paper , vpon which , with a pencill ( setting one arme vnder his side ) hee drew so absolute a circle , that by no co●passe a truer could be drawne ; hauing done , smiling he gaue it to the cour●●ier , saying , there is my draught . the cour●ier imagining he had flouted him , said , is this all ? giotto replyed , it is all , and more then enough . when the pope with others of iudgement saw it , and heard the manner how carelesly he did it , he admired and confessed , he passed all men of his time in excellency it this being knowne , it grew a prouerbe in italy , m●re round then giotto's circle . the pope after this , did him much honour , and very liberally rewarded him . hee had painted vpon a certaine wall the picture of the virgin mary , and when this wall was to be mended , such care ( by reason of the excellency of his art ) was had of this picture , that it was cut square and taken downe whole out of the wall with a great deale of paine and cost . he made in mosai●●● , in the fore court of saint peter , the ship wherein peter and the apostles were in danger of drowning , their actions and gestures full of feare , the sailes full of wind , with the behauiour of fishermen in such extremitie . at avag●●● , hee wrought for pope cle●●●● the fift ; & in many other places of france his workes are yet remaining . anno 1316. he was at last sent for by robert king of naples , for whom there ( in the church of the cloyster of saint clare ) he made many histories both of the old and new testament , with the whole historie of the reuelation : it is said that herein his invention was admirable , and that he was much holpen by his deare and ingenious friend dan●es the poet. the king was not onely pleased with the excellencie of his hand , but with his many witty answers and conceipts ; wherefore sometime he would sit by him halfe a day together to see him worke . once the king said vnto him , giotto i will make thee the foremost man of my court ; i beleeue it ( quoth giotto ) and that ( i thinke ) is the reason why i am lodged in the porters lodge at your court gate . another time also the king said thus vnto him , giotto , if i were as thou , the weather is so exceeding hot , i would giue ouer painting for a while ; whereunto giotto replyed , indeed sir , if i were as you , i would let it rest indeed . another time , being at worke in the great hall of the court , the king merily requested him , to paint him out his kingdome ; giotto made no more adoe , but presently painted an affe with a saddle on his backe , and smelling at another new saddle that lay before him at his feet , as if he had had a mind to that , rather then the other vpon his backe ; and vpon each saddle a crowne and a scepter : the king demanded what he meant thereby ; giotto replyed , such is your kingdome and subiects , for they desire new lords daily . in his returning to fl●rence , he made very many rare peeces by the way , deuised many excellent models for building ; beside other his workes in caruing , plaistique , &c. the citie of florence not onely roially rewarded him , but gaue him and his posteritie a pension of an hundred crownes a yeare , which was a great summe in those times . he died to the griefe of many , in the yeare 1336. and was buried at florence , vpon whom angelus politianus wrote this epitaph worthy so excellent a man. ille ego sum per quem pictura extincta re●ixis , cui quam recta manu● , ●am fuit & facilis . natura decrat , nostra quad defuit arti , plus licuit nulli pingere necmeli●● . miraris * ●turri● egregiam sacre are sonantem , hac qu●que de module cre●it ad astra 〈◊〉 ; denique sum iottus , quid opus suit illareferre ? hoc nomen lengi carminis instar erit . stephano fiorentino . this stephano beeing giotto's scholler , what with his masters furtherance , and his owne industry , became not onely equall to his master , but in some respects excelled him , as many of his works doe manifest , namely the virgin mary in the church called camp● sante at pisa , which to say truth , excelled that of his masters in the cloister of sant● spirit● in florence . he painted the transfiguration of our blessed sauiour in the mount with moses and elias , where the light was seene to shine downe vpon the apostles , who with such a faire action lay so wrapped in their mantles that ye might perceiue all the foldings vpon the ioints , and made the nakednes to shine through their thinne cloathes , which was neuer seene before or vsedby giotto . in another chappell he made the fall of luci●er , wherein hee shewed many excellent foreshortnings of bodies , armes , and legges ; wherefore by the artists of his time . he was named occhi● di natura , the eye of nature , he wrought at rome , milane , and many other places : many excellent pieces of his are yet to bee seene in florence , which for breuity i omit the dyed anno 1350. petro laurati of siena . petro laurati was famous in his time , especially for making of glories , wherein he surpassed all others before him . at arezze with excellent skill hee painted vpon a ●eeling angels dancing as in a ring about mary , seeming to sing and play on instruments ; where in their eyes and countenances you may see expressed a true godly ioy : another troope of angels with various and delicate action carrying her vp into heauen . he dyed , 1350. b●namic● buffalmacco . buffalmacco was scholler to taffi , and as excellent in his profession , so was he merry and of pleasant conceit : wherefore hee was familiar with brun● and calandrin● , rare artists and of his owne humour , many of whose iestes are recorded by boccace . buffalmacco being a young youth while he dwelt with taffi , was called vp by his master by two or three of the clocke in winter mornings to his worke , grinding of colours or the like , which grieued him much ; and bethinking himselfe how to make his master keepe his bed , he got vp in the fields some thirty or forty dorres or beetles , and a little before his master should rise , fastning little waxe candles vpon their backs , puts them in lighted , one by one into his masters chamber ; who seeing the lights moouing vp and downe , began to quake for feare , committing himselfe to god with hattie prayer , and couered himselfe ouer head and eares in his bed , hauing no mind to worke or awake buffalmacco . in the morning ●ee asked buffalmacco if hee had not seene a thousand diuels as he had ; who answered no , for he was asleepe , and wondered he called him not : called ? saide taffi , i had other things to thinke of then to paint , i am fully resolued to goe dwell in another house . the night following though buffalmacco had put in but onely three lights into his chamber , yet could he not sleep for feare al that night : it was no sooner day but taffi , left his house with intēt neuer to come into it againe . buffalmacco hereupon went to the priest of the parish to desire his aduice , telling him that in his conscience the diuell next vnto god hated none more then painters , for that , said buffalmacco , we make him odious in the peoples eyes by painting him terrible and in the vgliest shape we can deuise ; and more to spight him , wee paint nothing but saints in churches to make the people more deuout then otherwise they would , wherefore the diuels are very angry with vs , and hauing more power by night then by day , they play these prankes , and i feare they will doe worse except we gine ouer this working by candle light . this he spake so confidently , and in so deniure a manner to the priest , that the priest anouched it to be true , and with great reasons perswaded taffi euer after to keepe his bed ; which beeing published about , working by candle-light was left through the towne euer after . the first proofe of his skill he shewed at a nunnery neere pisa now wholly ruined , being the birth of christ , where herod killed the children of bethlem ; where the affections and lookes of the murtherers , mothers , nurses resisting with biting , scratching , tearing , pulling , &c. are excellently expressed . moreouer , he drew the foure patriarkes , and the foure euangelists , where he expressed saint luke with great art , blowing the inke in his pen to make it runne . he was in his time one of the merriest and finest companions of the world : he died , anno 1340. ambrosio lorenzetti of siena . this ambrosio was a painter of siena , he was chiefely commended for that grace he had in contrining postures and accidents of history : he was the first that most liuely could resemble tempests , stormes , raine , &c. he was very moderate , and went rather like a philosopher then a painter . he dyed at siena . petro cavallini of rome . this was scholler vnto gi●tt● , and wrought with him in the ship of mosaique in the front of saint peters in rome . there is yet a crucifixe of his yet to bee seene at arezzo , and another in the church of saint paul in rome , of admirable life and skill . he was wondrous deuout and religious . he dyed 1363. and lyeth buryed at pauls without rome with this epitaph . quantum romana petrvs decus addidi● vibi , pictur● , tartum da● decus ipse p●l● . simon of siena . simon of siena was a rare artist , and liued in the time of the famous and laur●ate poet francis petrarch , in whose verses he liueth eternally , for his rare art & iudgement showne , in drawing his laura to the life . for invention and variety he was accounted the best of his time . andreas orgagna . andreas orgagna was a fl●rentine , and both a painter , poet , architect and caruer , though hee began first with caruing . one of his best peeces he wrought in pisa , which was all sorts of worldly and sensuall epicures , rioting and banquetting vnder the shaddow of an orenge tree , within the branches and bowes whereof , sly● little amorettos or cupids , shooting at sundry ladies lasciuiously dancing and dallying amongst them ; which ladies were then liuing , and all discerned by their seuerall countenances : as also many gallants and princes of that time drawne in the same table . on the other side of the table , he made an hard rocke , full of people , that had left the world , as being eremites , seruing of god , and doing diuers actions of pietie , with exceeding life ; as here one prayeth , there another readeth , some other are at worke to get their liuing , and among the rest , there is with admirable art and iudgment , an eremite milking of a goat . withall , saint macharius , who sheweth the miserable estate of man to three kings riding on , hunting in great state with their queenes , and sheweth the● a graue wherein lie three dead kings , whose bodies are almost rotten ; whereon they looke with a great feare , liuely expressed in their countenances , and one wishly looking downe into the graue , stoppeth his nose , &c. ouer this flyeth death in blacke with a sith in his hand : all about on the earth lye people along of all ages , sexe , and condition , slaine , and dying by sundry meanes . he also painted the iudgement , where hee placed in hell most of his foes that had molested him , and among the rest a scrivener , whose name was cecehode ascol● , and knowne for a notable knaue in his profession , and a coniurer beside , who had many wayes molested him : he was by children and boyes discerned to be the same man , so well had he exprest him to the life . he dyed aged 60. yeares , 1389. and lyeth buryed at florence . thomas masaccio . this thomas , sirnamed masaccio or the slouen ( for that he neuer cared how hee went in his cloathes ) was borne in the castle of saint iohn de valderno ; and being a youth , so much addicted his mind vnto painting , that hee cared in a manner for nothing , not so much as to demand money of his debters where it was due , but when meere necessitie draue him thereunto ; yet was he curteous vnto all . he excelled in perspectiue , and aboue all other masters laboured in nakeds , and to get the perfection of foreshortning , and working ouer head to bee viewed standing vnder . amongst other his workes , that of saint peter taking a penny out of the fishes mouth , and when he payeth it for tole , is famous . in briefe , he brake the ice to all painters that succeeded for action in nakeds and foreshortnings , which before him were knowne but of few . for by his peeces and after his practise , wrought fryer iohn of ficsole , frier phillip phillipine , alessan : baldovinetti , andrea del caslagna , verochio dominico de grillandaio , di botticello , leonarde de vinci , pedro di perugia , frier bartholome ● of saint marks , mariotte , albertinell , the rare and euer admired michael angelo , bonarotti , raphael d' v●bine , and sundry others . he dyed it was suspected of poison in the 26. yeare of his age . his epitaph was written in italian by hannibal coro . leon baptista alberti . this alberti was an excellent linguist , hauing his latine tongue very exactly . he was borne in florence , and was both an excellent painter and architect ; hee wrote tenne bookes of architecture in latine , which he published in print , anno. 1481. moreouer hee wrote three bookes of the art of painting , a treatise of measuring heigthes , besides certaine bookes of policy , with many other discourses . he was descended of a noble house , and was very inward with pope nicholas the fi●t . he was excellent for the descriptions of battailes , night workes , glittering of weapons , and the like . frier phillipo lippi . phillipo lippi borne in florence , was a poore childe , and left fatherlesse and motherlesse , was brought vp by an aunt ; at eight yeares of age , placed in a monasterie of the ●●cobines , where out of his naturall inclination , he practised drawing and painting ; and in short time grew to that excellence , that he was admired of all : making in his cloyster many histories in we● , after masaccio's manner . at seuenteene yeares of age he forsooke his order . being in la marcad ' ancona , he put himselfe with some friends to sea , but were in short time taken by the pirats of barbaris , and sold into the country for slaues , wearing heauie chaines about their legges . in this estate liued phillipo eighteene moneths , but growing familiar with his master , one day , when he saw his time and his master in a good humour , tooke a coale , and vpon a white wall drew him from head to foot : this being seene of his fellow slaues , and shewed vnto his master , who had neuer seene a picture before , was cause of his deliueance : for making his escape , or at least his master winking thereat , he made shift to come to naples , where hee wrought in colours a most curious altar-table for king alphonsus . hence hee went to florence , and made another altar-table , which pleased cosmo de medicis wondrous well ; whereupon hee was employed by cosmo in making many small pictures , whereof some were sent vnto eugenius the fourth , whereupon he grew in great fauour with the pope . he was so addicted vnto women , that what euer he got , hee bestowed and spent it among them : whereupon cosmo shut him vp into a chamber in his house , that he might follow his worke close ; but hauing beene thus mewed vp by the space of two daies , the humou● of gadding tooke him againe in the head ; and one euening cutting his sheets , made ropes of them , and so gat out at a window . but shortly after , found and brought to cosmo againe , he had libertie to go and come at his pleasure , and was better attended and serued then before . for said cosmo. the excellence of rare spirits are heauenly formes , and no burden-bearing mules . many excellent peeces he made in florence , admired and applauded by the best masters . at pr●t●o by florence , where hee was acquainted , the nunnes of sancta margarita procured him to make their high altar-table , where being at worke , hee espied a beautifull virgin , a citizens daughter of florence , whose name was francisco bati : this maid was there kept to be made a nunne ; she was most beautifull , her name was lucretia , & so he wrought with the nunnes , that he obtained leaue to draw her picture ; but by continuall gazing vpon her countenance , he became so enamoured of her , that what by close messengers and other meanes , he got her out of the nunnerie : he got her away and married her , and by her he had a sonne , named also phillip , who became an excellent painter . this frier phillips workes are to bee seene at prato . and amongst other s. bernard layed out dead , his brethren mourning about him , and many cripples and diseased persons , which ( as it was said ) with touching the herse and his body , were healed . then hee most excellently wrought the martyrdome of s. stephen , the beheading of s. iohn baptist , with many others . he died aged fiftie seuen , anno 1438. hee had a stately monument of marble erected ouer him ; his epitaph was written by angelus politianus , which for the elegancy i will set downe . co●ditus his ego sum , picturae fama philippus , nulli ignota mea est , gratia mir a manus . artifices , potui digitis animare colores : sperataque animos fallere voce di● . ipsa mess stupuit natura expressa figuris , meque , suis fassa est artibus esse parem . marmorco tu●ulo medices laurentius hic me condidit ; antè humil● p●l●ere tectus eram . antonello de messino . antonello borne at messino , ought not to be forgotten , who was the first that brought painting in oyle into italy . for certaine oyle peeces being sent by the merchants out of flanders to alphonsus , the first king of naples , which the king had in great admiration , for that they could not be washed out with water : comming to the view of antonello , antonello could neuer be in quiet vntill he had found out the inuentor , whose name was iohn van eyck , who entertained antonello very curteously , and shewed him his art what he could ; but at last , iohn van eyck dying , antonello returned vnto venice , where his workes of the magnifici were much admired , and for that he brought the working in oyle the first into italy ; he was honored with this epitaph . d. o. m. antonius pict●r , pracipuum messan● & t●tius siciliae ornam●ntum , hac hum● contegitur , non sol●m suis picturis in quibus singulare artificium , & venustas fi●t , sed & quod coloribus el●● miscendis splendorem & perpetuitatem primus italica pictura con●ulit , summo semper artificum , ●●●di● celebratus . dominico ●irlandaio . this dominico was a florentine , by profession at the first a gold-smith , but falling to painting , hee became a great master therein . his first worke was a chappell for the family of the vespucci , wherein hee drew in his sea habit , and standing vpon an vnknowne shoare , americus vesputius , who gaue america her name . his best peeces are to be seene at s. maria n●vella in florence . he died anno 1493. raphaell d'vrbine . i ouerpasse for breuitie sake , many other excellent and famous artists of italie , equalling the former , as bellino , pallaiuoli , botticello , verrocchio , andreas mantegna of mantua , so highly esteemed and honoured of duke luduvico gonzaga ; francesco francia , michael angelo : and will comprise them in the excellencie of one onely raphaell d'vrbine , who was borne at vrbine ; whose fathers name was gi●vanni de santi , a painter also . this raphaell was brought vp vnder petro perusini in perusia , where he so gaue his mind from a child vnto drawing and painting , that in short time hee contended for the palme with the greatest masters of europe , and was for his admirable inuention , sirnamed the wonderfull . there was a great aemulation betweene raphaell and the afore named francesco francia , who liued and wrought at b●logna , till at the last through meere admiration , by report of each others skill , they grew most louing friends , greeting each either by letters continually ; yet had francia neither seene raphaell vrbine , nor any of his workes ( by reason he was old and could not trauaile , abiding alwaies in bologna ) vntill it fortuned that raphaell vrbine hauing made a s. cicilia in a faire altar-table , for the cardinall de pucci santi quatro , which was to be set at bologna , at s. giovanni sopra monte ( or on the hill : ) which table he shut in a case , and sent it to francia , as vnto a deare friend , that if any thing were amisse , or it happened to be defaced or iniured in the carriage , hee would amend it : and beside , so much befriend him , as to set it vp in the place appointed , and to see it want nothing fitting . when he vnderstood thus much by raphaels letter , hee opened the case with great ioy , and set the peece in a good and faire light ; which when he had throughly viewed , he was so amazed , and grew so out of conceipt of himselfe and his owne worke , confessing his worke to be nothing , in respect of raphaell vrbines : which so strucke him to the heart , that he died ( presently after he had set the peece in his place ) anno 1518. the fame of raphael vibine at this time was so great , that he was sought for and employed by the greatest princes of europe , as namely , the popes adrian and leo ; francis the first , king of france , henry the eight , king of england ; the dukes of florence , vrbane , mantu● , and diuers others . those stately hangings of arras , containing the historie of s. paul out of the acts ( than which , eye neuer beheld more absolute art , and which long since you might haue seene in the banquecting house at white-hall ) were wholly of his inuention , bought ( if i be not deceiued ) by king henrie the eight of the state of venice , where raphaell vrbine dyed . i haue no certainty , but sure i am , his memorie and immortall fame , are like to liue in the world for euer . if you would reade the 〈◊〉 at large of the most excellent painters , as well ancient as modern , i refer you vnto the two volumes of vasari , well written in italian ( which i haue not seene , as being hard to come by ; yet in the libraries of two my especiall and worthy friends , m. doctor mountford , late prebend of pauls , and m. inigo lones , surueyer of his maiesties workes for building ) and caluin mander in high dutch ; vnto whom i am beholden , for the greater part of what i haue heere written , of some of their liues . chap. 13. of armorie , or blazon of armes , with the antiquity and dignitie of heralds . it is meete that a noble or gentleman who beareth armes , and is well descended , bee not onely able to blazon his owne proper coate ; deriue by pedegree the descent of his family from the originall , know such matches and allies as are ioyned to him in blood : but also of his prince , the nobilitie , and gentry where he liueth , which is not of meere ornament , as the most suppose , but diuersly necessary and of great consequence : as had i fortuned to haue liued in those times , when that fatall difference of either rose was to be decided by the sword ; with which partie in aequitie and conscience could i haue sided , had i beene ignorant of the descent and pedegree royall , and where the right had beene by inheritance of blood , match , or alliance . how should we giue nobilitie her true value , respect , and title , without notice of her merit : and how may we guesse her merit , without these outward ensignes and badges of vertue , which anciently haue beene accounted sacred and precious ; withall , discerne and know an intruding vpstart , shot vp with the last nights mushrome , from an ancient descended and deseruing gentleman , whose grandsires haue had their share in euery foughten field by the english since edward the first ? or my selfe a gentleman know mine owne ranke ; there being at this instant the world ouer , such a medley ( i had almost said motley ) of coates , such intrusion by adding or diminishing into ancient families and houses ; that had there not beene within these few yeares , a iust and commendable course taken by the right honorable the earles marshals , for the redresse of this generall and vnsufferable abuse , we should i feare me within these few yeares , see yeomen as rare in england , as they are in france . besides , it is a contemplation full of pleasing varietie , and for the most part , sympathizing with euery noble and generous disposition , in substance the most refined part of naturall philosophie , while it taketh the principles from geometry , making vse almost of euery seuerall square and angle . for these and other reasons , i desire that you would bestow some houres in the studie of the same : for a gentleman honorably descended , to be vtterly ignorant herein , argueth in him either a disregard of his owne worth , a weaknesse of conceipt , or indisposition to armes and honorable action ; sometime meere ideotisme , as signeur gaulart , a great man of france ( and none of the wisest ) inuiting on a time many great personages and honourable friends to his table , at the last seruice a march-pane was brought in , which being almost quite eaten , hee bethought himselfe , and said ; it was told mee , that mine armes were brauely set out in gold and colours vpon this march-pane , but i haue looked round about it and cannot see them : your lordship ( said one of his men ) eate them vp your selfe but now . what a knaue ( quoth mounsieur gaulart ) art thou ? thou diddest not tell me before ieate them , i might haue seene what they had beene . the dignitie and place of an herald , among the ancient romans was very great ; that same lus feciale , or law of armes , being first instituted by ancus martius , as liuis testifieth , though some ascribe it to numa pompilius , who ordained a colledge of heralds . the office of an herald , was to see that the romanes made not warre iniustly with any of their confederates ; to determine of warre , peace , leagues , agreements , wrongs taken or offered by them or their enemies , and the like . now if the enemy had offered them wrong , or taken away any thing from them by violence , they first sent messengers to demaund their right , and the restoring of that they had taken away ; which was done in a soleanmne●sorme , and the words pronounced distinctly , and with a loud voyce : and this manner of deliuering their message , was called clarigatio . the forme was this , ioucn●●egotestem facio , siego impiè iniusletque , illas res dedier populo romano mibique exposco , ●unc patriae compotem nunquam sinas esse . if they refused their demaunds , or to make ●●stiitution : first all league and friendship ( if any were betwixt them ) being renounced and broken , after thirty daies , ( which they solemnly obserued ) they proclaimed open warre , and with fire and sword inuaded the enemies countrey , and by force recouered their owne . neither was it lawfull , for either consull or senate , or any of the common people , to take vp armes against an enemy , without the consent and approbation of the heralds . among the heralds , there was one the cheese and aboue the rest , whom they called pater patratus ; and hee was chosen one who was to haue children , and his owne father aliue : him one of the inferior heralds , crowning his head and temples with veruaine , made him the cheese or king , either in concluding peace , or denouncing warre . the most ancient forme of denouncing warre , is set downe at large by liuie . the tybarens are reported to haue beene so iust in their making warre , and defiance of their enemies , that they would neuer meete them , but first they would send them word of the day , place , yea , and very houre they meant to fight . moreouer , if any complaint by the enemy were made of breach of the league , the heralds examined the truth , and hauing found out the authours , they deliuered them vp to the enemy to doe with them as hee listed : or if any without the consent of the people , senate & heraldes , eyther fo●ght or made peace , entred league , &c. the romanes freede themselues again , by deliuering vp the authors to their enemies . so were the consuls t. veturi●s . & sp. postumius for their error at caudium , and making peace with the samnites contrary to the will of the people and senat , together with t. numicius and q. aemilius tribunes , deliuered to the enemy . the words of postumius himselfe , ( who made request that himselfe with the rest , who had offended , might be deliuered to the enemy ) are thus recorded by livie . dedamur per ficiales , nudi vinctique ex●lvamus religions populu● , fi qua obligavimns : ne quid divini bum●●ive obstet , quo minus instuns piun . qu● de integreine 〈◊〉 bellum . the forme and words on their deliuery to the enemies hands , were these : quandoquidem hice homines iniussu populi romani , quiritum soedus ictu● iri sposponderunt , atque ob ●am rem noxam nocuerunt : ob eam rem quo populus romanus seelere impio sit solutus , bos●e homines vobis dedo . and so , many yeares after was c. mancinus deliuered to the numantines , with whom hee had entred into league contrary to the will , and without the knowledge of the senate . heraldes also examined and determined of wrongs and iniuries done vnto embassadours , and punished them by deliuering vp in like manner , the parties offending , vnto the nation or state offended . they looked also to the strict obseruing of euery branch of the league , or truce ; in briefe their authority was comprised in these few words , ' belli , pacis , foederum , induciarum , oratorum feciales indices sunte . spurius fusius was the first herald that cuer was created among the romanes , and had the name of p●ter patratus in the warre which tullus hostitius made against old latines . their priuiledges were great and many , and too long for me here to reckon vp . and to conclude , for farther search of their institution , priuiledges , and office , i referre you to iehan le feron , a french authour . i purpose not heere to enter into a large field and absolute discourse of blazonry with all the lawes & termes thereof , hauing beene already preuented by bara , vpton , gerrard leigh , master ferns , master guillim ( late portculleis pursuiuant ) in his methodicall display of heraldry , with sundry others . so that , in a manner , more cannot bee saide then hath beene : my selfe besides hauing written something of this subiect heretofore , but onely to poynt vnto you as a stranger vpon the way , the fairest and shortest cut vnto your iournies end in this art. the word blazon is from the french e●blasonner ; and note that we in england vse herein the same tearmes of art with the french : because the ancients of our nobility for the greater part , acknowledge themselues to bee descended out of normandy , and to haue come in with the conquerour , many retaining their ancient french names , & charges vnto this day ; as beauchamp , beaumont , sacuill , neuill , with many others . your a. b. c. in this art , let be the knowledge of the sundry formes of shieldes or escotcheons which are , and haue beene ordinarily borne in ancient times . among all nations we of europe haue onely two kinds in vse ( the lozen●s excepted ) viz. that we vse in england , france , germany , &c. and the ouall they beare in italy : which forme they yet ( from the old romanes ) holde in vse . the word escotcheon is deriued from the french un esci● , that from the latine scutam , and that againe from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in greeke , which is leather ; because the ancients had their shieldes of tanned leather , the skinnes laid thicke one ouer another , as appeareth by that of vlysses , vpbraiding aiax : quae nisi fecissem , frustra telamone creatus , gestasset laeva taurorum tergora septem . and caesar ( saith cābrensis ) fighting hand to hand with nennius , a british king fast had his sword , nayled into nennius his shield ( being of hard leather , ) at which aduantage nennius had slaine him , had not labienns the tribune stepped in betweene , and rescued his master . now the ancient shields by reason that they were long , and in a manner of that forme as some of the knights templers had theirs , as appeareth vpon that their monument in the temple church , differed much from the buckler or target which was round , as it may appeare out of livie . clypeis a●tem romani vsi sunt ( saith he ) deinde postquam facti sunt stipendiarij , scuta pro clypeis fectre . and virgil compareth the great eye of cycl●ps to an argolican target , for who will deny but that an eye is round ? that their shieldes ( as i haue said ) were long , and in a manner couered the whole body , he saith else-where , scutis protecti corporalongis . hereupon scutum was called in greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , because it resembled a dore , which is euer more long then broad . the carthaginians made their shieldes of gold . m. aufidius tels vs that his ancestours ( being romanes ) had theirs of siluer . alexander king of the iewes opposed against prolomy 8000. fighting men , which hee tearmed h●catomachi , as much to say as , fighting each man against an hundred , because they vsed brasen shields . the numidians vsed shieldes made of elephants hides impenetrable to any dart , yet on the other side they had this discommoditie , that in rainy weather they would like a sponge so soake in the water , and become hereby so heauy , the souldiers could hardly beare them . the shield in times past was had in such honour , that he who lost or alienated the same , was accounted as basely of as he that with vs runnes from his colours , and was seuerely punished : and the graecians fined him at a greater rate who lost his shield , then he who lost his sword or speare . because that a souldier ought to take more care that he receiueth not a mischiefe , then he should doe it of himselfe . bitter was that iest of scipio , when hee saw a souldier bestow great cost in trimming and glazing his shield : i can not blame thee ( quoth he ) that thou bestewest so much cost vpon thy shield , because thou trustest more to that then to thy sword . the lacaeademonians of all other the most warlike , by the lawes of lycurgus , brought vp their children to the vse of shields from their infancy ; and famous is that lacaedemonian mother for that her speech to her son , when she deliuered him a shield going to the warre 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , sonne either bring backe this shield , or bee thou brought backe thy selfe ( dead ) within it . but thus much of the shield or escotcheon . armes or ensignes at the first had their chiefe vse for distinction of tribe from tribe , armie from armie being composed of two or moe colours , whereof one was euer white or yealow , which we now tearme mettals , and that of necessitie ; for without the mixture of one of these , the other as too darke of themselues , could not bee discerned farre , neyther of white and yealow onely , as participating too much of the light . hence they say ( though not generally true ) where there is wanting colour or mettal , it is false armorie . i will not stand here to dispute ouer philosophically , as some haue done , of the praeeminence of one colour aboue another , or out of profound ignorance affirme blacke to be the most ancient colour , because darkenesse was vpon the face of the earth in the chaos ; as if colour were not qualitas visibilis luminis beneficio , and privati● were formarum susceptibilis ; and white the next , because god said fiat lux , as if light were a qualitie resulting of an lementarie composition , it beeing created before all mixed bodies : yea with aristotle i rather affirme blacke properly to be no colour at all , as partaking of the pure elements nothing at all , for he saith 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , of the elements mingled together , as earth , water , aire , not yet reduced to their proper substance , as wee may see in charcoales , all bodies consuming but not consumed , whereupon it is called niger , of the greeke 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which signifieth dead , as a colour proper to dead things . the colours , to say truth , immediately proceeding from the elements , are yellow and white : yellow beeing an effect of the fire . and all heate ( as we may see in gold ) begotten by the heate of the sunne , by the mixture of the clearest and most pure quicke-siluer , and the finest red brimstone , in fruite and corne ripened by the heate of the same , in choller , vrine , lie boyled , the bellies of hot venemous serpents and the like . the white is proper to the water and earth , as we way see in all watery bodies congealed , as ice , snowe , christall , glasse , pretious stones beaten into to powder : also the most rootes , the pulpe of apples , peares , and the like of watry substance , of earth in the ashes of wood and stones burned , all which turne white , being by the fire purged from water and aire . concerning the aire it selfe , it hath no colour at all . now after your two mettals , yealow and white , gold or siluer , which in armory we cal or & argent , you haue foure principall colours , viz. sable or blacke , azure or blew , gules or red , verd or greene. there are others , as purpure sanguine tenn● , which are in more vse with the french and other nations then with vs in england . from simple colours and diuision by bare lines , they came to giue their charges quicke and liuing things , such as sorted best with their fancies and humours , neyther without reason . the alani a warlike people , and extreame louers of their liberty , gaue in their ensigne a cat , a beast which of all other cannot brooke bo●●●ge . the gothes to expresse their crueltie with their ranging resolution , gaue a beare ; the romanes gaue the eagle , which euery legion seuerally bare . the reason whereof iosephus giueth , quòd & vniuersarum anium regnum habeat , & sit valentistima , so did the thebans and persians , as forcatulus reports ; beside , xenophon ( saith he , ) remembreth he saw in the armie of cyrus a golden eagle displayed , borne vpon a long speare , as his ensigne . yet generally plinie saith , the charges of their ensignes were of siluer , because that mettall was most sutable to the day light , and was to be discerned farther : so portius latro telleth catiline of his siluer eagle borne before him as the ensigne of his rebellion and furie . besides the eagle , the romanes vsed to beare in their banners the wolfe , in memorie of remus and romulus , fed by the milke of a shee-wolfe , as livie sheweth . when they vndertooke any expedition wherein great secrecy was to be vsed , then they aduanced the minotaure in their standards , to shew that the counsaile of commanders ought to be no lesse kept secret then the labyrinth which was the abode of the minotaure . withall they bare the horse , as the most martiall beast , and seruiceable in the warre , being full of furie , and desirous of victorie ; and in the ides of december , a horse was sacrificed to him who had broken the right wing of his enemies battaile : lastly , they bare a hogge in their ensignes , because the warre being finished , they vsed to make a truce by sacrificing a young swine ; which whosoeuer violated or went backe from , ought forth with as a hogge to be stoned to death : hereupon they had a forme of battaglia which they tearmed the hogges face . but all these ( the eagle onely excepted ) were by caius marius turned out of vse : but i shall haue elsewhere occasion to write more at large of these and the like imperiall badges . the kings of portugall bare in a field argent fiue escotcheons azure , each charged with as many plates ; on a bordure gules tenne castles , or , in remembrance of fiue kings , whom ( each seuerally leading a mightie army ) alphonsus the first , king of portugall ouerthrew neere to the city of scallabis in portugal now called trugill● ; there appearing at the same time ( saith osorius ) christ crucified in the heauen , whose fiue wounds those fiue plates represent . those castles are his holds in barbary which he wonne from the moores . the dukes of bavaria haue anciently borne their armes palie bendy arg . and azure , for that it resembled the party coloured cassocks of the ancient b●ij , who were those gaules that attempted the surprise of the capitol , whom virgil describing as by night , saith , virgatis lucens sagulis , which hee vnderstandeth by the white , as most easily to bee discerned in the night time . the towne of dort or dordrecht in holland , from a ciuill broile that long since occasioned much slaughter , staining the streetes ( being onely two aboue a mile in length , ( the riuer running in betweene ) with blood , bare in a field gules a pale argent . the city of collen , in regard it can shew the monuments of the three kings who offered to our sauiour , beareth argent , on a chiefe gules three crownes or. the city of andwarpe in brabant , for that sometime a tyrant prince was lord of that place , and punished offenders in cruell manner , by cutting off their hands ( whose pourtraiture cut in stone to the life , stands erected ouer one of the ports toward the sceld , with a sword in one hand , and a mans hand smitten off in the other ) beares foure hands , couptè in salteir , an eagle double necked , displaied in chiefe , to signifie that it is an imperiall citie ; and hence had it the name of antwerpe , as much to say as hand●werpen , which in dutch signifieth to cast or throw away the hand . the stoute and warlike henry spencer bishop of norwich , who supprest by his courage and valour , that dangerous rebellion , and about nerthwalsham , ouerthrew litster the captaine , hath ( as it is to bee seene vpon his monument in the body of the qui●e of christ-church in norwich ) ouer his proper coate of spencer , vpon an helmet , his episcopall miter , and vpon that michaell the arch-angell with a drawne sword . marie coates are conferred by the prince or state vpon merit and desert , for some honourable act performed to the common-wealth , or honour of the prince ; as that deuice vpon sir francis drake ( which was q. elizabeths owne ) now vsurped and borne ( the colour of the field changed siō sable into azure ) by oliuer à noert of vtrecht , who also of late yeares sailed about the earth . and at my last being in the low countries , was captaine of a foot company of dutch in huysden . the said coate fairely cut in stone , standeth ouer a porch at the entry of his house there . the mound or ball with the crosse , was by charles the fifth , added by way of augmentation , to the armories of the palsgraue of the r●ine , in regard of vienna , so brauely defended by phillip earle palatine , together with the count solmas , against the furie of solyman , who laid siedge to it with aboue 300000. men ; yet glad ( at the rumour of the emperour charles his comming ) to shew his backe . for solyman , ( as himselfe was wont to say ) seared not charles as he was emperour of germany , but that good fortune which euer attended him in his greatest enterprises . and no doubt but the blessing of god was vpon him , as being one of the most religious , iust and worthiest princes that euer liued . the family of the haies in scotland , bare arg. three escotcheons gules , vpon this occasion . at what time the danes inuaded scotland , and in a set batraile had put the scots to the worst : one hay with his two sonnes being at plow not farre off , and seeing his countrey-men flying frō their enemies , to come vp a narrow lane walled with stone on both sides , towards him ; with their plowbeames in their hands , meeting them at the lanes end , in despite beate them backe to charge their enemies afresh , reuiling their cowardize , that now hazarded the whole kingdome : whereupon with a stout resolution they put themselues againe into array , and returning backe vpon the danes ( who were both disordered , and in a feare lest a new supply had come downe to the scots succour ) ouerthrew them vtterly , and regained a most memorable victory . he●eupon hay was by the king ennobled , and had giuen him for his bearing , in a field siluer , three escotcheons gules : the rest a plow-man with his plow-beame on his shoulder : and withall for his maintenance , as much land as a faulcon put off from hand could sly ouer erc she did alight , which land in scotland is to this day called hay his land ; and the faulcon alighting vpon a stone , about seuen miles off , gaue it the name of the falcons stone , euen to this day . armes againe are sometimes taken from professions , and those meanes by which the bearers haue raised themselues to honourable place ; as the dukes of florence , for that they are descended from the family di medic● , or phisitians , bare in a field azure , sixe lozenges . sometimes they are wonne in the field from infidels , ( for no christian may directly beare anothers coate by his sword ) as was the coate of millan from a sarace● ; it being an infant naisant , or issuing from the mouth of a serpent . and after the winning of granad● from the moores , in the times of ferdin 〈◊〉 and is●bell , kings of castile , the pomgranate the armes of that kingdome , was placed in the bast of the escotcheon royall ; and in regard it was gained principally by the meanes of archerie , the bow and quiuer of arrowes was stamped vpon the spanish sixpence , which remaineth at this day to be seene . coates sometimes are by stealth purchased , shuffled into records and monuments , by painters , glasiers , caruers , and such : but i trust so good an order hath beene lately established by the right honorable , the late cōmissioners for the office of the earle marshalship , & carefull respect of the heralds with vs , that all hope of sinister dealing in that kind , is quite cut off from such mercenary abusers of nobilitie . many times gained at a cheaper rate , by bearing , as the boores in germany , and the netherlands , what they list themselues ; neither can their owne inuentions content them , but into what land or place soeuer they trauaile , if they espy a fairer coate then their owne ( for they esteeme coates faire or good , as our naturals , according to the varietie of colours ) after their returne they set it vp in glasse for them and their heires , with the crest and open beauer , as if they were all princes ; as at wodrichom or worcom , hard by louestein , i found ouer a tradesman coate , no worse crest then the three feathers in the crown , and in many other places whole coates of the french nobilitie . heereof examples in those parts are so frequent , that i must say , inopem me copia fecit . now being acquainted with your colours , the points and euery place of the escotchcon , which the accidence of armorie of master guillims display , will at large instruct you in , begin to practise the blazon of those coats which consist of bare and simple lines , without charge , as that ancient coate of waldgra●● , who beareth onely party per pale arg. and gules ; and the citie of virecht partie per bend of the same . then your fields equally compounded of moe lines , as quarterly , b●ndey , barrey , gyronned , checkey , masculie , &c. withall , know the names and vse of all manner of your crooked lines , as endemed , embat●elled , nebulè , or vndeè , danncé●●●è , &c. know then those honorable and prime places , or ordinaries , with their species , as the cheese , so called of chef in french , that of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , because it possesseth the head , or vpper third part of the escotcheon . the fesse holding the middle third part of the shield , containeth vnder it the barre , barrulet , coste , barresgemells , &c. the bend , the bendlet , single and double cotize . next know the furres , counterchangings , bordures , tressures , orles , frets ; all formes of crosses , differences of brothers , roundles of euery kind ; as beasan●s , pla●es , pommices , &c. then proceede to the blazon of all vegetable things , as flowers , trees , &c. then to all quicke and liuing things , as beasts , birds , fishes , serpents , and the like . when you haue done , know honorable additaments , whether they be by way of augmentation , or markes and differences of alliance . coates of augmentation , as those of queene katherine parre , queene katherine howard , and queene iane seymor , conferred by king henry the eight . by cantons , as ferdinand king of spaine , honoured sir henry guilford with a canton of granado : and king iames , molin● , the v●ne●ian embassadour , with a canton of the rose of england , and thistle of scotland empaled . then ensue differences of alliance , by bordures , labels , bends , quarterings , and the like . by the bordure , no where more frequent then in the soueraignes coate , when the blood roiall was deriued into so many veines , to the distemper of the whole body , vnder the dissention of yorke and lancaster . thomas of woodstocke , as also humphrey duke of glocester ( who lyeth buried in the abbey of s. albanes , vpon the south-side of the quire , and not in paules ) bare the soueraigne coate within a bordure argent . richard plantagenet ( sonne and heire of richard earle of cambridge ) duke of yorke , and father to edward the fourth , bare quarterly france and england , within a bordure argent , charged with lionceeaux purpure . edmund of hadham , sonne of owen tuder , by queene katherine , the soueraigne coat within a bordure azure , with martlets and flower-de-luces or. iohn beaufort , sonne of iohn of gaunt , and his posteritie , the same within a bordure componeè , argent and azure . charles the seuenth , king of france , in the yeare 1436. gaue leaue vnto nicholas duke of ferrara , to beare the armes of france in a shield , within a bordure componeè or and gules , before the armes of ferrara , in recognisance of the league and fidelitie , wherein hee promised to stand bound to serue the king at his own charges . and for the like respect , lewis the eleuenth , in may , 1465. allowed pietro de medici , to beare three flower-de-luces in his shield , which i haue seene borne in cheife , vpon one of his sixe lozenges . of difference by the labell . a second difference is by the labell , borne chieefely as the difference of the elder brother . as edward the blacke prince , and all our princes of wales , eldest sonnes to the king , beare their fathers soueraigne coate , with a labell of three points , siluer . iohn of gauns had his labell ermin . edmond of langley duke of yorke , on his labell siluer , nine torteauxes . edmond plantagenes , sonne and heire of richard duke of yorke , earle of ru●land , ( who being a child scarce twelue yeares of age , was stricken to the heart with a dagger by the lord clifford at the battaile of wakefield ) had vpon his labell of fiue points argent , two lionceaux gules , with nine torteauxes . the coate of vls●er and mortim●r being ●mpaled with his owne , as may be seene in the windowes of f●deringhay castle , the mansion house of the duke of yorke , where by his father richard duke of yorke , and cicely nevill his mother , hee lyeth buried ; whose bodies remoued out of f●deringhay church-yard , ( for the chancell , in the quire wherein they first were laid , in that fury of knocking churches and sacred monuments in the head , was also felled to the ground ) lapped in lead , were buried in the church by the commandement of queene elizabeth , and a meane monument of plaister wrought with the trowell , erected ouer them , very homely , and farre vnfitting so noble princes . i remember master creuse , a gentleman , and my w●rthy friend , who dwelt in the colledge at the same time , told me , that their coffins being opened , their bodies appeared very plainly to be discerned ; and withall , that the dutchesse cicely had about her necke , hanging in a silke riband , a pardon from rome , which penned in a very fine romane hand , was as faire and fresh to be read , as it had beene written but yesterday . of difference by the bend. a third difference , is by the bend baston , &c. as the house of bur●●● beareth fr●●●● , with a b●tune gules , though the proper and true coate of 〈◊〉 is of , a lyon gules , within an orle of escallops azure . lewis earle of eureux in normandy , brother to philip le b●ll , bare seme de france , with a batune componeè , argent and gules . iohn earle of l●●●aster , and brother to richard the first ( afterward king ) bare for his difference a batune azure . if the mother be of the ligne royall , many times her coate is preferred into the first quarter ; as h●nry earle of d●●●nshire , and marqu●sse of exeter , ●●re his mother k●tharines coate , who was daughter to king edward the fourth . and the like humphrey stafford , who was the first duke of buckingham by anne platag●n●● : his mother , ● the coate of thomas of woodstocke , whose daughter she was . this coate , i remember , standeth in the great chancell window in the church of kimbalt●n . in france it hath beene , and it yet a custome among the nobilitie , to 〈◊〉 their owne proper coates , and take others ; as perhaps their wi●es , or the armes of that srig●●●● , whereof they are lords : or whence they haue their titles , as mons. hugues , brother to king philip , marrying the daughter and heire of herbere earle of ver●●●d●●●s , forsooke his proper coate , and bare his wiues , which was checky , or , and azure , onely three flower-de-luces added in chiefe , to shew he was of the blood . and robert coun● de dreux , albeit he was brother to king lewis 〈◊〉 , bare checky , azure and or , with a bordure gules . robert duke of burgogne , brother to henry the first , tooke for his bearing , the ancient armes of the dukes of burgogne , which was bendy or and azure , within a bordure gules , giuen by charlemaigne to sanson duke of burgogne . and whereas we in england allow the base sonne his fathers coate , with the difference of a bend batune , sinister , or bordure engrailed , or the like : it was in france a long time forbidden ( i thinke vnder the capets ) to the princes of the blood ; as 〈◊〉 earle of m●mfort , base sonne to king robert , was forced to leaue his fathers coate , and beare gules , a lion à la queue fourcheè or , passeè per à lentour , argent ; for , le maison de france ●●●●tant les bastardes , no leur endurè son armeirè , &c. saith tillet . the last and least obseruation is of crests , the helmet , the mantle , and doubling thereof , which according to the manner of diuers countries , are diuersly borne . in germany they beare their beauers open with barres , which we allow in england to none vnder the degree of a baron : in some places they haue no crests at all . if you would farther proceed in nobilitie or heraldry , i would wi●h you to reade these bookes of 〈◊〉 ob●●itie in gener●●● : simon simonius de n●●ilit●●e , 〈…〉 at leipsig . 1572. chassan●●●● , his catalogus gloria mun●● . hippolitus à collibus , his axumata nobilitatis . conclusiones de nobilitate & doctorain . published by one of meckleburg , who concealeth his name , printed 1621. dedicated to the archbishop of breme . petrus eritzius , coun●●●●er to the elector of brandenburge , published conclusiones de nobilitate , in quarto . lionellus de pracedentia ●omi●um . of the spanish nobilitie these authors haue written . ioannes ab arce offalora , in folio . priuilegios y franquezas y libertades des bijos d●algos de senniorio de vizcaia , &c. in fol. ludovicus de moll●●a , de primog●nior●m hispanicorum iure , &c. in fol. iosephus de sesse , in decis . aragon . decis . 8. 9. 10. &c. gonzales de c●rte , his nobliza del andaluzia , in fol. of italy , sicily , naples , &c. scipie mazzella nelle neapoli illustrata , in quarto . paulus merula in cosmograph . lib. 3. pt . 3. in italian . of france . the workes of tillet , fer●● , charles l'ois●●● , choppin , theatre d'honneur . of germany , or the empire . fran. contzen , his politiques , in fol. the collections of goldastus , with some others . the practise of blazonrie . willeged the first abbot dyed the same yeare that off a did , of very griefe it was thought , for the death of his king and kinsman , whom he dearely loued . anno 8●8 . after him succeeded these in order . eadricke . vulsigus . wul●●●us . eadfrithus . wulsinus , who built saint peters church , saint michaels and saint stephens , and made a faire market place in the towne . alfricke . aldredus , who digged vp and searched the ruines of verlam-cesire , which in his time were dens of theeues and whores ; saued all the tile and stone for the repaire of the church , and in digging vpon the north side in the vale found oaken plankes pitched , shelles peeces of oares , and a rusty anchor or two . eadmer , after his death ( being a religious and a good man ) imitating his predecessour , saued all the ancient coines , vrnes and other antiquities hee could finde there . leofricke , was sonne to the earle of kent , and after being chosen to be archbishop of canterburie , he refused it : this abbot in a time of dearth solde all the iewels of his church to buy bread for the poore . after him succeeded alfricke . leostan . fr●theric . paul. in this abbot were giuen to the monastery of saint albanes , the celles of wallingford , of tinnemuth , of bealvare , of hertford and binham . richard , who liued in the time of william rusus , when the cell of saint marie de wymonaham or windham in norfolke was giuen vnto this abbey , beeing sounded by william de albeney , father to william de albeney first earle of arundell . gaufridus , who founded the nunnery of sopwell therby on the other side of the riuer , founded and so called vpon this occasion : two poore women hauing built themselues a small cabben , liued in that place a very austere life , praying , and seruing god with great deuotion ; and for that they liued for the most part with no other sustenance , saue bread and the water of a well there , wherein they vsed to soppe or dippe their bread , it had ( saith mine author ( a monke sometime of that abbey ) the name of sopwell . then radulphus . robert. simon . garmus . iohn . william &c. off a gaue to this his abby of saint albans , these towns following , viz. thei l , edel●●●●● , wiclesfield , cages●o cum suis , berechund , rike●aresworth , bacheworth , crok●leie , michelfield , britchwell , watford , bilsey , merdell , * haldenham , spr●t , enefeild , st●●●●●● , h●●●●●ted , winelesham , biscopsco● , c●d●●●dune , and mild●●dune . egelsride his sonne and successour gaue a sandruge and penefield . alfrick● abbot of this church , ( after archbishop ) & leofrick his brother gaue kingesbury , c●ealdwich , westwic , flamsted , nort●●● , r●●●●hang w●●●●field , birstan , and vpton . aethelwold bish. of dorchester gaue girshuna , cuicumba , tyme , aegelwin , redburne , thuangnā , lingley , grenburga . one tholfe gaue estune and oxaw . one sexi gaue h●chamsted . one ha●dh gaue newha● and beandise . therefeld , a religious woman gaue a sceanl●a & bridel . aegelwina another gaue batesden , offal and standune . one aegelbert gaue craniford . a●●an , cutesham . winsimus gaue esenden . osulsus and his wife gaue st●dham and wilsin●● : others walden , cudicote , scephal , bethell , with sundry other celles , churches , and goodly possessions of me vnnamed . if i should set you downe the inestimable wealth consisting in plate , iewells , bookes , costly hangings , altar-cloathes , and the like , which by our english kings , nobilitie and others haue from the foundation vnto the dissolution , with the sundry priuiledges this abby had , i should weary my selfe with writing , and you with reading ; but i omit them , hauing onely proposed a mirrour to the eyes , not of the church pillars of ancient , but the church pillers of our times . the auncestors of this noble family were frenchmen borne , taking their surname of a towne in normandy called sackuill , whereof they were lords , and came into england , to the aide of duke william the conquerour , as appeareth by an auncient manuscript or chronicle of brittaine , now in the custody of mr. edward gwinn , where he is called a chiefetaine , and is the seauenth man ranked in a catalogue of names there ; for as it may be obserued out of mr. camdens remaines , that the better sort about the time of the conquest began to take vp surnames , so againe they were not setled amongst the common people vntill the raigne of king edward the second . he moreouer affirmeth , that the most ancient and of best account , were deriued from places , whereof this name of sackuill is one , and to adde yet more vnto it , ordericus vitalis the monke , in his normane story saith , that herbrann de sackuill , was liuing in the time of william the conquerour , being father of three noble knights , iordan , william , and robert de sackuill , and of a vertuous and beautifull ladie , named auice , who was married to walter lord of alfage & hugleuill , by whom shee had issue ; iordan l. of alfage & hugleuill , that married iulian the daughter of one gods●all , who came into england with q. adelize , of lo●●ine , the wife to king henry the first : after whose death , the said queene married to william de albency earle of arundell , from whom the now right honorable , thomas earle of arundell , and surry , and earle marshall of england is descended . s. iordan de sackuill knight , the eldest sonne , was sewer of england by the gift of the said conquerour , but liued and died in normandy . s. robert de sackuill knight , the yonger sonne liued in england , and gaue together with his body the mannor of wickham in suffolke● to the abbey of s● . iohn baptist in colchester , leauing issue a son named s● . iordan de sackuill , a very eminent man in the time of king richard the first , as appeareth by a charter of the said king , made to the monkes of bordes●ey in buckinghamshiere . s● . iordan de sackuill , that obtained of king iohn a friday market weekely , and a faire once a yeare in his towne of sackuill in normandy , as saith the kings publike records in the tower of l●●don . holiinshed , fol. 186. doth there ranke iordan de sackuill , as a baron , calling him one of the assistants to the 25. peeres of this realme , to see the liberties of magna charta confirmed . and for further proofe , that they were men of no meane ●anke , it is apparent in the red booke of the excheaquer in the 12. and 13. yeeres of the said kings raigne , in these words , hubertus de anestie tenes , 2. food . in anestie , & parua hornmcad , & dimid . 〈◊〉 . in anestie de honore richard● de sack●yle . agai●e , s● . iordan de sackuill knight , grand● childe to the said iordan de sackuill , was taken prisoner at the battaile of e●esham , for siding with the barons against king henry , the third , in the 49. yeare of his raigne , whose sonne and heire , named andrew sackuill , being vnder age at the time of his fathers death , and the kings wa●d , was like wise imprisoned in the castle of deuer , ann. 3. e●n . 1. and afterward by the speciall command of the said king , did marry ermyn●●de an honourable ladie , of the houshold to queene 〈◊〉 or , whereby he not onely gained the kings fauour , but the greatest part of his inheritance againe . from whom the aforesaid richard earle of dorset , with s● . edward sackuill knight of the bathe , his brother ( and others ) are descended ; one of whose auncestors , by marrying a daughter and co-heire of rase de denn , sonne of rodbert pincerna , that held the lordship of buckhurst , with diuers other mannors and lands in sussex , about the time of the normain conquest . in right of which marriage they haue euer since continued lords of the said mannor of buckhurst with diners other manors and l●nds in sussex , &c. which william earle of devonsh● was sonne of s● . william cavendish , of chattesworth in the said countie of derby knight , treasurer of the chamber to king henry the eight , edward the sixt , and queene marie ; by his wife elizabeth , daughter of lohn hardwick , of hardwick esquire . the auncestors of this noble familie , called themselues g●r●ms , whose issue in processe of time , assumed to themselues , the surname of cavendish , as being lords of the towne and mannor of cavendish in suffolke ; out of which familie disbranched that famous trauailer , mr. thomas cavendish , who was the third that trauailed about the world , whose voyage you shall finde , set downe at large in the english discouerers , written by mr. 〈◊〉 . it is borne by the name of hobart , and was the proper coate of sir iames hobart knight , atturney generall vnto king henry the seauenth ; a right good man , withall of great learning and wisedome : hee builded the church of lodd●n , and saint olaues , commonly called saint toolies bridge in the county of norfolke . this worthy knight lyeth buryed vnder a faire monument in the middle i le on the northside in christs church in norwich but it is now borne ( with the coate of vister by the gift of king iames vnto him as a barronet ) by the honourable and nobly minded sir henry hobart knight and baronet , lord chiefe iustice of the common pleas , of blickling in the county of norfolke ; whose vprightnesse in iustice , and loue to his country , hath ( like his owne starre communicatiue of it selfe ) dispersed the fairer beames into all places . r●x dilect● 〈◊〉 s●o roberto de woodhouse , archidiacone de richm●nd thesa●rario s●o salutem . negotia●os & statum regni contingentia , &c. vobis mandamus ●irmiter i●iungentes quod omnibus alijs prater●issis &c. beside i haue s●ene the will of king henry the fourth , and he●rie the fifth , where one was a gentleman of henry the fourth's chamber , and by his will made one of his executors ; as also he was to henry the fifth , who wrote his letter to the p●ior , and chapter of the church of the trinitie in norwich , to giue him leaue to build himselfe a chappell in their church . so that from time to time , they haue held an honourable place , and at this day are worthy stayes and pillars of iustice in their countries . nor must i heere let fall the worth of two sons of this gentleman , sir thomas woodhouse knight ( who marryed blanch sister to the right honourable henry now viscount rochf●rt ) and master roger woodhouse his brother , gentlemen , not onely learned , but accomplished in what euer may lend lustre to worth and true gentilitie . this was also the coate of sir thomas louell , knight of the garter , made by king henrie the seuenth , of whose ho●se hee was treasurer , and president of the counsell . this sir thomas louell was a fift sonne of sir ralphe louell of barton bendish , in the countie of norfolke . this his coate with the garter about it , standeth ouer lincolnes inne gate . he founded the nunnery of halliwell ( where was also his house ) on a wall of which not ma●y yeares since was to be read this inscription . all ye nuns of halliwell , pray ye both day and night : for the soule of sir thomas louell , whom harry the 〈◊〉 made knight . it appeareth also that sir william louell lord morley , was knight of the garter : for in morley * church the seate of his baronnie , is yet remaining in a glasse window ( which i haue seene ) this coate with the garter about it . this coate armour is verie ancient , as is proued by sundry bookes of armes , church windowes , and seuerall deeds , wherof i haue seene two bearing date anno 18. richard the 2. with seales of this very coate fixed thereunto , with this inscription about the same ( viz : ) sigillum robertide ashfield ; as also another deed bearing date , anno 3. henrie the fixt , made from robert the sonne of iohn ashfeild of stow-langton , esquire , to simon finchan● , and iohn whitlocke , with a faire seale of red waxe : whereupon was a griff●● s●iant , with his wings displayed , ouer whose body is this armes , with this inscription about the who●e seale ( viz : ) s. robertide ashfeild armig. the aboue named robert ashfeild builded the church of stow langton , in the quire whereof ( which i haue seene ) hee lyeth butied vnder a faire marble ; he was seruant vnto the blacke prince , whom he followed in his warres in france . this coate is thus borne by sir lohn ashfeild , knight , sole heire of that family , now gentleman of the bedde chamber to prince charles . this ancient name and family of crow , was anciently of suffolke ; for about the time of k. edward the 4. thomas crow of suffolke the elder , purchased bradsted in kent , whose sonne thomas crow the yo●ger married ioane the onely daughter and heire of nicholas boare , son of iohn , sonne of richard boare , that married lora the daughter of simon stocket of bradsted in kent . the aforesaid ioane brought to thomas her husband , his house called stockets with a chancell built by the aboue named simon stockets , as appeareth by a french deede tempore edw. 2. as also a house and certaine land called boars , by whom shee had issue iohn crow the elder , father of henry crow , father of william crow of bradsted esq. who married anne the second daughter and coheire of iohn sackuill of chiddingleigh in sussex esq. the said mannor of chiddingleigh hath beene in the possession of the sackuills aboue three hundred yeeres , and at this day is part of the inheritance of the right honorable richard sackuill earle of dorset and baron of buck●urst ; which william crow and ann● his wife , hath issue , sackuill crow their sonne and heire now liuing , with others . this coate of talbot belongeth vnto the right worshipfull master thomas talbot , doctour of the ciuill law of miliers hall in wim●ndham in the countie of norfolke , a very learned and honest gentleman . if you would proceede further in blazonry , and the true knowledge of the des●●●ts of our english nobility , i refer you to that exact , iust and elaborate worke of my singular and learned friend master augustine vincent , rouge-croix , very shortly to be published● which let it be vnto you ( of all that haue written in that kinde ) instar omnium . so i referre you henceforward to your priuate reading and obseruation . chap. 14. of exercise of the body . i now from your priuate studie and contemplation , bring you abroad into the open fields , for exercise of your body , by some honest recreation , since aristotle requireth the same in the education of nobilitie , and all youth . since the mind from the ability of the body gathereth her strength and vigor . anciently by the ciuill law these kinds of exercises were onely allowed of , that is , 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , which are the exercise of armes by single combate , as running at tilt-barrians , &c. coiting , throwing the hammer , sledge , and such like . running , iumping , leaping , and lastly wrestling : for the first , it is the most noble , those epithites of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , haue beene the attributes of kings and princes , whose delight in auncient times was to ride and mannage great horses . hereby you are ennabled for command , and the seruice of your country . and what , saith tullis , can bee more glorious , then to bee able to preserue and succour our country , when she hath neede of our helpe ? it is the onely commendation that saluste giues to iugurth , who did not ( saith he ) giu● himselfe ouer to be corrupted by sloath and riot ( as many of our gallants now adayes doe ) but as it is the custome of that nation , exercised himselfe by riding , throwing the dart , and running with his equals : and though he excelled all other in the height of glorie , notwithstanding he was held deare and beloued of all men , &c. and casar vsed the exercise of ●iding so much , and hereby became so actiue and skilfull , that laying his hands behinde him , he would put his horse to his full carreer , make him on the suddaine take hedge or ditch , & stop him , put him into a ring , and the like . and marius after he had beene seauen time ● consul , and fourescore yeares of age , exercised himselfe daily in the field of mars with the romane youth , instructing them to handle their weapon , to ride , &c. the like also did pompey euen to his last expedition . and virgil speaking ( i take it ) of the spartan youth : saith , venat● invigilant pueri , sylva●que , fatigans . flect●r● ludis equos , & spicula tendere cornu , &c. and at this day it is the onely exercise of the italian nobility , especially in naples , as also of the french ; and great pitty of no more practised among our english gentry . running at the tilt is a generous and a martiall exercise , but hazardous and full of danger ; for many hereby ( euen in sport ) haue lost their liues , that i may omit henry the french king , with many other princes and noble personages of whom historie is full . tilting and torneaments were inuented by manuel comnenus emperour of constantinople , as saith nicetas , who wrote about the yeare 1214. before his time wee reade not any where that this exercise was vsed vnder the romane empire . the same nicetas reporteth of a solemne iustes or torneaments which the saide manuel comnenus shewed vnto the latines at antioch , what time they went to make warre in the holy land : for the latines making a braue shew in their rich armour well horsed , with their lances , and presenting themselues before the emperor ; the emperour to shew them that the graecians were nothing inferiour vnto them in brauery or courage , appointed a day when they and the latines ( for the glory of either empire ) should so many to so many , and with lances without points , encounter eyther brauely moūted , and made one of the number with his graecians ; who , saith nicetas , so brauely carryed himselfe , that he vnhorsed two latine commanders , casting them from the saddle to the ground . in our launces now adayes ( of what wood soeuer they are made of ) there is nothing so much danger as hath beene in times past : neyther in our moderno practise of warre haue they almost any vse at all . the prince of orange hath abandoned them , hauing not a launce in his whole armie , but hath carbines in their roome . spinola hath some troopes of them , yet not many , as i obserued . those of shertogen-bosch vnder grobbendonckse , are esteemed the best horse spinola hath . for throwing and wrestling , i hold them exercises not so well beseeming nobilitie , but rather souldiers in a campe , or a princes guard : neither haue i read or heard of any prince or generall commended for wrestling , saue epaminondas achmat the last grand signeur and emperor of turkie , who tooke great delight in throwing the hammer , and was so strong that he ouerthrew his stoutest iauizaries , there being reared in constantinople for one extraordinary cast which none could come neere , two great pillars of marble . running and agility of body haue beene esteemed most commendable in the greatest princes and commanders that euer liued ; and the old romanes ( next after trial made of their strength , and view of their limmes and person ) chose their souldiers by running , for it was an old custome among them , to assault the enemy by running all close together in grosse to the charge . and casar tells vs that strokes are surer laid on , and the souldier made more nimble and ready in running and by motion . homer gaue achilles ( which perhaps some of our great feathered gallants would disdaine , yet haply better deserue ) the epithite of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , or swiftfooted . and a alexander we reade excelled all his court in running . sertorius a braue commander vnder caesar , could nimbly runne vp the most steepe mountaines , leape broken and vnpasseable rockes , and like inuious places ; insomuch as metellus beeing sent with a powerfull armie against him , he knew neither where to finde him , nor how to come by him , by reason of his nimble footemanship . thereupon he sent his colleague pompey , who beeing by sextorius ouerthrowne at the first encounter , escaped very narrowly ; for beeing vnhorsed , and hauing receiued a great wound , while the souldiers were busied in striuing , some for his horse , others for the most rich furniture ( his caparison , bridle , saddle , stirrops , being in a manner all of gold , and shining with pretious stones of inestimable valew ) watching his opportunity , by swiftnes of foot escaped from them all , and returned safe to his quarter . leaping is an exercise very commendable , and healthfull for the body , especially if you vse it in the morning , as we reade alexander and epimanondas did . vpon a full stomacke or to bedward , it is very dangerous , and in no wise to be exercised . the skill and art of swimming is also very requisite in euery noble and gentleman , especially if he looketh for emploiment in the warres ; for hereby ( besides the preseruing of his owne life vpon infinite occasions , ) he may many waies annoy his enemie . horatius cocles onely by the benefit of swimming saued his country , for when himselfe alone had long defended , and made good the bridge ouer tyber against the hetruscans , the romanes brake it downe behind him , wherewith , in his armour , he casthimselfe into the riuer , & ( notwithstanding a shower of darts & arrowes were sent after him ) swam with safety into the city , which rewarded him with a statue erected in the market place , and as much land as he could encompasse with a plough in a day . and as desperate was the attempt of a number of romane gentlemen in the first carthaginian warre , who leaping in a night from the hatches of their ships into the sea , by maine force thrust and drew the carthaginian shippes into the hauen , and deliuered them to luctatius their generall . and as resolute was that attempt ( no whit inferiour to the former ) of gerrard and haruey , two gentlemen of our owne nation , who in eightie eight in the fight at sea , swam in the night time , and pierced with awgers , or such like instruments , the sides of the spanish gallions , and returned backe safe to the fleete . scauola , a man of inestimable courage , and who came with caesar in his expedition for brittaine , after hee had made good a whole day together , a mightie rocke or passage against the brittaines , in the night time loden with double armes and an heauy shield , cast himselfe into the deepe , and swam safe to caesar and his fleete . neither is it to be wondred at , that the romanes were so skilfull in swimming : for they were daily exercised in the same after their other exercises , and had a place in the riuer of tyber appointed vnto them for the same purpose , adioyning to the field of mars ; and another of great depth , rough and full of whirlpits on purpose , to exercise their horses in . shooting also is a very healthfull and commendable recreation for a gentleman ; neither doe i know any other comparable vnto it for stirring euery part of the body : for it openeth the breast and pipes , exerciseth the armes and feet , with lesse violence , then running , leaping , &c. herein was the emperour domitian so cunning , that let a boy a good distance off hold vp his hand , & stretch his fingers abroad , he would shoote through the spaces without touching the boyes hand , or any finger . and commodus ( saith herodian ) had so good an aime , that he would fixe on the brow of a deere two shafts as euenly , and spreading in distance , as if they had beene his owne hornes . but for the further excellence and vse of this exercise , i referre you to that excellent booke of m. aschams , intituled toxophilus , wherein you shall finde whatsoeuer is requisite to be knowne of a compleate archer . hawking and hunting are recreations very commendable and befitting a noble or gentleman to exercise ; hunting especially , which xenophon commendeth to his cyrus , calling it a gift of the gods , bestowed first vpon chiron for his vprightnesse in doing iustice , and by him taught vnto the old heroës and princes ; by whose vertue and prowesse ( as enabled by this exercise ) their countries were defended , their subiects and innocents preserued , iustice maintained . for there is no one exercise that enableth the body more for the warre , then hunting , by teaching you to endure heate , cold , hunger , thirst ; to rise early , watch late , lie and fare hardly : and eusebius is of opinion , that wilde beasts were of purpose created by god , that men by chasing and encountring them , might be fitted and enabled for warlike exercises . heereupon alexander , cyrus , and the old kings of persia , employed themselues exceeding much herein , not to purchase venison and purucy for the belly , but to maintaine their strength , and preserue their health , by encreasing and stirring vp the naturall heate within , which sloth and sitting still wasts and decaies : to harden the bodies by labour against the enemy ; and withall , to search out the natures of wilde beasts , which knowne , they might leaue the same recorded to their posteritie . and the famous phisitian quercetan , aboue all other exercises commendeth this as most healthfull , and keeping the bodie sound and free from diseases . the old lord gray ( our english achilles ) when hee was deputie of ireland , to inure his sonnes for the war , would vsually in the depth of winter , in frost , snow , raine , and what weather soeuer fell , cause them at midnight to be raised out of their beds , and carried abroad on hunting till the next morning ; then perhaps come wet and cold home , hauing for a breakfast a browne loase , and a mouldie cheese , or ( which is ten times worse ) a dish of irish butter : and in this manner the spartans and laconians dieted , and brought vp their children till they came vnto mans estate . hawking was a sport vtterly vnknowne to the ancients , as blondinus and p. iouius in the second booke of his historie , where he entreateth of the muscouitish affaires witnesseth ; but was inuented and first practised by fredericke barbarossa , when he besieged rome : yet it appeareth by firmicus , that it was knowne twelue hundred yeares since , where he speaketh of falconers , and teachers of other birds : and indeed beyond him , i thinke it can no where be found that falconrie was knowne . there haue beene many who haue written of falconrie , fredericke the second , emperour of germany ( whom melancthon worthily commendeth , and equalleth to the ancient heroës , for his many victories archieued by his valour : his skill in all learning , being able to speake foureteene seuerall languages : his libertie , magnificence , affabilitie , mil●nesse , &c. insomuch , that in him alone , saith he , ended and died the remainder of ancient maiestie ) wrote heereof two excellent bookes , which ioachi●● camerarius ( hauing by him the first coppie in a manuscript ) published together , with a treatise of albertus magnus , of the nature of hawkes , and printed it at norimberge . budaus hath also written a large discourse of hunting and hawking , part whereof is annexed to the latter end of henry estienn●s french and latine dictionarie : in english m. blundeuiles booke is the best that i know . by the canon law hawking was forbidden vnto clergie men , as afterward hunting , by reason the exercise and instruments wherewith beasts are slaine , are militarie , and not so well agreeing ( as they giue the reason ) with spirituall warfare : but i cannot see but that they ( many of them being great princes , and pillars of the church , daily employed and pressed with the weight of state affaires ) may haue their recreatiōs as well as others . but to preuent their pastime , there is such an order taken with their parkes , that many of our best bishopricks can now adaies scarce shew one of ten , or twentie . norwich had thirteene parkes , and of all other was most iniustly dealt withall . if they had taken away twelue and left the odde one , it had beene indifferent ; but to rob the church of all , was more then too much . but as allow not altogether that seuere education of the old spartan● in their children , hazzarding many times the healths of young and tender bodies , by some tedious ague ; yea , also their liues , by the mischance of a leape or stumbling of your horse : so as much doe i detest that effoeminacie of the most that burne out day and night in their beds and by the fire side , in trifles , gaming , or courting their yellow mistresses all the winter in a citie ; appearing but as cuckoes in the spring , one time in the yeare to the countrey and their tenants , leauing the care of keeping good houses at christmas , to the honest yeomen of the countrey . some againe are so intent to their pleasure , that they neuer care for keeping within , as sometime was mithridates , that it is reported of him ; for seauen yeares space together hee neuer came within house , neither in citie nor in the countrey . and barnaby viscount of millan , was so carried away with the loue of hunting , that hee made a law ; whosoeuer should kill any wilde boare , or had killed any in fiue yeares before that his statute was enacted ( contrary vnto an ancient edict ) or were priuy to the eating of any at any gentlemans table , should be imprisoned and tortured after a greeuous manner . beside , he afflicted the countrey marueilously , by dispersing many thousands of dogges to be kept and brought vp in villages and among the paisants , to their infinite trouble and charge . mahomet sonne to amurath , on the contrarie , when he made warre in caramania , turned out of seruice 700. of his fathers faulconers , and caused as many of olde huntsmen to follow armes , and his campe , in stead of the kennell . cap. 15. of reputation , and carriage in generall . there is no one thing that setteth a fairer stampe vpon nobilitie then euenesse of carriage and care of our reputation , without which our most gracefull gifts are dead and dull , as the diamond without his foile : for hereupon as one the frontispice of a magnificent pallace , are fixed the eies of all passengers , and hereby the heigth of our iudgements ( euen our selues ) is taken ; according to that of the wiseman , by gate , laughter , and apparrell , a man is knowne what he is . wherefore i call it the crowne of good parts , and loadstone of regard . the principall meanes to preserue it is temperance and that moderation of the minde , wherewith as a bridle wee curbe and breake our ranke and vnruly passions , keeping as the caspian sea , our selues euer at one heigth without ebbe or refluxe . and albeit true it is that galen saith , we are commonly beholden for the disposition of our minds , to the temperature of our bodies , yet much lyeth in our power to keepe that fount from empoisoning , by taking heede to our selues ; and as good cardinall poole once said , to correct the malignitie of our starres with a second birth . for certainly vnder grace it is the roote of our reputation and honest fame ; without the which , as one saith , we are dead long before we are buryed . ● . for moderation of the minde and affections , which is the ground of all honestie , i must giue you that prime receipt the kingly prophet doth to a yong man , teaching him wherewith to cleanse his way , that is ; by keeping , saith he ( oh lord ) thy statutes , meaning the feare of god in generall , without which ( hee euer first striking at the head ) our iudgements are depraued , and left to our selues we are not able to giue any thing his true esteeme and value . therefore first to be truly honest is to bee truly religious , for if the feare of men be a great motiue to keepe our selues within compasse , much more will the feare of god , recall vs from our lusts and intemperance . hereby the minde getteth the dominion and vpperhand , wisely gouerning that goodly kingdome nature hath allotted her . and if it was sometime said of fabiu● , citiùs solē è sua sphara diuelli , quam fabium ab honestate potuisse , how heedfully ought a christian who carrieth the lanterne in his hand , looke to his feete , when an heathen could goe so directly in the darke , onely by the glimpse of nature and without stumbling ? moreouer since the ciuill end of our life is , v● in honore cum dignitate v●vamus , you shall withall finde good learning and the artes to conferre a great helpe and furtherance hereunto , being a polisher of inbred rudenesse and our informitie , and a curer of many diseases our minds are subiect vnto : for we learne not to begge to ourselues admiration from other , or boastingly to lay to view so rich and pretious furniture of our minds , but that we may be vsefull to others , but first to our selues ; least ( as some pretious receipt ) while we keepe that in a boxe which can cure another ; our selues lie lame and diseased . the first vse then hereof ( i meane your learning ) as an antidote against the common plague of our times , let it confirme and perswade you , that as your vnderstanding is by it ennobled with the richest dowrie in the world , so hereby learne to know your owne worth and value , and in choice of your companions , to entertaine those who are religious and learned : for as i said heretofore , conuerse of old was the mother of skill and all vertuous endeauours , so say i now , of all vice and base●es if regard be not had . therefore hold friendship and acquaintance with few , and those i could wish your betters , at the least of your owne ranke , but endeare your selfe to none ; gaud●bis minùs , minies dolebis . the best natures i know delight in popularitie , and are pliable to company-keeping , but many times buy their acquaintance at ouer deare a rate , by being drawne either into base actions and places of which they are ashamed for euer after ; or to needlesse expence by laying out or lending to importunate base and shamelesse companions , gaining losse of their monies , time , sorrow and griefe of friends , disrepute of the better sort , and lastly contempt of the vilest among the common vulgar . anti●chus epiphanes , king of asia , for his popularity and delight in company , was sir-named the mad : and likewise for the same appius claudius was depriued of his office , and fearing beside shame the hatred of the senate , counterfeiting blindnesse , for euer after kept himselfe at home . we reade also of a certaine king of the gothes , who making his souldiers his drinking companions , was for his free and kind heart at the last drowned by them in a tub of ale. nor mistake me that i swerue so much on this side , that i would deny a prince or gentleman the benefit of discourse and conuerse with the meanest : for maiestie and greatnesse cannot alwaies stand so bent , but that it must haue the remission and relaxation sometime to descend from the court to the cottage , which cannot choose but giue it the better tast and rellish . adrian the emperour would most curteously conferre with the meanest , detesting those his high minded courtiers , who vnder a colour of preseruing his estate and honour , enuied him this sweetnesse of humilitie and priuacie . vespasian in like manner was woont not onely to salute the chiefe senators of rome , but euen priuate men , inuiting them many times to dine and suppe with him , himselfe againe going vnto their houses . philopoemen was so curteous and went so plaine , his hostesse in meg●ra tooke him for a s●ruing-man . and certainly this affabilitie and curtesie in greatnesse , draweth our eyes like flowers in the spring , to behold , and with admiration to loue it wheresoeuer we finde it . there is no better signe ( saith one ) in the world of a good and vertuous disposition , then when a prince or gentleman maketh choice of learned and vertuous men for his companions ; for presently he is imagined to bee such an one as those to whom he ioyneth himselfe : yea saith aristotle , it is a kinde of vertuous exercise to bee conuersant with good and vnderstanding men . whom then you shall entertaine into the closet of your brest , first sound their religion ; then looke into their liues and carriage , how they haue beene reckoned of others . lastly , to their qualitie how or wherein they may be vsefull vnto you , whether by aduice and counsell , direction , helpe in your studies , or seruiceablenesse in your exercise and recreations . there is nothing more miserable them to want the counsell of a friend , and an admonish●r in time of neede : which hath beene and is daily the bane of many of our yong gentlemen , euen to the vtter ruine of themselues and their posteritie for euer . who when like alciates fig-tree vpon the high and innacessible rocke , they are out of reach and cannot be come vnto by men who would dresse and preserue them ; espied a farre off are onely preyed vpon and haunted by vultures and dawes ; and while one addeth fewell to the fire of his expence , for the which he is like to pay twentie for two , at twentie and one ; another sootheth him in play ( knowing the best fishing is in troubled waters ) another tēdreth him a match of light stuffe : all at once preying for themselues , these greene things of sixteene or eighteene are quite deuoured before they were ripe . wherefore i must next commend vnto you frugality , the mother of vertues , a vertue which holdeth her owne , layeth out profitably , auoideth idle expences , superfluity , lauish bestowing or giuing , borrowing , building , and the like : yet when reason requireth can be royally bountifull , a vertue as requisite in a noble or gentleman , as the care of his whole estate , and preseruation of his name and posterity ; yet as greatly wanting in many , as they come short of the reputation and entire estates of their forefathers , who account thrift the obiect of the plow or shoppe , too base and vnworthy their consuleration , while they impose their faire estates and most important businesse , vpon a cheating steward , or craftie bailiffe , who in few yeares ( like the young cuckow ) are ready to deuoure their feeder ; and themselues like sleepie pilots , hauing no eye to the compasse , or sounding their estates , are runne on ground ere they be aware . first then assoone as you shall be able , looke into your estate , labouring not onely to conserue it entire , but to augment it either by a wise forethought , marriage , or by some other thriftie meanes : and thinke the more yee are laden with abundance , the more neede ( like a vine ) ye haue neede of props and your soundest friends to aduise you . neither doe i imagine you will be so rash as to giue no care to good counsell , to your ruine , as caesar did , when hee refused a booke of a poore scholler , wherein the intended plot against him was discouered . marcus ca●o , who was so victorious in warre , so prudent in peace , so eloquent in the oratorie , learned in the lawes , neglected not thereby his estate , but looked , as livi● saith of him , euen into his husbandry himselfe : and plutarch writeth of philopoemen , a great and famous commander , that notwithstanding his great affaires and employments , hee would euery morning bee stirring by breake of day , and eyther to dressing of his vines , digging or following his plough : and cicero to heighthen the honor of king d●iostar●s reporteth thus of him , in deiotaro sunt regia virtutes , quod i● ca●sar , ignorare non arbitror , sed pr●●cip●è singularis & admiranda frugali●as . and the romanes had a lawe that hee who could not looke into his owne estate , and imploy his land to the best , should forfeite the same , and be held for a foole or a mad man all his life after . aristid●s , albeir he was an excellent man otherwise , yet herein he was so carelesse that at his death he neither loft portion for his daughters , nor so much as would carry him to the ground , and defray the charge of his funerall . be thriftie also in your apparrell and clothing , least you incurre the censure of the most graue and wisest censor , cui magna corporis cultus cura , 〈◊〉 magna virtutis inturia : and henry the fourth , last king of france of eternall memory , would oftentimes merily say , by the outside onely , he could found the depth of a courtier : saying , who had least in them made the fairest shew without , inviting respect with gold lace and great feathers , which will not be wonne with toyes . neyther on the contrary , be so basely parsunonious or frugall , as is written of one of the kings of france , in whose accounts in the eschequer are yet remaining . item so much for red satten to sleeue the kings old doublet : item a halfe-penny for liquor for his bootes , and so foorth . or to bee knowne by a hat or doublet tenne or twenty yeares ; then with some miserable vsurer curse the maker for the slightnesse of his felt or sluffe , murmuring it will not last to see the reuolution of the first moouer . but vsing that moderate and middle garbe , which shall rather lessen then make you bigger then you are ; which h●th been● , and is yet obserued by our greatest princes , who in outside goe many times inferiour to their groomes and pages . that glory and champion of christendome , charles the fift , would goe ( except in times of warre ) as plaine as any ordinary gentleman , commonly in blacke or sadde stuffe , without lace or any other extraordinary cost ; onely his order of the golden fleece about his necke in a ribband : and was so naturally frugall , not out of parsimonie ( being the most bountifull minded prince that euer liued ) that as guicciardin● reporteth of him , if any one of his points had chanced to breake , he would tye it of a knot and make it serue againe . and i haue many times seene his excellence the prince of orange that now is , in the field , in his habite as plaine as any country gentleman , wearing commonly a suite of haire-coloured slight stuffe of silke , a plaine gray cloake and hat , with a greene feather , his hatband onely exceeding rich . and ambrose spin●la generall for the archduke , when he lay in weasell at the taking of it in , one would haue taken , but for an ordinary merchant in a plaine suite of black . and the plainnes of the late duke of norfolke derogated nothing from his esteeme . so that you see what a pitifull ambition it is , to striue to bee first in a fashion , and a poore pride to seeke your esteeme and regard , from wormes , shells , and tailors ; and buy the gaze of the staring multitude at a thousand , or fifteene hundred pounds , which would apparrell the duke and his whole ●rande consiglio of venice . but if to do your prince honour , at a tilting , employed in embassage , comming in of some great stranger , or you are to giue entertainment to princes or noble personages at your house , as did cosmo de medici , or haply ye command in the warres , spare not to be braue with the brauest . philopoemen caused his souldiours to beespare in apparrell and diet ( saith plutarch , ) and to come honourably armed into the field : wherefore hee commanded in goldsmiths shoppes to breake in peeces pots of gold and siluer , and to be imployed in the siluering of bittes , guilding of armours , inlaying of saddles , &c. for the sumptuo●s cost vpon warlike furniture , doth encourage and make great a noble heart : but inother sights it carryeth away mens minds to a womanish vanitie , and melting the courage of the mind , ( as homer saith it did achill●s , when his mother laid new armes and weapons at his feete . ) the spaniard when he is in the field , is glorious in his cassocke , and affecteth the wearing of the richest iewels ; the french huge feathers , scarlet , and gold lace : the english , his armes rich , and a good sword : the italians pride is in his neapolitan courser : the germanes and low dutch to be dawbed with gold and pearle , wherein ( say they ) there is no losse except they be lost . but herein i giue no prescripon . i now come to your diet , wherein be not onely frugall for the sauing of your purse , but moderate in regard of your health , which is empaired by nothing more then excesse in eating and drinking ( let me also adde tobacco taking . ) many dishes breede many diseases , dulleth the mind and vnderstanding , and not onely shorten , but take away life . we reade of augustus that he was neuer curious in his di●t , but content with ordinary and common viandes . and cato the censor , sayling into spaine , dranke of no other drinke then the rowers or slaues of his owne galley . and timotheus duke of athens was wont to say , ( whō plato invited home to him to supper , ) they found thēselues neuer distempered . contrary to our feastmakers , who suppose the glory of entertainment , and giuing the best welcome to consist in needelesse superfluities and profuse waste of the good creatures , as scylla made a banquet that lasted many dayes , where there was such excessiue abundance , that infinite plenty of victualls were throwne into the riuer , and excellent wine aboue forty yeares old spilt and made no account of ; but by surfetting and banquetting , at last he gat a most miserable disease and dyed full of lice . and ca●sar in regard of his lybian triumph , at one banquet filled two and twenty thousand roomes with ghests , and gaue to euery citizen in rome ten bushels of wheate , and as many pounds of oyle , and besides three hundred pence in mony . we reade of one smyndirides , who was so much giuen to feasting , and his ease , that hee saw not the sunne rising nor setting in twenty yeares ; and the sybarites forbad all smiths and knocking in the streetes , and what thing soeuer that made any noise , to bee within the city walls , that they might eate and sleepe : whereupon they banished cocks out of the city , and invented the vse of chamberpots , and bad women a yeare before to their feasts , that they might haue leisure enough to make themselues fine and braue with gold and iewels . aboue all , learne betimes to auoide excessiue drinking , then which there is no one vice more common and reigning , and ill beseeming a gentleman , which if growne to an habit , is hardly left ; remembring that hereby you become not fit for any thing , hauing your reason degraded , your body distempered , your soule hazarded , your esteeme and reputation abased , while you sit taking your vnwholesome healthes , — vt iam vertigine tectum ambulet , & geminis exsurgat mensa lucernis . — vntill the house about doth turne , and on the board two candles seeme to burne . by the leuiticall law , who had a glutton or a drunkard to their sonne , they were to bring him before the elders of the city , and see him stoned to death . and in spain● at this day they haue a law that the word of him that hath beene convicted of drunkennesse , shall not bee taken in any testimony . within these fiftie or threescore yeares it was a rare thing with vs in england , to see a drunken man , our nation carrying the name of the most sober and temperate of any other in the world . but since we had to doe in the quarrell of the netherlands , about the time of sir iohn norrice his first being there , the custome of drinking and pledging healthes was brought ouer into england : wherein let the dutch bee their owne iudges , it we equall them not ; yea i thinke rather excell them . tricongius and the old romanes had lawes and statutes concerning the art of drinking , which it seemes , are reuiued , and by our drunkards obserued to an haire . it being enacted , that he who after his drinks faltered not in his speech , vomited not , n●yther reeled , if he dranke off his cups clean●ly , seek not his wind in his draughs , spit not , left nothing in the pot , nor spilt any vpon the ground , he had the prize , & was accounted the brauest man. if they were contented herewith , it were well , but they daily inue●t new and damnable kinds of carrow●ing ( as that in north-holland and frizeland ( though among the baser sort ) of vpsi● monikedam , which is , after you haue drunke out the drinke to your friend or companion , you must breake the glasse full vpon his face , and if you misse , you must drinke againe , ) whence proceede quarrelling , re●iling , and many times execrable murthers , as alexander was slain in his drunkennesse ; and domitius , nero's father slew liberius out right , because he would not pledge him a whole carrowse , and hence arise most quarrells among our gallant drunkards : vnto whom if you reade a lecture of sobrietie , and how in former ages their forefathers dranke water , they sweare water is the frogges drinke , and ordained onely for the driuing of milles , and carrying of boates . neither desire i , you should be so abstemious , as not to remember a friend with an hearty draught , since wine was created to make the heart merry , for what is the life of man if it want wine ? moderately taken it preserueth health , comforteth and disperseth the naturall heate ouer all the whole body , allayes cholericke humours , expelling the same with the sweate , &c. tempereth melancholly . and as one saith , hath in it selfe 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 , a drawing vertue to procure friendship . at your meate to be liberall and freely merry , is very healthy and comely , and many times the stranger or guest will take more content in the chearelinesse of your countenance , then in your meate . augustus the emperour had alwayes his mirth greater then his feasts . and suctonius saith of titus , vespasians sonne , he had euer his table furnished with mirth and good company . and the old lord treasurer of england , lord william burghley , how emploied soeuer in state affaires , at his table hee would lay all businesse by , and bee heartily merry . charles the great vsed at his meates to haue some history read , whereof hee would afterwards discourse . and francis the first , king of france , would commonly dispute of history , cosmography , poetry . his maiesty our soueraigne , altogether in points and profound questions of diuinity . when i was in virocht , and liued at the table of that honourable gentleman , sir iohn ogle , lord gouernour , whither resorted many great schollers and captaines , english , scottish , french , and dutch , it had beene enough to haue made a scholler or souldier , to haue obserued the seuerall disputations and discourses among many strangers , one while of sundry formes of battailes , sometime of fortification , of fireworkes , history , antiquities , heraldrie , pronunciation of languages , &c. that his table seemed many times a little academic . in your discourse be free and affable , giuing entertainment in a sweete and liberall manner , and with a cheerefull courtesie , seasoning your talke at the table among graue and serious discourses , with conceipts of wit and pleasant inuention , as ingenious epigrammes , emblemes , anagrammes , merry tales , wittie questions and answers , mistakings , as a melancholy gentleman sitting one day at a table , where i was , started vp vpon the suddaine , and meaning to say , i must goe buy a dagger , by transposition of the letters , said : sir , i must goe dye a begger . a plaine country man being called at an assize to bee a witnesse about a piece of land that was in controuersie , the iudge calling , said vnto him , sirrha , how call you that water that runnes on the south-side of this close ? my lord ( quoth the fellow ) our water comes without calling . a poore souldier with his musket and rest in breda , came one day in , and set him downe at the nether end of the prince of orange his table , as he was at dinner ( whit●●r none might bee priuiledged vnder the degree of a gentleman at the least to come : ) the gentleman-vsher of the prince demanded of him , if hee were a gentleman : yes quoth the souldier , my father was a goldsmith of andwarpe : but what can you doe in your fathers trade , ( quoth he ) i can set stones in mortar , for he was a bricklaier , and helped masons in their workes . for epigrammes , pasquine will afford you the best and quickest i know . you shall haue them all bound in two volumes . i remember hee tells vs once vpon a sunday morning , pasquine had a sowle shirt put on , and being asked the cause , pasquine made answer , because my laundresse is become a countesse . you shall haue a taste of some of my anagram● such as they are . vpon the prince . carolvs . ô clarus . charles prince of wales . all fraunce cries , ô helpe vs. of the queene of bohemia and princesse palatine of the rhene , my gracious ladie , elisabetha stevarta , has artes beata velit . being requested by a noble and religious ladie , who was sister to the old lord , de la ware , to try what her name would afford , it gaue me this : iane west . entua iesû . and vpon the name of a braue and beautifull ladie , wife to sr. robert mordaunt , sonne and heire to sr. le straunge mordaunt knight and barronet in the country of norfolke : amie mordaunt . tumore dianam . tumore dianam . minerua , domat . me induat amor . nuda , ó te miram . vi tandem amor . vpon the name of a faire gentlewoman this in italian : anna dvdlaeia . e●la nuda diana . vpon a sweete and modest young gentlewoman , mistris maria mevtas . tuame amaris to comfort my selfe liuing in a towne , where i found not a scholler to conuerse withall , nor the kindest respect as i thought : i gaue this my poesie , the same backward and forward svbi dvra arvdibvs . of m. doctor hall deane of worcester , this , added to the body of a glorie , wherein was written iehouah in hebrew , resembling the deitie . ioseph hall all his hope . of a vertuous and faire gentlewoman at the request of my friend who bar● her good will : francis barney . barres in fancy . and this , theod●sia dixon . a deo dixit honos : or o dea , dixit honos . of my good friend m. doct. dowland , in regard hee had slipt many opportunities in aduancing his fortunes , and a rare lut●nist as any of our nation , beside one of our greatest masters of musicke for composing : i gaue him an embleme with this ; ioannes dovlandvs . annos iudendo hausi . there were at one time in rome very wittie and vnhappy libels cast forth vpon the whole cōsistory of cardinals in the nature of emblemes . i remember cardinal farnesi had for his part a storke deuouring a frogge , with this , mordeo non morde●tes . bellarmine a tiger fast chained to a post , in a scroule proceeding from the beasts mouth in italian : da mi mia libertà , vederete chi io sono : that is , giue me my libertie , you shall see what i am , meaning perhaps he would be no longer , &c. and those were very knauish that were throwne vp and downe the court of france , the escotcheon or armes of the partie on the one side of a pastboard , and some ingenious deuice on the other ; as one had the armes of the house of di medici of florence , on the one side , on the other an inkhorne with the mouth turned downward , with this tart pasquil : elle faut d'encre : and so of the whole court. emblemes and impresa's if ingeniously conceipted , are of daintie deuice and much esteeme . the inuention of the italian herein is very singular , neither doe our english wits come much behind them , but rather equall them euery way . the best that i haue seene , haue beene the deuises of ti●tings , whereof many are reserued in the priuate gallery at white hall , of sr. phillip sidn●ie's , the earle of cumberland , sr. henry leigh , the late earle of essex , with many others , most of which i once collected with intent to publish them , but the charge disswaded me . but aboue all , in your talke and discourse haue a care euer to speake the truth , remembring there is nothing that can more preiudice your esteeme then to be lauishtongued in speaking that which is false , and disgracefully of others in their absence . the persians and indians had a law , that whosoeuer had beene thrice conuicted of speaking vntruth , should vpon paine of death neuer speake word all his life after . cato would suffer no man to bee praised or dispraised , but vsed alwaies such discourse as was profitable to the hearers ; for as one saith , dict●ria minuum maiestatem . iestes and scoffes doe lessen mai●stie and greatnesse , and should be farre from great personages , and men of wisedome . chap. 16. of trauaile . i will conclude with trauaile , which many disallow in gentlemen , yea and some great trauellers themselues ; but mee thinkes they are as one who hath filled his owne belly , and denieth the dish to his fellow . in my opinion nothing rectifieth and confirmeth more the iudgment of a gentleman in forteine affaires , teacheth him knowledge of himselfe , and setleth his affection more sure to his owne country , then trauaile doth : for if it be the common law of nature , that the learned should haue rule ouer and instruct the ignorant , the experienced , the vnexperienced , what concerneth more nobility , taking place aboue other , then to be learned and wise ? and where may wisedome be had , but from many men , and in many places ? hereupon we find the most eminent and wise men of the world to haue beene the greatest trauailers ( to omit the patriarches and apostles themselues in holy writ ) as plato , pythagoras , aristotle , theophrastus , osyris king of aegypt , who trauelled a great part of the world , and caused to be engrauen vpon his sepulcher , heere vnder i lie king osyris , eldest sonne of saturne , who haue left no part of the world vnsearched , whitherto i haue not come , teaching againe whatsoeuer i haue found , for the vse and commoditie of mankinde . and xenophon to intimate vnto vs the benefit and excellent vse of trauaile , saith that cambyses , by his trauaile learned many excellent things , which he taught cyrus his sonne : and hauing trauailed as farre as mero● ( as a perpetuall monument of his long voyage ) he built a citie in the forme of a persian shield . and it was the vsuall boast of alexander ( said archelaus a cosmographer ) that he had found out more with his eies , then other kings were able to comprehend in thought : and to no small commendation of himselfe , menelaus in homer , reporteth that hee had beene in aegypt , cyprus , phoenicia , and seene thebes hauing an hundred gates , and at euery gate two hundred horse-men for the guard . but say some , few of our gentlemen are bettered by their trauaile , but rather returne home worse then they went in manners , and many times in religion , therefore it were better they ●arried still at home , according to clandian : fulix qui patrijs avum transegit in agris , ipsa domus puerum quem vid●t ipsa senem : qui bacule nit●●s , in qua repta●it arena , vni●● numerat sacula longa casa . hee 's blest who in 's owne countrie ends his daies , whose homestead see 's his old age and his birth , &c. but this happinesse is but pu●rorum bea●●tude , as one saith ; and the greatest vnhappinesse to the truly generous and industrious minde . if therefore you intend to trauell , you must first propound vnto your selfe ; the end , which either is ad v●luptatem vel ad vtilitatem , pleasure or profit . for the first , euery one naturally affecteth , and the foole himselfe is tickled with the sight of strange townes , towers and habits of people . therefore you must hold you to the other which is profit , which againe hath two branches , your owne priuate , or the publique ; your priuate , as the recouery of your health , by some outlandish meanes , as the water of the spaw , some phisitian , famous for his cure in such & such kinds , change of aire , or gaining as a merchant by trasique , or some profession wherein you excell others . the publique is the generall good of your countrey , for which we are all borne , it challenging a third part of vs. but before you trauaile into a strange countrey , i wish you ( as i haue heretofore said ) to be well acquainted with your owne ; for i know it by experience , that many of our yong gallants , haue gone ouer with an intent to passe by nothing vnseene , or what might bee knowne in other places ; when they haue beene most ignorant here in their owne natiue countrey , and strangers to their iust reproofe could discourse , and say more of england then they . in your passage , i must giue you in either hand a light , preseruation , and obseruation . preseruation of your minde , from errors , and ill manners ; of your bodie from distemperature , either by ouer eating , drinking , violent or venereal exercise . for there is not any nation in the world more subiect vnto surfets then our english are , whether it proceedeth frō the constitution of our bodies , ill agreeing with the hotter climates , or the exchange of our wholsome diet and plentie , for little and ill drest ; or the greedinesse of their fruits and hotte wines , wherewith onely wee are sometime constrained to fill our bellies , i am not certaine . no lesse perill there is , ab istis callidis & calidis soli●●●liabus , which almost in euery place will offer themselues , or be put vpon you by others . keepe the fountaine of your minde from being empoisoned , especially by those serpents , error and atheisme , which you shall finde lurking vnder the fairest flowers : and though you heare the discourses of all , and listen to the charmes of some , discouer your religion or minde to none , but resembling the needle of the compasse , howsoeuer for a while mooued or shaken , looke northerly , and be constant to one . to be carried away with euery fancie and opinion , is to walke with c●i● in the land of * giddinesse , the greatest punishment that god laied vpon him . before you enter into obseruation , first seeke the language that you may be fit for conference , and where the language is best spoken there settle , and furnish your selfe with the discreetest and most able masters . for as heere in england , so in other places , the language is spoken with more elegancie and puritie in some places more then others . for the french , orleans and thereabouts is esteemed the best . florence for the italian , lipsick for the high dutch , and valledolid for the spanish . to helpe you in coniugating your verbes , you may vse the helpe a while of a grammer of that language , but in generall you must expect your perfection from conference ; for hereby the true accent , and the natiue grace of pronunciation ( which no booke can teach ) is onely attained . now aswell for neighbourhood sake , as that the french tongue is chiefely affected among our nobility , it being a copious and a sweete language , wherein so many famous workes by as great wits as any euer europe bred , haue beene published : i wish you first of all to see france , being seated vnder a temperate and most wholesome climate , and shall not endanger your health so much , as being sent vpon the suddaine from a colde countrey , into the scorching heate of another more remote . i will not stand to make any topographicall description of the countrey , i being herein both preuented long since by a faithfull pen ; beside i remember i am to write onely one chapter , not a volume . you shall finde the french , i meane of the noblest and better sort , generally free and curteous , vnto whom euen among their princes , state and maiesticque retirednesse are burthensome , so that sometime you shall see them familiar with the meanest . la nouë speaking of the french nobilitie , saith elle est tres vallere●se & courtoise : et ● y à estat en la chrestienté , on elle soit 〈◊〉 si grand ●●●brè . they are exceeding valiant and curteous , and there is no estate in christendome where they are in so great number . they delight for the most part in horsemanship , fencing , hunting , dancing , and little esteeme of learning and gifts of the minde ; contrary to the custome of the ancient roman●s , as cate the cens●r , c●sar , pa●lus aemylius and many others , no lesse famous for knowledge then action ; whereof themselues and their friends oftentimes complaine . commi●●s layeth the fault vpon the remissenesse of parents in their education . il● nourissent leur enfans seulement à faire les s●ts , en habillements et en par●lles : de nulle le●tre ils n'ont cognoissance , they breed their children to play the wa●ton fooles , both in apparell and words , but as for learning they know nothing . the french are full of discourse , quicke witted , sudden in action , and generally light and inconstant ; which c●sar found long since , writing of them , quod sunt in consilijs capiendis mobiles , & nouis plerumque rebus student , and else-where , he calles galloru● subita & repentina consilia , moreouer as among the spanish and dutch , one fashion of apparell still obserued amongst them , argueth a constancie of minde and humour , so their change and varietie , their vainnesse and leuitie ; for euery two yeere their fashion altereth . their exercises are for the most part tennise play , pallemaile , shooting in the crosse-bow or peece , and dancing . concerning their dyet , it is nothing so good or plentifull as ours , they contenting themselues many times with meane viandes● onely in the solemne feasts , and banquets of entertainment , they are bountifull enough , yea farre exceede vs : as for the poore paisant , he is faine oftentimes to make vp his meale with a mushrome , or his grenoilles ( in english frogs , ) the which are in paris and many other places commonly sold in the market . concerning their building , is it very magnificent and i know not whether in all europe , any buildings may for maiesty and state be compared with those of france , ( though they haue beene miserably spoiled by the last ciuill wars ) they being the best architects of the world ; vpon the view of some of which ( as breathing on a faire hill ) i will detaine you a while . and first wee will begin with the lovure in paris . the lovure is the royall seate of the kings of france , famous throughout all europe , situate neere to the towne walles on the west side : by which ru●neth the riuer of se●●e , which in old time serued rather for a fortresse then a kings house , and herein was a tower wherein were kept the king● reuenues and treasure . which after by king francis the first , was pulled downe , and in this place was begun the building of the front , which is of masonry , so enriched with pillars , frizes , architr●●es and all sort of architecture with such excellent symmetry and beauty , that throughout all europe , you shall hardly finde the like . it was begunne by francis the first , finished by henry his sonne , vnder the appointment of the lord of clagny , and afterwards encreased by francis the second , charles the 9. last of all made the wonder of all other workes by that beautifull gallery , the worke of henry the 4. the tuilleries sometime belonged to the suburbes of saint honorè in paris , by the side of the lovure , and was indeed a place wherein they made tiles , and by reason there were many faire gardens about it , the queene mother drawing the plot her selfe , seeing it a pleasant and fit place , began first to build here . it is a roiall worke all of free stone . the portall or entrance is very stately of marble pillars and iasper . fontaineblea● is scituate in the forrest of biere , in a plaine encompassed with great woods , and was in olde time a retiring place for the kings of france . francis the first , who loued to build , tooke great pleasure in this seate and builded here the house , as we see it at this present ; the base court hereof is esteemed the fairest of all franc●● in the second court there is the purest and fairest fountaine esteemed in the world , wherefore it was called bell●●au● , and so fontaine belle 〈◊〉 . r. francis loued this place so well , that he spent most of his time here , beautifying it while hee liued with all sorts of commodities , goodly galleries , sto●es , &c. and caused the r●rest masters of europ● in painting tobe sent for , for the beautifying it with all manner of histories . also heere he placed the rarest antiquities he could get . in briefe , whatsoeuer he could wrap or wring , he thought too little for this place ; it is about 1. 4. leagues from paris . bl●is is an ancient castle 〈◊〉 from the riuer of lo●●e vpon an hill . here the old kings of france were wont to reside , especially louis the twelfth tooke delight in this place , who was called pater patri● . it hath belonging vnto it two goodly forrests , one on this side the riner , the other on the other . going forth of the gardens of the house , you passe into the forrest vnder foure rowes of elmes , at the least 12. hundred paces : this is rather remarkeable for the antiquity then the beauty . the towne standeth beneath , about the which are these faire places within 2. or 3. leagues , bury , b●●●●●gard , ville-sansm , chind●ny , and some others . amboise is one of the principall buildings of france , it also standeth vpon the loire vpon a high sea●● ; at the foote hereof is the towne , and neere that a goodly forrest : this castle is seene a great way off both by the hill , and the valley yeelding so goodly a prospect , as i neuer beheld a better , for from the terrasses that enuiron the castle , you may easily discerne tours and the abbay of mar●●●stier seauen leagues off ; the castle standeth vpon a rocke , at the foote whereof there is a cloister . this house is in picardi● , vpon the way from paris to soissons , distant from paris 16. leagues , 5. from soiss●n● ; it standeth close vpon the forrest of ret●● it is of very great receipt , as may appeare by the enclosure of the par●e . here king francis ( whose onely delight was in building ) for many yeares together set mason● a work● , the rather because it adioyned vnto the greatest ●orrest of all france , himselfe louing hunting exceedingly . here are the goodliest walkes in europe , for the tre●s themselues are placed in curious knots , as we vse to set our her●●s in gardens . charleval is in normandy vpon the way from paris to r●v●n , neere to the village of fl●●ry . it was built by charles the 9. at the instance of the lord of 〈◊〉 it standeth in a valley enclosed with mountaines aboue , which is the forrest of lyons : among ●hose mountaines are many goodly prospects one within another , it is 3. leagues by a pleasant valley easily discerned to the riuer seime● had it beene quite finished it had been● the chiefe building of france . this castle or royal house is called b●is de vin●●●● it is scituate within one league of paris , and two of saint denuis the place of buriall of the french kings , so that these three stand in a manner in a triangle . it is a very sumptuous worke and of admirable art : it was begun by charles countie of valeis , brother to philiy the faire , and finished a good while after by charles the fift . this house hath many faire courts in it , withall about it a parke , containing in circuit 16 , or 17. thousand pace● , which amount to two leagues and an halfe , stretching on the south , euen vnto the riuer of s●ine , and by north vnto the riuer of mar●● , which ioyning at the village of constuen●● ( so called of their meeting ) neere chare●●●●● fall downe vnto paris . this in ancient times was the vsuall court and abode of the french kings , but now little freequented , and falling in a manner to ruine . but i omit farther to speake as well of the royall houses , and those of the noblesse , being indeed the beauty of france . whereof there are many other , as s. ma●● , chen●ncean , chamb●●rg , boul●gu● , creil , coussie , folembray , montargis , s. germain and la mu●tl● , which are all the kings houses and worthy your view and regard , if you happen to finde them in your way . in briefe hold france for one of the most rich , fertilest , and brauest kingdomes of the world. and since spaine and france , are but one continent , let vs passe the pyrenean hils , and take some obseruations there . spaine lyeth southerly from france , in northerne latitude from 37. to 44. degrees or there about , in the same heigth and paralell with the azores ilands . it is farre hotter then fra●●e , a very dry country , yet abounding in sweet springs , riuers , and all sorts of fruites . pasture there is little or none in respect of the great heat , but infinitely furnished with vineyards , oliue trees , hauing corne sufficient saue onely in the skirts of the country , which are mountainous , hilly and barren , yet abounding in goates and other cattell . for victuals you shall finde it very scarce , not that the counttey affordeth not a sufficiency , but that the people beingby cōstitution , hot & dry , are not able to digest heauy and more solid meat , like vnto ours ; but rather chuse fruits , sallets and sweet meates , as mermalade , by them called membrillada ( for membrill● is a quince ) and conserues of all sorts , for coolenesse and lightnesse of digestion . the people are by nature generally proud and haughty , but withall very ciuill , faithfull to their friend , and aboue all to their prince , for seldome or neuer haue any of that nation bin known to haue bin traitors : their souldiers are infatigable , resolute , and obedient vnto their commanders , but withall lasciuiously giuen , and too cruell in victory . the gentry affect not the countrey , but desire to liue in walled townes altogether , where they dedicate themselues either to some imployment of state , or businesse of warre , saue such who are of the better sort , dedicated to the church , of whom there is at the least a third part . their habite in apparell is all one for colour and fashion , which hardly makes a distinction of parties ; onely they are discerned by their seruants ( in whom they obserue an excellent equipage ) their regelado horses , ca●oches and horselitters . the women are blacke , and little , but very well fauoured , and for discourse admirable : these haue a more eminent distinction of habit , and are all discerned by their apparell of what qualitie they are , they affect strangers much , and are liberall in their conuerse with them . the heart of the countrey is very scarce of fish , that which they haue , are either tons or pilchards , brought salted from biscay , on the one side , and from valencia on the other : yea , the church for want of fish is faine to giue a licence to cate the entrailes of beasts vpon fasting dayes . all their meate , fruits and bred are sold by the pound , and not except before an officer which they call alcalda , so that no stranger can be dec●iued either in waight or price . they treade their corne out with oxen in the fielde assoone as it is reaped , their mules and horses eating the straw with barley , for oates they are not so well acquainted with . it is a countrey for trauaile very combersome in respect of lodging and dyet , except when you come into the walled townes , where you shall according to their manner be accommodated well enough . they trauaile all on mules , keeping their horses for beautie and shew , putting them to no vse , saue onely to be led vp and downe . their coines are the best of europe , ●ince all their neighbours make a gaine of them , as a peece of eight reals ( or sixe pence of our money ) goeth in france for foure shillings & sixe pence : a doublon in gold , that which is a pistolet with them , being thirteene shillings , is in france and other places 29. reals , which is 14. s. 6. pence of our money . most of the coine that passeth for ordina●y and triuiall things , as wine , bread , melons , peaches , is of brasse , which they cal quartas and quartillias . of their marauedies , twenty make three pence . their buildings are faire and stately , and the king , though hee hath many goodly houses & palaces , as in siuill . granado , toledo , cordo●a , valladolid , &c. yet the esc●rial , seuen leagues from madrid , is the place where the king most resides , and this exceedes all the buildings of christendome , for beauty and curiosity in contriuing , to which i● adioyned one of the goodliest monasteries of the world , wherein are to be seene the rarest water-workes that men can deuise . spaine being diuided into many kingdomes or prouinces , you are allowed to carry about you , onely but an hundred reals ; what you haue aboue it is forfeited , and for that purpose , at euery bridge or passage where the countries part , you are to be searched . and i hope you haue heard so much of the inquisition and the danger thereof , that i shall not here need to giue you any caueat . na●arre affordeth , by reason of the mountaines , a very hard passage . whereof pampel●na is the chiefe citie , herein are the best muttons , and made the strongest wines : this countrey is so abundant in rosemary , that they make it their ordinary fewell in heating their ouens , and for their other vses . aragon aboundeth in wine and corne , which portugall so wanteth , that all the corne in that kingdome is not able to suffice lisbone onely , but they are faine to haue it of the bretaigners , hollanders , and from the azores ilands . last of all it is worthy the noting , how that in their vniuersities , as salamanca , alcala , c●nimbra , &c. and other of their colledges , they care little for the latine , but dispute and keepe their exercises in spanish or the portugueze tongue , yet haue they great schollers in all professions . thus haue i onely giuen you a taste how and what , especially to obserue in your trauaile . i willingly omit to speake of italie , germany , and other countries , by reason they haue beene so exactl● described by master sands and others , vnto whose ample discourses ( excepting your personall experience ) i referre you , it being here mine onely intent , but to giue you some few directions in generall : and so i conclude , wishing all happinesse to your selfe , and prosperous successe to your studies . finis . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a09195-e500 pindar . in ne●sis , ode 3. io●●es monach . in vita alexandri . regum 1. cap. 3. ver . 9. ignatius lib. epist. cap. 3. cicero . arist. in e●●icis . notes for div a09195-e1100 sy●●● in his fairy queene . nobilitie defined . aentas siluius lib. 4. de ge●●is alyhonsi . georg. f●s●●llus this happened at the councell of constance , where the doctors and knights were ( about some serious businesse ) diuided into two seueral assemblies . a pertinax , or stubborne , so sir-named , because he came from his father , who would haue made him a scholler , he choosing rather to be a wood-monger . capitolinus ● . see the treasure of times . ex historia lo●●●bard . the inge●●●ous reply of colonell edmonds . plutarch . in lycurgi & numa comp . machiauell . hist. floren●in . lib. 7. a described by lucian to be aged , b●ld , & wrinckled , browne coloured , clad with a lio●s skin , holding in his right hand a club , in his left a bow , with a q●●●er at his back , & long small chaines of gold and amber fastned through little holes to the tip of his tongue , drawing a multitude of people willing to ●ollow after him , onely shaddowing vnto vs the power of eloquence . plato in timaeo . pi●r . vak●●●● lib. 6. of bastardie . 1. question . a 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in andr●●eda . concerning vice and basenesse . concerning pouertie . 3. question . of aduocates and phisitians . 4. question . extat lex constantini , lib. 10. co●ici● . aristophanes in pluto . to whom was first giuen , being a deuoute and most religious king , the gift of curing the kings euill , whence it hath beene deriued to our kings of england his successors . of merchants 5. question . hippolitus à collibus , axiom , de nobilitate . chrysost , super mathaeum . francis. pa●●icium de repub. lib. 1. cap. 8. arist. politic . 7. cap. 4. of salomons merchants . see chronicles 2. cap. 1. verse 16. chron. 2. 9. verse 21. of mechanicall arts and artists . 6. question . xenophon in occ●●●mica . a faint and spent reason . ●ippolyt . à coll. in axiomat . nobilis atis . the fruit and vse of nobilitie . which was the office of a ba●on in ancient times . in lexic● . demost. oly●th . ● . a concord makes might hippolytu● à collibus . notes for div a09195-e4810 si ad naturam eximiam eruditi● accesseris 〈…〉 singulare quoddam existere sole● , cit. ●te a●chia po●ta . nic●phorus , lib. 17. cap. 40. regum . 1. cap. 4. 33. psalm . ● . prou. 15. plato , lib. 5. de re●ub . ecclesiast . 15. vo●isc●i● taci● . plutarch in corialano . eutropiu●● plutarch . alcia● . in emblem . iacob . wimphe 〈◊〉 . appian . notes for div a09195-e5500 plato p●litic . 6. in ph●●dre . the first and maine errors of masters . in e●bi● . cicero pro rose . comaedo . quintilian , lib. inst●ti● . 1. cap. 3. virgil. senec. de moribus . erasm. in epist. ad ( christianum iubece●sem . pl●● . epist. l●b . 4. clcero pr● plan● . conue●se with the learned better th● reading . iipsius in epist. plutarch . ad trasanum . phil●●●●● , 1 physic●rum . see m. doctor webbe his appeale to truth . georgio . 3. a augustus and octa●●us caesar. d●●ny●ius . 1. armelius . 〈…〉 &c. notes for div a09195-e6950 in gorgia . horac . lib. 3. ode 2. phili● de commines , lib. 1. seneca ad lucil. epist. 31. matres omnes silys in p●ccato & auxilio in paterna inu●ia e●se solem . terms . ● heaut●●● . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 1. de oratore . ier. 2. 21. shee is cited by b iewel in his apologie . in farragine episle larum . george buchanan . cicero offic. lib. 1. marcus cicero , cum pater abstin●●tis simus suiras , bi●os congros haurire ●olitus est ( test● plani● . ) temulen●●● impegis scyphum m. agrippa . valer. max. notes for div a09195-e8160 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 euripides in andromache . seneca de breuitate vitae , cap. 1. & 3. d. pezel 2. post●ll . melan●●l on . preferring ● o● eouer wickedly and prophanely the odes of pindar , before the psalmes of dauid . chrysoft . in epist. ad celoss . cap. 3. luke 11. 52. 2. tim. 2. 3. in vita alphonsi . eginardue in vita caroli magni . notes for div a09195-e8940 cicero 1. de orato●e . ci● . in prolog . r●●tor . an arte po●t . hen●icus oilauus angliae rex in cysstola quadam ad erasmum ro●crod . in farragi●● epist. a exod. 4. cicero . tacitus in oratore . ad atticum , lib. 13. caesar. cicero , lib. 4. de claris oratoribus . quintilian . lib. 10. a● filium . corn. tacitus . t. liuius . q. curtius . t●liad 6. salustius . scaliger pe●t . lib. 4 cap. 24. xenophon . speciall history . history , how diuided . a●●●id . 6. cic. 2. de oratore . the old lord treasurer burleigh , if any one came to the i. i. of the counsell , for a licence to trauaile , he would first examine him of england ; if he found him ignorant , would bid him slay at home and know his own countrey first . his britannia with the life of queene elizabeth . his lanus angl. titles of honour . together with his ma●e clausum , though not yet printed . the iniurie polydore virgil , did to our nation . diodorus sicula . plutarch , how highly valewed among the learned . the iust praise of seneca . in vita seneca . the late published life of henrie the seauenth . seneca epist. 109. the epistles of bookes , oft times the best peece of them . how to keepe your bookes . the answer of king alphonsus , concerning vitru●ius . mappes and pictures . notes for div a09195-e11760 a meridians , paralels , &c. the necessity of cosmography . * thermopylae that long hill of greece through which there is a straight & a narrow passage environed with a rough sea and deepe senne ; so called from the wels of who● waters which are there among the rocks . cosmography a sweet and pleasant study . the principles of geometry first to be learned . vide clerian . in sacr●bos●● , ed●t●●l● . the planets in their order . a merry tale of two poore schollers and their host. diuision of the spheare . the aequinoctiall line . the zodiack . the colures . the horizon the meridian longitude . latitude . of the tropickes . the arcticke circle . the antarcticke circle . the sea. a gulfe . a streight . a hauen . a lake . of the earth . a continent . an iland . an isthmus . peninsula . a cape . ptolo●i●s method best to be obserued . the sundry errors of historians and others , for want of skill in geography what to obserue in a strange countrey . of the mariners compasse . washing of mappes and globes in colours , very profitable to a learner . notes for div a09195-e14080 countries had not their scituations by chance . the wit and constitution of men , according to the temper of the body . mountainers more barbarous , then those of the vallies . of the ocean , the diuers & wonderfull motions therof . and so swift , that from moabar to maedagascar ( or the i le of s. laurence ) they may come in twentie daies , but are not able to re●nne in 3. moneths . so from spain into america in thirty daies , but cannot returne in three monthes . iul. c. scaliger , excre . 37. the strange properties of floods and lakes . beasts & birds vseful to man , liue in heards and flocks . of the creatures in hot and cold countries . of riuers . of certaine ilands cast vp by seas and riuers . many countries againe lost by inundation . strabo lib. 1. great brittaine supposed to haue beene one continent with france . see olaus magnus his description of the northerne parts of the world . at swartwale neere brill in holland , is to be seene a mermaides dead body hanging vp . a●ist . lib. me●●or . 1. cap. 4. ptolom . cap. 6. alphrag 〈◊〉 disert . 14. augustine . m. hughes de vs● globiyr . at frankford , amsterdam , and turned into french. m. edward wright de vs● sphera . notes for div a09195-e15710 lacrius lib. 4. wisedome chap. 11. petrach de regno lib. 2. ● . 14. protiu in eucl●d . lib. 2. c. 14. martianus capellain geem . precleses in euclid . lib. 2. c. 4. see the hungarian history . whence couch had the name agellius l. 10 cap. 12. scaliger ●uercis . 326. ad cardanum . horat. lib. 1. c●rm . ode ●8 . bartas le 6 〈◊〉 du 1. semain . plin. l. 7. c. 21. & lib. 36. c. 5. varr● de ling● a latin. lib. 6. iunius lib. animad cap. 6. plin. lib. 7. cap. 21. pliny lib. 10. cap. 29. ex●rcitat . 326 carl. rhodigin . lib. 8. cap. 3. p. ●onius & sabellicus is suppleme● : hist. lib. 24. this heauen was carried by 12. men before solyman , and taken to peeces and set vp againe by the maker . plutarch in marcello . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 psalm . 24. notes for div a09195-e16900 plato in p●●dro . 〈…〉 hil. in prologo psalm . psal. 80. psal. 90. psal. 1. psalm . 104. * the place to this day is called rowlands vallie , and was in times past a great pilgrimage , there being a chappell built ouer the tombe , & dedicated to our ladie , called commonly but corruptly our ladie of rouceuall . panormitan , lib. 1. de geslis alphensi . a who gaue him , it is thought , his mannor of ewhilme in oxfordslhire . to charles the eight & lewis the twelfth . prudence . in poetie . lib. 3. qui & idea , ca. 25. aeneid , 11. par●ise ciuibus . aneid . 4. sweetnesse . aeneid . 11. aeneid . 9. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 pale scal. lib. 3. p●c● cap. 27. * phalari●a . aeneid . 4. aeneid . 11. ouid. virgilium 〈◊〉 v●di . vide surium , in commentari● retum in orbe gestarum . anne 1581. fol. 1026. horace . scaliger poet. lib. 6. totius t●●aco●●●usis rex . iuvenal . persius . martial . lucane . seneca . claudian , ignobili subiecte oppressus . statius . propertius . plautus . terence . buchanan . iul. cas. scaliger . ioseph of exeter . sir thomas more . william lillie . sir thomas challoner . sir geoffrey chaucer . gower . lydgate . harding , skelton . henrie batle of surrey . sir thomas wyat. northmimmes in herford-shire neere to s. albanes . notes for div a09195-e22240 deut. 32. * it was an instrumēt three square , of 72. strings , of incomparable sweetnesse . “ answering one another in the quire. chron. 2. ca. 5. ver . 12. and 13. i● lib. de a●gore animi . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 odyll . 8. arist. politic. cicero t●sc . quast . lib. 1. erasm. in farragine epist. d. of venosa the iust praise of maurice lan●graue of hessen . 〈…〉 . 〈…〉 . m. william ●yrd . ludouice de victoria . luca mar●nzio . horatio 〈◊〉 . horatio vecchi . giou 〈◊〉 croce peter phillips . boschett● his motets of 8. parts , printed in rome 1594. polyb. lib. 4. cap. 7. iulian imperat. in epist. ad antioch . rhetorique and musicke their affinitie . the strange effects and properties of musicall proportions . notes for div a09195-e24270 the manifold vse of painting or l●●ning . iob : 9. 16. * 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . lomazi●e alber● . durer . ●ub gol●●ius . michael angelo . ha●ns holben . a he painted the chappell at white hall , and s. iames ioseph of arimathia , lazarus rising from the dead , &c. were his . ioan. sha●●● , witrix . crispin de pas●e of painting in oyle . of preparing your table for an oyle picture . a the fi●●er for our yealow ruffes . * the modell of the steeple of the cheefe church in florence notes for div a09195-e29800 lib. 1. dionysius halicarna● antiquit . rom. lib. 2 bal●asar ayala de●nic & off●●s bell. lib. 1. i●n . lib. 1. & 〈◊〉 . lib. 16 cap. 4. & dion . halicarn . lib. 2. antiquit . rom. livi●● l. ● . 9. cicero offic. lib. 3. flor. l. 2. cap. 18. vide no●●um marecellum . lib. 3. cicero lib. 2. delegitus . de laprimitive institution d●s ●●ys , herauldz et poursus vans d' armes . girald . camb. ●iv . lib. 8. iosephus . plutarch in vita pelop●●a . arist 〈◊〉 lib. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 . iosephus lib. 3. xenophon . de cyri. paed . lib. 7. curtius lib. 3. martij pueri . porcina srons , pitrius lib. 9. hierog . 〈◊〉 . the corte of portugall . osorius de r●gis institutions . d. of bavaria . m freeherus in origine , palasina● . verslegan . 〈◊〉 . freherus . dr origine yala● . solymans opinion of the emperour charles . holinshead in the t●●le of scotland . the originall of the noble family of the ha●es in scotland . aluares de violla . fields of equall composition . the fesse . remaines . m. guillim in his display . of difference by the bordure . tillet . tillet . * alduham . a sandrige . a 〈…〉 so that iames was atturney generall vnto henry , & now henry vnto iames. m. iohn woodhouse . * in norfolk . master ●ug . vincent . notes for div a09195-e38360 in l. sol●●● . ● . de alea lusu & ale●●● . of horsemanship . of tilting and torneaments . guide panci●llo . in lib de reb . no viter re●ertis , tit . 20. nicetas , lib. 3. of throwing , leaping , and wrestling . of running . c. casar in epistolis . a to cure the smalnes●e of his voice , he would vsually run vp a hil , a fit embleme for such as when they haue ascended the heigth of preferment , both looke and speak big . of leaping . of swimming . liv. lib. 2. decad. 1. the resolute aduenture of gerrard and haruey in 88. of shooting . langius , lib. 2. epist. 59. quercetan . in diatetico poly . hist. sect. 2. cap. 11. iul. firmicus lib. 5. , cap. 8. melancthon lib. 5. chron● . folio 789. budaus de venatione & aucup●o . concil au●el . cap. 4. agath●usi . 55. epanneusi . ● . 4 ● . ex●● . de clerico ●enatore . volatteran , lib. 7. av●iq● . ionius in barnaba . 〈◊〉 lib. 7. notes for div a09195-e39960 ecclesiastic . psal. 1● 9. 9. athenaeus lib. 5. cap. 4. diodorus lib. 20. 1. magnus lib. 7. cap. 17. erasim lib. 6. apotheg . ca spartians . xi●hilinus . plutarch . in philo●●m . philip commines , c. 34. ludouis viues . in emblem . of frugalitie . iustine . plutarch in philopoemen . ci● pro deiotaro . iulia●us 〈◊〉 decura ●urio : plutarch in aristide . the modesty and humility of charles the fifth . the duke of norfol●● . machiauest● in host. florent . in philopoem . plutarch . of diet. seneca rhet. 7. cicero pro caetio . pluta●●h de sanitate tuenda . plutarch . in scylla . sab●ll . em●●ad . 2. su●toni●● . euery romane penny was about seuen pence halfe penny of our mony . c. rh●digi● . lib. 6. cap. 35. suidas & politian . lib. 15 miscellan . drinking the destruction of wit , & plague of our english gentry . inv●nal . saty● . drunkennes not many yeares since very rare in england . plin lib 4. historia sub finem . prouerb . 23. ecclesiast . 31. vers . ●7 . athena●s . sleidan lib. 19 affability in discourse . this hapned in norfolke . of a souldier of breda . pasqu●●e , a marble image in rome , on which they v●e to sixe libels . because an earle in rome had marryed a chamber-maide . plato saith , it is onely allowed , physitions to lie for the comfort of the sicke . notes for div a09195-e42810 d●●●ys . halicarna●● . d●●●er . s●c . lib. 1. di●g l●ers . lib. 2. in vita arthel . lipsiu● . * nod. gene. 4. m. dallington . casar com. 3. the lovure . the tuilleries fontaineblea● . bl●is . amboise . villiers cos●ere●● . charleval . the castle of 〈◊〉 . of spaine . yet the finest wooll is of s●g●uia .