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         Maddison, Ralph, Sir.
      
       
         This text is an enriched version of the TCP digital transcription A06731 of text R212274 in the  English Short Title Catalog (STC 17178). Textual changes  and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more  computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life.  The text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with  MorphAdorner. The annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). Textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish.  This text has not been fully proofread 
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         EarlyPrint Project
         Evanston,IL, Notre Dame, IN, St. Louis, MO
         2017
         A06731
         STC 17178
         ESTC R212274
         99835831
         99835831
         56
         
           
            This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of
             Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal
            . The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.
          
        
      
       
         Early English books online.
      
       
         (EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A06731)
         Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 56)
         Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1475-1640 ; 850:15)
      
       
         
           
             Englands looking in and out Presented to the High Court of Parliament now assembled. By the author R.M. Knight.
             Maddison, Ralph, Sir.
          
           [8], 28 p.
           
             Printed by T. Badger for H. Mosley, and are to be sold at his shop at the Princes Armes in Saint Pauls Church-yard,
             London :
             1640.
          
           
             R.M. = Ralph Maddison, whose name appears on a3r.
             The first leaf is blank.
             Reproductions of the original in the British Library.
             Appears at UMI microfilm "Early English books, 1475-1640" reel 850 and at UMI microfilm "Early English books, 1641-1700" reel 260 (same copy filmed twice).
          
        
      
    
     
       
         eng
      
       
         
           Money -- England -- Early works to 1800.
        
      
    
       A06731  R212274  (STC 17178).  civilwar no Englands looking in and out. Presented to the High Court of Parliament now assembled. By the author R.M. Knight. Maddison, Ralph, Sir 1640    10250 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 B  The  rate of 3 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the B category of texts with fewer than 10 defects per 10,000 words. 
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           ENGLANDS
           LOOKING
           IN
           AND
           OVT
           .
           Presented
           to
           the
           High
           COURT
           of
           PARLIAMENT
           now
           Assembled
           .
        
         
           By
           the
           Author
           
             R.
             M.
          
           Knight
           .
        
         
           
             LONDON
             ,
          
           Printed
           by
           
             T.
             Badger
          
           for
           
             H
             Mosley
             ,
          
           and
           are
           to
           be
           sold
           at
           his
           Shop
           at
           the
           Princes
           Armes
           in
           Saint
           
             Pauls
          
           CHURCH-YARD
           1640.
           
        
      
       
       
       
         
           The
           humble
           request
           of
           Sir
           
             Ralph
             Maddison
          
           KNIGHT
           ,
           to
           the
           Honourable
           House
           of
           COMMONS
           ,
           
             Die
             Martis
             primo
             Decembris
          
           1640.
           
        
         
           THat
           it
           would
           please
           this
           Honourable
           Assemblie
           of
           the
           House
           of
           Commons
           ,
           to
           take
           into
           their
           consideration
           the
           decay
           of
           our
           Kingdomes
           commodities
           ,
           and
           especially
           the
           Wools
           of
           this
           kingdom
           of
           late
           yeares
           much
           decayed
           in
           price
           ;
           which
           (
           if
           it
           continue
           )
           will
           assuredly
           pull
           downe
           the
           revenue
           of
           King
           and
           subject
           ,
           to
           the
           unspeakeable
           losse
           of
           all
           in
           generall
           .
        
         
           Which
           your
           humble
           petitioner
           conceiveth
           to
           come
           by
           two
           speciall
           or
           principall
           wayes
           or
           meanes
           ,
           both
           of
           them
           worthy
           of
           your
           High
           and
           Noble
           consideration
           ;
           namely
           ,
           the
           overballancing
           of
           Trade
           in
           commerce
           with
           Strangers
           ,
           And
           the
           marchandizing
           Exchange
           by
           bills
           used
           betweene
           us
           and
           strangers
           ;
           both
           which
           doe
           tend
           to
           ,
           and
           in
           truth
           doe
           drive
           out
           our
           kingdomes
           Coine
           both
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           for
           the
           making
           up
           the
           unequall
           and
           prejudiciall
           ballance
           of
           Trade
           ,
           and
           the
           Vsurious
           and
           Canker-eating
           contracts
           daily
           practised
           betweene
           us
           and
           strangers
           ,
           and
           especially
           the
           Bankers
           the
           first
           movers
           therein
           .
        
         
           And
           because
           the
           words
           (
           ballance
           of
           Trade
           ,
           or
           commerce
           and
           marchandizing
           Exchange
           )
           must
           of
           force
           bee
           mentioned
           because
           they
           are
           the
           words
           of
           art
           of
           science
           well
           knowne
           to
           many
           in
           this
           Honourable
           Assembly
           ,
           who
           have
           beene
           versed
           
           by
           Trade
           or
           Travell
           in
           forraine
           parts
           :
           Yet
           because
           I
           suppose
           there
           be
           more
           here
           assembled
           that
           have
           not
           beene
           ver●ed
           ,
           or
           given
           their
           mind
           to
           Marchandizing
           businesse
           ;
           I
           humbly
           crave
           pardon
           ,
           if
           I
           be
           bold
           (
           for
           the
           help
           of
           all
           mens
           understanding
           herein
           )
           to
           explaine
           these
           words
           in
           as
           few
           words
           as
           I
           can
           .
        
         
           And
           first
           ,
           of
           (
           Ballance
           )
           all
           men
           doe
           know
           what
           it
           meaneth
           in
           buying
           and
           selling
           at
           home
           ,
           but
           the
           word
           (
           Trade
           )
           put
           thereto
           ,
           is
           obscure
           ,
           till
           it
           be
           opened
           .
        
         
           Ballance
           of
           Trade
           then
           ,
           is
           the
           computation
           ,
           or
           taking
           the
           account
           or
           valuation
           of
           all
           the
           marchandize
           exported
           or
           imported
           into
           this
           kingdome
           every
           yeare
           ;
           which
           (
           being
           cast
           up
           )
           may
           tell
           us
           whether
           wee
           get
           or
           lose
           ,
           or
           what
           losse
           or
           gaine
           commeth
           to
           the
           kingdomes
           Commerce
           that
           yeare
           the
           Ballance
           is
           cast
           up
           .
           And
           if
           it
           be
           found
           that
           we
           import
           more
           than
           we
           export
           ,
           then
           that
           which
           doth
           want
           of
           making
           the
           ballance
           equall
           ,
           must
           be
           fulfilled
           with
           our
           kingdomes
           stocke
           or
           store
           of
           mony
           ;
           which
           (
           in
           processe
           of
           time
           )
           will
           eate
           up
           ,
           or
           consume
           (
           to
           a
           small
           portion
           )
           our
           moneys
           that
           should
           beat
           or
           maintaine
           our
           home-commerce
           and
           markets
           ;
           (
           per
           consequence
           )
           lessen
           the
           prices
           of
           our
           Woolls
           ,
           Corne
           ,
           Lands
           ,
           and
           what
           not
           ?
           for
           this
           is
           infallibly
           true
           in
           common
           sence
           ,
           that
           where
           much
           money
           is
           ,
           there
           the
           prices
           are
           greater
           ;
           and
           where
           little
           money
           is
           ,
           there
           the
           prices
           of
           all
           things
           are
           lesse
           ,
           and
           goe
           low
           .
           Hence
           it
           was
           ,
           and
           will
           be
           said
           this
           proverbe
           ,
           
             Regina
             pecunia
             donat
             ,
          
           for
           money
           will
           beare
           rule
           in
           price
           in
           despight
           of
           all
           men
           that
           say
           no
           .
           But
           I
           do
           conjecture
           (
           as
           some
           have
           said
           to
           my selfe
           )
           some
           in
           this
           assembly
           will
           say
           ;
           How
           is
           it
           possible
           that
           all
           goods
           or
           marchandize
           ,
           going
           out
           of
           this
           Realme
           and
           comming
           in
           should
           be
           accounted
           ?
           This
           is
           a
           thing
           that
           to
           some
           wise
           men
           doth
           seeme
           impossible
           .
           To
           this
           I
           answer
           ,
           It
           is
           no
           new
           thing
           ,
           that
           the
           valuation
           or
           rate
           or
           price
           of
           all
           goods
           going
           out
           and
           into
           this
           Realme
           ,
           hath
           beene
           put
           into
           bookes
           duely
           kept
           in
           every
           port
           of
           this
           kingdome
           ,
           and
           once
           a
           yeare
           at
           a
           certaine
           time
           all
           brought
           into
           the
           Kings
           remembrancers
           office
           in
           the
           Exchequer
           ,
           and
           there
           to
           be
           collected
           and
           made
           up
           into
           one
           grosse
           summe
           of
           all
           out
           bound
           and
           another
           grosse
           summe
           of
           all
           in
           bound
           goods
           ;
           
           whereby
           the
           King
           might
           (
           as
           in
           a
           mirrour
           )
           see
           the
           face
           of
           his
           common
           weale
           whether
           it
           grew
           fat
           or
           leane
           ;
           And
           this
           (
           under
           favourable
           correction
           be
           it
           spoken
           )
           was
           one
           amongst
           other
           causes
           wherefore
           custome
           of
           old
           was
           due
           to
           the
           King
           by
           common
           reason
           or
           law
           ,
           for
           maintenance
           of
           the
           officers
           that
           attended
           this
           care
           in
           every
           Port
           ,
           and
           is
           so
           ancient
           as
           in
           
             Henry
          
           the
           third
           his
           time
           it
           was
           called
           (
           the
           old
           custome
           :
           )
           before
           all
           memory
           of
           Record
           :
           This
           may
           suffice
           in
           brevity
           for
           the
           words
           ,
           
             Ballance
             of
             Trade
             .
          
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           the
           word
           exchange
           ,
           all
           know
           what
           it
           is
           to
           make
           a
           change
           ;
           Marchandizing
           Exchange
           is
           knowne
           onely
           to
           Marchants
           ,
           and
           those
           that
           in
           forraine
           Travell
           have
           used
           it
           :
           And
           few
           of
           either
           sort
           doe
           know
           the
           par
           or
           equall
           exchange
           of
           Coynes
           betweene
           forrainers
           and
           us
           .
        
         
           Exchange
           of
           Marchants
           was
           first
           invented
           for
           saving
           of
           portage
           and
           keeping
           of
           moneys
           at
           home
           in
           every
           kingdom
           ,
           beside
           the
           hazard
           that
           might
           befall
           in
           carrying
           of
           Treasure
           (
           as
           luggage
           )
           from
           kingdome
           to
           kingdome
           ,
           which
           otherwise
           ,
           upon
           every
           severall
           contract
           (
           made
           to
           be
           paid
           forrainly
           )
           would
           bee
           exported
           ;
           and
           every
           Traveller
           beyond
           the
           Seas
           should
           carry
           his
           expending
           mony
           with
           him
           .
           But
           now
           ,
           if
           by
           equall
           or
           disadvantageous
           exchange
           a
           man
           deliver
           an
           hundred
           pounds
           here
           to
           bee
           paid
           so
           much
           like
           quantity
           of
           gold
           or
           silver
           againe
           there
           beyond
           Seas
           ;
           this
           both
           keepeth
           the
           money
           at
           home
           .
           But
           if
           by
           unequall
           exchange
           a
           gaine
           may
           bee
           had
           by
           overvaluing
           of
           our
           money
           beyond
           Seas
           ,
           as
           now
           they
           be
           overvalued
           ,
           especially
           in
           
             France
             ,
          
           not
           only
           a
           Marchant
           making
           contract
           as
           aforesaid
           ,
           or
           a
           Traveller
           not
           knowing
           the
           mystery
           ,
           shall
           lose
           ten
           or
           more
           in
           the
           hundred
           .
           And
           the
           Marchant
           observer
           of
           the
           mystery
           ,
           (
           for
           the
           gaine
           had
           thereby
           )
           export
           the
           money
           
             in
             specie
             ,
          
           but
           more
           especially
           gold
           ,
           when
           visibly
           without
           change
           of
           species
           he
           may
           retaine
           ten
           of
           those
           pieces
           and
           more
           in
           the
           hundred
           ,
           and
           there
           with
           ninety
           pieces
           pay
           the
           hundred
           pieces
           received
           here
           ;
           and
           this
           is
           the
           overt
           or
           open
           fallacy
           ,
           now
           too
           frequently
           in
           
             France
          
           practised
           upon
           or
           by
           the
           denomination
           of
           that
           coine
           :
           But
           there
           is
           another
           more
           secret
           which
           is
           practised
           by
           Exchangers
           to
           bee
           considered
           from
           the
           finenesse
           of
           the
           coine
           ;
           
           wherein
           is
           to
           be
           noted
           ,
           that
           all
           Princes
           coines
           are
           not
           alike
           ,
           for
           some
           have
           more
           Ailay
           or
           Copper
           mixt
           with
           the
           gold
           or
           silver
           ,
           which
           were
           a
           long
           discourse
           to
           enter
           into
           ,
           and
           upon
           agitation
           of
           this
           businesse
           of
           Exchange
           ,
           will
           be
           opened
           sufficiently
           there
           being
           only
           two
           chiefe
           wayes
           of
           deceit
           ;
           denomination
           ,
           or
           open
           deceit
           ;
           The
           second
           ,
           intrinsicke
           or
           inward
           value
           ,
           consisting
           in
           the
           mixture
           of
           Copper
           more
           or
           lesse
           put
           into
           the
           gold
           or
           silver
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           not
           unknowne
           that
           there
           bee
           other
           great
           causes
           which
           doe
           hinder
           our
           prizes
           and
           procure
           damage
           to
           our
           home
           commodities
           ;
           namely
           ,
           exportation
           of
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           ,
           diversion
           of
           bullion
           and
           home-consumption
           of
           gold
           and
           silver
           ,
           Inhancing
           of
           our
           moneys
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           in
           forraine
           parts
           ,
           and
           especially
           in
           
             France
          
           as
           aforesaid
           ,
           and
           home-bred
           monopolian
           practises
           ;
           all
           which
           will
           fall
           into
           consideration
           upon
           the
           handling
           of
           the
           two
           first
           causes
           above
           said
           .
        
         
           Whereupon
           my
           humble
           request
           is
           you
           would
           be
           pleased
           to
           cause
           the
           Ballance
           of
           Trade
           to
           be
           truly
           cast
           up
           and
           presented
           unto
           you
           with
           all
           speed
           ,
           as
           also
           to
           take
           notice
           how
           the
           exchange
           goeth
           betweene
           us
           and
           forraigne
           Marchants
           .
           And
           (
           if
           both
           be
           found
           prejudiciall
           )
           to
           set
           such
           convenient
           remedy
           as
           hath
           beene
           formerly
           in
           ancient
           time
           used
           ,
           or
           by
           your
           grave
           wisedomes
           be
           found
           more
           agreeable
           to
           these
           moderne
           times
           ;
           And
           hee
           shall
           ever
           rest
           a
           devoted
           servant
           unto
           our
           King
           and
           Country
           ,
           with
           his
           hartie
           prayers
           for
           prosperity
           of
           both
           .
        
         
           
             R.
             M.
             
          
        
      
    
     
       
       
         
           DREAD
           Soveraigne
           ,
           and
           Right
           Honourable
           Lords
           ,
           with
           the
           Honourabl
           House
           of
           Commons
           :
           For
           unto
           you
           all
           ,
           I
           humbly
           present
           these
           my
           Labours
           ,
           (
           for
           that
           it
           doth
           concerne
           every
           one
           ,
           from
           the
           King
           to
           the
           Beggar
           )
           expecting
           neither
           profit
           nor
           praise
           for
           the
           same
           ,
           
             Ministerium
             oblatum
             ne
             sordescat
             .
          
           My
           single
           duty
           bindeth
           me
           ,
           (
           as
           a
           member
           in
           a
           Ship
           in
           time
           of
           distresse
           ,
           )
           to
           put
           to
           my
           hand
           to
           worke
           in
           the
           same
           .
        
         
           One
           of
           the
           Leakes
           in
           this
           Ship
           or
           house
           ,
           is
           the
           running
           out
           or
           leaking
           of
           our
           monies
           into
           other
           lands
           by
           way
           of
           overballancing
           in
           Trade
           or
           Marchandizing
           Exchange
           ,
           or
           both
           ;
           the
           two
           principall
           causes
           of
           our
           trades
           decay
           ,
           and
           want
           of
           monies
           .
        
         
           And
           for
           that
           Marchandizing
           Exchange
           is
           mysticall
           ,
           and
           full
           of
           secret
           deceit
           ,
           chiefely
           nourished
           and
           directed
           by
           the
           Bankers
           or
           lenders
           of
           monies
           beyond
           Seas
           for
           unconscionable
           gaine
           ;
           and
           (
           by
           secret
           or
           close
           conveyance
           )
           to
           worke
           out
           and
           carry
           away
           our
           bullion
           or
           monies
           in
           specie
           ,
           as
           it
           hath
           been
           divers
           yeares
           ,
           and
           yet
           is
           visibly
           seene
           in
           France
           ,
           and
           other
           parts
           beyond
           the
           Seas
           ;
           Therefore
           (
           imitating
           herein
           the
           wisest
           of
           men
           )
           I
           shall
           seeke
           out
           plaine
           and
           easie
           words
           to
           expresse
           the
           same
           ;
           not
           tying
           my selfe
           to
           the
           words
           of
           Art
           ,
           thereby
           endeavouring
           to
           facilitate
           ,
           and
           make
           the
           difficulty
           thereof
           easie
           to
           every
           mans
           understanding
           not
           versed
           therein
           ,
           (
           if
           they
           have
           a
           desire
           :
           )
           Wherein
           I
           shall
           observe
           the
           Method
           of
           the
           wisest
           Instructor
           ,
           who
           first
           created
           the
           light
           to
           enlighten
           the
           succeeding
           world
           ,
           and
           after
           manifested
           the
           creatures
           by
           the
           same
           ;
           So
           I
           shall
           (
           God
           willing
           )
           first
           open
           the
           use
           of
           the
           Marchant
           Exchange
           ,
           and
           after
           set
           forth
           some
           abuses
           of
           the
           same
           to
           all
           mens
           understanding
           ,
           and
           lastly
           ,
           the
           remedy
           .
           So
           ,
           praying
           to
           God
           to
           prosper
           your
           labours
           in
           all
           happinesse
           ,
           I
           rest
           Your
           humble
           and
           devoted
           Subject
           and
           Servant
           .
        
         
           
             Ralphe
             Maddison
             
               Knight
               .
            
          
        
      
       
       
         
           IN
           the
           first
           place
           then
           it
           behooveth
           to
           shew
           the
           composing
           of
           the
           weight
           of
           silver
           and
           gold
           ;
           Silver
           weight
           is
           thus
           composed
           :
           A
           pound
           Troy
           containeth
           twelve
           ounces
           ;
           an
           Ounce
           containeth
           twentie
           pennie
           weight
           ,
           a
           pennie
           weight
           containeth
           twentie
           foure
           graines
           of
           wheat
           ,
           taken
           out
           of
           the
           middest
           of
           the
           wheat
           eare
           ,
           
             et
             e
             converso
             ,
          
           24.
           graines
           taken
           out
           of
           the
           middst
           of
           the
           wheat
           eare
           doe
           make
           a
           penny
           weight
           ;
           twenty
           penny
           weight
           doe
           make
           an
           ounce
           ,
           and
           twelve
           ounces
           do
           make
           a
           pound
           Troy
           .
        
         
           Where
           note
           ,
           that
           a
           pound
           Taile
           is
           but
           foure
           ounces
           ,
           which
           before
           King
           
             Henry
          
           the
           Sixt
           his
           time
           ,
           was
           all
           one
           with
           the
           pound
           Troy
           ,
           he
           then
           did
           raise
           it
           by
           prerogative
           to
           30.
           pence
           the
           ounce
           ,
           which
           caused
           the
           price
           of
           an
           ounce
           of
           silver
           to
           passe
           at
           that
           price
           in
           currant
           payment
           betwixt
           man
           and
           man
           ;
           and
           a
           pound
           weight
           Troy
           to
           passe
           at
           30s
           which
           before
           was
           but
           20s
           .
           Thus
           by
           dividing
           the
           ounce
           Troy
           into
           so
           many
           more
           peeces
           ,
           hee
           lost
           so
           much
           in
           his
           revenues
           ,
           customes
           ,
           and
           other
           duties
           belonging
           to
           him
           ,
           as
           he
           had
           multiplied
           the
           pence
           in
           number
           ,
           and
           this
           is
           called
           ,
           raising
           the
           Coine
           in
           denomination
           .
        
         
           And
           in
           successe
           of
           time
           ,
           between
           
             Henry
          
           the
           Sixt
           ,
           and
           the
           beginning
           of
           
             Edward
          
           the
           sixth
           his
           time
           ,
           the
           ounce
           was
           raised
           to
           sixtie
           pence
           ,
           and
           so
           it
           remained
           ever
           since
           constant
           ,
           notwithstanding
           the
           raising
           of
           it
           in
           forraigne
           parts
           ;
           for
           it
           was
           found
           by
           experience
           of
           our
           former
           raisings
           ,
           that
           raising
           of
           the
           ounce
           weight
           ,
           was
           but
           a
           temporarie
           remedy
           to
           keepe
           the
           monies
           at
           home
           ,
           and
           stood
           no
           longer
           then
           they
           raised
           againe
           beyond
           Seas
           ;
           This
           may
           suffice
           for
           the
           weight
           of
           silver
           ,
           consisting
           
           now
           of
           sixtie
           pence
           the
           ounce
           ,
           twelve
           ounces
           to
           the
           pound
           Troy
           .
        
         
           The
           gold
           pound
           being
           the
           same
           in
           weight
           with
           the
           silver
           is
           otherwise
           composed
           in
           other
           termes
           ;
           as
           thus
           ,
           The
           Gold
           casteth
           away
           the
           name
           of
           penny
           weight
           ,
           thus
           ,
           A
           pound
           weight
           of
           Troy
           of
           pure
           Gold
           is
           said
           to
           bee
           24.
           
           Carrats
           ,
           and
           every
           Carrat
           containeth
           foure
           graines
           ,
           two
           Carrats
           and
           an
           ounce
           are
           one
           weight
           ,
           a
           graine
           and
           halfe
           a
           quarter
           of
           an
           ounce
           are
           one
           weight
           .
        
         
           Next
           followeth
           in
           order
           to
           know
           the
           Composition
           of
           the
           mixture
           or
           finenesse
           of
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           ;
           and
           first
           ,
           of
           Silver
           ,
           because
           it
           is
           the
           common
           market
           man
           both
           at
           home
           and
           abroad
           .
        
         
           Here
           is
           to
           be
           noted
           that
           no
           monyes
           be
           made
           of
           pure
           Silver
           in
           no
           Mints
           ,
           the
           reason
           is
           ,
           because
           in
           its
           purenes
           and
           puritie
           the
           Silver
           is
           as
           flexable
           as
           lead
           almost
           ,
           and
           therefore
           not
           so
           usefull
           in
           its
           purity
           ,
           as
           when
           it
           is
           somthing
           hardned
           with
           Copper
           ;
           even
           so
           it
           is
           with
           Gold
           .
           There
           is
           no
           pure
           Gold
           minted
           in
           any
           place
           I
           know
           of
           ,
           but
           hath
           some
           Allay
           or
           Copper
           ,
           and
           if
           it
           hath
           beene
           heretofore
           ,
           it
           is
           so
           ancient
           that
           no
           memory
           thereof
           remaineth
           to
           us
           ;
           and
           if
           it
           were
           at
           any
           time
           done
           so
           ,
           the
           alteration
           began
           with
           some
           Prince
           that
           ment
           and
           did
           deceive
           others
           with
           so
           doing
           :
           for
           it
           is
           a
           powerfull
           meanes
           to
           fetch
           his
           neighbours
           Coines
           from
           them
           to
           bee
           minted
           in
           his
           mints
           ;
           which
           being
           perceived
           ,
           his
           neighbours
           did
           mix
           their
           Coines
           also
           ,
           thinking
           thereby
           to
           fetch
           theirs
           home
           againe
           by
           the
           same
           meanes
           it
           went
           away
           ;
           but
           (
           as
           it
           is
           before
           said
           of
           denomination
           ;
           )
           so
           then
           and
           now
           it
           falleth
           out
           to
           bee
           the
           same
           in
           imbasing
           the
           Coine
           ,
           as
           it
           was
           or
           is
           in
           denomination
           ;
           but
           a
           temporary
           remedy
           and
           to
           no
           purpose
           but
           hurt
           ,
           as
           I
           shall
           
           tell
           you
           hereafter
           ,
           when
           I
           come
           to
           speake
           of
           the
           inconveniences
           of
           raising
           the
           Coine
           by
           denomination
           or
           debasing
           of
           it
           by
           Allay
           or
           Copper
           ,
           which
           be
           all
           one
           in
           effect
           and
           worketh
           alike
           .
        
         
           So
           then
           you
           having
           the
           weights
           of
           silver
           and
           gold
           in
           your
           understanding
           and
           memory
           ;
           it
           remaineth
           to
           let
           you
           know
           that
           almost
           all
           Princes
           coynes
           doe
           differ
           in
           finenesse
           or
           mixture
           ,
           few
           do
           agree
           just
           together
           ,
           insomuch
           as
           Spaine
           having
           foure
           Mints
           or
           more
           under
           his
           command
           ,
           two
           in
           the
           West
           Indies
           Mexico
           and
           Perue
           ,
           and
           two
           in
           the
           Continent
           of
           
             Spaine
             ,
             Lisbon
          
           and
           
             Sivile
             ,
          
           yet
           all
           foure
           differ
           in
           finenesse
           one
           from
           the
           other
           something
           ,
           for
           which
           there
           is
           some
           reason
           to
           be
           given
           in
           its
           proper
           time
           :
           So
           likewise
           there
           is
           some
           difference
           in
           finenesse
           in
           other
           Princes
           Coines
           ,
           as
           between
           us
           and
           
             France
             ,
          
           and
           the
           Low-Countries
           ,
           Arch-Duches
           ,
           and
           united
           Provinces
           ,
           
             Lubecke
             ,
             Hamborough
             ,
             Stoad
             ,
          
           and
           the
           Imperiall
           Cities
           of
           
             Germany
             .
          
        
         
           And
           for
           this
           cause
           of
           differences
           ,
           ours
           consisting
           of
           Eleaven
           ounces
           two
           penny
           weight
           fine
           ,
           
             FRANCE
          
           of
           Eleaven
           ounces
           fine
           ,
           Low-Countries
           of
           tenne
           ounces
           ,
           and
           some
           of
           nine
           ounces-fine
           in
           the
           pound
           Troy
           .
        
         
           It
           behoveth
           us
           who
           have
           the
           finest
           Standard
           or
           mixture
           of
           silver
           in
           our
           monyes
           ,
           to
           beware
           that
           our
           fine
           monyes
           bee
           not
           drawne
           out
           from
           us
           to
           maintaine
           the
           baser
           mints
           ;
           for
           if
           denomination
           have
           a
           power
           to
           work
           that
           effect
           ;
           much
           more
           hath
           embasing
           of
           Coine
           being
           not
           so
           easily
           perceived
           as
           the
           other
           ,
           and
           to
           watch
           over
           them
           in
           all
           places
           ,
           least
           we
           be
           deceived
           by
           any
           of
           them
           .
        
         
           But
           some
           will
           say
           ;
           what
           neede
           wee
           bee
           put
           to
           
           trouble
           to
           watch
           others
           ,
           cannot
           we
           more
           easilie
           doe
           as
           others
           doe
           ?
        
         
           To
           this
           I
           answer
           ,
           if
           there
           were
           no
           harme
           in
           so
           doing
           at
           home
           ,
           yet
           to
           alter
           with
           them
           that
           alter
           or
           may
           alter
           ,
           requireth
           a
           continuall
           watch
           over
           all
           others
           with
           whom
           wee
           have
           commerce
           ,
           or
           else
           ,
           how
           should
           we
           know
           when
           they
           alter
           ,
           or
           know
           what
           mynt
           it
           is
           that
           draweth
           our
           monyes
           from
           us
           ?
           and
           if
           we
           should
           alter
           our
           mint
           as
           often
           as
           others
           may
           alter
           ,
           wee
           should
           ever
           be
           altering
           and
           have
           no
           rest
           at
           home
           ;
           this
           ,
           perconsequence
           must
           needs
           bring
           a
           confusion
           in
           short
           time
           ,
           when
           once
           moving
           our
           mynt
           hath
           made
           great
           alterations
           amongst
           us
           at
           home
           ,
           and
           will
           ever
           doe
           so
           when
           we
           shall
           alter
           ;
           It
           is
           the
           greatest
           harme
           to
           King
           and
           Subjects
           ,
           as
           shall
           be
           shewed
           (
           God
           willing
           )
           hereafter
           .
        
         
           In
           the
           meane
           time
           ,
           give
           mee
           leave
           to
           let
           you
           know
           ,
           that
           in
           or
           about
           the
           yeare
           of
           our
           Lord
           one
           thousand
           five
           hundred
           fiftie
           and
           five
           ,
           we
           being
           in
           amitie
           with
           all
           Princes
           and
           neighbour-mynts
           ,
           there
           was
           a
           generall
           consent
           amongst
           Princes
           and
           States
           to
           make
           a
           Treatie
           for
           the
           Concord
           in
           Mynt
           affaires
           ,
           to
           keepe
           a
           paritie
           in
           Coynes
           ,
           which
           treaties
           were
           frequent
           in
           elder
           times
           ,
           but
           now
           ,
           (
           by
           reason
           of
           wars
           neere
           hand
           ,
           in
           
             France
             ,
          
           Low
           Countries
           ,
           and
           
             Germany
          
           )
           is
           omitted
           .
        
         
           And
           in
           King
           
             HENRY
          
           the
           eight
           ,
           his
           time
           ,
           there
           is
           mention
           made
           of
           a
           Treatise
           betweene
           the
           
             KING
          
           and
           the
           Arch-duches
           of
           
             Austria
             ,
          
           wherein
           it
           was
           found
           that
           the
           difference
           of
           an
           halfe
           penny
           in
           an
           Angell
           of
           Gold
           (
           which
           now
           is
           about
           three
           pence
           in
           the
           pound
           tale
           )
           it
           would
           be
           sufficient
           to
           exhaust
           his
           treasure
           out
           of
           his
           kingdome
           ,
           and
           by
           no
           meanes
           would
           suffer
           it
           .
        
         
         
           Then
           per
           consequence
           what
           doe
           they
           which
           at
           this
           time
           doe
           raise
           both
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           ,
           twenty
           in
           the
           hundred
           above
           others
           ?
        
         
           The
           answer
           to
           this
           is
           ,
           they
           doe
           breake
           the
           Law
           of
           Nations
           ,
           which
           is
           a
           just
           cause
           of
           Warre
           amongst
           Princes
           ,
           to
           goe
           about
           to
           draw
           away
           their
           neighbours
           coine
           by
           inhancing
           ,
           by
           denomination
           ,
           or
           debasing
           the
           finenesse
           by
           Allay
           ,
           for
           all
           make
           one
           effect
           as
           aforesaid
           .
        
         
           But
           what
           care
           they
           to
           breake
           the
           law
           of
           nations
           that
           purpose
           to
           have
           Warre
           ?
           then
           this
           is
           answered
           for
           that
           ;
           and
           must
           we
           then
           of
           consequence
           have
           our
           moneys
           exhausted
           (
           as
           they
           are
           )
           or
           make
           Warre
           ,
           and
           by
           the
           next
           consequence
           be
           undone
           ,
           is
           there
           none
           other
           remedy
           ?
           There
           is
           ,
           but
           I
           referre
           the
           remedy
           till
           another
           time
           and
           place
           .
        
         
           Now
           I
           have
           laid
           open
           the
           composing
           of
           the
           weight
           and
           finenesse
           of
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           ,
           I
           am
           to
           shew
           the
           cause
           of
           exporting
           of
           our
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           ,
           before
           aremedy
           can
           be
           applyed
           .
        
         
           And
           this
           is
           a
           secret
           to
           most
           men
           to
           know
           the
           cause
           ,
           and
           will
           be
           controverted
           by
           them
           that
           have
           profit
           therby
           ;
           and
           if
           we
           believe
           them
           that
           controvert
           it
           ,
           the
           cause
           is
           lost
           ;
           herein
           is
           to
           be
           noted
           ,
           what
           Ecclesiastes
           (
           as
           concerning
           Marchant
           Exchange
           saith
           :
           Trust
           not
           a
           Marchant
           in
           the
           businesse
           or
           touching
           Exchange
           ,
           a
           Labourer
           ,
           in
           the
           point
           of
           hyre
           ,
           nor
           a
           souldier
           in
           the
           ending
           of
           warres
           .
        
         
           Beare
           in
           remembrance
           the
           weight
           and
           finenesse
           of
           our
           owne
           Coyne
           especially
           ,
           without
           which
           knowing
           and
           remembring
           ,
           you
           cannot
           fall
           upon
           nor
           understand
           the
           true
           cause
           of
           exhansting
           of
           our
           monyes
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           marchandizing
           Exchange
           ,
           nor
           yet
           the
           remedy
           ;
           
           Therefore
           I
           pray
           you
           pause
           upon
           that
           which
           hath
           been
           said
           a
           while
           ,
           unlesse
           you
           have
           been
           versed
           or
           do
           understand
           the
           mint
           businesse
           ,
           and
           composing
           of
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           ,
           which
           hath
           beene
           declared
           in
           some
           measure
           .
        
         
           Also
           take
           this
           with
           you
           for
           a
           principle
           ;
           moneys
           can
           neither
           bee
           advanced
           in
           denomination
           ,
           nor
           a
           pound
           Troy
           or
           an
           ounce
           be
           made
           into
           more
           pieces
           of
           Silver
           ,
           nor
           debased
           by
           putting
           in
           more
           Copper
           or
           Allay
           ,
           without
           generall
           detryment
           to
           the
           Respublike
           :
           A
           perillous
           thing
           to
           deale
           withall
           without
           doubt
           ,
           and
           most
           especially
           in
           Land
           Common
           weales
           .
        
         
           And
           wherefore
           more
           in
           land
           common wealths
           ,
           then
           in
           maritime
           and
           Marchandizing
           Common
           Weales
           ?
           I
           must
           tell
           you
           ,
           or
           you
           will
           not
           beleeve
           .
        
         
           Maritime
           and
           Marchants
           can
           immediately
           change
           with
           the
           Changer
           ,
           without
           detriment
           ;
           The
           Marchant
           can
           immediately
           set
           a
           price
           of
           his
           Marchandize
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           worth
           of
           the
           money
           ;
           and
           the
           Artificer
           and
           Labourer
           set
           a
           price
           accordingly
           to
           his
           labour
           or
           hire
           ;
           which
           cannot
           be
           done
           in
           terraine
           State
           ,
           more
           especially
           in
           our
           Kingdome
           ;
           which
           I
           forbeare
           for
           the
           present
           ,
           till
           I
           shew
           the
           inconveniencies
           or
           mischiefes
           that
           would
           follow
           the
           alteration
           of
           our
           mynt
           ,
           and
           will
           be
           most
           pernicious
           to
           undertake
           any
           such
           thing
           .
        
         
           And
           for
           that
           I
           have
           already
           named
           the
           Marchant
           Exchange
           to
           bee
           the
           efficient
           cause
           of
           exhausting
           our
           moneys
           in
           generall
           ,
           thus
           it
           is
           ;
           Marchants
           Exchange
           was
           first
           invented
           for
           the
           saving
           of
           portage
           ,
           and
           keeping
           of
           moneys
           at
           home
           in
           every
           kingdome
           ,
           besides
           the
           hazard
           that
           might
           befall
           in
           carrying
           of
           Treasure
           (
           as
           luggage
           )
           from
           kingdome
           to
           kingdome
           ,
           which
           otherwise
           
           upon
           every
           severall
           contract
           (
           made
           to
           be
           paid
           forraignly
           )
           would
           be
           exported
           ;
           And
           every
           traveller
           beyond
           the
           Seas
           would
           carry
           his
           expending
           money
           with
           him
           .
        
         
           But
           now
           ,
           (
           if
           by
           equall
           or
           disadvantagoeus
           Exchange
           )
           a
           man
           deliver
           an
           hundred
           pounds
           here
           ,
           to
           bee
           paid
           so
           much
           like
           quantitie
           of
           Gold
           or
           Silver
           againe
           there
           beyond
           Seas
           ;
           this
           both
           keepeth
           the
           money
           at
           home
           ,
           and
           saveth
           the
           Traveller
           a
           labour
           and
           hazard
           in
           carrying
           the
           money
           over
           .
        
         
           But
           if
           (
           by
           unequall
           Exchange
           )
           a
           gaine
           may
           be
           had
           by
           overvaluing
           our
           monies
           beyond
           Seas
           ,
           as
           now
           they
           bee
           overvalued
           ,
           especially
           in
           
             France
             ;
          
           not
           only
           a
           Marchant
           making
           contract
           as
           aforesaid
           ,
           or
           a
           Traveller
           (
           not
           knowing
           the
           mystery
           )
           shall
           lose
           tenne
           or
           twenty
           in
           the
           hundred
           :
           And
           the
           Marchant
           (
           observer
           of
           the
           mysterie
           )
           will
           (
           for
           the
           gaine
           had
           thereby
           )
           export
           the
           same
           in
           specie
           ,
           but
           more
           especially
           gold
           ,
           when
           visibly
           without
           change
           of
           species
           ,
           hee
           may
           retaine
           tenne
           or
           more
           of
           those
           peices
           ;
           and
           there
           with
           Ninety
           (
           or
           lesse
           )
           of
           those
           peices
           ,
           pay
           the
           hundred
           pounds
           or
           peices
           received
           here
           ;
           and
           this
           is
           the
           overt
           or
           open
           fallacie
           by
           mutation
           of
           place
           ,
           now
           too
           frequently
           used
           ,
           by
           the
           denomination
           of
           that
           Coine
           .
        
         
           But
           there
           is
           another
           more
           secret
           ,
           which
           is
           practised
           by
           exchangers
           ,
           to
           be
           considered
           from
           the
           finenesse
           of
           the
           Coyne
           ;
           wherein
           is
           to
           bee
           noted
           that
           all
           Princes
           Coynes
           are
           not
           alike
           ,
           for
           some
           have
           more
           Allay
           or
           Copper
           mixt
           with
           the
           gold
           or
           silver
           ,
           as
           before
           hath
           bin
           touched
           ;
           there
           being
           onely
           two
           chiefe
           wayes
           of
           deceit
           ;
           denomination
           ,
           or
           open
           deceit
           ;
           The
           second
           ,
           intrinsecall
           or
           inward
           finenesse
           ,
           consisting
           in
           the
           mixture
           of
           Copper
           more
           or
           lesse
           .
        
         
         
           And
           because
           our
           Gold
           might
           not
           be
           seene
           too
           visible
           ,
           and
           make
           too
           great
           a
           shew
           in
           
             France
             ;
          
           there
           is
           now
           an
           ordinance
           in
           
             France
          
           to
           bring
           the
           forraigne
           Gold
           (
           so
           fast
           as
           it
           commeth
           into
           his
           Exchequer
           ,
           )
           into
           the
           myn●
           to
           bee
           there
           minted
           into
           
             French
          
           Crownes
           double
           and
           treble
           and
           quatreble
           peices
           ,
           calling
           them
           Lowyzens
           ,
           and
           minteth
           them
           after
           the
           proportion
           of
           fifteene
           to
           one
           of
           Silver
           ,
           we
           holding
           in
           our
           proportion
           thirteene
           to
           one
           ;
           which
           very
           Mynt
           is
           able
           by
           that
           meanes
           to
           draw
           all
           our
           gold
           away
           (
           even
           that
           which
           is
           left
           )
           so
           fast
           as
           it
           can
           be
           gleaned
           up
           ,
           if
           remedy
           be
           not
           provided
           speedily
           .
        
         
           And
           occasion
           now
           offereth
           it selfe
           to
           give
           us
           to
           understand
           this
           observation
           following
           ;
           that
           if
           disproportion
           between
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           be
           not
           observed
           aright
           ;
           gold
           may
           buy
           silver
           out
           of
           the
           Realme
           ,
           and
           silver
           may
           buy
           gold
           out
           of
           the
           Realme
           ,
           and
           the
           Realme
           deprived
           of
           the
           one
           by
           the
           other
           ;
           The
           raising
           of
           the
           gold
           here
           ,
           did
           cause
           more
           gold
           then
           silver
           to
           come
           to
           the
           Mynt
           ;
           and
           by
           the
           same
           meanes
           ,
           it
           is
           called
           from
           us
           into
           
             France
             ;
          
           which
           plainely
           sheweth
           that
           the
           raising
           of
           Gold
           or
           Silver
           ,
           or
           disproportioning
           one
           by
           another
           ,
           is
           but
           temporary
           ,
           and
           in
           the
           end
           proveth
           no
           better
           than
           a
           fallacy
           ,
           as
           inhancing
           and
           debasing
           ,
           and
           they
           all
           bee
           ;
           And
           the
           truth
           is
           ,
           no
           state
           stands
           sure
           that
           stands
           not
           of
           the
           rules
           of
           right
           .
        
         
           Here
           is
           to
           be
           noted
           that
           silver
           prizes
           gold
           ,
           and
           gold
           prizes
           not
           silver
           ;
           The
           reason
           is
           ,
           because
           silver
           is
           of
           more
           common
           use
           ,
           though
           gold
           be
           more
           esteemed
           of
           rich
           men
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           common
           adage
           ,
           
             bonum
             quo
             communius
             ,
             eo
             melius
             ,
          
           it
           is
           also
           better
           for
           the
           kingdome
           ,
           that
           more
           silver
           then
           gold
           bee
           minted
           ,
           for
           silver
           is
           not
           
           so
           hastily
           nor
           easily
           exported
           ,
           as
           gold
           will
           bee
           :
           and
           there
           will
           be
           alwayes
           some
           Canker
           wormes
           or
           money
           brokers
           to
           export
           silver
           or
           gold
           ,
           so
           long
           as
           trade
           is
           ;
           for
           remedy
           of
           which
           there
           must
           be
           some
           allowance
           made
           in
           the
           ballance
           of
           Trade
           .
        
         
           But
           something
           else
           commeth
           to
           minde
           ,
           that
           hindreth
           mee
           yet
           for
           speaking
           of
           the
           ballance
           a
           while
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           inconveniences
           that
           befall
           this
           our
           state
           ,
           when
           our
           monies
           are
           raised
           or
           made
           little
           ;
           The
           moving
           of
           our
           mynt
           must
           either
           be
           in
           imbasing
           the
           gold
           or
           silver
           ,
           or
           advancing
           it
           in
           denomination
           ,
           for
           back
           it
           cannot
           be
           brought
           when
           once
           it
           is
           raised
           ,
           and
           hath
           obtained
           Currancy
           ;
           It
           is
           a
           dangerous
           thing
           to
           meddle
           with
           the
           Mynt
           ,
           either
           in
           imbasing
           the
           money
           ,
           or
           cutting
           it
           smaller
           with
           the
           Sheares
           ;
           for
           if
           it
           be
           embased
           ,
           first
           ,
           it
           causeth
           counterfeiting
           ;
           secondly
           ,
           that
           part
           ,
           or
           so
           much
           as
           is
           embased
           ,
           will
           carry
           so
           much
           fine
           silver
           out
           of
           the
           Realme
           ;
           and
           when
           it
           is
           perceived
           ,
           the
           amends
           is
           as
           evill
           as
           the
           disease
           .
           All
           those
           in
           whose
           hands
           the
           base
           money
           shall
           bee
           ,
           shall
           bee
           the
           loosers
           of
           so
           much
           as
           is
           minted
           within
           the
           Realme
           before
           it
           bee
           decryed
           ,
           and
           what
           grievance
           would
           this
           bee
           ?
           able
           even
           to
           cause
           the
           Commonalty
           hate
           the
           governement
           ,
           and
           fall
           into
           uproares
           ,
           and
           unnaturall
           rebellions
           ,
           as
           it
           hath
           beene
           in
           times
           past
           when
           the
           Commons
           rebelled
           and
           wrote
           these
           words
           in
           their
           banner
           or
           Standard
           ,
           
             Rex
             est
             qui
             bene
             regit
             .
          
        
         
           If
           the
           money
           bee
           made
           lesse
           ,
           it
           giveth
           so
           much
           to
           the
           le●●ye
           or
           borrower
           ;
           the
           Kings
           revenue
           that
           standeth
           upon
           constant
           fees
           of
           his
           Crowne
           ,
           ancient
           Crown
           lands
           lease
           ,
           all
           rent
           charges
           ,
           land
           of
           the
           Bishops
           or
           Church
           ,
           and
           such
           like
           that
           bee
           leased
           ,
           shall
           loose
           so
           
           much
           ;
           the
           Noblemen
           ,
           Gentlemen
           ,
           and
           Vsurers
           shall
           part
           with
           so
           much
           in
           proportion
           as
           the
           mony
           is
           advanced
           ,
           so
           commodities
           will
           be
           advanced
           accordingly
           ;
           So
           whether
           monies
           be
           raised
           or
           debased
           ,
           it
           maketh
           disturbance
           most
           miserable
           in
           effect
           .
        
         
           Therefore
           there
           is
           no
           stirring
           of
           our
           mynt
           neither
           up
           nor
           downe
           ,
           for
           the
           reasons
           aforesaid
           ,
           no
           gaine
           to
           the
           kingdome
           but
           infallable
           losse
           to
           some
           part
           ,
           heart
           burning
           and
           discontentment
           fit
           to
           bring
           in
           a
           forraigne
           enemy
           will
           ensue
           ,
           the
           tampering
           with
           the
           Mynt
           .
        
         
           Therefore
           I
           conclude
           this
           point
           ,
           that
           there
           is
           no
           safe
           way
           ,
           but
           to
           stand
           constant
           at
           home
           ,
           and
           change
           with
           the
           changer
           abroad
           ,
           to
           keepe
           our
           moneys
           at
           home
           .
        
         
           And
           first
           to
           prove
           the
           Marchant
           Exchange
           un-equally
           carried
           ,
           is
           the
           efficient
           cause
           of
           exporting
           our
           money
           ,
           give
           me
           leave
           to
           know
           whether
           plenty
           of
           moneys
           make
           our
           prices
           to
           rise
           ,
           and
           scarcitie
           of
           money
           make
           small
           prices
           ,
           Wch
           no
           man
           (
           I
           think
           )
           will
           denie
           ,
           and
           that
           commodities
           are
           prised
           according
           to
           the
           goodnesse
           of
           the
           coyne
           ,
           or
           to
           what
           end
           serveth
           fine
           gold
           and
           fine
           silver
           ,
           if
           it
           be
           not
           to
           prize
           all
           things
           ?
        
         
           And
           if
           in
           our
           commerce
           with
           other
           nations
           ,
           we
           do
           give
           more
           fine
           Gold
           or
           Silver
           then
           we
           receive
           ,
           or
           undertake
           our
           Coynes
           in
           commerce
           with
           others
           ,
           It
           is
           a
           sufficient
           out-let
           or
           way
           to
           carry
           out
           our
           money
           or
           bullion
           ;
           when
           thereby
           those
           that
           perceive
           the
           advantage
           to
           be
           had
           ,
           shall
           leave
           the
           true
           use
           of
           trading
           in
           Marchandize
           ,
           and
           turne
           mony
           Marchants
           ,
           or
           exporters
           of
           bullion
           or
           monyes
           ,
           for
           no
           lawes
           are
           prevalent
           against
           gaine
           ;
           And
           if
           we
           do
           not
           carry
           an
           even
           hand
           with
           forrainers
           in
           preserving
           and
           encreasing
           our
           moneys
           ,
           as
           forrainers
           doe
           ,
           we
           shall
           in
           small
           time
           undervalue
           our
           commodities
           
           for
           want
           of
           money
           ,
           and
           consequently
           over-ballance
           our
           Trade
           in
           price
           or
           qualitie
           ,
           and
           continuing
           the
           same
           course
           ,
           send
           out
           our
           monyes
           in
           change
           for
           commodities
           ,
           and
           have
           no
           more
           commodities
           then
           we
           had
           before
           ;
           which
           course
           will
           infallibly
           impoverish
           the
           Realme
           exceedingly
           :
           when
           there
           is
           a
           want
           of
           money
           or
           wasting
           of
           bullion
           ,
           the
           commodities
           of
           the
           Realme
           Wooll
           and
           woollen
           manufactors
           ,
           will
           fall
           in
           price
           ;
           the
           commodities
           falling
           ,
           rents
           will
           fall
           accordingly
           ;
           when
           rents
           doe
           fall
           by
           such
           a
           necessitie
           ,
           the
           necessitie
           which
           spreads
           its
           selfe
           over
           the
           land
           :
           And
           (
           Tenants
           having
           taken
           leases
           )
           at
           inhanced
           prices
           ,
           of
           Countrey
           commodities
           ,
           not
           knowing
           the
           efficient
           cause
           of
           this
           change
           ,
           will
           lay
           the
           cause
           upon
           the
           Land-lords
           and
           grow
           in
           hatred
           towards
           them
           ,
           not
           knowing
           how
           to
           hold
           their
           farmes
           ,
           nor
           what
           to
           doe
           if
           they
           give
           them
           over
           ;
           this
           is
           a
           fearefull
           effect
           that
           followeth
           the
           want
           of
           a
           covenient
           stocke
           of
           money
           to
           maintaine
           the
           price
           ,
           and
           to
           beat
           or
           maintaine
           our
           home
           Commerce
           ,
           proceeding
           from
           forraigne
           cause
           ,
           and
           not
           from
           Land-owners
           or
           Tenants
           at
           home
           ;
        
         
           So
           it
           followeth
           ,
           that
           those
           that
           looke
           to
           the
           homecause
           ;
           as
           evill
           making
           of
           our
           manifactures
           ,
           or
           such
           like
           ,
           doe
           not
           amend
           the
           matter
           nor
           raise
           the
           prices
           ,
           so
           long
           as
           there
           is
           no
           more
           moneys
           to
           make
           the
           prices
           any
           greater
           ;
           for
           it
           is
           infallably
           true
           ,
           much
           money
           much
           price
           ;
           little
           money
           little
           price
           ;
           and
           it
           is
           as
           true
           that
           the
           inhancing
           of
           our
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           in
           
             France
             ,
          
           will
           draw
           our
           money
           into
           
             France
             ,
          
           if
           remedy
           bee
           not
           had
           ;
           for
           the
           open
           reason
           aforesaid
           ,
           namely
           ,
           the
           inhancing
           of
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           beyond
           the
           Sea
           ,
           and
           specially
           in
           
           
             France
             ,
          
           and
           this
           is
           openly
           done
           to
           the
           view
           of
           all
           the
           world
           .
        
         
           But
           there
           is
           a
           more
           secret
           way
           practised
           by
           Marchants
           and
           Bankers
           ,
           which
           hath
           long
           continued
           a
           secret
           byting
           or
           Canker-eating
           Vsury
           ,
           namely
           ,
           the
           marchandizing
           Exchange
           ,
           which
           at
           the
           first
           was
           devised
           for
           a
           good
           and
           moderate
           gaine
           to
           the
           lender
           and
           ready
           dispatch
           in
           their
           affaires
           ,
           and
           for
           avoyding
           of
           hazard
           in
           postage
           of
           monyes
           ,
           which
           being
           abused
           is
           turned
           into
           inestimable
           losse
           and
           damage
           to
           the
           Prince
           and
           kingdome
           wherein
           it
           is
           not
           understood
           by
           the
           Marchants
           in
           generall
           that
           use
           it
           .
        
         
           To
           avoyd
           the
           carrying
           of
           moneyes
           out
           of
           every
           Princes
           Realme
           ,
           and
           that
           every
           Prince
           might
           have
           the
           sole
           use
           of
           their
           own
           monys
           within
           their
           dominions
           ,
           &
           for
           the
           aforesaid
           causes
           ,
           a
           certaine
           exchange
           was
           devised
           ;
           grounded
           upon
           the
           weight
           and
           finenes
           of
           the
           moneys
           of
           each
           Country
           ,
           just
           value
           for
           value
           ,
           the
           taker
           or
           borrower
           to
           give
           the
           lender
           usance
           for
           the
           time
           according
           to
           reason
           ,
           and
           so
           might
           our
           exchange
           of
           
             England
          
           (
           grounded
           upon
           the
           same
           reason
           )
           bee
           continued
           ;
           and
           the
           Law
           of
           the
           land
           commandeth
           the
           same
           .
        
         
           And
           thereupon
           the
           true
           valuation
           of
           our
           mony
           maketh
           the
           price
           of
           exchange
           ,
           for
           every
           place
           wheresoever
           we
           have
           to
           doe
           ;
           and
           the
           want
           of
           knowing
           and
           putting
           into
           use
           this
           mystery
           of
           comparing
           our
           Coynes
           ,
           with
           the
           Coynes
           of
           others
           ,
           value
           ,
           for
           value
           ;
           bringeth
           in
           the
           abuse
           ,
           and
           an
           inestimable
           damage
           to
           this
           kingdome
           ;
           for
           wee
           ought
           to
           examine
           and
           compare
           our
           weight
           aforesaid
           with
           the
           weight
           of
           other
           Countries
           ;
           and
           the
           finenesse
           of
           our
           Standard
           aforesaid
           ,
           with
           the
           finenesse
           of
           the
           
             STANDARD
          
           
           of
           the
           moneys
           of
           other
           Countries
           ;
           And
           if
           we
           differ
           not
           with
           them
           in
           the
           proportion
           betweene
           the
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           ,
           then
           may
           our
           Exchange
           runne
           at
           one
           price
           both
           for
           the
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           ,
           the
           valuation
           of
           each
           Countryes
           moneys
           being
           taken
           according
           to
           weight
           and
           finenesse
           as
           aforesaid
           .
        
         
           And
           if
           the
           proportion
           of
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           of
           other
           monyes
           do
           differ
           from
           ours
           ,
           then
           must
           wee
           have
           two
           distinct
           valuations
           ,
           one
           for
           the
           Gold
           ,
           the
           other
           for
           the
           Silver
           ,
           as
           now
           there
           is
           difference
           in
           proportion
           in
           
             France
             ,
          
           from
           ours
           in
           
             England
             ;
          
           And
           hereby
           shall
           wee
           find
           how
           much
           fine
           silver
           or
           gold
           our
           pound
           Starling
           containeth
           ,
           and
           how
           much
           of
           other
           moneys
           of
           
             Germany
             ,
             France
             ,
          
           the
           low
           Countries
           ,
           the
           East
           Countries
           ,
           or
           else-where
           ,
           we
           are
           to
           have
           to
           countervaile
           the
           same
           in
           the
           like
           weight
           and
           finenesse
           answerable
           to
           ours
           ,
           whether
           it
           be
           by
           the
           Pound
           ,
           Crowne
           ,
           Ducket
           ,
           or
           Doller
           ,
           giving
           alwayes
           value
           for
           value
           ,
           which
           amongst
           Marchants
           was
           and
           is
           called
           Parre
           .
        
         
           This
           due
           and
           equitable
           course
           in
           Exchange
           being
           abused
           ,
           and
           through
           the
           ignorance
           of
           Marchants
           of
           not
           examining
           the
           truth
           ,
           but
           taking
           the
           price
           of
           Exchange
           upon
           Trust
           ,
           from
           the
           Bankers
           who
           rule
           the
           price
           of
           Exchange
           ,
           this
           trade
           of
           Exchange
           is
           become
           very
           deceiveable
           and
           damageable
           to
           our
           kingdome
           ;
           the
           Marchant
           making
           his
           account
           from
           the
           price
           of
           exchange
           ,
           as
           it
           goeth
           when
           he
           useth
           it
           ,
           and
           not
           from
           the
           true
           parre
           or
           equality
           required
           ;
           And
           from
           hence
           groweth
           the
           losse
           of
           our
           moneys
           ,
           and
           the
           Exchange
           is
           become
           predominant
           over
           our
           moneys
           ,
           as
           moneys
           doe
           rule
           commodities
           ;
           and
           is
           the
           very
           efficient
           cause
           of
           this
           over
           ballancing
           of
           commodities
           in
           price
           before
           
           spoken
           of
           ,
           and
           consequently
           of
           the
           decrease
           of
           our
           wealth
           ,
           and
           exportation
           of
           our
           moneys
           ,
           when
           we
           are
           driven
           thereby
           to
           give
           as
           much
           of
           our
           native
           commodities
           for
           forraigne
           commodities
           as
           we
           did
           before
           the
           abuse
           ,
           and
           monies
           to
           boot
           to
           fulfill
           the
           same
           quantity
           .
        
         
           This
           exchange
           is
           made
           properly
           by
           bills
           ,
           when
           money
           is
           delivered
           simply
           here
           in
           
             England
             ,
          
           and
           bills
           delivered
           or
           received
           againe
           for
           the
           payment
           thereof
           in
           some
           other
           Country
           beyond
           Sea
           ,
           or
           when
           the
           like
           is
           done
           beyond
           the
           Seas
           ,
           and
           money
           received
           here
           in
           
             England
             ;
          
           And
           that
           upon
           a
           certaine
           price
           agreed
           upon
           betweene
           party
           and
           party
           ,
           which
           is
           termed
           the
           price
           of
           Exchange
           ,
           whereof
           the
           marchants
           ,
           or
           rather
           the
           Bankers
           have
           the
           onely
           and
           whole
           disposing
           ,
           and
           buy
           and
           sell
           their
           commodities
           beyond
           the
           Seas
           accordingly
           ,
           without
           that
           few
           or
           none
           of
           them
           doe
           looke
           into
           the
           nature
           or
           inward
           value
           of
           the
           Exchange
           ,
           but
           onely
           to
           the
           present
           object
           ,
           which
           is
           to
           know
           how
           the
           price
           thereof
           goeth
           at
           the
           time
           when
           they
           have
           occasion
           to
           deale
           there
           with
           either
           in
           taking
           up
           or
           delivering
           out
           monyes
           by
           Exchange
           ;
           whereas
           ,
           if
           they
           will
           be
           true
           Exchangers
           indeed
           ,
           they
           must
           know
           perfectly
           the
           weight
           and
           fitnesse
           of
           every
           Countries
           coyne
           ,
           hereby
           to
           render
           every
           one
           his
           just
           and
           due
           proportion
           as
           aforesaid
           ;
           and
           this
           is
           ,
           
             par
             pari
             referre
             ,
          
           with
           consideration
           to
           the
           lender
           according
           to
           the
           time
           agreed
           upon
           .
        
         
           And
           because
           I
           have
           heretofore
           attributed
           the
           ruling
           of
           the
           Exchange
           to
           the
           Bankers
           ,
           rather
           then
           to
           the
           generall
           or
           comon
           Marchants
           ;
           It
           behooveth
           me
           (
           for
           the
           enlightening
           of
           Your
           understanding
           ,
           and
           illustration
           of
           the
           businesse
           of
           Exchange
           ,
           to
           shew
           what
           a
           Banker
           is
           .
           
           A
           banke
           is
           properly
           a
           collection
           of
           a
           great
           quantity
           of
           the
           ready
           monyes
           of
           a
           Province
           ,
           Common
           weale
           or
           City
           ,
           into
           the
           hands
           of
           some
           persons
           ,
           licensed
           and
           established
           therunto
           by
           publique
           authority
           ,
           erected
           with
           great
           solemnity
           in
           the
           view
           of
           all
           the
           people
           and
           inhabitants
           ,
           shewing
           great
           store
           of
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           ,
           as
           belonging
           to
           the
           persons
           so
           established
           ,
           which
           is
           to
           them
           an
           attractive
           to
           perswade
           and
           allure
           the
           common
           people
           to
           bring
           their
           monyes
           into
           these
           Bankers
           hands
           ;
           So
           that
           these
           persons
           or
           Bankers
           ,
           doe
           becom
           (
           as
           it
           were
           )
           the
           generall
           servants
           or
           Cassiers
           of
           that
           City
           ,
           province
           ,
           or
           common
           weale
           ;
        
         
           The
           Bankers
           have
           their
           factors
           or
           correspondency
           in
           the
           chiefe
           places
           in
           Christendome
           ,
           and
           doe
           keepe
           account
           with
           every
           man
           of
           whom
           they
           have
           received
           any
           money
           into
           their
           Banke
           .
           And
           generally
           all
           men
           of
           wealth
           that
           be
           marchants
           ,
           are
           desirous
           to
           please
           them
           ,
           and
           to
           bring
           their
           monies
           into
           the
           Banke
           ,
           in
           regard
           of
           double
           and
           treble
           credit
           they
           give
           to
           their
           compartners
           ,
           which
           they
           doe
           by
           assignation
           without
           laying
           any
           out
           of
           the
           banke
           .
        
         
           Such
           and
           greater
           devises
           have
           they
           and
           many
           other
           too
           long
           now
           to
           recite
           ;
           the
           money
           (
           still
           remaining
           in
           the
           Bankers
           hands
           )
           is
           imployed
           by
           them
           to
           other
           uses
           ;
           as
           to
           the
           ingrossing
           of
           forraigne
           commodities
           ,
           to
           
             Englands
          
           prejudice
           ,
           and
           such
           like
           feats
           ,
           making
           monies
           to
           ebbe
           and
           flow
           at
           their
           pleasure
           ,
           when
           they
           please
           ;
           And
           to
           that
           purpose
           ,
           the
           heads
           of
           every
           banke
           doe
           set
           price
           and
           agree
           upon
           it
           by
           common
           consent
           at
           their
           Ferias
           or
           generall
           faire
           for
           monies
           onely
           :
           And
           still
           their
           eye
           or
           devises
           tend
           to
           the
           beating
           downe
           of
           our
           English
           ,
           and
           raising
           their
           native
           commodities
           ;
           
           which
           cunning
           our
           Marchants
           doe
           not
           countermand
           ,
           as
           in
           old
           times
           ,
           when
           the
           Staplers
           that
           were
           intrusted
           with
           our
           staple
           commodities
           ,
           were
           sworne
           to
           advance
           our
           kingdomes
           commodities
           to
           their
           power
           ;
           as
           also
           to
           bring
           into
           the
           Realme
           ,
           a
           fifth
           part
           of
           their
           
             exitus
          
           in
           money
           .
        
         
           But
           as
           concerning
           the
           point
           of
           Exchange
           ,
           it
           is
           most
           certaine
           that
           neither
           difference
           of
           weight
           ,
           finenesse
           of
           Standard
           ,
           nor
           valuation
           of
           mony
           can
           be
           any
           true
           cause
           of
           exporting
           of
           our
           moneys
           ,
           so
           long
           as
           a
           due
           course
           is
           holden
           in
           Exchange
           ;
           But
           this
           due
           course
           being
           abused
           ,
           causeth
           (
           as
           aforesaid
           )
           our
           moneys
           to
           be
           exported
           ,
           and
           maketh
           scarcitie
           thereof
           ,
           which
           abateth
           the
           price
           of
           our
           home
           commodities
           ,
           and
           (
           on
           the
           contrary
           side
           )
           advanceth
           the
           price
           of
           the
           forraigne
           commodities
           ,
           by
           reason
           of
           plenty
           of
           money
           there
           ,
           encreased
           by
           ours
           ,
           sent
           thither
           .
        
         
           But
           to
           this
           ,
           may
           be
           objected
           ;
           If
           this
           be
           true
           ,
           as
           it
           is
           very
           likely
           ,
           then
           it
           would
           follow
           that
           our
           commodities
           would
           also
           be
           deare
           where
           the
           plenty
           of
           mony
           is
           ;
           True
           it
           is
           ,
           it
           would
           be
           so
           ,
           but
           that
           they
           have
           two
           crafty
           devises
           to
           prevent
           the
           rising
           of
           our
           commodities
           ;
           one
           is
           ,
           our
           Marchants
           being
           takers
           of
           moneys
           here
           to
           pay
           there
           ,
           they
           know
           they
           must
           sell
           ,
           and
           do
           profer
           the
           price
           according
           to
           the
           goods
           in
           bought
           ,
           which
           they
           know
           as
           well
           as
           they
           that
           bought
           them
           ;
           And
           also
           they
           have
           Toleration
           of
           their
           moneys
           to
           passe
           farre
           above
           their
           value
           with
           them
           ,
           and
           to
           the
           greater
           transportation
           of
           ours
           ,
           and
           hinderance
           of
           importation
           of
           any
           to
           us
           .
        
         
           Therefore
           ,
           to
           conclude
           ;
           There
           is
           no
           remedy
           but
           in
           the
           watch
           of
           the
           Exchange
           ,
           to
           preserve
           our
           owne
           at
           
           home
           ,
           and
           our
           ample
           trade
           of
           woollen
           commodities
           will
           advance
           the
           ballance
           .
        
         
           An
           high
           Exchange
           hindreth
           moneys
           to
           come
           from
           the
           East
           ,
           diverts
           the
           Rialls
           of
           eight
           that
           come
           from
           the
           West
           ,
           and
           hindreth
           imployment
           at
           home
           .
        
         
           A
           low
           Exchange
           exporteth
           our
           money
           in
           specie
           ,
           for
           gaine
           ;
           wherefore
           neither
           high
           ,
           nor
           low
           Exchange
           is
           advantageous
           ,
           but
           prejudiciall
           to
           us
           ,
           only
           now
           a
           
             medium
          
           is
           the
           best
           ;
           giving
           leave
           to
           plenty
           or
           scarcitie
           ,
           as
           necessity
           or
           plenty
           inviteth
           ,
           and
           most
           agreeable
           to
           right
           and
           equity
           to
           all
           men
           ;
           which
           otherwise
           carryed
           ,
           they
           have
           three
           wayes
           of
           exportation
           ;
           namely
           ,
           by
           commodities
           ,
           monyes
           ,
           and
           exchange
           ;
           But
           there
           are
           but
           two
           wayes
           of
           importation
           ;
           namely
           ,
           commodities
           ,
           and
           Exchange
           ,
           whereby
           commeth
           a
           notable
           over-ballancing
           of
           forraine
           commodities
           ;
           and
           bee
           assured
           ,
           the
           gaines
           to
           bee
           sought
           upon
           moneys
           ,
           doth
           impeach
           the
           gaines
           to
           bee
           had
           upon
           our
           commodities
           ,
           and
           beateth
           downe
           our
           prices
           at
           home
           ,
           and
           our
           commodities
           being
           beat
           downe
           ,
           it
           is
           a
           great
           cause
           of
           carrying
           out
           our
           moneys
           to
           fulfill
           ,
           or
           equall
           the
           ballance
           .
        
         
           The
           moneys
           exported
           (
           as
           they
           now
           bee
           )
           causeth
           a
           plenty
           of
           moneys
           beyond
           Sea
           ,
           so
           that
           our
           Marchants
           buying
           deare
           ,
           must
           sell
           deare
           ;
           which
           bringeth
           a
           wonderfull
           overballancing
           ,
           and
           causeth
           us
           to
           feed
           upon
           our
           native
           soyle
           ,
           giving
           the
           benefit
           thereof
           to
           another
           nation
           ;
           whereas
           wee
           should
           live
           by
           the
           gaines
           of
           our
           home
           commodities
           ,
           being
           fold
           to
           other
           Nations
           :
           and
           now
           we
           are
           driven
           to
           seeke
           a
           gain
           upon
           forraigne
           commodities
           ,
           to
           the
           great
           prejudice
           of
           our
           owne
           Country
           ,
           wherein
           ,
           though
           the
           Marchants
           bee
           gainers
           ,
           yet
           the
           king
           dome
           generally
           beareth
           the
           losse
           ,
           and
           they
           feed
           
           still
           upon
           their
           Mothers
           belly
           ;
           whereunto
           they
           are
           the
           more
           instigated
           through
           the
           immoderate
           use
           of
           forraigne
           commodities
           ,
           which
           doth
           not
           fall
           out
           altogether
           in
           the
           quantity
           ,
           but
           more
           in
           price
           ;
           the
           forraigner
           growing
           daily
           in
           price
           ,
           and
           encreasing
           upon
           us
           (
           within
           this
           fifty
           yeares
           )
           a
           fourth
           part
           ,
           more
           than
           wee
           have
           encreased
           our
           moneys
           still
           being
           with
           us
           the
           selfe
           same
           ,
           and
           herein
           consisteth
           the
           over
           ballancing
           aforesaid
           ;
           for
           if
           the
           forraigne
           commodities
           ,
           which
           are
           soone
           consumed
           ,
           and
           brought
           (
           as
           it
           were
           )
           to
           dung
           ,
           shall
           amount
           in
           value
           ,
           or
           cost
           as
           much
           or
           more
           ,
           than
           the
           solid
           commodities
           of
           our
           land
           ;
           certes
           that
           land
           is
           very
           negligent
           and
           unprofitable
           in
           every
           mans
           judgment
           .
        
         
           So
           then
           give
           mee
           leave
           to
           intimate
           this
           following
           ,
           that
           followeth
           by
           the
           abuse
           or
           want
           of
           observing
           the
           true
           use
           thereof
           ;
           That
           our
           home
           commodities
           are
           abated
           by
           the
           abuse
           of
           the
           Exchange
           foure
           manner
           of
           wayes
           .
        
         
           First
           ,
           by
           scarcitie
           of
           money
           (
           which
           causeth
           home
           commodities
           to
           bee
           good
           cheape
           )
           caused
           by
           the
           unequall
           exchange
           .
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           by
           the
           gaine
           sought
           upon
           moneys
           which
           otherwise
           would
           bee
           sought
           upon
           our
           commodities
           .
        
         
           Thirdly
           ,
           by
           an
           high
           Exchange
           with
           us
           ,
           which
           causeth
           men
           to
           deliver
           that
           money
           by
           Exchange
           ,
           in
           nature
           of
           Trade
           ,
           which
           otherwise
           ,
           by
           them
           might
           bee
           imployed
           upon
           our
           commodities
           ;
           likewise
           by
           a
           low
           Exchange
           which
           causeth
           exportation
           of
           our
           moneys
           .
        
         
           Fourthly
           ,
           by
           rash
           sale
           of
           our
           commodities
           by
           young
           Marchants
           ,
           and
           others
           ,
           that
           are
           driven
           to
           pay
           
           money
           taken
           up
           by
           exchange
           here
           in
           
             England
             ,
          
           to
           keep
           them
           doing
           ,
           thereby
           spoyling
           the
           market
           of
           others
           .
        
         
           Forraine
           commodities
           (
           on
           the
           contrary
           )
           are
           advanced
           foure
           manner
           of
           wayes
           .
        
         
           First
           ,
           through
           plenty
           of
           moneys
           in
           other
           Countries
           ,
           which
           maketh
           generally
           things
           deare
           ;
           which
           plenty
           is
           encreased
           by
           our
           owne
           moneys
           ,
           transported
           to
           our
           owne
           hurt
           every
           way
           .
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           by
           a
           high
           Exchange
           beyond
           the
           Seas
           ,
           whereby
           men
           are
           enclined
           to
           buy
           forraigne
           commodities
           ,
           and
           by
           a
           low
           Exchange
           ,
           when
           there
           are
           no
           takers
           up
           of
           mony
           ,
           and
           therein
           our
           excessive
           use
           of
           them
           ,
           doth
           encourage
           them
           .
        
         
           Thirdly
           ,
           by
           the
           tolleration
           of
           moneys
           beyond
           Seas
           ,
           to
           goe
           currant
           farre
           above
           their
           value
           ;
           for
           by
           the
           alteration
           of
           moneys
           ,
           the
           price
           of
           commodities
           doth
           alter
           also
           ;
           And
           this
           tolleration
           being
           an
           hinderance
           ,
           for
           the
           importation
           of
           monyes
           ,
           causeth
           the
           greater
           quantity
           of
           forraigne
           commodities
           to
           be
           brought
           over
           at
           a
           dearer
           rate
           .
        
         
           Fourthly
           ,
           for
           that
           the
           principall
           commodities
           of
           Silkes
           ,
           Velvets
           ,
           Fustians
           ,
           and
           such
           like
           ,
           are
           ingrossed
           by
           the
           bankers
           as
           aforesaid
           ,
           that
           sell
           them
           at
           their
           pleasure
           .
           These
           both
           wayes
           considered
           ,
           must
           needs
           bring
           an
           over
           ballance
           in
           our
           trade
           ,
           in
           value
           to
           the
           losse
           of
           500000
           a
           yeare
           ,
           at
           least
           .
        
         
           Thus
           we
           may
           consider
           how
           the
           Bankers
           ,
           and
           every
           one
           of
           our
           felves
           do
           use
           or
           rather
           abuse
           the
           Exchange
           ,
           making
           it
           a
           trade
           for
           moneys
           ;
           and
           maketh
           that
           a
           byting
           usury
           ,
           which
           was
           invented
           for
           speedy
           commutation
           ,
           ease
           ,
           safety
           ,
           and
           moderate
           gaine
           to
           the
           lender
           ,
           and
           Marchant
           borrower
           indifferently
           .
        
         
         
           Thus
           you
           see
           ,
           Marchandizing
           Exchange
           ruleth
           moneys
           ,
           as
           moneys
           ruleth
           commodities
           ;
           and
           that
           is
           fully
           proved
           when
           we
           shall
           finde
           visibly
           that
           one
           sum
           of
           mony
           of
           one
           sort
           and
           kinde
           of
           Coyne
           ,
           hath
           two
           prices
           ,
           and
           two
           valuations
           at
           one
           time
           ,
           exchanging
           the
           place
           only
           ,
           or
           Country
           ,
           as
           for
           example
           .
        
         
           You
           have
           a
           peece
           of
           twenty
           shillings
           ,
           and
           beyond
           the
           Seas
           you
           may
           see
           the
           same
           species
           passe
           betweene
           man
           and
           man
           in
           some
           place
           for
           22s
           in
           some
           other
           place
           at
           24s
           ,
           and
           in
           
             France
          
           at
           26s
           ,
           at
           one
           and
           the
           selfe
           same
           time
           ,
           and
           money
           willingly
           goeth
           where
           it
           is
           most
           made
           on
           ,
           and
           whether
           they
           worke
           upon
           coyned
           mony
           ,
           or
           valuing
           the
           ounce
           or
           pound
           at
           an
           higher
           price
           or
           rate
           ,
           then
           their
           neighbour
           Princes
           ;
           If
           it
           bee
           not
           carefully
           looked
           unto
           ,
           it
           worketh
           the
           same
           effect
           ,
           and
           one
           remedy
           preventeth
           both
           .
        
         
           Wherefore
           (
           seeing
           our
           Marchants
           have
           no
           care
           nor
           regard
           of
           this
           )
           it
           behooveth
           our
           State
           (
           which
           you
           represent
           at
           this
           present
           )
           to
           have
           a
           speciall
           regard
           and
           care
           unto
           ,
           which
           I
           most
           humbly
           present
           to
           your
           grave
           consideration
           ;
           least
           the
           want
           of
           moneys
           (
           when
           you
           stand
           most
           need
           of
           it
           )
           now
           flying
           away
           from
           us
           doe
           still
           continue
           the
           fall
           of
           Woolls
           ,
           yet
           lower
           ,
           with
           all
           other
           commodities
           ,
           and
           your
           Rents
           and
           lively-hood
           to
           fall
           ,
           which
           will
           be
           the
           undoing
           of
           your
           Tenants
           (
           turning
           up
           your
           farmes
           )
           impoverishing
           all
           trades
           ,
           and
           handy
           crafts
           ,
           in
           the
           whole
           kingdome
           exceedingly
           in
           generall
           ,
           which
           (
           in
           truth
           )
           is
           the
           mother
           of
           Rebellion
           ,
           procured
           through
           a
           generall
           decay
           of
           all
           estates
           ,
           every
           man
           being
           ready
           to
           strike
           the
           next
           above
           him
           or
           about
           him
           ;
           And
           these
           bee
           the
           fearefull
           effects
           that
           follow
           an
           unequall
           Exchange
           ,
           
           and
           (
           for
           truth
           )
           the
           cunning
           course
           thereof
           unknowne
           to
           most
           Marchants
           ,
           and
           almost
           all
           men
           else
           ,
           excepting
           some
           few
           that
           use
           it
           for
           their
           private
           and
           unconscionable
           gaine
           ,
           to
           the
           kingdomes
           losse
           ;
           like
           unto
           the
           Canker
           or
           disease
           called
           a
           Wolfe
           ,
           eating
           and
           consuming
           the
           bosome
           that
           first
           bred
           it
           .
        
         
           Give
           mee
           leave
           (
           before
           I
           explaine
           the
           conceived
           remedy
           )
           to
           informe
           you
           ,
           that
           if
           any
           (
           to
           delude
           time
           )
           will
           oppose
           or
           contradict
           ,
           that
           an
           unequall
           exchange
           is
           prejudiciall
           to
           our
           State
           ;
           it
           is
           yeelded
           unto
           by
           common
           assent
           of
           all
           hands
           ,
           Marchants
           and
           others
           ,
           that
           an
           unequall
           Exchange
           is
           prejudiciall
           to
           the
           State
           ,
           when
           is
           was
           controverted
           and
           determined
           in
           King
           
             Iames
          
           his
           time
           ;
           at
           what
           time
           he
           appointed
           certaine
           Commissioners
           for
           trade
           ,
           to
           sit
           weekely
           in
           Haberdashers-HALL
           .
           Whereupon
           it
           followeth
           ,
           that
           for
           the
           prevention
           of
           publike
           losse
           to
           the
           kingdome
           ,
           a
           partie
           or
           equality
           of
           Exchange
           should
           be
           made
           knowne
           to
           all
           men
           that
           have
           occasion
           to
           use
           Exchange
           ;
           having
           regard
           to
           the
           forbearance
           ,
           according
           to
           time
           and
           place
           ;
           which
           is
           most
           just
           and
           equall
           for
           all
           men
           ,
           both
           denizens
           and
           strangers
           .
        
         
           To
           this
           exception
           will
           be
           taken
           ,
           unlesse
           I
           doe
           explaine
           my selfe
           ,
           allowing
           and
           granting
           for
           truth
           that
           plenty
           or
           scarcity
           of
           moneys
           to
           be
           given
           or
           taken
           up
           ,
           doth
           beare
           a
           sway
           ,
           even
           as
           it
           is
           upon
           the
           statute
           made
           upon
           usury
           .
        
         
           If
           there
           be
           plenty
           of
           monies
           ,
           they
           will
           be
           lent
           under
           the
           Statute
           ;
           and
           if
           there
           be
           scarcity
           ,
           there
           will
           be
           more
           given
           for
           the
           Loane
           then
           the
           statute
           alloweth
           ,
           by
           some
           covert
           meanes
           or
           other
           ,
           for
           (
           in
           ttuth
           )
           the
           good
           use
           of
           marchandizing
           Exchange
           ,
           is
           none
           other
           but
           a
           ready
           
           way
           of
           borrowing
           for
           marchants
           ,
           without
           sureties
           ,
           or
           delay
           to
           be
           executed
           ;
           which
           moderately
           used
           ,
           (
           without
           excessive
           ,
           or
           biting
           Vsury
           )
           is
           both
           profitable
           and
           commendable
           for
           all
           marchants
           to
           use
           ,
           as
           their
           occasion
           requireth
           .
           But
           if
           it
           be
           unequally
           and
           abusedly
           carried
           ,
           may
           be
           justly
           called
           ,
           the
           Canker
           of
           
             Englands
          
           common
           wealth
           .
        
         
           And
           let
           no
           marchant
           thinke
           but
           that
           I
           am
           their
           friend
           in
           wishing
           them
           ease
           and
           remedy
           herein
           ,
           that
           it
           be
           not
           carried
           at
           the
           will
           of
           the
           Banker
           ,
           as
           it
           is
           ;
           but
           that
           it
           may
           be
           used
           according
           to
           the
           ancient
           Lawes
           of
           the
           Kingdome
           extant
           for
           the
           same
           .
           And
           the
           practise
           of
           the
           time
           of
           Queene
           
             Elizabeth
          
           and
           her
           proclamation
           to
           that
           purpose
           ;
           which
           Lawes
           and
           proclamation
           will
           appeare
           upon
           the
           debate
           of
           this
           businesse
           ,
           if
           you
           please
           to
           take
           order
           therein
           .
        
         
           As
           also
           the
           demonstration
           of
           the
           tables
           mentioned
           in
           the
           Law
           ,
           one
           for
           Gold
           ,
           and
           another
           for
           Silver
           ;
           as
           I
           have
           seene
           the
           like
           made
           in
           King
           
             Edward
          
           the
           Sixt
           his
           time
           ,
           respectively
           expressing
           the
           value
           of
           every
           piece
           of
           Gold
           or
           silver
           coyne
           ,
           with
           whom
           we
           have
           commerce
           ,
           severally
           compared
           with
           our
           pound
           starling
           ,
           whereby
           the
           equality
           is
           demonstrated
           to
           every
           Marchant
           that
           will
           follow
           the
           table
           of
           Exchange
           ,
           to
           avoyd
           the
           danger
           of
           the
           Law
           .
        
         
           And
           because
           forraigne
           Coynes
           are
           daily
           subject
           to
           alteration
           in
           finenesse
           or
           valuation
           ,
           after
           the
           computation
           is
           once
           made
           ;
           It
           behoveth
           that
           there
           be
           (
           and
           it
           is
           no
           hard
           matter
           )
           an
           observant
           watch
           ,
           or
           diligent
           eye
           set
           over
           those
           places
           of
           commerce
           and
           Mints
           ,
           to
           send
           intelligence
           hither
           to
           the
           Guardian
           of
           the
           Tables
           ,
           to
           alter
           the
           table
           immediately
           in
           that
           point
           ,
           and
           to
           keepe
           
           constant
           at
           home
           ;
           which
           will
           be
           a
           sufficient
           guide
           to
           defend
           us
           from
           forraigne
           wrong
           by
           any
           .
           This
           Table
           of
           demonstration
           once
           made
           ,
           will
           be
           farre
           more
           easie
           to
           understand
           ,
           then
           any
           pen
           or
           tongue
           can
           expresse
           .
        
         
           This
           being
           done
           and
           observed
           ,
           that
           the
           forraigne
           Banker
           or
           exchanger
           doe
           us
           no
           harme
           ;
           in
           a
           small
           processe
           of
           time
           ,
           our
           Ballance
           of
           Trade
           will
           recover
           it selfe
           againe
           ;
           and
           we
           shall
           have
           (
           God
           willing
           )
           a
           constant
           thrift
           to
           attend
           our
           Kingdomes
           labours
           ,
           and
           not
           be
           wrought
           upon
           by
           any
           biting
           vsury
           by
           Shufts
           or
           intervall
           of
           time
           ,
           to
           wast
           ,
           or
           exhaust
           our
           treasure
           ,
           or
           consume
           our
           kingdomes
           stocke
           ,
           that
           should
           maintaine
           the
           price
           of
           our
           kingdomes
           commodities
           ,
           rents
           ,
           and
           artizens
           ,
           as
           sundry
           times
           (
           in
           my
           memory
           )
           it
           hath
           done
           ;
           but
           what
           a
           kingdome
           or
           kingdomes
           
             exitus
             ,
          
           have
           we
           ,
           that
           is
           able
           to
           beare
           the
           losse
           of
           so
           much
           Coyne
           as
           we
           have
           lost
           this
           three
           or
           foure
           yeares
           ,
           which
           amounteth
           neare
           to
           two
           millions
           of
           Gold
           ,
           and
           undoubtedly
           our
           Silver
           will
           follow
           after
           ,
           (
           and
           beginneth
           visibly
           to
           goe
           already
           )
           if
           remedy
           bee
           not
           had
           ;
           to
           the
           unspeakeable
           losse
           of
           all
           the
           kingdome
           ,
           as
           before
           hath
           beene
           declared
           .
        
         
           These
           tables
           of
           Exchange
           being
           put
           in
           use
           for
           our
           safeguard
           ;
           it
           followeth
           then
           (
           as
           good
           husbands
           use
           to
           doe
           )
           that
           we
           take
           account
           of
           our
           kingdomes
           thrift
           ,
           to
           see
           yearly
           how
           we
           thrive
           ,
           also
           to
           know
           by
           what
           waies
           we
           goe
           about
           it
           ,
           and
           therein
           to
           distinguish
           what
           severall
           Trade
           is
           beneficiall
           to
           our
           kingdome
           ,
           or
           not
           ;
           and
           to
           set
           redresse
           accordingly
           (
           if
           occasion
           require
           it
           ;
           )
           which
           is
           no
           new
           thing
           ,
           but
           an
           ancient
           practise
           ,
           as
           might
           be
           manifested
           ;
           To
           beginne
           with
           that
           in
           generall
           ,
           which
           must
           bee
           Examined
           in
           every
           particular
           trade
           .
        
         
           First
           then
           ,
           that
           trade
           or
           Marchant
           that
           carrieth
           out
           
           our
           superfluities
           ,
           or
           those
           commodities
           wee
           abound
           in
           ,
           and
           bringeth
           in
           those
           commodities
           that
           we
           want
           ,
           for
           them
           ;
           is
           a
           good
           trade
           ,
           or
           Marchant
           ,
           and
           deserveth
           to
           be
           nourished
           ,
           countenanced
           ,
           and
           maintained
           therein
           ,
           and
           those
           that
           do
           the
           contrary
           ,
           better
           ordered
           .
        
         
           Now
           ,
           who
           knoweth
           not
           that
           we
           abound
           in
           Wooll
           ,
           and
           woollen
           commodities
           ,
           Tynne
           and
           lead
           ,
           and
           some
           other
           things
           ,
           which
           I
           name
           not
           ?
           Who
           knoweth
           not
           ,
           what
           we
           want
           of
           our
           own
           ,
           but
           must
           have
           it
           from
           without
           us
           ;
           namely
           ,
           gold
           ,
           silver
           ,
           Iron
           ,
           and
           steele
           ,
           which
           for
           brevity
           I
           name
           not
           ;
           per
           consequence
           it
           followeth
           ,
           that
           those
           Marchants
           that
           bring
           in
           those
           said
           commodities
           we
           want
           ,
           are
           most
           to
           be
           nourished
           and
           favoured
           before
           others
           that
           doe
           the
           contrary
           .
        
         
           But
           how
           ,
           or
           by
           what
           meanes
           is
           this
           trade
           ,
           or
           Marchant
           discovered
           ,
           but
           by
           the
           ancient
           way
           of
           ballance
           of
           trade
           ,
           of
           late
           yeares
           almost
           growne
           out
           of
           use
           ;
           but
           that
           it
           was
           discovered
           in
           the
           latter
           time
           of
           King
           
             Iames
             ,
          
           and
           alwayes
           observed
           by
           the
           wise
           Lord
           
             Burley
             ,
          
           Lord
           Treasurer
           of
           
             England
             .
          
           And
           to
           what
           other
           end
           was
           all
           the
           port
           books
           of
           the
           kingdome
           brought
           into
           the
           Custome
           house
           of
           
             London
             ;
          
           and
           from
           thence
           once
           a
           yeare
           transmitted
           into
           the
           Kings
           remembrancers
           office
           in
           the
           Exchequer
           ;
           where
           one
           grosse
           sum
           of
           our
           kingdomes
           
             exitus
          
           and
           
             introitus
          
           might
           be
           knowne
           ,
           of
           all
           the
           goods
           both
           inward
           and
           outward
           bound
           ,
           and
           the
           value
           of
           both
           accompted
           ;
           thereby
           to
           know
           whether
           we
           were
           buyers
           or
           sellers
           ;
           for
           it
           behooveth
           a
           father
           of
           a
           family
           to
           be
           a
           seller
           ,
           and
           not
           a
           buyer
           ;
           And
           if
           it
           be
           found
           that
           we
           sell
           more
           than
           we
           buy
           ,
           we
           doe
           well
           ;
           if
           otherwise
           ,
           it
           behooveth
           us
           to
           looke
           about
           us
           .
        
         
           As
           in
           the
           generall
           a
           view
           may
           be
           had
           of
           our
           publike
           
           Thrift
           ;
           so
           in
           every
           particular
           Trade
           ,
           their
           walke
           being
           observed
           ,
           it
           may
           be
           knowne
           what
           trade
           bringeth
           in
           or
           forceth
           in
           money
           ,
           or
           such
           things
           as
           we
           want
           ,
           for
           therein
           lyeth
           a
           difference
           to
           bee
           observed
           ,
           and
           therupon
           lyeth
           our
           kingdomes
           thrift
           .
           As
           also
           may
           be
           found
           what
           Trade
           is
           hurtfull
           or
           damageable
           ;
           This
           publike
           Thrift
           or
           reformation
           (
           as
           I
           conceive
           )
           would
           not
           bee
           held
           in
           a
           mystery
           ,
           but
           be
           made
           more
           common
           and
           easie
           to
           every
           intelligent
           Gentleman
           ,
           because
           hee
           is
           in
           some
           sort
           interessed
           in
           the
           same
           ,
           for
           the
           advancement
           of
           the
           publike
           good
           ,
           and
           therein
           ,
           his
           owne
           particular
           also
           .
        
         
           Therefore
           I
           am
           bold
           ,
           and
           humbly
           commend
           the
           generall
           ,
           or
           theoricall
           studies
           of
           the
           Marchandizing
           Exchange
           ,
           and
           ballance
           of
           Trade
           ,
           unto
           your
           wisdome
           to
           be
           regarded
           ;
           and
           for
           these
           purposes
           ,
           the
           keeping
           and
           the
           observance
           of
           the
           ballance
           of
           trade
           is
           usefull
           .
        
         
           There
           be
           also
           many
           other
           things
           to
           be
           met
           with
           in
           the
           observation
           of
           the
           Marchant
           Exchange
           ,
           and
           ballance
           of
           trade
           ,
           which
           I
           forbeare
           to
           particularize
           for
           avoyding
           of
           tediousnesse
           and
           dispute
           that
           may
           arise
           by
           them
           that
           would
           endeavour
           to
           frustrate
           the
           businesse
           ;
           for
           private
           gaine
           never
           wanteth
           colours
           ,
           and
           pretexts
           ,
           to
           stupisie
           or
           inveigle
           the
           understanding
           of
           such
           as
           have
           not
           beene
           versed
           herein
           .
        
         
           Give
           me
           leave
           (
           lastly
           )
           to
           repeate
           one
           thing
           wice
           ,
           though
           the
           same
           have
           in
           effect
           beene
           said
           before
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           a
           sure
           Tenet
           or
           
             maxime
             ,
          
           that
           it
           is
           necessary
           for
           our
           kingdome
           to
           keep
           constancy
           in
           our
           Mynt
           at
           home
           ;
           So
           is
           it
           as
           necessary
           to
           change
           with
           the
           changer
           in
           all
           forraigne
           Coynes
           ,
           either
           Gold
           or
           Silver
           ,
           reducing
           all
           forraigne
           Coynes
           to
           a
           par
           or
           equality
           ,
           with
           our
           constant
           
           coines
           ;
           and
           to
           that
           end
           ,
           in
           ancient
           times
           there
           was
           a
           paire
           of
           Tables
           set
           forth
           ,
           expressing
           the
           same
           demonstratively
           ;
           The
           
             French
          
           Crowne
           to
           answer
           to
           fixe
           of
           our
           
             English
          
           shillings
           ;
           Our
           unite
           ,
           to
           containe
           three
           
             French
          
           Crownes
           ,
           and
           a
           third
           ;
           and
           so
           of
           the
           Dutch
           Rider
           ;
           although
           it
           goe
           but
           for
           one
           and
           twenty
           shillings
           ,
           it
           is
           of
           equall
           value
           to
           our
           unite
           ;
           So
           all
           forraigne
           coines
           severally
           reduced
           to
           our
           coynes
           ,
           did
           shew
           and
           expresse
           ,
           what
           was
           to
           be
           given
           and
           allowed
           ,
           betweene
           strangers
           and
           us
           ,
           in
           accounts
           ;
           which
           is
           called
           the
           Marchandize
           Exchange
           .
        
         
           This
           equality
           being
           knowne
           and
           expressed
           ,
           as
           aforesaid
           ,
           wee
           may
           bee
           deceived
           three
           manner
           of
           wayes
           ;
        
         
           First
           ,
           (
           if
           wee
           watch
           not
           forraigne
           mints
           )
           by
           the
           sheares
           in
           coyning
           ,
           whereby
           it
           may
           come
           to
           want
           in
           weight
           ,
           though
           it
           were
           of
           equall
           finenesse
           .
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           by
           putting
           in
           more
           Allay
           or
           Copper
           into
           their
           moneys
           ,
           which
           is
           not
           perceived
           or
           discovered
           ,
           but
           by
           Tryall
           in
           the
           fire
           ,
           in
           melting
           some
           part
           ,
           and
           refyning
           it
           ,
           and
           comparing
           the
           remainder
           of
           pure
           silver
           ,
           to
           the
           like
           quantity
           of
           our
           money
           refined
           as
           theirs
           was
           .
        
         
           The
           third
           is
           without
           lessening
           or
           imbasing
           ,
           to
           call
           any
           of
           their
           species
           higher
           up
           ;
           a
           way
           commonly
           used
           in
           forraigne
           parts
           ,
           called
           denomination
           ,
           which
           must
           be
           watched
           and
           prevented
           by
           new
           expressions
           ,
           as
           is
           aforesaid
           ,
           (
           so
           often
           as
           there
           shall
           be
           cause
           )
           by
           such
           as
           the
           King
           shall
           depute
           for
           that
           purpose
           ;
           most
           proper
           to
           the
           Mint
           master
           ,
           or
           other
           skilfull
           in
           mint
           causes
           ;
           This
           is
           a
           sure
           way
           of
           preserving
           our
           Coynes
           at
           home
           ;
           without
           which
           the
           Bankers
           (
           both
           forraigne
           and
           domestick
           )
           have
           power
           to
           deceive
           our
           kingdome
           ,
           and
           lessen
           our
           kingdomes
           stock
           of
           Gold
           and
           Silver
           ,
           which
           will
           turne
           
           to
           a
           fearefull
           effect
           in
           time
           ,
           and
           in
           few
           words
           not
           to
           be
           expressed
           ,
           and
           most
           of
           all
           ,
           when
           this
           ballance
           of
           trade
           is
           against
           us
           to
           our
           losse
           ;
           and
           that
           Country
           that
           gaines
           the
           ballance
           ,
           gets
           our
           money
           ,
           be
           it
           friend
           or
           enemy
           ;
           And
           if
           we
           loose
           in
           the
           totall
           ballance
           of
           our
           trade
           ;
           how
           should
           we
           long
           subsist
           without
           home-poverty
           and
           consumption
           ;
           and
           in
           the
           well
           governing
           of
           the
           Marchant
           Exchange
           ,
           and
           ballance
           of
           Trade
           ,
           consists
           our
           weale
           or
           woe
           ,
           concerning
           Thrift
           or
           wasting
           poverty
           .
        
         
           FINIS
           .
        
      
    
     
       
         
           Imprimatur
           .
        
         
           Tho
           :
           Wykes
           .
        
      
      
  

