this ebook was one of project gutenberg's early files produced at a time when proofing methods and tools were not well developed. there is an improved edition of this title which may be viewed as ebook (#1515) at https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1515 ******************************************************************* ******************************************************************* this ebook was one of project gutenberg's early files produced at a time when proofing methods and tools were not well developed. there is an improved edition of this title which may be viewed as ebook (#1515) at https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1515 ******************************************************************* shakespeare's play of the merchant of venice arranged for representation at the princess's theatre, with historical and explanatory notes by charles kean, f.s.a., as first performed on saturday, june 12th, 1858 entered at stationers' hall dramatis personae. as first performed, saturday, june 12, 1858. duke of venice, ........................... mr. h. mellon. prince of morocco, } {mr. rolleston. } (suitors to portia) { prince of arragon, } {mr. raymond. antonio, (_the merchant of venice_)... mr. graham. bassanio, (_his friend_) ........... mr. ryder. salanio, } (_friends to antonio and {mr. brazier. bassanio_.) { salarino, } {mr. g. everett. gratiano, } {mr. walter lacy. lorenzo, (_in love with jessica_).... mr. j.f. cathcart. shylock, (_a jew_) .................. mr. charles kean. tubal, (_a jew, his friend_) ........ mr. f. cooke. launcelot gobbo, } (_a clown, servant to {mr. harley shylock_) { old gobbo, (_father to launcelot_) .. mr. meadows. leonardo, } mr. morris. } (_servants to bassanio_) stephano, } mr. stoakes. balthazar, (_servant to portia_) .... mr. daly. herald, .................................. mr. j. collett. portia, (_a rich heiress_) .......... mrs. charles kean. nelissa, (_her waiting maid_) ....... miss carlotta leclercq. jessica, (_daughter to shylock_) .... miss chapman (her first appearance). the incidental music will be sung by miss poole, miss leffler, mr. j. collett, mr. t. young, and mr. wallworth. magnificoes of venice, officers of the court of justice, gaoler, servants, and other attendants. * * * * * scene.--partly at venice; and partly at belmont, the seat of portia, on the continent. the scenery painted by mr. grieve and mr. telbin, assisted by mr. w. gordon, mr. f. lloyds, mr. cuthbert, mr. dayes, &c. the music under the direction of mr. j.l. hatton. the decorations & appointments by mr. e.w. bradwell the dresses by mrs. and miss hoggins. the machinery by mr. g. hodsdon. the dances arranged by mr. cormack. perruquier; mr. asplin, of no. 13, new bond street * * * * * for reference to historical authorities, see end of each act. preface. venice, "the famous city in the sea," rising like enchantment from the waves of the adriatic, appeals to the imagination through a history replete with dramatic incident; wherein power and revolution--conquest and conspiracy--mystery and romance--dazzling splendour and judicial murder alternate in every page. thirteen hundred years witnessed the growth, maturity, and fall of this once celebrated city; commencing in the fifth century, when thousands of terrified fugitives sought refuge in its numerous islands from the dreaded presence of attila; and terminating when the last of the doges, in 1797, lowered for ever the standard of st. mark before the cannon of victorious buonaparte. venice was born and died in fear. to every english mind, the queen of the adriatic is endeared by the genius of our own shakespeare. who that has trod the great public square, with its mosque-like cathedral, has not pictured to himself the forms of the heroic moor and the gentle desdemona? who that has landed from his gondola to pace the rialto, has not brought before his "mind's eye," the scowling brow of shylock, when proposing the bond of blood to his unsuspecting victim? shakespeare may or may not have derived his plot of _the merchant of venice_, as some suppose, from two separate stories contained in italian novels; but if such be the fact, he has so interwoven the double interest, that the two currents flow naturally into a stream of unity. in this play shakespeare has bequeathed to posterity one of his most perfect works--powerful in its effect, and marvellous in its ingenuity. while the language of the jew is characterized by an assumption of biblical phraseology, the appeal of portia to the quality of mercy is invested with a heavenly eloquence elevating the poet to sublimity. from the opening to the closing scene,--from the moment when we hear of the sadness, prophetic of evil, which depresses the spirit of antonio, till we listen at the last to the "playful prattling of two lovers in a summer's evening," whose soft cadences are breathed through strains of music,--all is a rapid succession of hope, fear, terror, and gladness; exciting our sympathies now for the result of the merchant's danger; now for the solution of a riddle on which hangs the fate of the wealthy heiress; and now for the fugitive jessica, who resigns her creed at the shrine of womanly affection. in the production of _the merchant of venice_ it has been my object to combine with the poet's art a faithful representation of the picturesque city; to render it again palpable to the traveller who actually gazed upon the seat of its departed glory; and, at the same time, to exhibit it to the student, who has never visited this once "--pleasant place of all festivity, the revel of the earth, the masque of italy." the far-famed place of st. mark, with its ancient church, the rialto and its bridge, the canals and gondolas, the historic columns, the ducal palace, and the council chamber, are successively presented to the spectator. venice is re-peopled with the past, affording truth to the eye, and reflection to the mind. the introduction of the princes of morocco and arragon at belmont, hitherto omitted, is restored, for the purpose of more strictly adhering to the author's text, and of heightening the interest attached to the episode of the caskets. the costumes and customs are represented as existing about the year 1600, when shakespeare wrote the play. the dresses are chiefly selected from a work by cesare vecellio, entitled "degli habiti antichi e moderni di diverse parti del mondo. in venetia, 1590;" as well as from other sources to be found in the british museum, whence i derive my authority for the procession of the doge in the first scene. if the stage is to be considered and upheld as an institution from which instructive and intellectual enjoyment may be derived, it is to shakespeare we must look as the principal teacher, to inculcate its most valuable lessons. it is, therefore, a cause of self-gratulation, that i have on many occasions been able, successfully, to present some of the works of the greatest dramatic genius the world has known, to more of my countrymen than have ever witnessed them within the same space of time; and let me hope it will not be deemed presumptuous to record the pride i feel at having been so fortunate a medium between our national poet and the people of england. charles kean. the merchant of venice. act i. scene i.--venice.(a) saint mark's place.(b) _various groups of nobles, citizens, merchants, foreigners, water-carriers, flower girls, &c., pass and repass. procession of the doge, in state, across the square_.[1] antonio, salarino, _and_ salanio _come forward_. _ant_. in sooth, i know not why i am so sad; it wearies me; you say, it wearies you; but how i caught it, found it, or came by it, what stuff 'tis made of, whereof it is born, i am to learn; and such a want-wit sadness makes of me, that i have much ado to know myself. _salar_. your mind is tossing on the ocean; there, where your argosies[2] with portly sail, like signiors and rich burghers on the flood, do overpeer the petty traffickers, that curt'sy to them, do them reverence, as they fly by them with their woven wings. _sal_. believe me, sir, had i such venture forth, the better part of my affections would be with my hopes abroad. i should be still plucking the grass,[3] to know where sits the wind; peering in maps, for ports, and piers, and roads; and every object that might make me fear misfortune to my ventures, out of doubt, would make me sad. _salar_. my wind, cooling my broth, would blow me to an ague, when i thought what harm a wind too great might do at sea. i should not see the sandy hour-glass run, but i should think of shallows and of flats; and see my wealthy andrew[4] dock'd in sand, vailing her high-top[5] lower than her ribs, to kiss her burial. shall i have the thought to think on this? and shall i lack the thought that such a thing, bechanc'd, would make me sad? but tell not me; i know antonio is sad to think upon his merchandize. _ant_. believe me, no: i thank my fortune for it, my ventures are not in one bottom trusted, nor to one place; nor is my whole estate upon the fortune of this present year: therefore my merchandize makes me not sad. _salar_. why, then, you are in love. _ant_. fie, fie! _salar_. not in love, neither? then let us say you are sad, because you are not merry: an 'twere as easy for you to laugh and leap, and say you are merry, because you are not sad. _sal_. here comes bassanio, your most noble kinsman, gratiano, and lorenzo: fare you well; we leave you now with better company. _salar_. i would have staid till i had made you merry, if worthier friends had not prevented me. _ant_. your worth is very dear in my regard. i take it your own business calls on you, and you embrace the occasion to depart. _enter_ bassanio, lorenzo, _and_ gratiano. _salar_. good morrow, my good lords. _bas_. good signiors, both, when shall we laugh? say, when? you grow exceeding strange: must it be so? _salar_. we'll make our leisures to attend on yours. [_exeunt_ salarino _and_ salanio. _lor_. my lord bassanio, since you have found antonio, we two will leave you; but at dinner-time i pray you have in mind where we must meet. _bas_. i will not fail you. _gra_. you look not well, signor antonio; you have too much respect upon the world: they lose it that do buy it with much care. believe me, you are marvellously chang'd. _ant_. i hold the world but as the world, gratiano; a stage, where every man must play a part, and mine a sad one. _gra_. let me play the fool:[6] with mirth and laughter let old wrinkles come; and let my liver rather heat with wine, than my heart cool with mortifying groans. why should a man, whose blood is warm within, sit like his grandsire, cut in alabaster? sleep when he wakes? and creep into the jaundice by being peevish? i tell thee what, antonio, i love thee, and it is my love that speaks;-there are a sort of men, whose visages do cream[7] and mantle like a standing pond: and do a wilful stillness entertain,[8] with purpose to be dress'd in an opinion of wisdom, gravity, profound conceit; as who should say, '_i am sir oracle_, _and when i ope my lips let no dog bark!_'[9] o, my antonio, i do know of these, that therefore only are reputed wise for saying nothing; when i am very sure, if they should speak, 'twould almost damn those ears[10] which, hearing them, would call their brothers fools. i'll tell thee more of this another time: but fish not with this melancholy bait, for this fool gudgeon, this opinion. come, good lorenzo:--fare ye well, a while; i'll end my exhortation after dinner.[11] _lor_. well, we will leave you, then, till dinner-time: i must be one of these same dumb wise men, for gratiano never lets me speak. _gra_. well, keep me company but two years more, thou shalt not know the sound of thine own tongue. _ant_. farewell: i'll grow a talker for this gear.[12] _gra_. thanks, i'faith; for silence is only commendable in a neat's tongue dried,[13] and a maid not vendible. [_exeunt_ gratiano _and_ lorenzo. _ant_. is that any thing now? _bas_. gratiano speaks an infinite deal of nothing, more than any man in all venice. his reasons are as two grains of wheat hid in two bushels of chaff; you shall seek all day ere you find them; and when you have them they are not worth the search. _ant_. well; tell me now, what lady is the same to whom you swore a secret pilgrimage, that you to-day promis'd to tell me of? _bas_. 'tis not unknown to you, antonio, how much i have disabled mine estate, by something showing a more swelling port[14] than my faint means would grant continuance. to you, antonio, i owe the most in money and in love; and from your love i have a warranty to unburthen all my plots and purposes, how to get clear of all the debts i owe. _ant_. i pray you, good bassanio, let me know it; and, if it stand, as you yourself still do, within the eye of honour, be assur'd my purse, my person, my extremest means, lie all unlock'd to your occasions. _bas_. in my school-days, when i had lost one shaft i shot his fellow of the self-same flight the self-same way, with more advised watch to find the other forth; and by adventuring both i oft found both. i urge this childhood proof, because what follows is pure innocence. i owe you much; and, like a wasteful youth, that which i owe is lost: but if you please to shoot another arrow that self way which you did shoot the first, i do not doubt, as i will watch the aim, or to find both, or bring your latter hazard back again, and thankfully rest debtor for the first. _ant_. you know me well; and herein spend but time, to wind about my love with circumstance; then do but say to me what i should do, that in your knowledge may by me be done, and i am prest unto it:[15] therefore speak. _bas_. in belmont is a lady richly left, and she is fair, and, fairer than that word, of wond'rous virtues. sometimes[16] from her eyes i did receive fair speechless messages: her name is portia; nothing undervalued to cato's daughter, brutus' portia. nor is the wide world ignorant of her worth; for the four winds blow in from every coast renowned suitors. o, my antonio! had i but the means to hold a rival place with one of them, i have a mind presages me such thrift, that i should questionless be fortunate. _ant_. thou know'st that all my fortunes are at sea; neither have i money, nor commodity to raise a present sum: therefore go forth, try what my credit can in venice do; that shall be rack'd, even to the uttermost, to furnish thee to belmont, to fair portia. go, presently inquire, and so will i, where money is; and i no question make, to have it of my trust, or for my sake. [_exeunt_. footnotes: [footnote 1: this procession is copied from a print in the british museum, by josse amman, who died in 1591.] [footnote 2: _--argosies_; a name given, in our author's time, to ships of great burthen. the name is supposed by some to be derived from the classical ship, argo, as a vessel eminently famous.] [footnote 3: _plucking the_; by holding up the grass, or any light body that will bend by a gentle blast, the direction of the wind is found.] [footnote 4: _--my wealthy andrew_; the name of the ship.] [footnote 5: vailing _her high-top_; to _vail_ is "_to lower_," or "_let fall_."] [footnote 6: _let me play the fool_; alluding to the common comparison of human life to a stage-play. so that he desires his may be the fool's or buffoon's part, which was a constant character in the old farces; from whence came the phrase, _to play the fool_.--warburton.] [footnote 7: _--whose visages do_ cream; the poet here alludes to the manner in which the film extends itself over milk in scalding; and he had the same appearance in his eye when writing a foregoing line: "_with mirth and laughter let old wrinkles come_."--henley.] [footnote 8: _--a wilful stillness entertain,; id est_, an obstinate silence.] [footnote 9: _let no dog bark_!; this seems to be a proverbial expression.] [footnote 10: _--'twould almost damn those ears_; the author's meaning is this:--that some people are thought wise whilst they keep silence; who, when they open their mouths, are such stupid praters, that the hearers cannot help calling them _fools_, and so incur the judgment denounced in the gospel.--theobald.] [footnote 11: _i'll end my exhortation after dinner_.'; the humour of this consists in its being an allusion to the practice of the puritan preachers of those times, who being generally very long and tedious, were often forced to put off that part of their sermon called the _exhortation_, till after dinner.--warburton.] [footnote 12: _--for this gear_.; a colloquial expression, meaning _for this matter_.] [footnote 13: _in a_ neat's _tongue dried_,; neat, horned cattle of the ox species.] [footnote 14: _--a more swelling port; port_, in the present instance, comprehends the idea of expensive equipage, and external pomp of appearance.] scene ii.--belmont. a room in portia's house. _enter_ portia _and_ nerissa. _por_. by my troth, nerissa, my little body is a-weary of this great world. _ner_. you would be, sweet madam, if your miseries were in the same abundance as your good fortunes are. and yet, for aught i see, they are as sick that surfeit with too much, as they that starve with nothing. it is no small happiness, therefore, to be seated in the mean; superfluity comes sooner by white hairs,[17] but competency lives longer. _por_. good sentences, and well pronounced. _ner_. they would be better, if well followed. _por_. if to do were as easy as to know what were good to do, chapels had been churches, and poor men's cottages princes' palaces. it is a good divine that follows his own instructions: i can easier teach twenty what were good to be done, than be one of the twenty to follow mine own teaching. but this reasoning is not in the fashion to choose me a husband:--o me, the word choose! i may neither choose whom i would, nor refuse whom i dislike, so is the will of a living daughter curb'd by the will of a dead father:--is it not hard, nerissa, that i cannot choose one, nor refuse none? _ner_. your father was ever virtuous; and holy men at their death have good inspirations; therefore, the lottery that he hath devised in these three chests, of gold, silver, and lead (whereof who chooses his meaning chooses you), will, no doubt, never be chosen by any rightly, but one who you shall rightly love. but what warmth is there in your affection towards any of these princely suitors that are already come? _por_. i pray thee, over-name them; and as thou namest them i will describe them; and according to my description level at my affection. _ner_. first, there is the neapolitan prince.[18] _por_. ay, that's a colt, indeed, for he doth nothing but talk of his horse,[19] and he makes it a great approbation of his own good parts that he can shoe him himself. _ner_. then, is there the county palatine.[20] _por_. he doth nothing but frown; as who should say, '_an you will not have me, choose;_' he hears merry tales, and smiles not: i fear he will prove the weeping philosopher when he grows old, being so full of unmannerly sadness in his youth. i had rather to be married to a death's head with a bone in his mouth, than to either of these. heaven defend me from these two! _ner_. how say you by the french lord, monsieur le bon? _por_. heaven made him, and therefore let him pass for a man. _ner_. how like you the young german, the duke of saxony's nephew?[21] _por_. very vilely in the morning, when he is sober; and most vilely in the afternoon, when he is drunk: when he is best he is a little worse than a man; and when he is worst he is little better than a beast: an the worst fall that ever fell, i hope i shall make shift to go without him. _ner_. if he should offer to choose, and choose the right casket, you should refuse to perform your father's will if you should refuse to accept him. _por_. therefore, for fear of the worst, i pray thee set a deep glass of rhenish wine on the contrary casket; for, if the devil be within, and that temptation without, i know he will choose it. _ner_. you need not fear, lady, the having any of these lords; they have acquainted me with their determinations: which is, indeed, to return to their home and to trouble you with no more suit; unless you may be won by some other sort than your father's imposition, depending on the caskets. _por_. i am glad this parcel of wooers are so reasonable; for there is not one among them but i dote on his very absence, and i wish them a fair departure. _ner_. do you not remember, lady, in your father's time, a venetian, a scholar, and a soldier, that came hither in company of the marquis of montferrat? _por_. yes, yes, it was bassanio; as i think so was he called. _ner_. true, madam; he, of all the men that ever my foolish eyes looked upon was the best deserving a fair lady. _por_. i remember him well; and i remember him worthy of thy praise.--how now?--what news? _enter_ balthazar. _ser_. the four strangers seek you, madam, to take their leave: and there is a fore-runner come from a fifth, the prince of morocco; who brings word the prince, his master, will be here to-night. _por_. if i could bid the fifth welcome with so good heart as i can bid the other four farewell, i should be glad of his approach. come, nerissa. sirrah, go before. whiles we shut the gate upon one wooer, another knocks at the door. [_exeunt_. footnotes: [footnote 15: _--i am prest unto it:_; ready.] [footnote 16: _--sometimes from her eyes_; in old english, _sometimes_ is synonymous with _formerly; id est_, some time ago, at a certain time. it appears by the subsequent scene, that bassanio was at belmont with the marquis de montferrat, and saw portia in her father's lifetime.] [footnote 17: _--superfluity comes sooner by white hairs,_; _id est_, superfluity sooner _acquires_ white hairs--becomes old. we still say, how did he _come by it_--malone.] [footnote 18: _--the neapolitan prince_.; the neapolitans in the time of shakespeare were eminently skilled in all that belonged to horsemanship.] [footnote 19: _--that's a_ colt, _indeed, for he doth nothing but talk of his horse,_; _colt_ is used for a restless, heady, gay youngster, whence the phrase used of an old man too juvenile, that he still retains his _colt's tooth_.--johnson.] [footnote 20: _--the county palatine_.; shakespeare has more allusions to particular facts and persons than his readers commonly suppose. the count here mentioned was, perhaps, albertus alasco, a polish palatine, who visited england in our author's lifetime, was eagerly caressed and splendidly entertained, but, running in debt, at last stole away, and endeavoured to repair his fortune by enchantment.--johnson. county and count in old language, were synonymous. the count albertus alasco was in london in 1583.] [footnote 21: _--the young german, the duke of saxony's nephew_.; in shakespeare's time the duke of bavaria visited london, and was made knight of the garter. perhaps in this enumeration of portia's suitors, there may be some covert allusion to those of queen elizabeth.--johnson] scene iii.--the merchant's exchange on the rialto island.(c) san jacopo, the most ancient church in venice, occupies one side of the square. _enter_ bassanio _and_ shylock. (d) _shy_. three thousand ducats,--well, _bas_. ay, sir, for three months. _shy_. for three months,--well. _bas_. for the which, as i told you, antonio shall be bound. _shy_. antonio shall become bound,--well. _bas_. may you stead me? will you pleasure me? shall i know your answer? _shy_. three thousand ducats, for three months, and antonio bound. _bas_. your answer to that. _shy_. antonio is a good man. _bas_. have you heard any imputation to the contrary? _shy_. oh no, no, no, no;--my meaning in saying he is a good man is, to have you understand me that he is sufficient; yet his means are in supposition: he hath an argosy bound to tripolis, another to the indies; i understand, moreover, upon the rialto, he hath a third at mexico, a fourth for england; and other ventures he hath, squander'd abroad.[22] but ships are but boards, sailors but men: there be land rats and water rats, land thieves and water thieves; i mean, pirates; and then, there is the peril of waters, winds, and rocks: the man is, notwithstanding, sufficient;--three thousand ducats;--i think i may take his bond. _bas_. be assured you may. _shy_. i will be assured i may; and that i may be assured i will bethink me: may i speak with antonio? _bas_. if it please you to dine with us. _shy_. yes, to smell pork; to eat of the habitation which your prophet, the nazarite, conjured the devil into![23] i will buy with you, sell with you, talk with you, walk with you, and so following; but i will not eat with you, drink with you, nor pray with you.--what news on the rialto?--who is he comes here? _bas_. this is signior antonio. [exit_ bassanio. _shy. (aside.)_ how like a fawning publican he looks! i hate him, for he is a christian: but more, for that, in low simplicity, he lends out money gratis, and brings down the rate of usance here with us in venice. (e) if i can catch him once upon the hip,[24] i will feed fat the ancient grudge i bear him. he hates our sacred nation: and he rails even there where merchants most do congregate, on me, my bargains, and my well-won thrift. which he calls interest: cursed be my tribe if i forgive him! _re-enter_ bassanio _with_ antonio. _bas_. shylock, do you hear? _shy_. i am debating of my present store; and, by the near guess of my memory, i cannot instantly raise up the gross of full three thousand ducats: what of that? tubal, a wealthy hebrew of my tribe, will furnish me: but soft: how many months do you desire?--rest you fair, good signior: [to antonio. your worship was the last man in our mouths. _ant_. shylock, albeit, i neither lend nor borrow, by taking, nor by giving of excess. yet, to supply the ripe wants of my friend,[25] i'll break a custom:---is he yet possess'd[26] how much you would? _shy_. ay, ay, three thousand ducats. _ant_. and for three months. _shy_. i had forgot,--three months, you told me so. well then, your bond; and, let me see. but hear you: methought you said, you neither lend nor borrow, upon advantage. _ant_. i do never use it. _shy_. when jacob graz'd his uncle laban's sheep, this jacob from our holy abraham was (as his wise mother wrought in his behalf) the third possessor; ay, he was the third. _ant_. and what of him? did he take interest? _shy_. no, not take interest; not, as you would say, directly interest: mark what jacob did. when laban and himself were compromis'd that all the eanlings[27] which were streak'd and pied should fall, as jacob's hire; the skilful shepherd peel'd me certain wands,[28] and, in the doing of the deed of kind,[29] he stuck them up before the fulsome ewes;[30] who, then conceiving, did in eaning-time fall[31] party-coloured lambs, and those were jacob's.[32] this was a way to thrive, and he was blest; and thrift is blessing, if men steal it not. _ant_. this was a venture, sir, that jacob serv'd for; a thing not in his power to bring to pass, but sway'd and fashion'd by the hand of heaven. was this inserted to make interest good? or is your gold and silver ewes and rams? _shy_. i cannot tell; i make it breed as fast. _ant_. mark you this, bassanio, the devil can cite scripture for his purpose.[33] an evil soul producing holy witness is like a villain with a smiling cheek; a goodly apple rotten at the heart; o, what a goodly outside falsehood hath![34] _shy_. three thousand ducats,--'tis a good round sum. three months from twelve, then let me see the rate. _ant_. well, shylock, shall we be beholden to you? _shy_. signior antonio, many a time and oft in the rialto you have rated me about my monies, and my usances:[35] still have i borne it with a patient shrug; for sufferance is the badge of all our tribe: you call me misbeliever, cut-throat dog, and spet upon my jewish gaberdine, and all for use of that which is mine own. well, then, it now appears you need my help: go to, then; you come to me, and you say, '_shylock, we would have monies_;' you say so; you, that did void your rheum upon my beard, and foot me, as you spurn a stranger cur over your threshhold; monies is your suit, what should i say to you? should i not say '_hath a dog money? is it possible a cur can lend three thousand ducats?_' or shall i bend low, and in a bondman's key, with 'bated breath, and whispering humbleness, say this,-'_fair sir, you spet on me on wednesday last; you spurn'd me such a day; another time you call'd me dog; and for these courtesies i'll lend you thus much monies?_' _ant_. i am as like to call thee so again, to spet on thee again, to spurn thee too. if thou wilt lend this money, lend it not as to thy friends; (for when did friendship take a breed of barren metal of his friend?)[36] but lend it rather to thine enemy; who, if he break, thou may'st with better face exact the penalties. _shy_. why, look you, how you storm! i would be friends with you, and have your love; forget the shames that you have stain'd me with; supply your present wants, and take no doit of usance for my monies, and you'll not hear me: this is kind i offer. _ant_. this were kindness. _shy_. this kindness will i show: go with me to a notary: seal me there your single bond; and, in a merry sport, if you repay me not on such a day, in such a place, such sum, or sums, as are express'd in the condition, let the forfeit be nominated for an equal pound of your fair flesh, to be cut off and taken in what part of your body pleaseth me. _ant_. content, in faith; i'll seal to such a bond, and say, there is much kindness in the jew. _bas_. you shall not seal to such a bond for me i'll rather dwell[37] in my necessity. _ant_. why, fear not, man; i will not forfeit it; within these two months, that's a month before this bond expires, i do expect return of thrice three times the value of this bond. _shy_. o father abraham, what these christians are. whose own hard dealings teaches them suspect the thoughts of others! pray you, tell me this if he should break his day, what should i gain by the exaction of the forfeiture? a pound of man's flesh, taken from a man, is not so estimable, profitable neither, as flesh of muttons, beefs, or goats. i say, to buy his favour i extend this friendship; if he will take it, so; if not, adieu; and, for my love, i pray you wrong me not. _ant_. yes, shylock, i will seal unto this bond. _shy_. then meet me forthwith at the notary's; give him direction for this merry bond, and i will go and purse the ducats straight; see to my house, left in the fearful guard[38] of an unthrifty knave; and presently i will be with you. [_exit_. _ant_. hie thee, gentle jew. this hebrew will turn christian; he grows kind. _bas_. i like not fair terms[39] and a villain's mind. _ant_. come, on; in this there can be no dismay, my ships come home a month before the day. [_exeunt_. footnotes: [footnote 22: _--squander'd abroad_.; scattered.] [footnote 23: _to eat of the habitation which your prophet, the nazarite, conjured the devil into!_; see 8th. c. st. matthew, v. 30.] [footnote 24: _catch him once upon the hip_,; dr. johnson says the expression is taken from the practice of wrestling.] [footnote 25: _--ripe wants of my friend_,; wants come to the height--wants that can have no longer delay.] [footnote 26: _--is he yet possess'd; id est_, acquainted--informed.] [footnote 27: _--eanlings_; lambs just dropt.] [footnote 28: _--certain wands_,; a _wand_ in shakespeare's time was the usual term for what we now call a _switch_.--malone.] [footnote 29: _--deed of kind,; id est,_ of nature.] [footnote 30: _--the fulsome ewes_; lascivious--rank, obscene ewes.] [footnote 31: _--fall_; to let fall.] [footnote 32: _--and those were jacob's_.; see genesis xxx. 37.] [footnote 33: _the devil can cite scripture for his purpose_.; see st. matthew iv. 6.] [footnote 34: _o, what a goodly outside falsehood hath!_; _falsehood_, which, as _truth_ means _honesty_, is taken here for _treachery_ and _knavery_, does not stand for _falsehood_ in general, but for the dishonesty now operating.--johnson.] [footnote 35: _--and my usances:_; _usance_ in our author's time signified _interest of money_.] [footnote 36: _a breed of barren metal of his friend?_; a _breed_, that is, interest money bred from the principal. the epithet _barren_ implies that money is a _barren_ thing, and cannot, like corn and cattle, multiply itself.] [footnote 37: _dwell_; continue.] [footnote 38: _--fearful guard_; a guard not to be trusted, but gives cause of fear.] [footnote 39: _i like not fair terms_; kind words--good language.] scene iv.--saloon of the caskets in portia's house, at belmont. _flourish of cornets. enter the_ prince of morocco, _and his train_; portia, nerissa, _and other of her attendants_. _mor_. mislike me not for my complexion, the shadow'd livery of the burning sun, to whom i am a neighbour, and near bred. bring me the fairest creature northward born, where phoebus' fire scarce thaws the icicles, and let us make incision for your love, to prove whose blood is reddest, his or mine.[40] by love, i swear, i would not change this hue, except to steal your thoughts, my gentle queen. i'll try my fortune; e'en though i may (blind fortune leading me) miss that which one unworthier may attain, and die with grieving. _por_. you must take your chance; and either not attempt to choose at all, or swear, before you choose,--if you choose wrong, never to speak to lady afterward in way of marriage; therefore be advis'd.[41] _mor_. nor will not; come, bring me unto my chance. how shall i know if i do choose the right? _por_. the one of them contains my picture, prince; if you choose that, then i am yours withal. _mor_. some god direct my judgment! let me see. the first, of gold, who this inscription bears: "who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire." the second, silver, which this promise carries: "who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves." the third, dull lead, with warning all as blunt:[42] "who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath." one of these three contains her heavenly picture. is't like that lead contains her? 'twere perdition to think so base a thought; or shall i think in silver she's immur'd, being ten times undervalued to tried gold? o sinful thought. never so rich a gem was set in worse than gold. deliver me the key; here do i choose, and thrive i as i may! _por_. there, take it prince, and if my form lie there, then i am yours. [_he unlocks the golden casket_. _mor_. what have we here? a carrion death, within whose empty eye there is a written scroll. i'll read the writing. "all that glitters is not gold, often have you heard that told: "had you been as wise as bold, young in limbs, in judgment old, your answer had not been inscrol'd: fare you well; your suit is cold." cold, indeed; and labour lost: then, farewell, heat; and welcome frost--portia, adieu! i have too griev'd a heart to take a tedious leave: thus losers part. [_exit_. _por_. a gentle riddance:--go:-let all of his complexion choose me so. end of act first. footnotes: [footnote 40: _--whose blood is reddest, his, or mine_.; _red_ blood is a traditionary sign of courage, as cowards are said to have livers as white as milk. it is customary in the east for lovers to testify the violence of their passion by cutting themselves in the sight of their mistresses.--picart's religious ceremonies.] [footnote 41: _--therefore be advis'd_.; therefore be not precipitant; consider well what you are about to do.] [footnote 42: _--with warning all as blunt:_; that is, as gross as the dull metal.] historical notes to act first. (a) the foundation of venice is attributed to the inhabitants of the surrounding districts, who fled from the cruelty of attila, king of the huns, and took refuge among the islets at the mouth of the brenta. here, about the middle of the fifth century, they founded two small towns, called rivoalto and malmocco, and, being in a manner shut out from all other modes of employment, naturally devoted themselves to commerce. in this way they soon became prosperous, and their numbers increased so rapidly, that in the year 697 they made application to the emperor to be elected into a body politic, and obtained authority to elect a chief, to whom they gave the name of duke or doge. the town, continuing to increase, gradually extended its buildings to the adjacent islands, and, at the same time, acquired considerable tracts of territory on the mainland, then inhabited by the veneti, from whence the rising city is supposed to have borrowed its name of venetia or venice. (b) this is the heart of venice, and is one of the most imposing architectural objects in europe. three of the sides are occupied by ranges of lofty buildings, which are connected by a succession of covered walk; or arcades. the church of st mark, founded in the year 828, closes up the square on the east. the lofty campanile, or bell-tower, over 300 feet in height, was begun a.d. 902, and finished in 1155. in the reign of justiniani participazio, a.d. 827, the son and successor of angelo, undistinguished by events of more important character, the venetians became possessed of the relics of that saint to whom they ever afterwards appealed as the great patron of their state and city. these remains were obtained from alexandria by a pious stratagem, at a time when the church wherein they were originally deposited was about to be destroyed, in order that its rich marbles might be applied to the decoration of a palace. at that fortunate season, some venetian ships (it is said no less than ten, a fact proving the prosperous extent of their early commerce) happened to be trading in that port; and their captains, though not without much difficulty, succeeded in obtaining from the priests, who had the custody of the holy treasure, its deliverance into their hands, in order that it might escape profanation. it was necessary, however, that this transfer should be made in secrecy; for we are assured by sabellico, who relates the occurrence minutely, that the miracles which had been daily wrought at the saint's shrine had strongly attached the populace to his memory. the priests carefully opened the cerements in which the body was enveloped; and considering, doubtless, that one dead saint possessed no less intrinsic virtue and value than another, they very adroitly substituted the corpse of a female, sta. claudia, in the folds which had been occupied by that of st. mark. but they had widely erred in their graduation of the scale of beatitude. so great was the odour of superior sanctity, that a rich perfume diffused itself through the church at the moment at which the grave-clothes of the evangelist were disturbed; and the holy robbery was well nigh betrayed to the eager crowd of worshippers, who, attracted by the sweet smell, thronged to inspect the relics, and to ascertain their safety. after examination, they retired, satisfied that their favourite saint was inviolate; for the slit which the priests had made in his cerements was behind and out of sight. but the venetians still had to protect the embarkation of their prize. for this purpose, effectually to prevent all chance of search, they placed the body in a large basket stuffed with herbs and covered with joints of pork. the porters who bore it were instructed to cry loudly '_khanzri khanzir!_[43] and every true mussulman whom they met, carefully avoided the uncleanness with which he was threatened by contact with this forbidden flesh. even when once on board, the body was not yet quite safe; for accident might reveal the contents of the basket; it was therefore wrapt in one of the sails, and hoisted to a yard-arm of the main-mast, till the moment of departure. nor was this precaution unnecessary; for the unbelievers instituted a strict search for contraband goods before the vessel sailed. during the voyage, the ship was in danger from a violent storm; and but for the timely appearance of the saint, who warned the captain to furl his sails, she would inevitably have been lost. the joy of the venetians, on the arrival of this precious cargo, was manifested by feasting, music, processions, and prayers. an ancient tradition was called to mind, that st. mark, in his travels, had visited aquileia; and having touched also at the hundred isles, at that time uninhabited, had been informed, in a prophetic vision, that his bones should one day repose upon their shores. venice was solemnly consigned to his protection. the saint himself, or his lion, was blazoned on her standards and impressed on her coinage; and the shout of the populace, whether on occasions of sedition or of joy, and the gathering cry of the armies of the republic in battle was, henceforward, '_viva san marco!'--sketches of venetian history_. (c) this ancient exchange "where merchants most do congregate," is situated on the rialto island, its name being derived from "_riva alta," "high shore_." it is a square in the immediate vicinity of the rialto bridge, and contains the church of san jacopo, the first sacred edifice built in venice. the original church was erected in the year 421, and the present building in 1194, and was restored in 1531. this island, being the largest and most elevated, became the first inhabited, and is, therefore, the most ancient part of venice. the exchange was held under the arcades, facing the church, and was daily crowded with those connected with trade and commerce. it is now occupied as a vegetable market. (d) vecellio informs us that the jews of venice differed in nothing, as far as regarded dress, from venetians of the same occupation, with the exception of a yellow, or orange tawney coloured bonnet, which they were compelled to wear by order of government. the women were distinguished from the christian ladies by wearing yellow veils. shakespeare is supposed to have taken the name of his jew from an old pamphlet, entitled "caleb shillocke, his prophesie; or the jewes prediction." (e) "he lends out money gratis, and brings down the rate of usance here with us in venice." about the time that shakespeare lived, venice had commercial dealings with all the civilized nations of the world; and cyprus, candia, and the morea were subject to her government. merchants from all countries congregated in venice, and received every possible encouragement from the authorities. the jews, under the sanction of government, were the money lenders, and were, consequently, much disliked, as well as feared, by their mercantile creditors. they indulged in usury to an enormous extent, and were immensely rich. act ii. scene i.--venice.(a) exterior of shylock's house. _enter_ launcelot gobbo. _lau_. certainly my conscience will serve me to run from this jew, my master: the fiend is at mine elbow, and tempts me; saying to me,--_gobbo, launcelot gobbo, good launcelot, or good gobbo, or good launcelot gobbo, use your legs, take the start, run away_:--my conscience says,--no: take heed, honest launcelot; take heed, honest gobbo:_ or (as aforesaid) _honest launcelot gobbo; do not run: scorn running with thy heels_. well the most courageous fiend bids me pack. _via_! says the fiend; _away_! says the fiend, _for the heavens_;[44] _rouse up a brave mind_, says the fiend, _and run_. well, my conscience, hanging about the neck of my heart, says very wisely to me, _my honest friend, launcelot, being an honest man's son_, or rather an honest woman's son;--for, indeed, my father did something smack, something grow to, he had a kind of taste;--well, my conscience says, _launcelot, budge not; budge_, says the fiend; _budge not_, says my conscience. conscience, say i, you counsel well; fiend, say i, you counsel well; to be ruled by my conscience i should stay with the jew, my master, who (heaven bless the mark!) is a kind of devil; and to run away from the jew i should be ruled by the fiend, who, saving your reverence, is the devil himself. certainly, the jew is the very devil incarnation; and in my conscience, my conscience is a kind of hard conscience, to offer to counsel me to stay with the jew. the fiend gives the more friendly counsel: i will run, fiend; my heels are at your commandment, i will run. [_as he is going out in haste_ _enter_ old gobbo, _with a basket_. _gob_. master, young man, you, i pray you; which is the way to master jew's? _lau. (aside.)_ o heavens, this is my true-begotten father! who, being more than sand-blind, high-gravel blind,[45] knows me not: i will try conclusions[46] with him. _gob_. master young gentleman, i pray you which is the way to master jew's? _lau_. turn upon your right hand at the next turning, but, at the next turning of all, on your left; marry, at the very next turning, turn of no hand, but turn down indirectly to the jew's house.[47] _gob_. 'twill be a hard way to hit. can you tell me whether one launcelot that dwells with him, dwell with him, or no? _lau_, talk you of young master launcelot?--mark me, now--_(aside.)_--now will i raise the waters.[48] talk you of young master launcelot? _gob_. no master, sir: but a poor man's son: his father, though i say it, is an honest exceeding poor man, and, heaven be thanked, well to live. _lau_, well, let his father be what he will, we talk of young master launcelot. _gob_. of launcelot, an't please your mastership.[49] _lau. ergo_, master launcelot; talk not of master launcelot, father; for the young gentleman (according to fates and destinies, and such odd sayings, the sisters three, and such branches of learning), is, indeed, deceased; or, as you would say in plain terms, gone to heaven. _gob_. marry, heaven forbid! the boy was the very staff of my age, my very prop. _lau_. do i look like a cudgel, or a hovel-post, a staff, or a prop?--do you know me, father? _gob_. alack the day, i know you not, young gentleman; but, i pray you tell me, is my boy (rest his soul!) alive or dead? _lau_. do you not know me, father? _gob_. alack! sir, i am sand-blind, i know you not. _lau_. nay, indeed, if you had your eyes, you might fail of the knowing me: it is a wise father that knows his own child. well, old man, i will tell you news of your son: give me your blessing: _(kneels.)_ truth will come to light; murder cannot be hid long; a man's son may; but, in the end, truth will out. _gob_. pray you, sir, stand up: i am sure you are not launcelot, my boy. _lau_. pray you, let's have no more fooling about it, but give me your blessing; i am launcelot, your boy that was, your son that is, your child that shall be. _gob_. i cannot think you are my son. _lau_. i know not what i shall think of that; but i am launcelot, the jew's man; and i am sure margery, your wife, is my mother. _gob_. her name is margery, indeed: i'll be sworn if thou be launcelot, thou art mine own flesh and blood. what a beard hast thou got: thou hast got more hair on thy chin than dobbin, my phill-horse,[50] has on his tail. _lau_. it should seem, then, that dobbin's tail grows backward; i am sure he had more hair of his tail than i have of my face, when i last saw him. _gob_. lord, how art thou changed! how dost thou and thy master agree? i have brought him a present. _lau. (rises.)_ give him a present! give him a halter: i am famished in his service; you may tell every finger i have with my ribs. father, i am glad you are come: give me your present to one master bassanio, who, indeed, gives rare new liveries; if i serve not him, i will run as far as heaven has any ground.--o rare fortune! here comes the man;--to him, father; for i am a jew if i serve the jew any longer. _enter_ bassanio, _with_ leonardo, _and_ stephano. _bas_. see these letters deliver'd; put the liveries to making; and desire gratiano to come anon to my lodging. [_exit a_ servant. _lau_. to him, father. _gob_. heaven bless your worship! _bas_. gramercy! would'st thou aught with me? _gob_. here's my son, sir, a poor boy-_lau_. not a poor boy, sir; but the rich jew's man; that would, sir, as my father shall specify. _gob_. he hath a great infection, sir, as one would say, to serve---_lau_. indeed, the short and the long is, i serve the jew, and have a desire as my father shall specify. _gob_. his master and he (saving your worship's reverence) are scarce cater-cousins. _lau_. to be brief, the very truth is, that the jew having done me wrong, doth cause me, as my father, being i hope an old man, shall frutify unto you. _gob_. i have here a dish of doves, that i would bestow upon your worship; and my suit is---_lau_. in very brief, the suit is impertinent[51] to myself, as your worship shall know by this honest old man; and, though i say it, though old man, yet poor man, my father. _bas_. one speak for both. what would you? _lau_. serve you, sir. _gob_. that is the very defect of the matter, sir. _bas_. i know thee well; thou hast obtain'd thy suit: shylock, thy master, spoke with me this day, and hath preferr'd thee, if it be preferment, to leave a rich jew's service, to become the follower of so poor a gentleman. _lau_. the old proverb is very well parted between my master, shylock, and you, sir; you have the grace of heaven, sir, and he hath---enough. _bas_. thou speak'st it well. go, father, with thy son:-take leave of thy old master, and inquire my lodging out:--give him a livery. [_to his followers_. more guarded[52] than his fellows': see it done. _lau_. father, in:--_(exit_ old gobbo.) i cannot get a service, no!--i have ne'er a tongue in my head!--well; (_looking on his palm_) if any man in italy have a fairer table;[53] which doth offer to swear upon a book i shall have good fortune![54] go to, here's a simple line of life![55] here's a small trifle of wives: alas, fifteen wives is nothing; eleven widows and nine maids, is a simple coming in for one man: and then, to 'scape drowning thrice; and to be in peril of my life with the edge of a feather-bed,[56] here are simple 'scapes! well, if fortune be a woman she's a good wench for this gear.--i'll take my leave of the jew in the twinkling of an eye. [_exit_ launcelot. _bas_. i pray thee, good leonardo, think on this; these things being bought and orderly bestow'd, return in haste, for i do feast to-night my best-esteem'd acquaintance: hie thee, go. _leo_. my best endeavours shall be done herein. _enter_ gratiano. _gra_. where is your master? _leo_. yonder, sir, he walks. [_exit_ leonardo _gra_. signior bassanio,-_bas_. gratiano! _gra_. i have a suit to you. _bas_. you have obtained it. _gra_. you must not deny me: i must go with you to belmont. _bas_. why, then you must.--but hear thee, gratiano; thou art too wild, too rude, and bold of voice; parts, that become thee happily enough, and in such eyes as ours appear not faults; but, where they are not known, why, there they show something too liberal:[57]--pray thee take pain to allay with some cold drops of modesty thy skipping spirit; lest, through thy wild behaviour, i be misconstrued in the place i go to, and lose my hopes. _gra_. signior bassanio, hear me: if i do not put on a sober habit, talk with respect, and swear but now and then, wear prayer-books in my pocket, look demurely; nay more, while grace is saying, hood mine eyes[58] thus with my hat, and sigh, and say amen; use all the observance of civility, like one well studied in a sad ostent;[59] to please his grandam,--never trust me more. _bas_, well, we shall see your bearing.[60] _gra_. nay, but i bar to-night; you shall not gage me by what we do to-night. _bas_. no, that were pity; i would entreat you rather to put on your boldest suit of mirth, for we have friends that purpose merriment: but fare you well, i have some business. _gra_. and i must to lorenzo and the rest; but we will visit you at supper time. [_exeunt_. _enter_ jessica _and_ launcelot _from_ shylock's _house_. _jes_. i am sorry thou wilt leave my father so; our house is hell, and thou, a merry devil, didst rob it of some taste of tediousness: but fare thee well: there is a ducat for thee; and, launcelot, soon at supper shall thou see lorenzo, who is thy new master's guest: give him this letter; do it secretly, and so farewell; i would not have my father see me in talk with thee. _lau_. adieu!--tears exhibit my tongue. most beautiful pagan,--most sweet jew! adieu! these foolish drops do somewhat drown my manly spirit: adieu. [_exit_. _jes_. farewell, good launcelot. alack, what heinous sin is it in me, to be asham'd to be my father's child! but though i am a daughter to his blood, i am not to his manners: o lorenzo, if thou keep promise, i shall end this strife; become a christian, and thy loving wife. [_exit into house_. _enter_ gratiano, lorenzo, salarino, _and_ salanio. _lor_. nay, we will slink away in supper time; disguise us at my lodging, and return all in an hour. _gra_. we have not made good preparation. _salar_. we have not spoke us yet of torch-bearers.[61] _sal_. 'tis vile, unless it may be quaintly order'd; and better, in my mind, not undertook. _lor_. 'tis now but four o'clock; we have two hours to furnish us.-_enter_ launcelot _with a letter_. friend launcelot, what's the news? _lau_. an it shall please you to break up this,[62] it shall seem to signify. _lor_. i know the hand: in faith, 'tis a fair hand; and whiter than the paper it writ on is the fair hand that writ. _gra_. love-news, in faith. _lau_. by your leave, sir. _lor_. whither goest thou? _lau_. marry, sir, to bid my old master the jew to sup to-night with my new master the christian. _lor_. hold here, take this:--tell gentle jessica, i will not fail her;--speak it privately; go. [_exit_ launcelot _into house_. gentlemen, will you prepare you for this masque to-night? i am provided of a torch-bearer. _salar_. ay, marry, i'll be gone about it straight. _sal_. and so will i. _lor_. meet me and gratiano at gratiano's lodging some hour hence. _salar_. 'tis good we do so. [_exeunt_ salarino _and_ salanio. _gra_. was not that letter from fair jessica? _lor_. i must needs tell thee all: she hath directed how i shall take her from her father's house; what gold and jewels she is furnish'd with; come, go with me; peruse this as thou goest: fair jessica shall be my torch-bearer. [_exeunt_. _enter_ shylock _and_ launcelot _from house_. _shy_. well, thou shalt see, thy eyes shall be thy judge, the difference of old shylock and bassanio: what, jessica!--thou shalt not gormandize, as thou hast done with me;--what, jessica!-and sleep and snore, and rend apparel out;-why, jessica, i say! _lau_. why, jessica! _shy_. who bids thee call? i do not bid thee call. _lau_. your worship was wont to tell me i could do nothing without bidding. _enter_ jessica. _jes_. call you? what is your will? _shy_. i am bid forth to supper,[63] jessica; there are my keys:--but wherefore should i go? i am not bid for love: they flatter me: but yet i'll go in hate, to feed upon the prodigal christian:[64]--jessica, my girl, look to my house:--i am right loath to go; there is some ill a brewing towards my rest, for i did dream of money-bags to night. _lau_. i beseech you, sir, go; my young master doth expect your reproach. _shy_. so do i his. _lau_. and they have conspired together,--i will not say, you shall see a masque; but if you do, then it was not for nothing that my nose fell a bleeding[65] on black monday(b) last, at six o'clock i'the morning, falling out that year on ash-wednesday was four year in the afternoon. _shy_. what! are there masques? hear you me, jessica: lock up my doors; and when you hear the drum, and the vile squeaking of the wry-neck'd fife,[66] clamber not you up to the casements then, nor thrust your head into the public street, to gaze on christian fools with varnish'd faces: but stop my house's ears, i mean my casements; let not the sound of shallow foppery enter my sober house.--by jacob's staff i swear, i have no mind of feasting forth to-night: but i will go.--go you before me, sirrah; say, i will come. _lau_. i will go before, sir.-mistress, look out at window, for all this; there will come a christian by, will be worth a jewess' eye.[67] [_exit_ launcelot. _shy_. what says that fool of hagar's offspring, ha? _jes_. his words were, farewell, mistress; nothing else. _shy_. the patch is kind enough;[68] but a huge feeder, snail-slow in profit, and he sleeps by day more than the wild cat: drones hive not with me, therefore i part with him; and part with him to one that i would have him help to waste his borrow'd purse.--well, jessica, go in; perhaps, i will return immediately; do as i bid you, shut doors after you: fast bind, fast find; a proverb never stale in thrifty mind. [_exit_. _jes_. farewell; and if my fortune be not crost, i have a father, you a daughter, lost. [_exit into house_. _enter_ gratiano _and_ salarino, _masqued_. _gra_. this is the pent-house, under which lorenzo desir'd us to make stand. _sal_. his hour is almost past. _gra_. and it is marvel he out-dwells his hour, for lovers ever run before the clock. _sal_. o, ten times faster venus' pigeons fly to seal love's bonds new made, than they are wont to keep obliged faith unforfeited! _gra_. that ever holds: who riseth from a feast, with that keen appetite that he sits down? where is the horse that doth untread again his tedious measures with the unbated fire that he did pace them first? all things that are, are with more spirit chased than enjoy'd. _enter_ lorenzo. _sal_. here comes lorenzo. _lor_. sweet friends, your patience for my long abode: not i, but my affairs, have made you wait: when you shall please to play the thieves for wives, i'll watch as long for you then.-here dwells my father jew:- glee.[69] o happy fair! your eyes are lode-stars, and your tongue sweet air! more tuneable than lark to shepherd's ear when wheat is green, when hawthorn buds appear![70] ho! who's within? _enter_ jessica, _above_. _jes_. who are you? tell me, for more certainty, albeit i'll swear that i do know your tongue. _lor_. lorenzo, and thy love. _jes_. lorenzo, certain; and my love, indeed; for who love i so much? and now who knows but you, lorenzo, whether i am yours? _lor_. heaven, and thy thoughts, are witness that thou art. _jes_. here, catch this casket; it is worth the pains. _lor_. come, come at once; for the close night doth play the run-away, and we are staid for at bassanio's feast. _jes_. i will make fast the doors, and gild myself with some more ducats, and be with you straight. [_exit from above_. _gra_. now, by my hood, a gentile and no jew.[71] _lor_. beshrew me, but i love her heartily: for she is wise, if i can judge of her; and fair she is, if that mine eyes be true; and true she is, as she hath prov'd herself; and therefore, like herself, wise, fair, and true, shall she be placed in my constant soul. _enter jessica, below_. what, art thou come?--on, gentlemen, away; our masquing mates by this time for us stay. [_exeunt_ _enter various parties of maskers, revellers, &c_. end of second act. historical notes to act second. (a) venice occupies 72 islands. there are 306 canals, traversed by innumerable gondolas. the gondolas introduced in this scene are copied from paintings of the same date as when the action of the play is supposed to occur, and are, consequently, rather varied in shape from those now seen in venice. besides the great squares of st. mark, and the adjoining piazetta before the doge's palace, the city has numerous narrow streets, or rather lanes, with small open spaces in front of the churches, or formed by the termination of several alleys, leading to a bridge. it is one of these spaces that is represented in the second act. (b) "black monday" is easter monday, and was so called on this occasion. in the 34th of edward iii. (1360), the 14th april, and the morrow after easter day, king edward, with his host, lay before the city of paris, which day was full dark of mist and hail, and so bitter cold that many men died on their horse's backs with the cold.--_stowe_. footnotes: [footnote 43: _khanzir_, arab, a hog. a cape on the coast of syria is named _ras el khanzir;_ i.e., hog's-head.] [footnote 44: _--for the heavens_; this expression is simply "a pretty oath." it occurs in ben jonson and decker.] [footnote 45: _--sand-blind, high-gravel blind_,; having an imperfect sight, as if there was sand in the eye.--gravel-blind, a coinage of launcelot's, is the exaggeration of _sand-blind_.] [footnote 46: _i will try_ conclusions; experiments.] [footnote 47: _--turn down indirectly to the jew's house_.; this perplexed direction is given to puzzle the enquirer.] [footnote 48: _--now will i raise the waters.; id est_, make him weep.] [footnote 49: --we talk of young master launcelot. _gobbo_. of launcelot, an't please your mastership. _id est, plain_ launcelot, and not, as you term him, _master_ launcelot.] [footnote 50: _--phill horse_,; the horse in the shafts of a cart or waggon. the term is best understood in the midland counties.] [footnote 51: _--the suit is impertinent_; launcelot is a blunderer, as well as one who can _"play upon a word;"_ here he means _pertinent_.] [footnote 52: _--a livery more_ guarded; more ornamented.] [footnote 53: _--a fairer table_; table is the palm of the hand.] [footnote 54: _--i shall have good fortune_!; the palm which offers to swear that the owner shall have good fortune, is a fair table to be proud of.] [footnote 55: _--here's a simple line of life_!; in allusion to the lines on the palm of his hand.] [footnote 56: _--in peril of my life with the edge of a feather-bed_,; a cant phrase to signify the danger of marrying.] [footnote 57: _--something too_ liberal:--; gross or coarse.] [footnote 58: _--hood mine eyes_; alluding to the manner of covering a hawk's eyes.] [footnote 59: _--sad ostent;_ grave appearance--show of staid and serious behaviour. _ostent_ is a word very commonly used for _show_ among the old dramatic writers.] [footnote 60: _--we shall see your bearing_.; bearing is carriage--deportment.] [footnote 61: _we have not spoke us yet of torch-bearers_.; _id est_, we have not yet bespoken the torch-bearers.] [footnote 62: _--to break up this,_ to _break up_ was a term in carving.] [footnote 63: _i am bid forth to supper,_; i am invited. to _bid_, in old language, meant to _pray_.] [footnote 64: _to feed upon the prodigal christian:_ the poet here means to heighten the malignity of shylock's character, by making him depart from his settled resolve, of "neither to eat, drink nor pray with christians," for the prosecution of his revenge.] [footnote 65: _nose fell a bleeding_; some superstitious belief was annexed to the accident of bleeding at the nose.] [footnote 66: _wry-neck'd fife,_; the upper part or mouth-piece, resembling the beak of a bird.] [footnote 67: _--worth a jewess' eye_.; it's worth a jews' eye is a proverbial phrase.] [footnote 68: _the patch is kind enough;_ patch is the name of a fool, probably in allusion to his _patch'd_ or party colored dress.] [footnote 69: sung by miss poole, miss leffler, and mr. wallworth.] [footnote 70: the words are from _midsummer night's dream_, act i., scene 1.] [footnote 71: _--a gentile and no jew_.; a jest arising from the ambiguity of _gentile_, which signifies both a _heathen_, and one well-born.] act iii. scene i.--saloon of the caskets in portia's house at belmont. _enter_ nerissa, _with_ servants. _ner_. the prince of arragon hath ta'en his oath, and comes to his election presently. _flourish of trumpets. enter the_ prince of arragon, portia, _and their trains_. _por_. behold, there stand the caskets, noble prince; if you choose that wherein i am contain'd, straight shall our nuptial rites be solemniz'd; but if you fail, without more speech, my lord, you must be gone from hence immediately. _arr_. i am enjoin'd by oath to observe three things: first, never to unfold to any one which casket 'twas i chose; next, if i fail of the right casket, never in my life to woo a maid in way of marriage; lastly, if i do fail in fortune of my choice, immediately to leave you and be gone. _por_. to these injunctions every one doth swear that comes to hazard for my worthless self. _arr_. and so have i address'd me:[72] fortune now to my heart's hope!--gold, silver, and base lead. 'who chooseth me must give and hazard all he hath.' what says the golden chest? ha! let me see: 'who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire.' what many men desire.--that many may be meant[73] by the fool multitude,[74] that choose by show, why, then, to thee, thou silver treasure-house; tell me once more what title thou dost bear: 'who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves;' and well said too. for who shall go about to cozen fortune, and be honourable without the stamp of merit! o, that estates, degrees, and offices, were not deriv'd corruptly! and that clear honour were purchas'd by the merit of the wearer! how many then should cover that stand bare? how many be commanded that command? and how much honour pick'd from the chaff and ruin of the times, to be new varnish'd? well, but to my choice: 'who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves:' i will assume desert:--give me a key for this, and instantly unlock my fortunes here. _por_. too long a pause for that which you find there. _arr_. what's here: the portrait of a blinking idiot, presenting me a schedule? i will read it. some there be that shadows kiss; such have but a shadow's bliss: there be fools alive, i wis,[75] silver'd o'er; and so was this.' still more fool i shall appear by the time i linger here: with one fool's head i came to woo, but i go away with two. sweet, adieu! i'll keep my oath, patiently to bear my wroath.[76] [_exeunt_ arragon _and train_. _por_. thus hath the candle sing'd the moth. o these deliberate fools! when they do choose, they have the wisdom by their wit to lose. _ner_. the ancient saying is no heresy;-hanging and wiving goes by destiny. _enter_ balthazar. _ser_. madam, there is alighted at your gate a young venetian, one that comes before to signify the approaching of his lord: from whom he bringeth sensible regreets;[77] to wit, besides commends and courteous breath, gifts of rich value; yet i have not seen so likely an ambassador of love. _por_. no more, i pray thee. come, come, nerissa; for i long to see quick cupid's post that comes so mannerly. _ner_. bassanio, lord love, if thy will it be! [_exeunt_. footnotes: [footnote 72: _--so have i address'd me_: to address is to prepare--_id est_ i have prepared myself by the same ceremonies.] [footnote 73: _that many may be meant_; many modes of speech were familiar in shakespeare's age that are now no longer used. "may be meant," _id est_, meaning by that, &c.] [footnote 74: _--the fool multitude_; the foolish multitude.] [footnote 75: _--i wis_,; i know.] scene ii.--rialto bridge (a), and grand canal. _enter_ salarino _and_ salanio. _salar_. why, man, i saw bassanio under sail; with him is gratiano gone along; and in their ship, i am sure, lorenzo is not. _sal_. the villain jew with outcries rais'd the duke; who went with him to search bassanio's ship. _salar_. he came too late, the ship was under sail; but there the duke was given to understand, that in a gondola were seen together lorenzo and his amorous jessica; besides, antonio certified the duke, they were not with bassanio in his ship. _sal_. i never heard a passion so confus'd, so strange, outrageous, and so variable, as the dog jew did utter in the streets; "_my daughter!--o, my ducats!--o, my daughter! fled with a christian!--o, my christian ducats!-justice! the law! my ducats, and my daughter.!"_ let good antonio look he keep his day, or he shall pay for this. _salar_. marry, well remember'd: i reason'd[78] with a frenchman yesterday, who told me that antonio hath a ship of rich lading wreck'd on the narrow seas that part the french and english,--the goodwins, i think they call the place--a very dangerous flat and fatal, where the carcases of many a tall ship lie buried, as they say, if my gossip report be an honest woman of her word. _sal_. i would she were as lying a gossip in that, as ever knapp'd ginger,[79] or made her neighbours believe she wept for the death of a third husband: but it is true, that the good antonio, the honest antonio,--o, that i had a title good enough to keep his name company!-_salar_. come, the full stop. _sal_. why, the end is, he hath lost a ship. _salar_. i would it might prove the end of his losses! _sal_. let me say amen betimes, lest the devil cross my prayer; for here he comes in the likeness of a jew. _enter_ shylock. _salar_. how now, shylock? what news among the merchants? _shy_. you knew, none so well, none so well as you, of my daughter's flight? _sal_. that's certain. i, for my part, knew the tailor that made the wings she flew withal. _salar_. and shylock, for his own part, knew the bird was fledg'd; and then it is the complexion of them all to leave the dam. _shy_. she is damn'd for it. _sal_. that's certain, if the devil may be her judge. _shy_. my own flesh and blood to rebel! _salar_. but tell us, do you hear whether antonio have had any loss at sea or no? _shy_. there i have another bad match: a bankrupt, a prodigal, who dare scarce show his head on the rialto; a beggar, that used to come so smug upon the mart.--let him look to his bond: he was wont to call me usurer;--let him look to his bond: he was wont to lend money for a christian courtesy;--let him look to his bond. _sal_. why, i am sure, if he forfeit, thou wilt not take his flesh? what's that good for? _shy_. to bait fish withal: if it will feed nothing else it will feed my revenge. he hath disgraced me, and hindered me half a million; laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies: and what's his reason? i am a jew. hath not a jew eyes? hath not a jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions? fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer as a christian is? if you prick us, do we not bleed? if you tickle us, do we not laugh? if you poison us, do we not die? and if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? if we are like you in the rest, we will resemble you in that. if a jew wrong a christian, what is his humility? revenge: if a christian wrong a jew, what should his sufferance be by christian example? why, revenge. the villany you teach me i will execute: and it shall go hard but i will better the instruction. _salar_. here comes another of the tribe; a third cannot be matched, unless the devil himself turn jew. [_exeunt_ salanio, salarino, _and servant_. _enter_ tubal. _shy_. how now, tubal, what news from genoa? hast thou found my daughter? _tub_. i often came where i did hear of her, but cannot find her. _shy_. why, there, there, there, there! a diamond gone, cost me two thousand ducats in frankfort! the curse never fell upon our nation till now; i never felt it till now:--two thousand ducats in that; and other precious, precious jewels.--i would my daughter were dead at my foot, and the jewels in her ear! 'would she were hears'd at my foot, and the ducats in her coffin! no news of them?--why, so:--and i know not what's spent in the search: why, thou loss upon loss! the thief gone with so much, and so much to find the thief; and no satisfaction, no revenge: nor no ill luck stirring but what lights o' my shoulders; no sighs but o' my breathing; no tears but o' my shedding. _tub_. yes, other men have ill luck, too. antonio, as i heard in genoa,-_shy_. what, what, what? ill luck, ill luck? _tub_. hath an argosy cast away, coming from tripolis. _shy_. i thank god, i thank god:--is it true? is it true? _tub_. i spoke with some of the sailors that escaped the wreck. _shy_. i thank thee, good tubal;--good news, good news: ha! ha!--where? in genoa? _tub_. your daughter spent in genoa, as i heard, one night, fourscore ducats! _shy_. thou stick'st a dagger in me:--i shall never see my gold again: fourscore ducats at a sitting! fourscore ducats! _tub_. there came divers of antonio's creditors in my company to venice, that swear he cannot choose but break. _shy_. i am very glad of it: i'll plague him; i'll torture him; i am glad of it. _tub_. one of them showed me a ring, that he had of your daughter for a monkey. _shy_. out upon her! thou torturest me, tubal: it was my turquoise;[80] i had it of leah, when i was a bachelor: i would not have given it for a wilderness of monkeys. _tub_. but antonio is certainly undone. _shy_. nay, that's true, that's very true: go, tubal, fee me an officer, bespeak him a fortnight before: i will have the heart of him, if he forfeit; for were he out of venice, i can make what merchandize i will. go, tubal, and meet me at our synagogue: go, good tubal; at our synagogue, tubal. [_exeunt_. footnotes: [footnote 76: _--to bear my wroath_.; _misfortune_.] [footnote 77: _--regreets; i.s_., salutations.] [footnote 78: _i reason'd; id est_, i conversed.] [footnote 79: _--knapp'd ginger,_; to knap is to break short. the word occurs in the common prayer--"_he knappeth the spear in sunder_."] [footnote 80: _turquoise_; a precious stone found in the veins of the mountains on the confines of persia to the east, subject to the tartars. many superstitious qualities were imputed to it, all of which were either monitory or preservative to the wearer.] scene iii.--saloon of the caskets, in portia's house, at belmont. bassanio, portia, gratiano, nerissa, _and attendants_. _por_. i pray you, tarry; pause a day or two, before you hazard; for, in choosing wrong i lose your company; i could teach you how to choose right, but then i am forsworn; so will i never be: so may you miss me; but if you do, you'll make me wish a sin, that i had been forsworn. _bas_. let me choose; for, as i am, i live upon the rack. come, let me to my fortune and the caskets. _por_. away then: i am lock'd in one of them; if you do love me, you will find me out. let music sound, while he doth make his choice: then, if he lose, he makes a swan-like end, fading in music.(b)--that the comparison may stand more proper, my eye shall be the stream and wat'ry death-bed for him. [_music, whilst_ bassanio _comments on the caskets to himself_. song.[81] 1. tell me where is fancy bred. or in the heart, or in the head? how begot, how nourished reply, reply. 2. it is engender'd in the eyes, with gazing fed; and fancy dies in the cradle where it lies: let us all ring fancy's knell; i'll begin it.--ding, dong, bell. _all_. ding, dong, bell. [_exeunt all but_ portia _and_ bassanio. _bas_. so may the outward shows be least themselves;[82] the world is still deceiv'd with ornament. in law, what plea so tainted and corrupt, but, being season'd with a gracious voice,[83] obscures the show of evil? in religion, what damned error, but some sober brow will bless it and approve it[84] with a text, hiding the grossness with fair ornament? there is no vice so simple, but assumes some mark of virtue on his outward parts. thus ornament is but the guiled[85] shore to a most dangerous sea; the beauteous scarf veiling an indian beauty. therefore, thou gaudy gold, hard food for midas, i will none of thee: nor none of thee, thou pale and common drudge 'tween man and man. but thou, thou meagre lead, which rather threat'nest than dost promise aught, thy plainness moves me more than eloquence, and here choose i. joy be the consequence! _por_. how all the other passions fleet to air! o love, be moderate, allay thy ecstacy, i feel too much thy blessing, make it less, for fear i surfeit! _bas_. what find i here! [_opening the leaden casket_. fair portia's counterfeit?[86]--here's the scroll, the continent and summary of my fortune. 'you that choose not by the view, chance as felt, and choose as true! since this fortune falls to you, be content, and seek no new. if you be well pleas'd with this, and hold your fortune for your bliss. turn you where your lady is, and claim her with a loving kiss.' a gentle scroll.--fair lady, by your leave, i come by note, to give and to receive. yet doubtful whether what i see be true, until confirm'd, sign'd, ratified by you. _por_. you see, my lord bassanio, where i stand, such as i am: though, for myself alone, i would not be ambitious in my wish, to wish myself much better; yet, for you, i would be trebled twenty times myself. but now i was the lord of this fair mansion, master of my servants, queen o'er myself; and even now, but now, this house, these servants, and this same myself. are yours, my lord,--i give them with this ring; which, when you part from, lose, or give away, let it presage the ruin of your love, and be my vantage to exclaim on you. _bas_. madam, you have bereft me of all words; only my blood speaks to you in my veins: but when this ring parts from this finger, then parts life from hence; o, then be bold to say, bassanio's dead. _ner_. my lord and lady, it is now our time, that have stood by and seen our wishes prosper, to cry good joy; god joy, my lord and lady! _gra_. my lord bassanio, and my gentle lady, i wish you all the joy that you can wish; for i am sure you can wish none from me: and, when your honours mean to solemnize the bargain of your faith, i do beseech you even at that time i may be married too. _bas_. with all my heart, so thou canst get a wife. _gra_. i thank your lordship; you have got me one. my eyes, my lord, can look as swift as yours: you saw the mistress, i beheld the maid; you lov'd, i lov'd; for intermission[87] no more pertains to me, my lord, than you. your fortune stood upon the caskets there; and so did mine too, as the matter falls: for wooing here, until my roof was dry with oaths of love, at last,--if promise last,-i got a promise of this fair one here, to have her love, provided that your fortune achiev'd her mistress. _por_. is this true, nerissa? _ner_. madam, it is, so you stand pleas'd withal. _bas_. and do you, gratiano, mean good faith? _gra_. yes, faith, my lord. _bas_. our feast shall be much honour'd in your marriage. _gra_. but who comes here? lorenzo, and his infidel? what, and my old venetian friend, solanio. _enter_ lorenzo, jessica, _and_ salanio. _bas_. lorenzo, and solanio, welcome hither; if that the youth of my new interest here have power to bid you welcome:--by your leave, i bid my very friends and countrymen, sweet portia, welcome. _por_. so do i, my lord; they are entirely welcome. _lor_. i thank your honour:--for my part, my lord, my purpose was not to have seen you here; but meeting with solanio by the way, he did entreat me, past all saying nay, to come with him along. _sal_. i did, my lord, and i have reason for it. signior antonio commends him to you. [_gives_ bassanio _a letter_. _bas_. ere i ope this letter, i pray you tell me how my good friend doth. _sal_. not sick, my lord, unless it be in mind: nor well, unless in mind: his letter there will show you his estate. _gra_. nerissa, cheer yon stranger; bid her welcome. your hand, solanio. what's the news from venice? how doth that royal merchant, good antonio? i know he will be glad of our success; we are the jasons, we have won the fleece. _sal_. 'would you had won the fleece that he hath lost! _por_. there are some shrewd contents in yon same paper, that steal the colour from bassanio's cheek; some dear friend dead; else nothing in the world could turn so much the constitution of any constant man.[88] what, worse and worse?-with leave, bassanio; i am half yourself, and i must freely have the half of any thing that this same paper brings you. _bas_. o sweet portia, here are a few of the unpleasant'st words that ever blotted paper! gentle lady, when i did first impart my love to you, i freely told you, all the wealth i had ran in my veins,--i was a gentleman: and then i told you true: and yet, dear lady, rating myself at nothing, you shall see how much i was a braggart: when i told you my state was nothing, i should then have told you that i was worse than nothing; for, indeed, i have engag'd myself to a dear friend, engag'd my friend to his mere enemy, to feed my means. here is a letter, lady; the paper as the body of my friend, and every word in it a gaping wound, issuing life-blood. but is it true, solanio? have all his ventures fail'd? what, not one hit? from tripolis, from mexico, and england, from lisbon, barbary, and india? and not one vessel 'scape the dreadful touch of merchant-marring rocks? _sal_. not one, my lord. besides, it should appear, that if he had the present money to discharge the jew, he would not take it: never did i know a creature that did bear the shape of man, so keen and greedy to confound a man. he plies the duke at morning, and at night; and doth impeach the freedom of the state if they deny him justice: twenty merchants, the duke himself, and the magnificoes of greatest port, have all persuaded with him; but none can drive him from the envious plea of forfeiture, of justice, and his bond. _por_. is it your dear friend that is thus in trouble? _bas_. the dearest friend to me, the kindest man, the best condition'd and unwearied spirit in doing courtesies, and one in whom the ancient roman honour more appears, than any that draws breath in italy. _por_. what sum owes he the jew? _bas_. for me, three thousand ducats. _por_. what, no more? pay him six thousand, and deface the bond; double six thousand, and then treble that, before a friend of this description shall lose a hair through bassanio's fault. first, go with me to church, and call me wife: and then away to venice to your friend! for never shall you stay by portia's side with an unquiet soul. you shall have gold to pay the petty debt twenty times over; when it is paid, bring your true friend along: my maid nerissa, and myself, mean time, will live as maids and widows. come, away; for you shall hence, upon my wedding-day: but let me hear the letter of your friend. _bas. (reads.)_ 'sweet bassanio, my ships have all miscarried, my creditors grow cruel, my estate is very low, my bond to the jew is forfeit; and since, in paying it, it is impossible i should live, all debts are cleared between you and me, if i might but see you at my death: notwithstanding, use your pleasure: if your love do not persuade you to come, let not my letter.' _por_. o love, despatch all business, and be gone. _bas_. since i have your good leave to go away, i will make haste: but, till i come again, no bed shall e'er be guilty of my stay, nor rest be interposer 'twixt us twain. [_exeunt_. footnotes: [footnote 81: sung by miss poole, and chorus of ladies.] [footnote 82: _so may the outward shows be least themselves_; bassanio begins abruptly; the first part of the argument having passed in his mind while the music was proceeding.] [footnote 83: _--gracious voice_,; pleasing--winning favour.] [footnote 84: _--approve it_; _id est_, justify it.] [footnote 85: _--guiled_; treacherous--deceitful.] [footnote 86: _fair portia's counterfeit?_; counterfeit, which is at present used only in a bad sense, anciently signified a _likeness_, a _resemblance_, without comprehending any idea of fraud.] [footnote 87: _--intermission_; intermission is pause--intervening time--delay.] [footnote 88: _--any constant man_.; _constant_, in the present instance signifies _grace_.] scene iv.--venice. the columns of st. mark. (c). _enter_ shylock, salarino, antonio, _and_ gaoler. _shy_, gaoler, look to him. tell not me of mercy;-this is the fool that lends out money gratis;-gaoler, look to him. _ant_. hear me yet, good shylock. _shy_. i'll have my bond; speak not against my bond; i have sworn an oath that i will have my bond: thou call'dst me dog, before thou had'st a cause: but, since i am a dog, beware my fangs: the duke shall grant me justice.--i do wonder, thou naughty gaoler, that thou art so fond[89] to come abroad with him at his request. _ant_. i pray thee, hear me speak. _shy_. i'll have my bond; i will not hear thee speak: i'll have my bond; and therefore speak no more. i'll not be made a soft and dull-ey'd fool, to shake the head, relent, and sigh, and yield to christian intercessors. follow not; i'll have no speaking; i will have my bond. [_exit_ shylock. _salar_. it is the most impenetrable cur that ever kept with men. _ant_. let him alone; i'll follow him no more with bootless prayers. he seeks my life. _salar_. i am sure the duke will never grant this forfeiture to hold. _ant_. the duke cannot deny the course of law,[90] for the commodity that strangers have with us in venice, if it be denied, 'twill much impeach the justice of the state;[91] since that the trade and profit of the city consisteth of all nations. well, gaoler, on:--pray heaven, bassanio come to see me pay his debt, and then i care not. [_exeunt_. footnotes: [footnote 89: _--fond_; _id est_, foolish.] scene v.--saloon of the caskets in portia's house at belmont. _enter_ portia, nerissa, lorenzo, jessica, _and_ balthazar. _lor_. madam, although i speak it in your presence, you have a noble and a true conceit of god-like amity; which appears most strongly in bearing thus the absence of your lord. but, if you knew to whom you show this honour, how true a gentleman you send relief, how dear a lover of my lord your husband, i know you would be prouder of the work, than customary bounty can enforce you. _por_. i never did repent for doing good, nor shall not now. this comes too near the praising of myself; therefore, no more of it: hear other things.[92] lorenzo, i commit into your hands the husbandry and manage of my house, until my lord's return: for mine own part, i have toward heaven breath'd a secret vow, to live in prayer and contemplation, only attended by nerissa here; there is a monastery two miles off, and there we will abide. i do desire you not to deny this imposition; to which my love, and some necessity, now lays upon you. _lor_. madam, with all my heart, i shall obey you in all fair commands. _por_. my people do already know my mind, and will acknowledge you and jessica in place of lord bassanio and myself. so fare you well, till we shall meet again. _lor_. fair thoughts and happy hours attend on you! _jes_. i wish your ladyship all heart's content. _por_. i thank you for your wish, and am well pleas'd to wish it back on you: fare you well, jessica! _exeunt_ jessica _and_ lorenzo. now, balthazar, as i have ever found thee honest, true, so let me find thee still: take this same letter; see thou render this into my cousin's hand, doctor bellario; and, look, what notes and garments he doth give thee bring them, i pray thee, with imagin'd speed[93] unto the tranect,[94] to the common ferry which trades to venice:--waste no time in words, but get thee gone; i shall be there before thee. _bal_. madam, i go with all convenient speed. [_exit_. _por_. come on, nerissa; i have work in hand, that you yet know not of: we'll see our husbands, before they think of us. _ner_. shall they see us? _por_. they shall, nerissa: but come, i'll tell thee all my whole device when i am in my coach, which stays for us at the park gate; and therefore haste away, for we must measure twenty miles to-day. [_exeunt_. end of act third. historical notes to act third. (a) the present stone structure superseded an older one of wood. this celebrated edifice was commenced in 1588. (b) that the swan uttered musical sounds at the approach of death was credited by plato, chrysippus, aristotle, euripides, philostratus, cicero, seneca, and martial. pliny, aelian, and athenaeus, among the ancients, and sir thomas more among the moderns, treat this opinion as a vulgar error. luther believed in it. see his _colloquia_, par. 2, p. 125, edit. 1571, 8vo. our countryman, bartholomew glanville, thus mentions the singing of the swan: "and whan she shal dye and that a fether is pyght in the brayn, then she syngeth, as ambrose sayth," _de propr. rer_. 1. xii., c. 11. monsieur morin has written a dissertation on this subject in vol. v. of the _mem. de l'acad. des inscript_. there are likewise some curious remarks on it in weston's _specimens of the conformity of the european languages with the oriental_, p. 135; in seelen _miscellanea_, tom. 1. 298; and in pinkerton's _recollections of paris_, ii. 336.--_douce's illustrations_. (c) these two magnificent granite columns, which adorn the piazzetta of st. mark, on the molo or quay, near the doge's palace, were among the trophies brought by dominico michieli on his victorious return from palestine in 1125; and it is believed that they were plundered from some island in the archipelago. a third pillar, which accompanied them, was sunk while landing. it was long before any engineer could be found sufficiently enterprising to attempt to rear them, and they were left neglected on the quay for more than fifty years. in 1180, however, nicolo barattiero[a], a lombard, undertook the task, and succeeded. of the process which he employed, we are uninformed; for sabellico records no more than that he took especial pains to keep the ropes continually wetted, while they were strained by the weight of the huge marbles. the government, more in the lavish spirit of oriental bounty, than in accordance with the calculating sobriety of european patronage, had promised to reward the architect by granting whatever boon, consistent with its honour, he might ask. it may be doubted whether he quite strictly adhered to the requisite condition, when he demanded that games of chance, hitherto forbidden throughout the capital, might be played in the space between the columns: perhaps with a reservation to himself of any profits accruing from them. his request was granted, and the disgraceful monopoly became established; but afterward, in order to render the spot infamous, and to deter the population from frequenting it, it was made the scene of capital executions; and the bodies of countless malefactors were thus gibbeted under the very windows of the palace of the chief magistrate. a winged lion in bronze, the emblem of st. mark, was raised on the summit of one of these columns; and the other was crowned with a statue of st. theodore, a yet earlier patron of the city, armed with a lance and shield, and trampling on a serpent. a blunder, made by the statuary in this group, has given occasion for a sarcastic comment from amelot de la houssaye. the saint is sculptured with the shield in his right hand, the lance in his left; a clear proof, says the french writer, of the unacquaintance of the venetians with the use of arms; and symbolical that their great council never undertakes a war of its own accord, nor for any other object than to obtain a good and secure peace. the satirist has unintentionally given the republic the highest praise which could flow from his pen. happy, indeed, would it have been for mankind, if governments had never been actuated by any other policy. de la houssaye informs us also that the venetians exchanged the patronage of st. theodore for that of st. mark, from like pacific motives; because the first was a soldier and resembled st. george, the tutelary idol of genoa.--_sketches of venetian history_. footnotes: [footnote 90: _the duke cannot deny_, &c.; as the reason here given seems a little perplex'd, it may be proper to explain it. if, says he, the duke stop the course of law, it will be attended with this inconvenience, that stranger merchants, by whom the wealth and power of this city is supported, will cry out of injustice. for the known stated law being their guide and security, they will never bear to have the current of it stopped on any pretence of equity whatsoever.--warburton.] [footnote 91: _for the commodity that strangers have with us in venice, if it be denied_, &c.; _id est_, for the denial of those rights to strangers, which render their abode at venice so commodious and agreeable to them, would much impeach the justice of the state. the consequence would be, that strangers would not reside or carry on traffick here; and the wealth and strength of the state would be diminished. in the _historye of italye,_ by w. thomas, quarto, 1567, there is a section _on the libertee of straungers_, at venice--malone.] [footnote 92: _--hear other things_.; _id est_, she'll say no more in self-praise, but will refer to a new subject.] [footnote 93: _--with imagin'd speed_; _id est_, with celerity, like that of imagination.] [footnote 94: _unto the tranect_,; probably this word means the tow-boat of the ferry.] [footnote a: doglioni fixes the erection of these columns in 1172, sabellico in 1174, the common venetian guide-books, a few years later. the abbate garaccioli, writes the name of the engineer starrattoni.] act iv. scene i.--venice. a court of justice.(a) _the_ duke, (b) _the_ magnificoes[95] antonio, bassanio, gratiano, salarino, salanio, _and others_. _duke_. what is antonio here? _ant_. ready, so please your grace. _duke_, i am sorry for thee: them art come to answer a stony adversary, an inhuman wretch, uncapable of pity, void and empty from any dram of mercy. _ant_. i have heard your grace hath ta'en great pains to qualify his rigorous course; but since he stands obdurate, and that no lawful means can carry me out of his envy's reach,[96] i do oppose my patience to his fury; and am arm'd to suffer, with a quietness of spirit, the very tyranny and rage of his. _duke_. go one, and call the jew into the court. _grand capt_. he's ready at the door: he comes, my lord. _enter_ shylock. _duke_. make room, and let him stand before our face. shylock, the world thinks, and i think so, too, that thou but lead'st this fashion of thy malice to the last hour of act: and then, 'tis thought thou'lt show thy mercy and remorse,[97] more strange than is thy strange apparent cruelty:[98] and where[99] thou now exact'st the penalty, (which is a pound of this poor merchant's flesh), thou wilt not only lose the forfeiture, but touch'd with human gentleness and love, forgive a moiety of the principal; glancing an eye of pity on his losses, that have of late so huddled on his back, enough to press a royal merchant down, (c) and pluck commiseration of his state from brassy bosoms, and rough hearts of flint, from stubborn turks and tartars, never train'd to offices of tender courtesy. we all expect a gentle answer, jew. _shy_. i have possess'd your grace of what i purpose; and by our holy sabbath have i sworn, to have the due and forfeit of my bond: if you deny it, let the danger light upon your charter, and your city's freedom. you'll ask me, why i rather choose to have a weight of carrion flesh, than to receive three thousand ducats: i'll not answer that: but, say, it is my humour:[100] is it answer'd? what if my house be troubled with a rat, and i be pleas'd to give ten thousand ducats to have it ban'd? what, are you answer'd yet? some men there are love not a gaping pig;[101] some, that are mad if they behold a cat; now for your answer. as there is no firm reason to be render'd why he cannot abide a gaping pig; why he a harmless necessary cat; so can i give no reason, nor i will not, more than a lodg'd hate, and a certain loathing, i bear antonio, that i follow thus a losing suit against him. are you answer'd? _bas_. this is no answer, thou unfeeling man, to excuse the current of thy cruelty. _shy_. i am not bound to please thee with my answer. _bas_. do all men kill the things they do not love? _shy_. hates any man the thing he would not kill? _bas_. every offence is not a hate at first. _shy_. what, would'st thou have a serpent sting thee twice? _ant_. i pray you, think you question with the jew.[102] you may as well go stand upon the beach, and bid the main flood bate his usual height; yon may as well use question with the wolf, why he hath made the ewe bleat for the lamb; you may as well forbid the mountain pines to wag their high tops, and to make no noise, when they are fretted with the gusts of heaven; you may as well do anything most hard, as seek to soften that (than which what's harder?) his jewish heart:--therefore, i do beseech you, make no more offers, use no further means, but, with all brief and plain conveniency, let me have judgment, and the jew his will. _bas_. for thy three thousand ducats here are six. _shy_. if every ducat in six thousand ducats were in six parts, and every part a ducat, i would not draw them,--i would have my bond. _duke_. how shall thou hope for mercy, rend'ring none? _shy_. what judgment shall i dread, doing no wrong? you have among you many a purchas'd slave, which, like your asses, and your dogs, and mules, you use in abject and in slavish parts, because you bought them:--shall i say to you, let them be free, marry them to your heirs? why sweat they under burthens? let their beds be made as soft as yours, and let their palates be season'd with such viands? you will answer, the slaves are ours:--so do i answer you. the pound of flesh, which i demand of him. is dearly bought; 'tis mine, and i will have it; if you deny me, fie upon your law! there is no force in the decrees of venice: i stand for judgment: answer; shall i have it? _duke_. upon my power, i may dismiss this court, unless bellario, a learned doctor, whom i have sent for to determine this, come here to day. _grand capt_. my lord, here stays without a messenger, with letters from the doctor, new come from padua.[103] _duke_. bring us the letters:--call the messenger. _bas_. good cheer, antonio! what, man! courage yet! the jew shall have my flesh, blood, bones, and all, ere thou shall lose for me one drop of blood. _ant_. i am a tainted wether of the flock, meetest for death; the weakest kind of fruit drops earliest to the ground, and so let me: you cannot better be employ'd, bassanio, than to live still, and write mine epitaph. _enter_ nerissa, _dressed like a lawyer's clerk_. _duke_. came you from padua, from bellario? _ner_. from both, my lord; bellario greets your grace. [_presents a letter_. _bas_. why dost thou whet thy knife so earnestly? _shy_. to cut the forfeit from that bankrupt there. _gra_. can no prayers pierce thee? _shy_. no, none that thou hast wit enough to make. _gra_. o, be thou damn'd inexorable dog! and for thy life let justice be accus'd. thou almost makst me waver in my faith, to hold opinion with pythagoras, that souls of animals infuse themselves into the trunks of men: thy currish spirit govern'd a wolf, who, hang'd for human slaughter, even from the gallows did his fell soul fleet, and whilst thou lay'st in thy unhallow'd dam, infus'd itself in thee; for thy desires are wolfish, bloody, starv'd, and ravenous. _shy_. till thou can'st rail the seal from off my bond, thou but offend'st thy lungs to speak so loud: repair thy wit, good youth; or it will fall to cureless ruin.--i stand here for law. _duke_. this letter from bellario doth commend a young and learned doctor tax our court:-where is he? _ner_. he attendeth here hard by, to know your answer, whether you'll admit him. _duke_. with all my heart:--some three or four of you go give him courteous conduct to this place.-meantime, the court shall hear bellario's letter. [_herald reads_] "your grace shall understand, that, at the receipt of your letter, i am very sick; but that in the instant that your messenger came, in loving visitation was with me a young doctor of home; his name is balthasar: i acquainted him with the cause in controversy between the jew and antonio, the merchant: we turned o'er many books together; he is furnished with my opinion; which, better'd with his own learning (the greatness whereof i cannot enough commend), comes with him, at my importunity, to fill up your grace's request in my stead. i beseech you, let his lack of years be no impediment to let him lack a reverend estimation; for i never knew so young a body with so old a head. i leave him to your gracious acceptance, whose trial shall better publish his commendation." _duke_. you hear the learn'd bellario, what he writes: and here, i take it, is the doctor come. _enter_ portia, _dressed like a doctor of laws_. give me your hand: came you from old bellario? _por_. i did, my lord. _duke_. you are welcome: take your place. are you acquainted with the difference that holds this present question in the court? _por_. i am informed throughly of the cause. which is the merchant here, and which the jew? _duke_. antonio and old shylock, both stand forth. _por_. is your name shylock? _shy_. shylock is my name. _por_. of a strange nature is the suit you follow; yet in such rule that the venetian law cannot impugn you,[104] as you do proceed.--you stand within his danger,[105] do you not? [_to_ antonio. _ant_. ay, so he says. _por_. so you confess the bond? _ant_. i do. _por_. then must the jew be merciful. _shy_. on what compulsion must i? tell me that. _por_. the quality of mercy is not strain'd;[106] it droppeth, as the gentle rain from heaven upon the place beneath: it is twice bless'd; it blesseth him that gives, and him that takes; 'tis mightiest in the mightiest: it becomes the throned monarch better than his crown; his sceptre shows the force of temporal power, the attribute to awe and majesty, wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings; but mercy is above this sceptred sway, it is enthroned in the hearts of kings, it is an attribute to god himself; and earthly power doth then show likest god's when mercy seasons justice. therefore, jew, though justice be thy plea, consider this---that in the course of justice, none of us should see salvation: we do pray for mercy; and that same prayer doth teach us all to render the deeds of mercy. i have spoke thus much, to mitigate the justice of thy plea; which if thou follow, this strict court of venice must needs give sentence 'gainst the merchant there. _shy_., my deeds upon my head! i crave the law, the penalty and forfeit of my bond. _por_. is he not able to discharge the money? _bas_. yes, here i tender it for him in the court; yea, thrice the sum: if that will not suffice, i will be bound to pay it ten times o'er, on forfeit of my hands, my head, my heart: if this will not suffice, it must appear that malice bears down truth.[107] and i beseech you, wrest once the law to your authority: to do a great right to do a little wrong; and curb this cruel devil of his will. _por_. it must not be; there is no power in venice can alter a decree established: 'twill be recorded for a precedent; and many an error, by the same example, will rush into the state; it cannot be. _shy_. a daniel come to judgment! yea, a daniel! o wise young judge, how do i honour thee! _por_. i pray you, let me look upon the bond. _shy_. here 'tis, most reverend doctor, here it is. _por_. shylock, there's thrice thy money offer'd thee. _shy_. an oath, an oath, i have an oath in heaven: shall i lay perjury upon my soul? no, not for venice. _por_. why, this bond is forfeit; and lawfully by this the jew may claim a pound of flesh, to be by him cut off nearest the merchant's heart:--be merciful; take thrice thy money; bid me tear the bond. _shy_. when it is paid according to the tenour. it doth appear you are a worthy judge; you know the law, your exposition hath been most sound: i charge you by the law, whereof you are a well-deserving pillar, proceed to judgment: by my soul i swear, there is no power in the tongue of man to alter me: i stay here on my bond. _ant_. most heartily i do beseech the court to give the judgment. _por_. why then, thus it is: you must prepare your bosom for his knife. _shy_. o noble judge! o excellent young man! _por_. for the intent and purpose of the law hath full relation to the penalty, which here appeareth due upon the bond. _shy_. 'tis very true: o wise and upright judge! how much more elder art thou than thy looks! _por_. therefore, lay bare your bosom. _shy_. ay, his breast: so says the bond;--doth it not, noble judge?--nearest his heart, those are the very words. _por_. it is so. are there balance here to weigh the flesh? _shy_. i have them ready. _por_. have by some surgeon, shylock, on your charge, to stop his wounds, lest he should bleed to death. _shy_. is it so nominated in the bond? _por_. it is not so express'd; but what of that? 'twere good you do so much for charity. _shy_. i cannot find it; 'tis not in the bond. _por_. come, merchant, have you anything to say? _ant_. but little; i am arm'd and well prepar'd.-give me your hand, bassanio; fare you well! grieve not that i am fallen to this for you; for herein fortune shows herself more kind than is her custom: it is still her use, to let the wretched man outlive his wealth, to view with hollow eye and wrinkled brow, an age of poverty: from which lingering penance of such a misery doth she cut me off. commend me to your honorable wife: tell her the process of antonio's end; say, how i lov'd you, speak me fair in death; and, when the tale is told, bid her be judge whether bassanio had not once a love. repent not you that you shall lose your friend, and he repents not that he pays your debt; for, if the jew do cut but deep enough, i'll pay it instantly with all my heart. _bas_. antonio, i am married to a wife, which is as dear to me as life itself; but life itself, my wife, and all the world, are not with me esteem'd above thy life; i would lose all, ay, sacrifice them all here to this devil, to deliver you. _gra_. i have a wife, whom i protest i love; i would she were in heaven, so she could entreat some power to change this currish jew. _shy_. these be the christian husbands: i have a daughter; would any of the stock of barrabas[108] had been her husband, rather than a christian! [_aside_. we trifle time; i pray thee pursue sentence. _por_. a pound of that same merchant's flesh is thine; the court awards it, and the law doth give it. _shy_. most rightful judge! _por_. and you must cut this flesh from off his breast! the law allows it, and the court awards it. _shy_. most learned judge!--a sentence; come, prepare. _por_. tarry a little;--there is something else.-this bond doth give thee here no jot of blood; the words expressly are a pound of flesh: then take thy bond, take thou thy pound of flesh; but, in the cutting it, if thou dost shed one drop of christian blood, thy lands and goods are, by the laws of venice, confiscate unto the state of venice. _gra_. o upright judge!--mark, jew!--o learned judge! _shy_. is that the law? _por_. thyself shall see the act; for, as thou urgest justice, be assur'd thou shalt have justice more than thou desir'st. _gra_. o learned judge!--mark jew;--a learned judge! _shy_. i take his offer, then,--pay the bond thrice, and let the christian go. _bas_. here is the money. _por_. soft. the jew shall have all justice;--soft;--no haste;--he shall have nothing but the penalty. _gra_. o jew! an upright judge, a learned judge! _por_. therefore, prepare thee to cut off the flesh.(d) shed thou no blood; nor cut thou less, nor more, but just a pound of flesh: if thou tak'st more, or less, than a just pound,--be it but so much as makes it light or heavy in the balance, or the division of the twentieth part of one poor scruple,--nay, if the scale do turn but in the estimation of a hair,-thou diest, and all thy goods are confiscate. _gra_. a second daniel, a daniel, jew! now, infidel, i have thee on the hip. _por_. why doth the jew pause? take thy forfeiture. _shy_. give me my principal, and let me go. _bas_. i have it ready for thee; here it is. _por_. he hath refus'd it in the open court; he shall have merely justice, and his bond. _gra_. a daniel, still say i; a second daniel!-thank thee, jew, for teaching me that word. _shy_. shall i not barely have my principal? _por_. thou shalt have nothing but the forfeiture, to be so taken at thy peril, jew. _shy_. why then the devil give him good of it! i'll stay no longer question. _por_. tarry, jew; the law hath yet another hold on you. it is enacted in the laws of venice,--if it be proved against an alien, that by direct or indirect attempts he seek the life of any citizen, the party 'gainst the which he doth contrive shall seize one half his goods; the other half comes to the privy coffer of the state; and the offender's life lies in the mercy of the duke only, 'gainst all other voice. in which predicament, i say, thou stand'st: for it appears by manifest proceeding, that, indirectly, and directly, too, thou hast contriv'd against the very life of the defendant; and thou hast incurr'd the danger formerly by me rehears'd. down, therefore, and beg mercy of the duke. _gra_. beg that thou may'st have leave to hang thyself: and yet, thy wealth being forfeit to the state, thou hast not left the value of a cord; therefore, thou must be hang'd at the state's charge. _duke_. that thou shall see the difference of our spirit, i pardon thee thy life before thou ask it: for half thy wealth, it is antonio's; the other half comes to the general state, which humbleness may drive unto a fine. _por_. ay, for the state;[109] not for antonio. _shy_. nay, take my life and all, pardon not that: you take my house, when you do take the prop that doth sustain my house; you take my life, when you do take the means whereby i live. _por_. what mercy can you render him, antonio? _gra_. a halter gratis; nothing else, for heaven's sake. _ant_. so please my lord the duke, and all the court, to quit the fine for one half of his goods; i am content, so he will let me have the other half in use,[110] to render it, upon his death, unto the gentleman that lately stole his daughter; two things provided more,--that for this favour, he presently become a christian; the other, that he do record a gift, here in the court, of all he dies possess'd, unto his son lorenzo and his daughter. _duke_. he shall do this; or else i do recant the pardon that i late pronounced here. _por_. art thou contented, jew? what dost thou say? _shy_. i am content. _por_. clerk, draw a deed of gift. _shy_. i pray you give me leave to go from hence: i am not well; send the deed after me, and i will sign it. _duke_. get thee gone, but do it. _gra_. in christening; thou shalt have two godfathers; had i been judge, thou should'st have had ten more,[111] to bring thee to the gallows, not to the font. [_exit_ shylock. _duke_. sir, i entreat you with me home to dinner. _por_. i humbly do desire your grace of pardon. i must away this night toward padua; and it is meet i presently set forth. _duke_. i am sorry that your leisure serves you not: antonio, gratify this gentleman; for, in my mind, you are much bound to him. [_exeunt_ duke, _magnificoes, and train_. _bas_. most worthy gentleman, i and my friend, have by your wisdom been this day acquitted of grievous penalties; in lieu whereof, three thousand ducats, due unto the jew, we freely cope your courteous pains withal. _ant_. and stand indebted, over and above, in love and service to you evermore. _por_. he is well paid that is well satisfied: and i, delivering you, am satisfied, and therein do account myself well paid; my mind was never yet more mercenary. i pray you know me, when we meet again; i wish you well, and so i take my leave. _bas_. dear sir, of force i must attempt you further; take some remembrance of us, as a tribute, not as a fee: grant me two things, i pray you, not to deny me, and to pardon me. _por_. you press me far, and therefore i will yield, give me your gloves, i'll wear them for your sake; and, for your love, i'll take this ring from you:--do not draw back your hand; i'll take no more; and you in love shall not deny me this. _bas_. this ring, good sir,--alas, it is a trifle; i will not shame myself to give you this. _por_. i will have nothing else but only this; and now, methinks, i have a mind to it. _bas_. there's more depends on this than on the value. the dearest ring in venice will i give you, and find it out by proclamation; only for this i pray you pardon me. _por_. i see, sir, you are liberal in offers: you taught me first to beg; and now, methinks, you teach me how a beggar should be answer'd. _bas_. good sir, this ring was given me by my wife; and when she put it on, she made me vow that i should neither sell, nor give, nor lose it. _por_. that 'scuse serves many men to save their gifts. an if your wife be not a mad woman, and know how well i have deserv'd this ring, she would not hold out enemy for ever, for giving it to me. well, peace be with you! [_exeunt_ portia _and_ nerissa. _ant_. my lord bassanio, let him have the ring; let his deservings, and my love withal, be valued 'gainst your wife's commandment. _bas_. go, gratiano, run and overtake him; give him the ring; and bring him, if thou can'st, unto antonio's house;--away, make haste. [_exit_ gratiano. come, you and i will thither presently; and in the morning early will we both fly toward belmont: come, antonio. [_exeunt_. footnotes: [footnote 95: _magnificoes_,; coryat calls the nobles of venice _clarissimoes_.] [footnote 96: _--envy's reach_,; envy, in this place, means hatred or malice.] [footnote 97: _--remorse,; id est_, pity:] [footnote 98: _--apparent cruelly_: that is, seeming cruelty; not real.] [footnote 99: _--where thou now_ where for whereas.] [footnote 100: _--i'll not answer that_; _but, say, it is my humour_; the jew being asked a question which the law does not require him to answer, stands upon his right, and refuses; but afterwards gratifies his own malignity by such answers as he knows will aggravate the pain of the enquirer. i will not answer, says he, as to a legal or serious question, but, since you want an answer, will this serve you?--johnson.] [footnote 101: _--a gaping pig_; by a _gaping_ pig, shakespeare, i believe, meant a pig prepared for the table; for in that state is the epithet, _gaping_, most applicable to this animal. so, in fletcher's _elder brother_-"and they stand _gaping_ like a _roasted pig_." a passage in one of nashe's pamphlets (which perhaps furnished our author with his instance), may serve to confirm the observation: "the causes conducting unto wrath are as diverse as the actions of a man's life. some will take on like a madman, if they see a _pig come to the table_. sotericus, the surgeon, was cholerick at the sight of sturgeon," &c. _pierce pennylesse his supplication to the devil_, 1592.--malone.] [footnote 102: _--question with the jew_.; to question is to converse.] [footnote 103: padua is the place of education for the civil law in italy.] [footnote 104: _cannot impugn you_,; to impugn, is to oppose, to controvert.] [footnote 105: _you stand within his danger,; id est_, within his power--within his reach or control.] [footnote 106: _the quality of mercy is not strain'd;_ "mercy is seasonable in the time of affliction, as clouds of rain in the time of drought." --ecclesiasticus xxxv., 20.] [footnote 107: _--malice bears down truth_.; malice oppresses honesty. a _true_ man in old language is an _honest_ man.] [footnote 108: _--barrabas_; shakespeare seems to have followed the pronunciation of the name of this robber usual to the theatre, barrabas being sounded barabas throughout marlowe's _jews of malta_.] [footnote 109: _ay, for the state_; that is, the state's moiety may be commuted for a fine, but not antonio's.] [footnote 110: _the other half in use_,; let him have it at interest during the jew's life, to render it on his death to lorenzo.] [footnote 111: _thou should'st have had ten more,; id est_, a jury of _twelve_ men, to condemn thee to be hanged.] scene ii.--venice. the foscari gate of the ducal palace, leading to the giant's staircase. _enter_ portia _and_ nerissa. _por_. inquire the jew's house out, give him this deed, and let him sign it; we'll away to-night, and be a day before our husbands home: this deed will be well welcome to lorenzo. _enter_ gratiano. _gra_. fair sir, you are well overtaken: my lord bassanio, upon more advice,[112] hath sent you here this ring; and doth entreat your company at dinner. _por_. that cannot be: this ring i do accept most thankfully, and so, i pray you, tell him: furthermore, i pray you, show my youth old shylock's house. _gra_. that will i do. _ner_. sir, i would speak with you:--i'll see if i can get my husband's ring, [_to_ portia. which i did make him swear to keep for ever. _por_. thou may'st, i warrant. we shall have old swearing,[113] that they did give the rings away to men; but we'll outface them, and outswear them, too. away, make haste; thou know'st where i will tarry. _ner_. come, good sir, will you show me to this house? [_exeunt_. end of act fourth. footnotes: [footnote 112: _upon more advice,; id est_, upon more reflection.] [footnote 113: _old swearing_; of this once common augmentative in colloquial language there are various instances in our author.] historical notes to act fourth. (a) this scene represents the sala dei pregã¡di, or hall of the senators. in venice the tribunal for criminal cases was composed of forty judges, ordinarily presided over by one of three selected from the council of the doge, and draughted for the most part, if not wholly, from the members of the senate. the doge, who on all occasions was attended by his particular officers, had the right of sitting in the councils, or on the tribunal. the authority for the six senators in red (in this scene) is taken from the picture at hampton court palace, where the doge of venice, in state, is receiving sir henry wootton, ambassador from james the first. the picture is by odoardo fialletti, better known as an engraver than as a painter, and who was living at venice when sir henry wootton was ambassador there. (b) the first doge, or duke of venice, was paolo luca anafesto, elected a.d. 697, and the last was luigi manini, who yielded the city, which had just completed the eleventh century of its sway, to the victorious arms of buonaparte, in 1797. (c) we are not to imagine the word _royal_ to be only a ranting, sounding epithet. it is used with great propriety, and shows the poet well acquainted with the history of the people whom he here brings upon the stage. for when the french and venetians, in the beginning of the thirteenth century, had won constantinople, the french, under the emperor henry, endeavoured to extend their conquests into the provinces of the grecian empire on the _terra firma_; while the venetians, who were masters of the sea, gave liberty to any subjects of the republic, who would fit out vessels, to make themselves masters of the isles of the archipelago, and other maritime places; and to enjoy their conquests in sovereignty: only doing homage to the republic for their several principalities. by virtue of this licence, the sanudi, the justinianii, the grimaldi, the summaripi, and others, all venetian _merchants_, erected principalities in several places of the archipelago (which their descendants enjoyed for many generations), and thereby became truly and properly _royal merchants_, which, indeed was the title generally given them all over europe. hence, the most eminent of our own merchants (while publick spirit resided amongst them, and before it was aped by faction), were called _royal merchants_.--_warburton_. this epithet was in our poet's time more striking and better understood, because gresham was then commonly dignified with the title of the _royal merchant.--johnson_. (d) this judgment is related by _gracian_, the celebrated spanish jesuit, in his _hero_, with a reflection at the conclusion of it;-"the vivacity of that great turke enters into competition with that of solomon: a _jew_ pretended to cut an ounce of the flesh of a christian upon a penalty of usury; he urged it to the prince, with as much obstinacy, as perfidiousness towards god. the great judge commanded a pair of scales to be brought, threatening the _jew_ with death if he cut either more or less: and this was to give a sharp decision to a malicious process, and to the world a miracle of subtilty."--_the hero_, p. 24, &c. gregorio leti, in his _life of sixtus v_., has a similar story. the papacy of sixtus began in 1583. he died aug. 29, 1590.--_steevens_ act v. scene i.--belmont. avenue to portia's house. _enter_ lorenzo _and_ jessica. _lor_. the moon shines bright:--in such a night as this, when the sweet wind did gently kiss the trees, and they did make no noise,--in such a night, troilus, methinks, mounted the trojan walls, and sigh'd his soul toward the grecian tents, where cressid lay that night. _jes_. in such a night bid young lorenzo swear he lov'd me well; stealing my soul with many vows of faith, and ne'er a true one. _lor_. in such a night, did pretty jessica, like a little shrew, slander her love, and he forgave it her. _jes_. i would out-night you, did no body come: but, hark, i hear the footing of a man. _enter_ balthazar. _lor_. who comes so fast in silence of the night? _bal_. a friend, _lor_. a friend? what friend? your name, i pray you, friend. _bal_. balthazar is my name: and i bring word, my mistress will before the break of day be here at belmont. i pray you, is my master yet return'd? _lor_. he is not, nor we have not heard from him.-but go we in, i pray thee, jessica, and ceremoniously let us prepare some welcome for the mistress of the house. _enter_ lancelot. _lau_. sola, sola, we ha, ho, sola, sola. _lor_. who calls? _lau_. sola! did you see master lorenzo, and mistress lorenzo? sola, sola _lor_. leave holloing, man; here. _lau_. sola! where? where? _lor_. here. _lau_. tell him, there's a post come from my master, with his horn full of good news; my master will be here ere morning. [_exit_. _lor_. my friend balthazar, signify, i pray you, within the house, your mistress is at hand: and bring your music forth into the air. [_exit_ balthazar. how sweet the moon-light sleeps upon this bank! here will we sit, and let the sounds of music creep in our ears: soft stillness, and the night, become the touches of sweet harmony. sit, jessica. look how the floor of heaven is thick inlaid with patines[114] of bright gold. there's not the smallest orb which thou behold'st but in his motion like an angel sings, still quiring to the young-eyed cherubins: such harmony is in immortal souls, but whilst this muddy vesture of decay doth grossly close it in, we cannot hear it.-_enter_ musicians. glee.[115] it was a lover and his lass, with a hey and a ho, and a hey nonino; that o'er the green corn fields did pass, in the spring-time, the pretty spring time, when birds do sing, hey ding-a-ding, ding:- sweet lovers love the spring. and therefore take the present time, with a hey and a ho, and a hey nonino; for love is crowned with the prime in the spring-time, the pretty spring time, when birds do sing, hey ding-a-ding, ding:- sweet lovers love the spring. _jes_. i am never merry when i hear sweet music. _lor_. the reason is your spirits are attentive: for do but note a wild and wanton herd, if any air of music touch their ears, you shall perceive them make a mutual stand, their savage eyes turn'd to a modest gaze, by the sweet power of music. therefore, the poet did feign that orpheus drew trees, stones, and floods; since nought so stockish, hard, and full of rage, but music for the time doth change his nature: the man that hath no music in himself, nor is not mov'd with concord of sweet sounds, is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils; the motions of his spirit are dull as night, and his affections dark as erebus: let no such man be trusted.--mark the music. _enter_ portia _and_ nerissa, _at a distance_. _por_. that light we see is burning in my hall. how far that little candle throws his beams! so shines a good deed in a naughty world. music! hark! _ner_. it is your music, madam, of the house. _por_. nothing is good, i see, without respect;[116] methinks it sounds much sweeter than by day. _ner_. silence bestows that virtue on it, madam. [_music ceases_. _por_. how many things by season season'd are to their light praise, and true-perfection!-_lor_. that is the voice, or i am much deceiv'd, of portia. _por_. he knows me, as the blind man knows the cuckoo, by the bad voice. _lor_. dear lady, welcome home. _por_. we have been praying for our husbands' welfare, which speed, we hope, the better for our words. are they return'd? _lor_. madam, they are not yet; but there is come a messenger before, to signify their coming. _por_. go in, nerissa; give order to my servants, that they take no note at all of our being absent hence; nor you, lorenzo;--jessica, nor you. [_a trumpet sounds_. _lor_. your husband is at hand; i hear his trumpet: we are no tell-tales, madam; fear you not. _enter_ bassanio, antonio, gratiano, _and their followers_. _por_. you are welcome home, my lord. _bas_. i thank you, madam: give welcome to my friend.-this is the man, this is antonio, to whom i am so infinitely bound. _por_. you should in all sense be much bound to him, for, as i hear, he was much bound for you. _ant_. no more than i am well acquitted of. _por_. sir, you are very welcome to our house: it must appear in other ways than words, therefore, i scant this breathing courtesy.[117] [gratiano _and_ nerissa _seem to talk apart_. _gra_. by yonder moon, i swear you do me wrong; in faith, i gave it to the judge's clerk: would he were hang'd that had it, for my part, since you do take it, love, so much at heart. _por_. a quarrel, ho, already? what's the matter? _gra_. about a hoop of gold, a paltry ring that she did give to me; whose posy was for all the world, like cutler's poetry[118] upon a knife, '_love me, and leave me not_.' _ner_. what talk you of the posy, or the value? you swore to me, when i did give it you, that you would wear it till the hour of death: and that it should lie with you in your grave; though not for me, yet for your vehement oaths, you should have been respective,[119] and have kept it. gave it a judge's clerk!--but well i know, the clerk will ne'er wear hair on's face that had it. _gra_. he will, an if he live to be a man. _ner_. ay, if a woman live to be a man. _gra_. now, by this hand, i gave it to a youth,-kind of boy; a little scrubbed boy,[120] no higher than thyself, the judge's clerk; a prating boy, that begg'd it as a fee; i could not for my heart deny it him. _por_. you were to blame, i must be plain with you, to part so slightly with your wife's first gift: a thing stuck on with oaths upon your finger, and so riveted with faith unto your flesh. i gave my love a ring, and made him swear never to part with it; and here he stands,-i dare be sworn for him, he would not leave it, nor pluck it from his finger, for the wealth that the world masters. now, in faith, gratiano, you give your wife too unkind a cause of grief; an 'twere to me, i should be mad at it. _bas_. why, i were best to cut my left hand off, and swear, i lost the ring defending it. [_aside_. _gra_. my lord bassanio gave his ring away unto the judge that begg'd it, and, indeed, deserv'd it, too; and then the boy, his clerk, that took some pains in writing, he begg'd mine: and neither man, nor master, would take aught but the two rings. _por_. what ring gave you, my lord; not that, i hope, which you receiv'd of me. _bas_. if i could add a lie unto a fault, i would deny it; but you see, my finger hath not the ring upon it, it is gone. _por_. even so void is your false heart of truth. by heaven, i will ne'er come in your sight until i see the ring. _ner_. nor i in yours, till i again see mine. _bas_. sweet portia, if you did know to whom i gave the ring, if you did know for whom i gave the ring, and would conceive for what i gave the ring, and how unwillingly i left the ring, when nought would be accepted but the ring, you would abate the strength of your displeasure. _por_. if you had known the virtue of the ring, or half her worthiness that gave the ring, or your own honour to contain the ring, you would not then have parted with the ring. what man is there so much unreasonable, if you had pleas'd to have defended it with any terms of zeal, wanted the modesty to urge the thing held as a ceremony? nerissa teaches me what to believe; i'll die for't, but some woman had the ring. _bas_. no, by mine honour, madam, by my soul, no woman had it, but a civil doctor, which did refuse three thousand ducats of me, and begg'd the ring; the which i did deny him, and suffer'd him to go displeas'd away; even he that had held up the very life of my dear friend. what should i say, sweet lady? i was enforc'd to send it after him. had you been there, i think you would have begg'd the ring of me to give the worthy doctor. _por_. let not that doctor e'er come near my house: since he hath got the jewel that i lov'd, and that which you did swear to keep for me, i will become as liberal as you. _ant_. i am the unhappy subject of these quarrels. _por_. sir, grieve not you; you are welcome notwithstanding. _bas_. portia, forgive me this enforced wrong; and in the hearing of these many friends, i swear to thee, even by thine own fair eyes, i never more will break an oath with thee. _ant_. i once did lend my body for his wealth;[121] which, but for him that had your husband's ring, [_to_ portia. had quite miscarried: i dare be bound again, my soul upon the forfeit, that your lord will never more break faith advisedly. _por_. then you shall be his surety: give him this; and bid him keep it better than the other. _ant_. here, lord bassanio; swear to keep this ring. _bas_. by heaven it is the same i gave the doctor! _por_. i had it of him: pardon me, bassanio. _ner_. and pardon me, my gentle gratiano; for that same scrubbed boy, the doctor's clerk, did give me this. _gra_. why this is like the mending of highways in summer, when the ways are fair enough. _por_. you are all amaz'd: here is a letter, read it at your leisure; it comes from padua, from bellario: there you shall find, that portia was the doctor; nerissa there, her clerk: lorenzo here shall witness, i set forth as soon as you, and but e'en now return'd; i have not yet enter'd my house.--antonio, you are welcome; and i have better news in store for you than you expect: unseal this letter soon, there you shall find three of your argosies are richly come to harbour suddenly: you shall not know by what strange accident i chanced on this letter. _bas_. were you the doctor, and i knew you not? _gra_. were you the clerk, and i knew you not? _ant_. sweet lady, you have given me life, and living; for here i read for certain, that my ships are safely come to road. _por_. how now, lorenzo? my clerk has some good comforts too for you. _ner_. ay, and i'll give them him without a fee.-there do i give to you jessica, from the rich jew a special deed of gift, after his death, of all he dies possessed of. _lor_. fair ladies, you drop manna in the way of starved people. _por_. it is almost morning, and yet i am sure you are not satisfied of these events at full: let us go in; and charge us there upon inter'gatories,[122] and we will answer all things faithfully. [_exeunt_. footnotes: [footnote 114: _--patines of bright gold.;_. a patine is the small flat dish or plate used with the chalice in the service of the altar. in the time of popery, and probably in the following age, it was commonly made of gold.] [footnote 115: sung by miss poole, miss lefflee, mr. t. young, mr. t. collett, and mr. wallworth.--from _as you like it_, act v., scene 3.] [footnote 116: _nothing is good, i see, without respect; not absolutely good, but relatively good, as it is modified by circumstances.] [footnote 117: _--this breathing courtesy_.; this verbal complimentary form, made up only of breath, _i_._e_., words.] [footnote 118: _--like cutler's poetry_; knives were formerly inscribed, by means of aqua fortis, with short sentences in distich.] [footnote 119: _--respective,_; regardful.] [footnote 120: _--a little scrubbed boy,_; a stunted boy.] [footnote 121: _i once did lend my body for his wealth;_] _id est_., for his advantage--to obtain his happiness; _wealth_ was, at that time, the term opposed to _adversity_ or _calamity_.] [footnote 122: _--inter'gatories,_; a contraction of interrogatories.] the end. at a very early period, venice had begun to trade with constantinople and the levant, and though subjected to formidable competition from the pisans and genoese, succeeded in engrossing the far largest share of the traffic of the east. the crusades now commenced, and giving lucrative employment to their shipping in the conveyance of troops, and the munitions of war, greatly increased both their wealth and power, and enabled them to make large additions to their territory. in early times, the doges had been elected by the popular voice, and held their office by a very precarious tenure; for, in the case of any reverse or general dissatisfaction from any other cause, they were not only deposed, but often lost their lives, either by open violence, or assassination. the disorders thus occasioned rose to such a height in the 12th century, that a change in the form of government became necessary. for this purpose the city was divided into six districts, each of which nominated two delegates, or twelve in all; these twelve nominated 470 representatives, who concentrated in themselves all the powers which had been previously exercised by the popular assemblies. at the same time, a senate was appointed, and the doge was provided with a council of six, who were nominally to assist, but, if so disposed, could easily find means to thwart him. the 470 representatives formed the grand council, and receiving their appointments annually from 12 delegates chosen by the popular voice, continued, in fact, notwithstanding the change in form, to be dependent upon it. the next change, however, set them free. after a severe struggle, the 470, in 1319, succeeded in making their office hereditary, and thus converted what had previously been a democracy into one of the most rigid forms of aristocracy. the evils of the system soon developed themselves. the 470, now hereditary nobles, became as jealous of each other as they had formerly been of the people, and while appropriating all the great offices of the state, had recourse to various methods, many of them of the most despotic nature, to prevent anyone of the great families from acquiring a preponderating influence. among these arrangements was the institution of a council of 10, selected from the grand council, and subsequently, in 1454, the selection of three state inquisitors from the council of 10. these inquisitors, in whom all the powers of the state were absolutely vested, justified the name which the cruel bigotry of the romish church has established. this rigid despotism had, however, the effect of giving a stern unity of purpose to the proceedings of government, and doubtless contributed in some degree to consolidate the various accessions of territory which had been made into one whole. at this period the venetians were masters of the coast of dalmatia, and the islands of cyprus, candia, and a great part of the morea, and had almost monopolized the trade of egypt and the east. the first great attempt to humble venice was made in the beginning of the 16th century, when the famous league of cambrai, of which pope julius the second was the real author, though the emperor of germany, and the kings of france and spain were parties to it, was framed for the avowed purpose of completely subduing her, and partitioning her territories. dissensions among the confederates more than her own valour saved her from destruction, but not before most of her possessions on the mainland had been wrested from her. a still heavier blow at her prosperity was struck, by the discovery of a new passage to the east, which carried its rich traffic into new channels, and dried up one of the main sources of her wealth and strength. the work of destruction was all but completed by the turks, who engaged her in an expensive and ruinous warfare, during which she lost the morea, the islands of cyprus and candia, and with them the ascendancy which she had long possessed in the levant. from all these causes her decline proved as rapid as her rise had been, and though her position can hardly fail to give her a considerable coasting trade, all her maritime greatness has departed, and apparently the highest destiny to which she can now aspire, is that of being a valuable dependency to some superior power. 