







 
   
     
       
         An essay concerning obedience to the supreme powers, and the duty of subjects in all revolutions with some considerations touching the present juncture of affairs.
         Tindal, Matthew, 1653?-1733.
      
       
         
           1694
        
      
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             An essay concerning obedience to the supreme powers, and the duty of subjects in all revolutions with some considerations touching the present juncture of affairs.
             Tindal, Matthew, 1653?-1733.
          
           [4], 68 p.
           
             Printed for Richard Baldwin ...,
             London :
             1694.
          
           
             Attributed to Matthew Tindal. Cf. Halkett and Laing (2nd ed.).
             Page 68 is stained in the filmed copy. Pages 50-end photographed from Newberry Library copy and are inserted at the end.
             Advertisement: p. [4].
             Reproduction of original in Union Theological Seminary Library, New York.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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         eng
      
       
         
           Obedience.
        
      
    
     
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           AN
           ESSAY
           CONCERNING
           OBEDIENCE
           TO
           THE
           
             Supreme
             Powers
          
           ,
           AND
           THE
           Duty
           of
           Subjects
           in
           all
           Revolutions
           .
           WITH
           Some
           CONSIDERATIONS
           touching
           the
           Present
           Juncture
           of
           Affairs
           .
        
         
           LONDON
           :
           Printed
           for
           
             Richard
             Baldwin
          
           ,
           near
           the
           Oxford-Arms
           in
           Warwick-Lane
           .
           MDCXCIV
           .
        
      
       
         
         
         
           THE
           CONTENTS
           .
        
         
           
             THE
             Introduction
             .
             Page
             1.
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             I.
             Of
             Government
             ,
             and
             the
             Origine
             of
             it
             .
             ibid.
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             II.
             Of
             Passive
             Obedience
             .
             8.
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             III.
             Of
             the
             Publick
             Good.
             15.
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             IV.
             Of
             God's
             Laws
             .
             22.
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             V.
             Of
             the
             Law
             of
             Nations
             .
             26.
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             VI.
             Of
             the
             Obligation
             of
             Human
             Laws
             .
             29.
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             VII
             .
             Objections
             answered
             .
             34.
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             VIII
             .
             Of
             Conquest
             .
             Pag.
             37.
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             IX
             .
             Of
             Possession
             .
             24.
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             X.
             Of
             Protection
             .
             44.
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             XI
             .
             Of
             Oaths
             of
             Fidelity
             .
             54.
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             XII
             .
             Of
             the
             Act
             of
             Parliament
             of
             the
             11
             of
             Hen.
             7.
             56.
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             XIII
             .
             Of
             Proofs
             of
             Scripture
             concerning
             Obedience
             to
             those
             that
             actually
             Administer
             Government
             .
             59.
             
          
           
             CHAP.
             XIV
             .
             Some
             Considerations
             touching
             the
             Present
             Affairs
             .
             66.
             
          
        
      
       
         
         
           Books
           Sold
           by
           Richard
           Baldwin
           .
        
         
           MErcury
           ;
           or
           the
           Secret
           and
           Swift
           Messenger
           .
           Shewing
           how
           a
           man
           may
           with
           privacy
           and
           speed
           communicate
           his
           Thoughts
           to
           a
           Friend
           at
           any
           distance
           .
           The
           Second
           Edition
           .
           By
           the
           Right
           Reverend
           Father
           in
           God
           ,
           
             John
             Wilkins
          
           ,
           late
           Lord
           Bishop
           of
           Chester
           .
           Printed
           for
           
             Rich.
             Baldwin
          
           ,
           where
           are
           to
           be
           had
           ,
           The
           World
           in
           the
           Moon
           ;
           and
           Mathematical
           Magick
           .
        
         
           
             Bibliotheca
             Politica
          
           .
           Or
           a
           Discourse
           by
           way
           of
           Dialogue
           on
           these
           following
           Questions
           :
           1.
           
           In
           what
           sense
           all
           Civil
           Power
           is
           derived
           from
           God
           ,
           and
           in
           what
           sense
           may
           be
           also
           from
           the
           people
           .
           2.
           
           Whether
           His
           present
           Majesty
           King
           William
           ,
           when
           Prince
           of
           Orange
           ,
           had
           a
           just
           Cause
           of
           War
           against
           King
           
             James
             II.
          
           3.
           
           Whether
           the
           Proceedings
           of
           His
           Present
           Majesty
           ,
           before
           he
           was
           King
           ,
           as
           also
           of
           the
           Late
           Convention
           ,
           in
           respect
           of
           the
           said
           King
           James
           ,
           is
           justifiable
           by
           the
           Law
           of
           Nations
           ,
           and
           the
           Constitution
           of
           our
           Government
           .
           Collected
           out
           of
           the
           best
           Authors
           ,
           as
           well
           Ancient
           as
           Modern
           .
           Dialogue
           the
           Eleventh
           .
        
         
           A
           Compendious
           History
           of
           the
           Taxes
           of
           France
           ,
           and
           of
           the
           Oppressive
           Methods
           of
           Raising
           of
           them
           .
        
         
           An
           Impartial
           Enquiry
           into
           the
           Advantages
           and
           Losses
           that
           England
           hath
           received
           since
           the
           beginning
           of
           this
           present
           War
           with
           France
           .
        
         
           
           Berault's
           French
           Grammar
           .
        
         
           The
           Tragedies
           of
           the
           Last
           Age
           ,
           consider'd
           and
           examin'd
           by
           the
           Practice
           of
           the
           Ancients
           ,
           and
           by
           the
           common
           sense
           of
           all
           Ages
           ;
           in
           a
           Letter
           to
           
             Fleetwood
             Shepherd
          
           
             Esq
          
           Part
           I.
           The
           Second
           Edition
           .
        
         
           A
           short
           View
           of
           Tragedy
           ;
           its
           Original
           ,
           Excellency
           ,
           and
           Corruption
           ;
           with
           some
           Reflections
           on
           Shakespear
           and
           other
           Practitioners
           for
           the
           Stage
           .
           Both
           by
           Mr.
           Rimer
           ,
           Servant
           to
           Their
           Majesties
           .
        
         
           Truth
           brought
           to
           light
           ;
           Or
           the
           History
           of
           the
           first
           14
           Years
           of
           King
           
             James
             I
          
           In
           four
           parts
           ,
           &c.
           
        
         
           Travels
           into
           divers
           parts
           of
           Europe
           and
           Asia
           ,
           undertaken
           by
           the
           French
           King's
           Order
           ,
           to
           discover
           a
           new
           Way
           by
           Land
           into
           
             China
             .
             &c.
          
           
        
         
           
             Liturgia
             Tigurina
          
           ;
           or
           ,
           the
           Book
           of
           Common-Prayer
           and
           Administration
           of
           the
           Sacraments
           ,
           and
           other
           Ecclesiastical
           Rites
           and
           Ceremonies
           ,
           usually
           practised
           ,
           and
           solemnly
           performed
           in
           all
           the
           Churches
           and
           Chappels
           of
           the
           City
           and
           Canton
           of
           zurick
           in
           Switzerland
           ,
           &c.
           
        
         
           The
           Works
           of
           the
           Famous
           Mr.
           
             Francis
             Rabelais
          
           ,
           Doctor
           in
           Physick
           .
           Treating
           of
           the
           Lives
           ,
           Heroick
           Deeds
           and
           Sayings
           of
           Gorgantua
           ,
           and
           his
           Son
           Pantagruel
           Translated
           from
           the
           French.
           To
           which
           is
           added
           Rabelais's
           Life
           ;
           and
           a
           new
           Key
           to
           the
           whole
           Work.
           
        
         
           Letters
           of
           Love
           and
           Gallantry
           ,
           and
           several
           other
           Subjects
           .
           All
           written
           by
           Ladies
           .
           With
           the
           Memoirs
           ,
           Life
           ,
           and
           Adventures
           of
           a
           young
           Lady
           ;
           Written
           by
           her self
           ,
           in
           several
           Letters
           to
           a
           Person
           of
           Quality
           in
           Town
           .
           Vol.
           1.
           
        
         
           Memoirs
           concerning
           the
           Campagne
           of
           Three
           Kings
           ,
           
             William
             ,
             Lewis
          
           ,
           and
           James
           ,
           in
           the
           Year
           1692.
           
           With
           Reflections
           upon
           the
           Great
           Endeavours
           of
           Lewis
           the
           14th
           to
           effect
           his
           Designs
           ,
           of
           James
           the
           2d
           .
           to
           Remount
           the
           Throne
           ,
           and
           the
           proper
           Methods
           for
           the
           Allies
           to
           take
           to
           hinder
           both
           .
        
      
    
     
       
         
         AN
         ESSAY
         CONCERNING
         Obedience
         to
         the
         Supreme
         Powers
         ,
         &c.
         
      
       
         
           The
           INTRODUCTION
           .
        
         
           THE
           Design
           of
           these
           Sheets
           (
           which
           one
           would
           think
           should
           be
           no
           difficult
           Task
           )
           ,
           is
           to
           persuade
           People
           to
           act
           for
           the
           Good
           and
           Prosperity
           of
           the
           Community
           they
           are
           Members
           of
           ,
           and
           in
           which
           their
           own
           is
           included
           ;
           and
           to
           convince
           them
           ,
           That
           it
           is
           their
           Duty
           as
           well
           as
           Interest
           ,
           to
           bear
           True
           Faith
           and
           Allegiance
           to
           the
           present
           Government
           .
           Which
           Design
           ,
           that
           I
           may
           the
           better
           perform
           ,
           it
           will
           be
           necessary
           to
           premise
           somewhat
           about
           Government
           in
           general
           ,
           and
           the
           Grounds
           and
           Measures
           of
           Obedience
           to
           it
           ;
           by
           which
           I
           hope
           I
           shall
           be
           able
           to
           shew
           ,
           What
           is
           the
           Duty
           of
           Subjects
           ,
           not
           only
           in
           the
           present
           Juncture
           of
           Affairs
           ,
           but
           in
           all
           Changes
           and
           Revolutions
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           I.
           Of
           Government
           ,
           and
           the
           Origine
           of
           it
           .
        
         
           GOvernment
           is
           ,
           as
           it
           is
           usually
           defined
           ,
           
             The
             Care
             of
             other
             Peoples
             Safety
          
           ;
           which
           consists
           in
           Protecting
           and
           securing
           them
           from
           being
           destroyed
           or
           
           oppressed
           by
           one
           another
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           by
           Strangers
           ;
           and
           redressing
           the
           Grievances
           of
           those
           that
           are
           injured
           ,
           and
           preventing
           the
           like
           for
           the
           future
           ,
           by
           punishing
           Offenders
           .
           In
           order
           to
           which
           ,
           the
           Governor
           must
           have
           a
           Right
           to
           command
           the
           Natural
           Force
           of
           those
           that
           expect
           his
           Protection
           ,
           to
           enable
           him
           the
           better
           to
           put
           his
           Laws
           and
           Decrees
           in
           execution
           .
           Tho
           without
           Power
           Government
           cannot
           consist
           ,
           yet
           Power
           and
           Government
           are
           not
           one
           and
           the
           same
           thing
           ;
           a
           man
           may
           be
           in
           the
           Power
           of
           another
           ,
           and
           yet
           may
           not
           be
           governed
           by
           him
           ;
           it
           is
           necessary
           that
           this
           Power
           be
           made
           use
           of
           for
           Protection
           ,
           without
           which
           it
           is
           impossible
           to
           be
           protected
           ;
           so
           that
           Protection
           and
           Government
           are
           the
           same
           thing
           ;
           for
           where
           people
           are
           not
           protected
           ,
           they
           are
           still
           in
           the
           state
           of
           Nature
           ,
           and
           without
           Government
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           Government
           alone
           that
           gives
           the
           Form
           ,
           Life
           ,
           and
           Unity
           to
           a
           Civil
           Society
           ,
           or
           Body
           Politick
           ,
           by
           which
           the
           several
           Members
           have
           their
           mutual
           Influence
           ,
           Sympathy
           ,
           and
           Connection
           ;
           so
           that
           to
           be
           a
           Member
           of
           a
           Civil
           Society
           ,
           and
           to
           be
           under
           Government
           ,
           is
           the
           same
           thing
           ;
           and
           to
           be
           without
           Government
           ,
           and
           to
           be
           in
           the
           state
           of
           Nature
           ,
           are
           reciprocal
           ,
           and
           predicated
           of
           one
           another
           .
           None
           can
           pretend
           to
           be
           or
           claim
           any
           Civil
           Rights
           as
           a
           Member
           of
           a
           Society
           ,
           without
           owning
           the
           actual
           Government
           that
           makes
           it
           a
           Society
           ;
           and
           they
           that
           disown
           the
           Government
           of
           the
           Society
           they
           live
           in
           ,
           do
           outlaw
           themselves
           ,
           and
           virtually
           declare
           themselves
           no
           Members
           of
           it
           ;
           because
           they
           have
           reduced
           themselves
           to
           a
           state
           of
           Nature
           ,
           by
           disowning
           there
           is
           amongst
           them
           a
           common
           Judge
           ,
           who
           has
           a
           Right
           to
           decide
           their
           Controversies
           ,
           and
           redress
           their
           Injuries
           ,
           and
           in
           whose
           Determinations
           they
           are
           obliged
           to
           acquiesce
           .
        
         
           God
           ,
           who
           is
           the
           Author
           of
           every
           good
           thing
           ,
           may
           be
           said
           in
           a
           more
           special
           manner
           to
           be
           so
           of
           Government
           ,
           because
           it
           is
           absolutely
           necessary
           to
           the
           Well-being
           of
           Mankind
           ;
           
           and
           He
           ,
           by
           the
           Law
           of
           Nature
           ,
           which
           obliges
           mankind
           to
           act
           for
           their
           good
           ,
           has
           instituted
           it
           ,
           and
           has
           since
           by
           his
           Positive
           Law
           ratified
           and
           confirmed
           it
           ;
           yet
           He
           did
           not
           constitute
           any
           particular
           Form
           of
           Government
           ,
           but
           left
           mankind
           at
           liberty
           to
           dispose
           of
           themselves
           ,
           as
           they
           (
           when
           they
           instituted
           Societies
           )
           thought
           fit
           .
           God
           was
           so
           far
           from
           taking
           this
           Liberty
           from
           any
           Nation
           ,
           that
           when
           he
           was
           pleased
           to
           take
           upon
           himself
           the
           Office
           of
           King
           over
           his
           own
           People
           the
           Jews
           ,
           he
           first
           required
           their
           Consent
           ;
           and
           a
           Contract
           between
           God
           and
           the
           People
           (
           as
           is
           plain
           by
           the
           19th
           .
           of
           Exodus
           )
           was
           the
           Foundation
           of
           the
           Theocracy
           .
           And
           since
           it
           is
           not
           by
           God's
           Positive
           Law
           ,
           That
           one
           Form
           of
           Government
           ,
           rather
           than
           another
           ,
           is
           any
           where
           established
           ,
           there
           can
           remain
           no
           other
           way
           by
           which
           any
           Government
           can
           be
           erected
           ,
           or
           that
           one
           man
           can
           have
           a
           Right
           to
           command
           over
           others
           ,
           but
           by
           the
           Law
           of
           Nature
           ,
           or
           by
           the
           Consent
           of
           the
           Parties
           concerned
           :
           But
           there
           is
           no
           Law
           of
           Nature
           for
           any
           one
           Form
           of
           Government
           ,
           so
           as
           to
           make
           the
           rest
           unlawful
           ;
           or
           that
           one
           person
           ,
           rather
           than
           another
           ,
           should
           have
           the
           Sovereign
           Administration
           of
           Affairs
           :
           Nor
           can
           there
           be
           any
           one
           Law
           of
           Nature
           urged
           ,
           why
           any
           particular
           person
           should
           have
           a
           Power
           over
           so
           many
           Millions
           of
           different
           Families
           ,
           with
           no
           manner
           of
           relation
           and
           dependance
           one
           upon
           another
           ,
           and
           who
           are
           by
           Nature
           equal
           ,
           being
           of
           the
           same
           rank
           ,
           promiscuously
           born
           to
           the
           same
           Advantages
           of
           Nature
           ,
           and
           to
           the
           use
           of
           the
           same
           common
           Faculties
           :
           And
           therefore
           it
           remains
           ,
           That
           Government
           must
           be
           derived
           from
           Consent
           .
        
         
           Object
           .
           Men
           are
           not
           by
           Nature
           free
           ;
           because
           they
           are
           born
           subject
           to
           their
           Parents
           ,
           (
           who
           by
           the
           Law
           of
           Nature
           have
           an
           Absolute
           Power
           over
           them
           )
           :
           Therefore
           they
           could
           not
           chuse
           Governors
           for
           themselves
           .
        
         
           Answ.
           The
           Power
           that
           Parents
           have
           over
           their
           Children
           ,
           does
           not
           extend
           to
           their
           Lives
           or
           Properties
           ,
           or
           hinder
           them
           from
           being
           free
           ,
           tho
           they
           are
           born
           in
           a
           condition
           which
           
           makes
           them
           for
           some
           time
           incapable
           to
           exercise
           their
           freedom
           .
           It
           is
           the
           duty
           of
           those
           by
           whose
           means
           they
           come
           into
           the
           world
           ,
           to
           take
           care
           and
           provide
           for
           them
           until
           they
           are
           able
           to
           provide
           for
           themselves
           ;
           which
           Duty
           Parents
           cannot
           effectually
           discharge
           ,
           except
           they
           have
           a
           Power
           to
           correct
           and
           manage
           them
           as
           they
           think
           fit
           .
        
         
           Children
           are
           obliged
           to
           take
           the
           same
           care
           for
           their
           Parents
           ,
           if
           they
           chance
           by
           losing
           their
           Reason
           to
           fall
           into
           the
           same
           helpless
           Condition
           ;
           which
           they
           cannot
           perform
           ,
           except
           they
           have
           also
           in
           their
           turn
           ,
           a
           Power
           to
           govern
           them
           too
           ,
           and
           even
           to
           use
           Forcible
           means
           ,
           when
           they
           think
           it
           necessary
           .
        
         
           Whoever
           has
           the
           Charge
           of
           educating
           a
           Child
           ,
           whether
           he
           be
           his
           Father
           or
           a
           Stranger
           ,
           must
           have
           the
           same
           Power
           over
           him
           ;
           and
           this
           a
           Child
           ,
           tho
           an
           Absolute
           King
           ,
           must
           be
           forced
           to
           submit
           to
           .
           The
           information
           of
           his
           mind
           ,
           the
           health
           of
           his
           body
           ,
           and
           even
           the
           necessities
           of
           life
           ,
           make
           it
           absolutely
           necessary
           :
           And
           if
           this
           be
           not
           inconsistent
           with
           Sovereign
           Power
           ,
           much
           less
           is
           it
           with
           Freedom
           .
           A
           man
           may
           be
           said
           to
           be
           by
           Nature
           Free
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           Rational
           ,
           tho
           he
           be
           not
           capable
           of
           exercising
           both
           ,
           until
           such
           an
           Age
           ;
           and
           the
           same
           Age
           that
           sets
           him
           free
           from
           the
           Power
           of
           a
           Tutor
           ,
           sets
           him
           free
           from
           the
           Power
           of
           his
           Parents
           ,
           tho
           nothing
           can
           set
           him
           free
           from
           that
           Reverence
           (
           which
           is
           not
           inconsistent
           with
           the
           state
           of
           Freedom
           )
           which
           he
           must
           for
           ever
           owe
           them
           .
        
         
           But
           that
           Filial
           Reverence
           does
           not
           give
           his
           Father
           or
           Mother
           (
           to
           whom
           by
           the
           Law
           of
           God
           and
           Nature
           he
           is
           obliged
           to
           pay
           equal
           Honour
           and
           Reverence
           )
           a
           Power
           over
           his
           Life
           and
           Properties
           ,
           or
           any
           Jurisdiction
           over
           him
           :
           (
           Whilst
           he
           is
           part
           of
           the
           Family
           ,
           it
           is
           true
           he
           must
           be
           subject
           in
           matters
           that
           concern
           the
           Family
           ,
           because
           there
           can
           be
           but
           one
           Master
           in
           a
           Family
           )
           .
           If
           Parents
           had
           an
           Absolute
           Regal
           Power
           ,
           all
           Civil
           Government
           would
           be
           unlawful
           ,
           because
           it
           would
           deprive
           all
           Fathers
           of
           that
           Paternal
           Regal
           
           Power
           ,
           which
           by
           the
           Law
           of
           Nature
           (
           which
           is
           superior
           to
           all
           Human
           Laws
           )
           does
           (
           upon
           their
           having
           Children
           )
           become
           their
           Right
           ,
           and
           which
           the
           Government
           could
           no
           more
           justly
           deprive
           them
           of
           ,
           than
           of
           that
           Duty
           and
           Honour
           which
           Children
           by
           the
           same
           Law
           of
           Nature
           are
           obliged
           to
           pay
           them
           ;
           and
           which
           too
           ,
           if
           Government
           were
           nothing
           but
           Paternal
           Power
           ,
           must
           belong
           to
           it
           .
           But
           if
           this
           Notion
           were
           true
           ,
           this
           would
           not
           give
           Governors
           a
           Power
           over
           Parents
           themselves
           ,
           or
           over
           those
           who
           have
           no
           Parents
           in
           being
           ,
           because
           Paternal
           Power
           can
           affect
           none
           but
           Children
           :
           And
           the
           Supreme
           Magistrate
           ,
           who
           does
           not
           beget
           his
           Subjects
           ,
           can
           have
           no
           Natural
           nor
           any
           other
           Right
           to
           it
           ,
           but
           as
           it
           is
           conveyed
           to
           him
           by
           Consent
           ;
           except
           the
           First-born
           from
           Adam
           (
           which
           the
           Asserters
           of
           Paternal
           Power
           do
           affirm
           )
           hath
           an
           Universal
           Hereditary
           Right
           ,
           (
           the
           Absurdity
           of
           which
           Opinion
           has
           sufficiently
           been
           exposed
           by
           a
           late
           most
           Ingenious
           Author
           )
           ;
           supposing
           which
           to
           be
           true
           ,
           it
           is
           plain
           that
           no
           other
           can
           have
           the
           same
           Right
           ;
           so
           that
           until
           that
           mighty
           Monarch
           prove
           his
           Claim
           ,
           all
           the
           Civil
           Power
           that
           is
           now
           in
           the
           world
           ,
           must
           come
           by
           Consent
           ;
           and
           there
           is
           nothing
           but
           that
           ,
           can
           give
           another
           a
           greater
           Power
           than
           Parents
           pretend
           to
           over
           their
           Children
           ;
           and
           which
           Children
           are
           obliged
           to
           obey
           ,
           even
           contrary
           to
           their
           Parents
           Commands
           ;
           and
           which
           gives
           them
           a
           Power
           of
           Life
           and
           Death
           over
           their
           Parents
           ,
           as
           it
           frequently
           happens
           in
           Elective
           Governments
           ;
           which
           Governments
           it
           is
           visible
           have
           their
           Power
           from
           the
           People
           ;
           and
           this
           way
           too
           at
           first
           must
           come
           the
           Power
           in
           all
           Hereditary
           Governments
           ;
           for
           the
           first
           of
           a
           Family
           could
           not
           have
           an
           Hereditary
           Right
           .
        
         
           Object
           .
           The
           Power
           of
           Government
           could
           not
           come
           from
           the
           People
           ,
           because
           they
           have
           no
           Power
           over
           their
           own
           Lives
           ;
           and
           therefore
           could
           not
           give
           that
           to
           another
           which
           they
           had
           not
           themselves
           .
        
         
         
           Answ.
           It
           is
           true
           ,
           men
           having
           no
           power
           over
           their
           own
           Lives
           ,
           could
           not
           part
           with
           a
           Power
           they
           had
           not
           ;
           yet
           Governors
           will
           have
           all
           the
           Power
           which
           is
           necessary
           for
           the
           Ends
           of
           Government
           ,
           by
           the
           Peoples
           giving
           them
           that
           Power
           which
           by
           the
           Law
           of
           Nature
           they
           had
           over
           the
           lives
           of
           one
           another
           ;
           for
           by
           that
           Law
           every
           one
           had
           a
           Right
           to
           take
           away
           the
           life
           of
           another
           ,
           if
           he
           could
           not
           otherwise
           secure
           his
           own
           ,
           or
           what
           was
           in
           order
           to
           the
           supporting
           it
           ;
           and
           might
           do
           the
           same
           in
           defence
           of
           any
           innocent
           person
           ,
           and
           could
           punish
           any
           one
           for
           injuring
           him
           or
           his
           neighbours
           ,
           because
           by
           it
           he
           acted
           for
           his
           own
           and
           their
           security
           :
           And
           if
           Punishment
           ought
           then
           to
           be
           inflicted
           ,
           some
           one
           must
           have
           a
           Right
           to
           inflict
           it
           ;
           and
           if
           any
           one
           had
           a
           Right
           ,
           all
           being
           by
           Nature
           equal
           ,
           every
           one
           must
           have
           the
           same
           Right
           ;
           the
           exercise
           of
           which
           Right
           men
           have
           parted
           with
           to
           their
           Governors
           ;
           so
           that
           they
           alone
           have
           now
           the
           only
           Right
           to
           punish
           with
           loss
           of
           life
           ,
           or
           any
           less
           Punishment
           ,
           in
           all
           cases
           ,
           except
           in
           those
           where
           upon
           the
           suddenness
           of
           the
           danger
           ,
           Protection
           cannot
           be
           had
           from
           them
           ,
           or
           where
           they
           wholly
           neglect
           ,
           or
           are
           incapable
           to
           protect
           them
           ;
           There
           mens
           Natural
           Liberties
           still
           remain
           ,
           and
           they
           may
           in
           Defence
           of
           their
           own
           Lives
           ,
           or
           what
           is
           necessary
           to
           support
           them
           ,
           justly
           take
           away
           the
           lives
           of
           the
           Aggressors
           .
           And
           any
           Law
           which
           should
           take
           this
           Power
           from
           the
           people
           ,
           would
           be
           null
           and
           void
           ,
           because
           the
           people
           never
           did
           or
           could
           give
           the
           Magistrate
           such
           a
           Power
           as
           should
           hinder
           them
           from
           acting
           for
           their
           own
           Preservation
           ,
           when
           necessity
           required
           it
           .
        
         
           The
           Magistrate
           having
           then
           his
           Power
           from
           the
           People
           ,
           it
           is
           very
           certain
           he
           can
           have
           no
           more
           Power
           than
           they
           were
           capable
           of
           giving
           him
           ,
           or
           did
           give
           him
           ;
           who
           ,
           because
           people
           (
           who
           had
           no
           Arbitrary
           Power
           over
           the
           Lives
           of
           one
           another
           )
           were
           not
           capable
           of
           giving
           it
           him
           ,
           can
           have
           no
           right
           to
           take
           away
           the
           life
           of
           any
           person
           ,
           except
           it
           be
           for
           the
           Publick
           Good.
           Nor
           can
           men
           ,
           though
           at
           the
           Command
           
           of
           the
           Magistrate
           ,
           without
           being
           guilty
           of
           Murther
           ,
           deprive
           any
           of
           their
           lives
           ,
           when
           the
           good
           of
           the
           Society
           does
           no
           way
           require
           it
           .
           Nay
           ,
           by
           the
           mutual
           Assistance
           ,
           which
           by
           the
           Law
           of
           Nature
           Mankind
           owe
           one
           another
           ,
           they
           might
           ,
           if
           he
           should
           endeavour
           to
           destroy
           any
           ,
           when
           it
           is
           evident
           it
           is
           no
           way
           beneficial
           to
           the
           Publick
           ,
           justly
           Oppose
           the
           Magistrate
           ,
           if
           Opposing
           him
           would
           not
           be
           a
           greater
           Damage
           to
           the
           Publick
           .
           As
           men
           could
           not
           give
           the
           Magistrate
           a
           greater
           Power
           than
           they
           had
           over
           the
           lives
           of
           one
           another
           ;
           so
           the
           Power
           they
           gave
           him
           was
           not
           only
           for
           the
           defence
           and
           safety
           of
           their
           Lives
           ,
           but
           to
           secure
           them
           in
           the
           enjoyment
           of
           their
           Properties
           ,
           and
           to
           judge
           concerning
           them
           by
           known
           and
           impartial
           Laws
           .
           Men
           having
           no
           Power
           to
           destroy
           what
           was
           beneficial
           to
           others
           ,
           could
           not
           give
           him
           a
           right
           to
           Waste
           ,
           or
           Impoverish
           ,
           (
           which
           is
           the
           necessary
           effect
           of
           Arbitrary
           Government
           ,
           where
           the
           Uncertainty
           of
           the
           Enjoyment
           destroyeth
           all
           Labour
           and
           Industry
           )
           what
           God
           has
           ordained
           for
           the
           Necessaries
           ,
           or
           Conveniences
           of
           Life
           .
           They
           that
           Assert
           the
           Magistrate
           has
           more
           Power
           than
           the
           People
           could
           or
           did
           give
           him
           ,
           must
           prove
           he
           has
           it
           from
           God
           ,
           who
           alone
           could
           give
           it
           him
           ;
           but
           God
           ,
           except
           to
           the
           Jews
           ,
           gave
           no
           other
           Law
           about
           Government
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           matter
           ,
           but
           those
           of
           Nature
           .
           And
           Christ
           ,
           whose
           Kingdom
           is
           not
           of
           this
           World
           ,
           did
           not
           give
           more
           ,
           or
           take
           away
           any
           Power
           from
           the
           Magistrate
           :
           So
           that
           what
           ever
           Power
           was
           given
           him
           by
           Man
           ,
           he
           still
           enjoys
           the
           same
           without
           any
           addition
           or
           diminution
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           CHAP.
           II.
           Of
           Passive
           Obedience
           .
        
         
           THerefore
           it
           is
           very
           evident
           ,
           That
           whatever
           Rights
           or
           Liberties
           men
           did
           not
           part
           with
           to
           their
           Governors
           ,
           those
           they
           have
           still
           retained
           in
           themselves
           ;
           and
           no
           person
           can
           have
           a
           right
           to
           their
           Obedience
           in
           those
           things
           wherein
           they
           have
           given
           him
           no
           right
           to
           command
           ;
           nor
           are
           they
           (
           which
           otherwise
           would
           be
           the
           consequence
           )
           obliged
           to
           pay
           him
           more
           obedience
           than
           they
           owe
           him
           ,
           but
           may
           defend
           their
           Rights
           against
           any
           that
           has
           no
           right
           to
           take
           them
           away
           .
        
         
           In
           the
           most
           Absolute
           Hereditary
           Government
           ,
           if
           the
           Governor
           should
           endeavour
           to
           alienate
           it
           ,
           or
           any
           of
           the
           essential
           parts
           of
           it
           to
           a
           Stranger
           ,
           he
           may
           be
           justly
           opposed
           ,
           because
           the
           People
           have
           not
           given
           him
           such
           a
           right
           ,
           nor
           is
           a
           right
           to
           dispose
           of
           a
           Government
           ,
           necessary
           to
           his
           governing
           them
           ;
           but
           such
           an
           endeavour
           shall
           be
           interpreted
           so
           far
           good
           (
           because
           Acts
           are
           not
           so
           to
           be
           interpreted
           as
           to
           be
           of
           no
           effect
           )
           as
           is
           in
           his
           power
           to
           make
           it
           good
           ;
           
             it
             shall
             be
             esteemed
             a
             good
             Resignation
             .
          
        
         
           By
           the
           same
           ,
           if
           not
           greater
           Reason
           ,
           the
           King
           in
           a
           mixt
           Government
           may
           be
           opposed
           ,
           if
           he
           should
           endeavour
           to
           alienate
           any
           of
           the
           parts
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           which
           are
           by
           the
           
             Legislative
             Power
          
           annexed
           to
           the
           Crown
           ,
           as
           in
           England
           the
           Supremacy
           in
           Ecclesiastical
           Matters
           is
           ;
           There
           the
           People
           may
           oppose
           the
           King
           ,
           if
           he
           should
           attempt
           to
           separate
           the
           Supremacy
           from
           the
           Crown
           ,
           especially
           if
           he
           should
           endeavour
           to
           make
           the
           Pope
           Supreme
           ;
           because
           ,
           if
           they
           did
           not
           oppose
           him
           in
           that
           Attempt
           ,
           they
           must
           either
           be
           guilty
           of
           
             High
             Treason
          
           ,
           in
           owning
           the
           Pope's
           Supremacy
           ,
           
           or
           be
           destroyed
           when
           the
           Pope's
           Supremacy
           is
           established
           ,
           for
           refusing
           to
           be
           guilty
           of
           
             High
             Treason
          
           ;
           it
           being
           Treason
           by
           the
           Laws
           to
           own
           his
           Supremacy
           .
           Whoever
           owns
           the
           Pope's
           Supremacy
           ,
           is
           incapable
           of
           being
           himself
           Supreme
           in
           Ecclesiasticals
           ;
           and
           he
           that
           cannot
           be
           Supreme
           in
           Ecclesiasticals
           ,
           cannot
           be
           Supreme
           in
           Civils
           ,
           because
           being
           united
           by
           the
           Legislative
           ,
           they
           cannot
           be
           enjoyed
           apart
           .
        
         
           In
           a
           mixt
           Government
           ,
           where
           the
           
             Legislative
             Power
          
           of
           King
           ,
           Lords
           and
           Commons
           (
           which
           is
           the
           only
           Supream
           Power
           ,
           because
           it
           gives
           Laws
           to
           all
           )
           is
           divided
           ,
           part
           in
           the
           King
           ,
           and
           part
           in
           the
           People
           ;
           if
           either
           part
           invadeth
           the
           other's
           Right
           ,
           the
           
             usurping
             part
          
           may
           be
           justly
           opposed
           ,
           because
           it
           invadeth
           what
           is
           the
           
             Sovereign
             Right
          
           of
           another
           .
        
         
           None
           can
           have
           a
           share
           in
           the
           Legislative
           Power
           ,
           but
           who
           must
           have
           a
           right
           to
           defend
           that
           Power
           ;
           because
           any
           other
           than
           a
           
             Sovereign
             Right
          
           to
           the
           Legislative
           ,
           to
           which
           all
           are
           Subject
           ,
           would
           be
           nonsense
           ;
           and
           whoever
           has
           the
           Executive
           Power
           ,
           if
           he
           had
           not
           a
           share
           in
           the
           Legislative
           ,
           would
           be
           subject
           to
           it
           .
           And
           he
           that
           is
           intrusted
           with
           the
           Execution
           of
           the
           Laws
           ,
           can
           have
           no
           more
           Power
           than
           the
           Legislative
           has
           given
           him
           ;
           and
           where
           the
           People
           have
           a
           share
           in
           the
           Legislative
           ,
           
             they
             have
             the
             same
             Right
             to
             their
             Privileges
             ,
          
           (
           viz.
           )
           
             the
             Laws
             of
             the
             Land
             ,
             as
             the
             King
             has
             to
             his
             Prerogatives
          
           ;
           because
           the
           Consent
           of
           both
           is
           equally
           necessary
           to
           the
           altering
           the
           Laws
           ,
           as
           it
           was
           to
           the
           making
           of
           them
           .
        
         
           In
           a
           mixt
           Government
           ,
           a
           King
           ,
           beyond
           the
           Limits
           of
           his
           Kingly
           Power
           ,
           is
           so
           far
           from
           having
           a
           Right
           to
           Obedience
           ,
           either
           Active
           or
           Passive
           ,
           that
           by
           
             assuming
             such
             an
             Vnlimited
             Power
             ,
             he
             loses
             all
             his
             Legal
             Power
             ,
             which
             consists
             in
             Governing
             according
             to
             the
             Laws
             enacted
             by
             the
             Legislative
          
           ;
           and
           by
           it
           abdicates
           the
           Government
           ;
           for
           he
           that
           ceases
           to
           govern
           according
           to
           those
           Laws
           ▪
           by
           governing
           Arbitrarily
           and
           contrary
           to
           Law
           ,
           ceases
           as
           much
           to
           govern
           in
           the
           eye
           and
           intent
           of
           the
           Law
           ,
           as
           he
           that
           ceases
           to
           govern
           at
           all
           ;
           and
           
           by
           governing
           Arbitrarily
           (
           the
           Constitution
           admitting
           of
           no
           such
           Governor
           )
           destroys
           the
           very
           Essence
           of
           his
           Kingly
           Power
           ,
           and
           renounces
           (
           the
           only
           Right
           he
           has
           )
           his
           Legal
           Right
           .
           For
           no
           person
           can
           have
           at
           the
           same
           time
           a
           Will
           to
           rule
           according
           to
           Law
           ,
           and
           a
           Will
           to
           rule
           contrary
           to
           Law
           ;
           and
           he
           that
           wills
           the
           latter
           ,
           cannot
           will
           the
           former
           ,
           and
           so
           willingly
           renounces
           his
           Legal
           Government
           ;
           and
           by
           making
           his
           Will
           the
           Law
           ,
           he
           assumes
           the
           whole
           Legislative
           Power
           to
           himself
           ,
           which
           wholly
           destroys
           the
           former
           Government
           ;
           for
           
             a
             new
             Legislative
             is
             a
             new
             Form
             of
             Government
          
           ;
           and
           if
           the
           whole
           be
           destroyed
           ,
           the
           share
           the
           King
           has
           in
           it
           must
           be
           so
           too
           ,
           except
           a
           part
           can
           subsist
           ,
           when
           the
           whole
           ,
           by
           which
           and
           in
           which
           he
           enjoyed
           his
           part
           ,
           is
           dissolved
           .
        
         
           Whereever
           people
           have
           established
           a
           mixt
           Government
           ,
           they
           are
           presumed
           to
           grant
           all
           that
           is
           necessary
           to
           maintain
           that
           Government
           ;
           which
           could
           not
           be
           ,
           if
           one
           part
           had
           not
           a
           Right
           to
           hinder
           the
           Encroachment
           of
           the
           other
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           Nonsence
           to
           brag
           of
           the
           Happiness
           which
           people
           enjoy
           in
           living
           under
           a
           Limited
           Monarchy
           ,
           if
           it
           had
           no
           other
           Limits
           than
           the
           Will
           and
           Pleasure
           of
           the
           King
           ;
           because
           then
           he
           would
           be
           as
           Absolute
           as
           the
           French
           King
           or
           Grand-Siegneur
           ,
           and
           his
           Subjects
           would
           be
           as
           mere
           slaves
           as
           the
           vilest
           of
           theirs
           ,
           since
           they
           would
           hold
           their
           Lives
           and
           Properties
           by
           no
           other
           Tenure
           ,
           than
           the
           Pleasure
           of
           the
           King
           who
           is
           absolute
           .
        
         
           
             But
             it
             may
             be
             asked
          
           ,
           Who
           shall
           judge
           between
           them
           ,
           if
           either
           should
           usurp
           the
           Right
           that
           belongs
           to
           the
           other
           ?
        
         
           
             I
             answer
          
           ,
           None
           can
           judge
           as
           a
           superior
           in
           whose
           sentence
           both
           sides
           must
           acquiesce
           ,
           because
           that
           would
           suppose
           some
           one
           superior
           to
           the
           Supreme
           Legislative
           Power
           :
           Or
           if
           the
           Judges
           of
           the
           Land
           should
           have
           an
           Absolute
           Power
           to
           determine
           in
           these
           matters
           ,
           and
           people
           should
           be
           obliged
           to
           submit
           to
           whatever
           they
           decr●e
           ,
           they
           could
           make
           either
           Party
           the
           Supreme
           Legislative
           Power
           ,
           or
           themselves
           ,
           by
           declaring
           themselves
           to
           be
           so
           .
        
         
         
           None
           ,
           as
           a
           Superior
           ,
           can
           call
           him
           to
           an
           account
           who
           has
           a
           share
           in
           the
           Legislative
           ;
           but
           he
           may
           be
           resisted
           as
           well
           as
           any
           other
           ,
           that
           should
           invade
           the
           Sovereign
           Rights
           of
           others
           ,
           with
           which
           he
           has
           nothing
           to
           do
           .
        
         
           Where
           people
           have
           not
           parted
           wi●h
           their
           Rights
           ,
           it
           must
           be
           presumed
           they
           have
           retained
           a
           Power
           to
           judge
           whether
           those
           Rights
           are
           invaded
           ,
           or
           else
           the
           design
           of
           preserving
           those
           Rights
           would
           be
           to
           no
           purpose
           .
        
         
           But
           it
           may
           be
           objected
           ,
           Tho
           it
           be
           no
           Treason
           ,
           or
           any
           manner
           of
           Injury
           ▪
           or
           Injustice
           ,
           for
           People
           to
           defend
           their
           Rights
           against
           a
           King
           that
           has
           no
           Right
           to
           take
           them
           away
           ,
           yet
           for
           their
           own
           sakes
           people
           are
           obliged
           to
           submit
           to
           his
           Arbitrary
           Government
           ,
           because
           opposing
           him
           might
           create
           a
           War
           more
           destructive
           than
           all
           the
           effects
           of
           his
           Arbitrary
           Power
           .
           But
           what
           King
           would
           resign
           his
           Government
           ,
           rather
           than
           oppose
           a
           Rebel
           ?
           And
           if
           a
           single
           person
           thinks
           he
           is
           not
           obliged
           to
           part
           with
           his
           Civil
           Right
           ,
           how
           can
           he
           expect
           ,
           that
           Millions
           (
           were
           it
           possible
           it
           could
           be
           for
           their
           common
           good
           )
           should
           part
           with
           theirs
           ?
           Since
           too
           ,
           every
           one
           of
           them
           has
           the
           same
           Right
           to
           their
           Privi●eges
           (
           the
           Laws
           of
           the
           Land
           )
           as
           he
           has
           to
           his
           Crown
           ,
           why
           should
           they
           be
           more
           obliged
           to
           suffer
           their
           own
           rather
           than
           a
           Foreign
           Prince
           to
           destroy
           their
           Rights
           ?
           Since
           the
           attempt
           is
           a
           greater
           Crime
           in
           him
           ,
           because
           he
           breaks
           his
           Oath
           ,
           and
           the
           Trust
           that
           is
           reposed
           in
           him
           ,
           and
           is
           guilty
           of
           the
           highest
           Ingratitude
           to
           the
           People
           who
           have
           given
           him
           so
           much
           Power
           .
        
         
           By
           the
           same
           Argument
           ,
           good
           men
           ought
           not
           to
           resist
           Robbers
           and
           Pirates
           :
           And
           if
           a
           man
           should
           be
           obliged
           to
           quit
           all
           for
           fear
           of
           bloodshed
           ,
           how
           bravely
           would
           the
           good
           of
           mankind
           be
           promoted
           ,
           and
           what
           a
           blessed
           Peace
           would
           the
           world
           enjoy
           ?
           which
           would
           consist
           in
           Violence
           and
           Rapine
           ,
           and
           which
           would
           only
           be
           maintained
           for
           the
           interest
           of
           Robbers
           and
           Oppressors
           .
        
         
         
           Whoever
           does
           but
           consider
           the
           Poverty
           ,
           the
           Misery
           ,
           the
           Hardship
           people
           undergo
           in
           Absolute
           Monarchies
           ,
           where
           the
           generality
           not
           only
           want
           Conveniences
           ,
           but
           even
           the
           Necessaries
           of
           Life
           ,
           and
           how
           by
           Tyranical
           Government
           the
           Richest
           and
           most
           Flourishing
           Countries
           (
           as
           for
           instance
           ,
           those
           under
           the
           Turkish
           Empire
           )
           are
           depopulated
           and
           almost
           turned
           to
           desarts
           ,
           so
           that
           the
           Inhabitants
           are
           thin
           and
           few
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           wretched
           and
           barbarous
           ;
           and
           whoever
           compares
           them
           with
           those
           that
           live
           under
           Mixt
           Governments
           ,
           where
           the
           Inhabitants
           are
           generally
           above
           twenty
           to
           one
           to
           what
           the
           others
           are
           ,
           abounding
           with
           all
           manner
           of
           Conveniences
           and
           Pleasures
           of
           life
           ;
           or
           does
           but
           consider
           the
           happy
           condition
           that
           Greece
           and
           a
           great
           number
           of
           other
           places
           enjoyed
           when
           they
           were
           Free
           States
           ;
           and
           what
           they
           now
           suffer
           ;
           or
           has
           but
           read
           Bp.
           
           Burnet's
           Remarks
           on
           
             Italy
             ,
             Rome
          
           ,
           and
           Switzerland
           ,
           must
           be
           convinced
           ,
           That
           it
           is
           not
           the
           Interest
           of
           a
           Nation
           to
           let
           their
           King
           be
           Arbitrary
           ;
           and
           that
           they
           cannot
           pay
           too
           dear
           for
           preserving
           their
           Liberties
           .
           In
           making
           themselves
           Absolute
           ,
           Kings
           act
           against
           their
           own
           Safety
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           the
           Good
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           because
           a
           Mixt
           Government
           is
           not
           only
           best
           for
           the
           Subjects
           ,
           bnt
           for
           the
           Security
           of
           Kings
           ,
           They
           being
           oftner
           Deposed
           and
           Murthered
           (
           as
           all
           the
           Histories
           of
           the
           World
           do
           testify
           )
           in
           Absolute
           than
           in
           Limited
           Monarchies
           .
        
         
           Can
           any
           one
           think
           ,
           that
           the
           United
           Provinces
           (
           in
           spite
           of
           the
           long
           War
           they
           had
           to
           maintain
           their
           Privileges
           )
           are
           not
           as
           Populous
           ,
           Rich
           ,
           and
           Potent
           ,
           and
           upon
           all
           accounts
           in
           as
           flourishing
           a
           condition
           ,
           as
           they
           would
           have
           been
           ,
           had
           they
           been
           possessed
           with
           the
           Doctrine
           of
           Passive
           Obedience
           ,
           and
           tamely
           submitted
           to
           the
           Encroachments
           and
           Arbitrary
           Power
           of
           Spain
           ?
        
         
           Had
           the
           Doctrine
           of
           Passive-Obedience
           been
           all-along
           practised
           ,
           Mankind
           would
           have
           been
           in
           a
           more
           slavish
           condition
           than
           any
           now
           are
           ,
           that
           live
           under
           the
           most
           Tyranical
           
           Governments
           ;
           it
           is
           the
           fear
           that
           people
           may
           by
           ill
           usage
           be
           provoked
           to
           violate
           this
           Doctrine
           ,
           that
           keeps
           the
           greatest
           Tyrants
           within
           some
           bounds
           ,
           and
           makes
           them
           govern
           more
           mildly
           and
           moderately
           than
           otherwise
           they
           would
           .
           It
           is
           ,
           I
           think
           ,
           no
           great
           Argument
           of
           the
           Goodness
           of
           an
           Opinion
           ,
           when
           the
           not
           observing
           it
           ,
           or
           even
           the
           very
           probability
           of
           breaking
           it
           ,
           has
           preserved
           mankind
           in
           a
           much
           better
           condition
           than
           they
           would
           have
           been
           ,
           had
           the
           Supreme
           Powers
           been
           certain
           ,
           that
           that
           Doctrine
           would
           have
           been
           inviolably
           observed
           .
        
         
           The
           English
           ,
           who
           are
           the
           freest
           Nation
           in
           the
           world
           ,
           cannot
           consider
           the
           Happiness
           they
           enjoy
           ,
           in
           comparison
           of
           those
           that
           live
           under
           Absolute
           Monarchies
           ,
           without
           having
           a
           just
           Veneration
           for
           their
           Noble
           Ancestors
           ,
           who
           have
           (
           tho
           not
           without
           the
           expence
           of
           their
           best
           blood
           )
           secured
           to
           them
           those
           Liberties
           ▪
           they
           now
           enjoy
           :
           And
           the
           present
           Age
           would
           have
           strangely
           degenerated
           ,
           had
           they
           not
           been
           as
           zealous
           to
           have
           transmitted
           the
           same
           down
           to
           their
           Posterity
           .
        
         
           Most
           of
           the
           European
           Nations
           were
           once
           Masters
           of
           the
           same
           Freedom
           the
           English
           still
           enjoy
           .
           Those
           great
           Swarms
           of
           people
           that
           came
           out
           of
           the
           North
           ,
           and
           subdued
           most
           part
           of
           Europe
           ,
           upon
           settling
           themselves
           in
           the
           Countries
           they
           conquered
           ,
           made
           their
           Generals
           Kings
           ,
           and
           their
           Chief
           Officers
           their
           
             Concilia
             Magna
          
           ,
           or
           Parliamenta
           ,
           without
           whose
           Consent
           no
           Laws
           were
           made
           ,
           or
           scarce
           any
           thing
           of
           Importance
           done
           :
           Which
           Government
           the
           English
           have
           best
           preserved
           ,
           being
           a
           Nation
           too
           tenacious
           of
           their
           Liberties
           to
           be
           Complimented
           out
           of
           them
           ;
           and
           (
           as
           they
           to
           their
           Cost
           have
           found
           ,
           who
           have
           attempted
           it
           )
           of
           too
           great
           a
           Courage
           to
           be
           Forced
           out
           of
           them
           .
        
         
           It
           cannot
           then
           justly
           be
           concluded
           to
           be
           against
           the
           Publick
           Good
           of
           the
           Nation
           to
           oppose
           Arbitrary
           Government
           ,
           because
           more
           lives
           might
           perhaps
           have
           been
           lost
           by
           it
           ,
           than
           by
           the
           Tyranical
           Government
           of
           all
           the
           Kings
           since
           the
           
           Conquest
           ;
           because
           those
           Kings
           were
           not
           Absolute
           ,
           and
           when
           they
           endeavour'd
           to
           be
           so
           ,
           were
           always
           opposed
           .
           But
           had
           it
           not
           been
           thought
           lawful
           to
           oppose
           them
           ,
           and
           they
           had
           been
           as
           Absolute
           as
           the
           Doctrine
           of
           
             Passive
             Obedience
          
           would
           have
           permitted
           them
           ,
           I
           would
           ask
           whether
           then
           (
           for
           that
           is
           the
           true
           state
           of
           the
           question
           )
           the
           Nation
           would
           have
           been
           as
           Populous
           and
           as
           Rich
           as
           it
           is
           at
           present
           by
           preserving
           its
           Liberties
           ,
           and
           opposing
           all
           Usurpation
           ?
           There
           is
           ,
           I
           think
           ,
           no
           reason
           to
           doubt
           ,
           if
           Arbitrary
           Government
           had
           prevail'd
           ,
           but
           that
           the
           Countrey
           would
           have
           been
           reduced
           to
           as
           poor
           and
           as
           beggarly
           a
           condition
           ,
           and
           would
           as
           much
           have
           been
           depopulated
           as
           any
           Province
           under
           the
           Turkish
           Empire
           .
        
         
           There
           can
           be
           no
           greater
           Argument
           than
           the
           universal
           Consent
           of
           the
           Nation
           ,
           that
           what
           they
           so
           unanimously
           concurred
           in
           ,
           was
           not
           against
           their
           Common
           Good
           ;
           and
           nothing
           but
           a
           Danger
           as
           Universal
           as
           it
           was
           great
           ,
           could
           make
           all
           people
           so
           desirous
           of
           a
           Revolution
           :
           And
           there
           could
           be
           no
           pretence
           from
           the
           Publick
           Good
           of
           not
           resisting
           ,
           when
           Slavery
           it self
           was
           not
           the
           end
           ,
           but
           only
           in
           order
           to
           extirpate
           an
           Heretical
           Nation
           ;
           which
           all
           Popish
           Princes
           by
           their
           Religion
           are
           obliged
           to
           do
           ;
           and
           there
           was
           no
           reason
           to
           suppose
           the
           late
           King
           (
           had
           not
           the
           Design
           been
           so
           notorious
           )
           less
           zealous
           than
           his
           Neighbours
           
             Where
             it
             is
             notorious
             that
             a
             King
             has
             a
             Design
             to
             enslave
             the
             Nation
             ,
             there
             can
             be
             no
             great
             danger
             in
             opposing
             him
          
           ;
           because
           it
           is
           impossible
           for
           him
           ,
           (
           the
           Lands
           and
           Riches
           being
           in
           so
           many
           hands
           )
           ,
           to
           be
           able
           to
           influence
           so
           great
           a
           Number
           of
           the
           Gentry
           and
           Nobility
           ,
           as
           shall
           be
           sufficient
           to
           oppose
           the
           Common
           Interest
           .
        
         
           There
           is
           nothing
           more
           pernicious
           to
           Government
           ,
           than
           to
           encourage
           those
           that
           publish
           such
           Doctrines
           as
           tend
           to
           destroy
           the
           Rights
           and
           Privileges
           of
           the
           people
           :
           Who
           are
           quick-sighted
           enough
           to
           find
           out
           the
           weak
           side
           of
           such
           Arguments
           as
           tend
           to
           their
           hurt
           ;
           and
           it
           makes
           them
           suspicious
           
           that
           some
           sudden
           Designs
           are
           carrying
           on
           against
           them
           ,
           and
           prepares
           their
           minds
           to
           receive
           any
           ill
           impression
           against
           the
           Government
           .
           What
           happened
           in
           King
           Charles
           the
           First
           's
           time
           ,
           is
           an
           undeniable
           Instance
           of
           this
           ,
           where
           the
           encouraging
           and
           preferring
           almost
           none
           but
           such
           as
           preached
           up
           that
           
             Sensless
             Doctrine
          
           ,
           created
           such
           Jealousies
           ,
           Fears
           ,
           and
           Mistrusts
           in
           the
           minds
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           of
           whom
           too
           many
           were
           irritated
           by
           Persecution
           
             (
             for
             Passive-Obedience
             and
             Persecution
             ,
             like
             Brethren
             in
             Iniquity
             ,
             go
             hand
             in
             hand
             )
          
           that
           nothing
           but
           the
           Ruin
           of
           that
           Prince
           could
           satisfy
           their
           Jealousies
           .
           That
           Doctrine
           had
           like
           to
           have
           produced
           a
           more
           fatal
           Consequence
           in
           his
           Son's
           time
           ,
           by
           encouraging
           him
           (
           who
           had
           the
           weakness
           to
           think
           ,
           that
           those
           who
           when
           uppermost
           were
           Bigots
           for
           it
           ,
           would
           submit
           to
           it
           when
           they
           themselves
           came
           to
           suffer
           )
           to
           invade
           the
           Rights
           and
           Liberties
           of
           the
           People
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           III.
           Of
           the
           Publick
           Good.
           
        
         
           THE
           Consideration
           of
           
             the
             Publick
             Good
          
           ,
           which
           is
           
             the
             Supreme
             Law
          
           by
           which
           both
           King
           and
           People
           ought
           to
           guide
           their
           Actions
           ,
           does
           oblige
           Subjects
           to
           obey
           in
           all
           things
           that
           are
           in
           the
           least
           disputable
           ,
           and
           even
           to
           acquiesce
           in
           whatever
           a
           King
           does
           ,
           if
           in
           the
           whole
           he
           promotes
           the
           Publick
           Good.
           It
           is
           not
           barely
           the
           breaking
           a
           Law
           ,
           or
           stretching
           the
           Prerogative
           ,
           in
           this
           or
           that
           Point
           ,
           can
           do
           any
           great
           mischief
           ;
           except
           it
           be
           done
           with
           a
           Design
           to
           subvert
           the
           Liberties
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           and
           establish
           Arbitrary
           Government
           .
           In
           many
           cases
           the
           good
           of
           the
           Whole
           may
           require
           the
           Laws
           to
           give
           place
           to
           the
           Executive
           Power
           ,
           because
           it
           is
           impossible
           upon
           the
           account
           of
           the
           infinite
           variety
           of
           Accidents
           and
           Circumstances
           that
           attend
           Human
           Affairs
           ,
           to
           foresee
           ,
           and
           by
           Laws
           to
           provide
           for
           all
           the
           Necessities
           
           that
           concern
           the
           Publick
           :
           Laws
           can
           only
           respect
           what
           does
           generally
           happen
           ;
           there
           must
           be
           a
           vast
           number
           of
           Particulars
           ,
           where
           a
           rigid
           Observation
           of
           Law
           must
           be
           hurtful
           ;
           and
           it
           will
           be
           necessary
           that
           a
           Power
           to
           Dispense
           with
           the
           Penalties
           of
           the
           Laws
           ,
           should
           be
           lodged
           with
           the
           King
           ,
           whose
           Power
           cannot
           be
           too
           large
           ,
           if
           he
           useth
           it
           for
           the
           Publick
           Good.
           
        
         
           The
           
             only
             Enemies
          
           to
           the
           present
           Government
           (
           at
           least
           amongst
           the
           Protestants
           )
           are
           
             the
             Asserters
             of
             Passive
             Obedience
          
           ;
           who
           tho
           they
           think
           it
           for
           the
           Publick
           Good
           to
           suffer
           a
           King
           to
           inslave
           a
           Nation
           ,
           rather
           than
           oppose
           him
           ,
           yet
           are
           so
           absurd
           as
           to
           think
           they
           are
           obliged
           in
           Conscience
           to
           disturb
           the
           Government
           that
           protects
           them
           ,
           and
           raise
           a
           Civil
           War
           (
           tho
           the
           consequence
           should
           be
           never
           so
           fatal
           )
           to
           restore
           a
           Prince
           ,
           whose
           Return
           would
           ,
           if
           the
           War
           did
           not
           ,
           compleat
           the
           Ruin
           of
           the
           Nation
           .
           The
           Falseness
           and
           Absurdity
           of
           which
           Opinion
           ,
           I
           shall
           endeavour
           to
           make
           manifest
           :
           And
           to
           shew
           ,
           That
           it
           is
           the
           
             Indispensable
             Duty
             of
             all
             that
             are
             Protected
             by
             a
             Government
             ,
             to
             bear
             True
             Faith
             and
             Allegiance
             to
             it
             .
          
        
         
           I
           suppose
           I
           need
           not
           spend
           many
           Words
           ,
           to
           shew
           the
           Absolute
           Necessity
           of
           Government
           ,
           for
           the
           Good
           and
           Well-being
           of
           Mankind
           ;
           or
           that
           it
           was
           for
           no
           other
           reason
           that
           men
           parted
           with
           their
           Liberties
           (
           for
           what
           else
           could
           be
           an
           
             Equivalent
             ?
          
           )
           but
           for
           the
           mutual
           Defence
           and
           Security
           which
           they
           receive
           by
           Government
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           sole
           Design
           and
           End
           of
           all
           Laws
           ,
           Punishments
           ,
           and
           Rewards
           .
           As
           this
           Reason
           was
           at
           first
           the
           sole
           Motive
           for
           submitting
           to
           particular
           persons
           ,
           so
           it
           is
           the
           only
           reason
           still
           for
           continuing
           Allegiance
           to
           them
           ;
           and
           when
           this
           Reason
           ceaseth
           ,
           Natural
           Liberty
           does
           return
           ,
           and
           then
           men
           are
           obliged
           for
           the
           sake
           of
           their
           own
           Safety
           and
           Preservation
           to
           pay
           Allegiance
           where
           it
           is
           most
           for
           their
           own
           Interest
           and
           Advantage
           .
        
         
           Obedience
           is
           due
           to
           Government
           ,
           and
           not
           to
           the
           Person
           
           that
           governs
           but
           upon
           the
           account
           and
           for
           the
           sake
           of
           it
           ▪
           otherwise
           people
           might
           be
           obliged
           to
           pay
           Allegiance
           to
           a
           King
           after
           he
           had
           resigned
           his
           Regal
           O●fice
           .
           
             It
             is
             impossible
             for
             a
             King
             to
             lose
             his
             Government
             ,
             and
             not
             lose
             the
             Allegiance
             of
             his
             Subjects
             ,
             because
             they
             are
             Relatives
          
           ;
           and
           according
           to
           the
           nature
           of
           all
           Relatives
           ,
           one
           cannot
           subsist
           without
           the
           other
           .
        
         
           Natural
           Relations
           ,
           as
           that
           between
           Father
           and
           Son
           ,
           last
           as
           long
           as
           both
           Parties
           Live
           ;
           but
           Artificial
           ones
           ,
           (
           if
           I
           may
           so
           term
           them
           )
           as
           those
           between
           Master
           and
           Servant
           ,
           King
           and
           Subject
           ,
           may
           be
           destroyed
           during
           their
           Lives
           ;
           and
           when
           these
           Relations
           cease
           ,
           all
           Obligations
           ▪
           on
           both
           sides
           cease
           .
           The
           Relation
           between
           Sovereign
           and
           Subjects
           is
           destroyed
           ,
           when
           the
           Sovereign
           will
           no
           longer
           Protect
           his
           People
           ,
           and
           so
           freely
           withdraws
           from
           the
           Government
           ,
           or
           when
           he
           is
           deprived
           of
           the
           Power
           of
           Protecting
           them
           ,
           and
           so
           is
           driven
           from
           his
           Government
           ;
           which
           ,
           as
           to
           the
           People
           ,
           (
           for
           whose
           sake
           Government
           was
           Instituted
           )
           has
           the
           same
           effect
           ;
           and
           they
           equally
           lose
           that
           Protection
           and
           Defence
           ,
           for
           the
           sake
           of
           which
           alone
           Allegiance
           is
           paid
           ,
           whether
           the
           Sovereign
           will
           not
           ,
           or
           cannot
           any
           longer
           Govern
           them
           ,
           and
           is
           forced
           to
           leave
           his
           Government
           in
           the
           hands
           of
           others
           ;
           whereby
           those
           that
           were
           his
           Subjects
           are
           as
           incapable
           of
           paying
           him
           Allegiance
           ,
           as
           he
           is
           to
           Protect
           them
           ;
           and
           the
           same
           Force
           that
           will
           justifie
           his
           leaving
           them
           ,
           will
           equally
           justifie
           their
           Transferring
           their
           Allegiance
           :
           And
           since
           no
           Society
           is
           able
           to
           subsist
           without
           having
           Justice
           Administred
           ,
           and
           enjoying
           those
           other
           blessings
           that
           are
           derived
           from
           Government
           :
           Either
           they
           must
           by
           living
           without
           Government
           become
           a
           prey
           to
           every
           one
           ,
           or
           else
           there
           is
           a
           necessity
           of
           preserving
           themselves
           by
           paying
           Allegiance
           to
           the
           new
           Government
           .
        
         
           If
           Obedience
           were
           due
           purely
           to
           the
           Title
           ,
           Subjects
           would
           be
           very
           great
           Rebels
           in
           refusing
           to
           pay
           Obedience
           to
           
           a
           Madman
           with
           a
           Legal
           Title
           ,
           and
           in
           placing
           another
           in
           the
           Throne
           :
           What
           other
           reason
           can
           be
           assigned
           for
           removing
           him
           ,
           but
           that
           the
           good
           of
           the
           Commonwealth
           requires
           Obedience
           to
           be
           paid
           to
           a
           Person
           that
           can
           Protect
           them
           ;
           which
           since
           a
           Madman
           cannot
           ,
           it
           is
           their
           Duty
           to
           pay
           Obedience
           to
           another
           that
           can
           .
           Is
           not
           a
           Person
           that
           has
           lost
           his
           Government
           ,
           as
           unable
           to
           Protect
           the
           People
           ,
           as
           he
           that
           has
           lost
           his
           senses
           ?
           And
           would
           not
           the
           indeavouring
           to
           restore
           him
           by
           violent
           means
           ,
           be
           more
           pernicious
           to
           the
           Publick
           ,
           than
           suffering
           a
           Madman
           in
           the
           Throne
           ?
           For
           though
           the
           incapacity
           proceeds
           from
           different
           Causes
           ,
           the
           one
           being
           a
           Natural
           ,
           the
           other
           a
           Moral
           one
           ,
           yet
           the
           reason
           ,
           the
           
             Publick
             good
          
           ,
           is
           the
           same
           ,
           for
           not
           endeavouring
           to
           Restore
           one
           ,
           as
           it
           is
           for
           Deposing
           the
           other
           .
        
         
           Though
           the
           next
           of
           Kin
           may
           have
           a
           right
           to
           be
           a
           Guardian
           to
           a
           Minor
           ,
           yet
           if
           admitting
           him
           would
           prejudice
           the
           affairs
           of
           the
           Minor
           ,
           he
           ought
           to
           be
           denied
           that
           Right
           ,
           or
           rather
           that
           Right
           ceaseth
           ,
           because
           it
           is
           against
           the
           interest
           and
           advantage
           of
           the
           Minor
           ,
           for
           whose
           sake
           alone
           he
           was
           appointed
           Guardian
           :
           So
           in
           matters
           of
           
             Government
             ,
             (
             which
             is
             an
             Office
             that
             had
             no
             other
             grounds
             for
             its
             being
             instituted
             ,
             but
             the
             good
             of
             the
             People
             ,
             who
             are
             always
             in
             their
             Minorities
             ,
          
           and
           such
           Sovereign
           Curators
           are
           constantly
           necessary
           for
           the
           management
           of
           their
           Affairs
           )
           :
           Any
           particular
           Person
           's
           Right
           to
           that
           Office
           must
           cease
           ,
           if
           he
           cannot
           be
           admitted
           without
           great
           prejudice
           to
           the
           Minors
           ;
           and
           as
           the
           number
           is
           disproportionate
           between
           one
           and
           a
           whole
           Nation
           ,
           and
           as
           the
           lives
           of
           a
           number
           of
           Persons
           are
           to
           be
           valued
           before
           the
           interest
           of
           a
           single
           Minor
           ;
           so
           much
           stronger
           will
           the
           Argument
           hold
           in
           behalf
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           and
           the
           greater
           will
           the
           Crime
           be
           in
           attempting
           to
           admit
           any
           Person
           into
           that
           Office
           ,
           when
           it
           cannot
           be
           done
           without
           involving
           the
           Nation
           in
           manifest
           Ruin.
           
        
         
           Therefore
           in
           most
           cases
           where
           one
           King
           has
           Power
           enough
           to
           turn
           another
           out
           of
           his
           Kingdom
           and
           get
           into
           
           his
           Throne
           ,
           it
           is
           highly
           probable
           he
           will
           be
           able
           to
           keep
           it
           against
           any
           Opposition
           from
           the
           Person
           he
           Conquered
           :
           So
           that
           they
           who
           set
           up
           for
           his
           Interest
           ,
           expose
           themselves
           to
           certain
           Ruin
           and
           Destruction
           .
           But
           though
           it
           might
           so
           happen
           that
           they
           might
           succeed
           in
           the
           Attempt
           ,
           yet
           since
           it
           could
           not
           be
           done
           without
           a
           manifest
           injury
           to
           the
           Nation
           ,
           by
           Disturbing
           the
           Peace
           and
           Quiet
           of
           it
           ,
           by
           causing
           the
           Effusion
           of
           so
           much
           Blood
           ,
           Rapine
           ,
           Desolation
           ,
           and
           those
           intolerable
           Calamities
           which
           Civil
           War
           does
           produce
           ,
           it
           would
           be
           so
           far
           from
           being
           a
           Duty
           ,
           that
           it
           would
           be
           a
           sin
           of
           the
           first
           magnitude
           to
           Attempt
           it
           ;
           it
           would
           be
           contrary
           to
           the
           greater
           and
           prior
           obligation
           which
           they
           owe
           to
           the
           Publick
           .
        
         
           For
           none
           can
           have
           a
           Right
           inconsistent
           with
           
             the
             Publick
             Good
          
           ,
           which
           
             is
             the
             only
             Fundamental
             Law
             of
             all
             Societies
          
           ;
           contrary
           to
           which
           ,
           no
           Law
           (
           and
           consequently
           no
           Legal
           Right
           ,
           which
           is
           built
           upon
           Law
           )
           can
           be
           valid
           ;
           to
           which
           as
           to
           a
           center
           ,
           each
           man's
           Actions
           ought
           to
           tend
           ,
           because
           the
           more
           universal
           any
           good
           is
           ,
           the
           more
           it
           ought
           to
           be
           imbraced
           ;
           and
           
             Societies
             could
             not
             subsist
             ,
             but
             must
             necessarily
             fall
             into
             a
             state
             of
             War
             and
             Confusion
             ,
             if
             every
             man
             should
             prefer
             the
             advantage
             of
             any
             particular
             Person
             before
             the
             Good
             of
             the
             whole
             .
          
        
         
           As
           every
           particular
           Person
           's
           interest
           must
           yield
           to
           the
           general
           Good
           of
           the
           Society
           ;
           so
           must
           that
           of
           a
           particular
           Society
           submit
           to
           the
           more
           universal
           Good
           of
           all
           Societies
           ;
           and
           no
           Principles
           can
           be
           true
           (
           however
           they
           may
           serve
           a
           particular
           turn
           )
           that
           ,
           if
           generally
           practised
           ,
           would
           be
           against
           the
           Good
           of
           all
           Societies
           ;
           but
           nothing
           can
           be
           more
           destructive
           and
           pernicious
           to
           all
           human
           Societies
           ,
           than
           those
           Principles
           which
           assert
           that
           Allegiance
           must
           be
           only
           Paid
           to
           him
           that
           hath
           a
           Legal
           Title
           ;
           because
           it
           must
           oblige
           vast
           numbers
           in
           all
           Revolutions
           to
           be
           destroyed
           for
           the
           sake
           of
           a
           single
           Person
           ,
           rather
           than
           submit
           to
           another
           who
           is
           in
           the
           same
           station
           and
           by
           whose
           
           Power
           they
           might
           be
           Governed
           and
           Protected
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           a
           Doctrine
           of
           most
           dangerous
           consequence
           ,
           and
           if
           embraced
           would
           destroy
           the
           best
           part
           of
           Mankind
           ,
           and
           fill
           the
           whole
           world
           with
           Blood
           and
           Confusion
           ;
           for
           in
           such
           Revolutions
           (
           which
           frequently
           happen
           )
           what
           Government
           will
           suffer
           its
           Enemies
           (
           the
           more
           still
           the
           more
           dangerous
           )
           to
           enjoy
           equal
           privileges
           with
           its
           dutiful
           Subjects
           ?
           thereby
           enabling
           them
           to
           destroy
           that
           Government
           ,
           which
           by
           all
           tyes
           of
           Conscience
           they
           must
           think
           themselves
           obliged
           to
           ,
           as
           Subjects
           to
           its
           Enemies
           .
        
         
           The
           safety
           and
           quiet
           of
           their
           peaceable
           Subjects
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           self
           preservation
           ,
           will
           oblige
           the
           Supreme
           Powers
           to
           extirpate
           them
           ,
           for
           it
           is
           impossible
           for
           men
           of
           these
           Principles
           ,
           if
           they
           act
           accordingly
           to
           live
           quiet
           under
           a
           Government
           which
           they
           suppose
           has
           no
           Legal
           Right
           ,
           because
           their
           actions
           are
           not
           in
           their
           own
           power
           ,
           but
           in
           that
           of
           the
           Dispossessed
           Prince
           ,
           who
           has
           the
           same
           Indispensable
           Right
           to
           Command
           them
           ,
           as
           he
           had
           before
           he
           was
           outed
           of
           the
           Throne
           .
           Therefore
           they
           are
           obliged
           ,
           whatever
           they
           promise
           ,
           or
           whatever
           specious
           pretences
           they
           make
           ,
           to
           act
           contrary
           to
           them
           ,
           when
           either
           his
           Interest
           or
           Commands
           do
           require
           it
           .
        
         
           Can
           it
           be
           supposed
           ,
           that
           when
           men
           submitted
           to
           Government
           ,
           (
           because
           it
           was
           absolutely
           necessary
           for
           their
           Preservation
           )
           that
           they
           submitted
           on
           such
           terms
           ,
           as
           should
           oblige
           them
           in
           so
           many
           cases
           to
           run
           into
           those
           inconveniences
           which
           they
           desired
           to
           shun
           ,
           rather
           than
           live
           in
           peace
           and
           quiet
           under
           a
           Government
           which
           does
           actually
           Protect
           them
           ?
        
         
           Nothing
           can
           justifie
           such
           Principles
           ,
           except
           the
           Misery
           and
           Destruction
           ,
           not
           the
           preservation
           of
           human
           Societies
           ,
           be
           the
           
             Supreme
             Law
          
           ;
           or
           that
           it
           is
           a
           sin
           to
           act
           for
           the
           general
           Good
           of
           a
           Society
           ,
           and
           a
           Duty
           in
           the
           People
           to
           expose
           themselves
           to
           certain
           destruction
           ,
           rather
           then
           act
           for
           their
           own
           good
           ,
           in
           a
           matter
           which
           was
           solely
           Instituted
           for
           their
           good
           .
        
         
         
           A
           man
           may
           be
           obliged
           to
           suffer
           rather
           than
           act
           against
           his
           Duty
           ,
           but
           that
           he
           should
           be
           obliged
           to
           suffer
           rather
           than
           do
           his
           Duty
           in
           promoting
           the
           general
           good
           of
           the
           Nation
           ,
           is
           to
           me
           a
           strange
           Paradox
           .
           If
           it
           be
           a
           Duty
           to
           act
           for
           the
           Publick
           good
           ,
           and
           the
           general
           interest
           of
           a
           Society
           ;
           and
           if
           the
           more
           Universal
           the
           good
           be
           ,
           the
           more
           it
           ought
           to
           be
           sought
           for
           ;
           then
           the
           means
           that
           are
           necessary
           to
           this
           duty
           ,
           or
           end
           ,
           must
           be
           as
           necessary
           as
           the
           end
           it self
           ,
           because
           the
           end
           prescribes
           the
           means
           .
        
         
           So
           that
           if
           the
           paying
           Obedience
           to
           the
           Present
           Government
           ▪
           be
           for
           the
           good
           and
           happiness
           of
           the
           Nation
           ,
           it
           must
           be
           a
           Duty
           in
           every
           one
           to
           do
           it
           ;
           and
           on
           the
           contrary
           ,
           if
           endeavouring
           to
           disturb
           the
           present
           Settlement
           ,
           and
           to
           Restore
           the
           Late
           King
           be
           (
           as
           I
           think
           no
           Protestant
           can
           doubt
           it
           )
           to
           the
           disadvantage
           ,
           and
           against
           the
           good
           and
           interest
           of
           the
           Nation
           ,
           it
           must
           be
           a
           sin
           .
           And
           can
           there
           be
           more
           dreadful
           consequences
           (
           than
           what
           in
           all
           human
           probability
           ,
           must
           happen
           upon
           Unsetling
           the
           Present
           Government
           ,
           )
           to
           our
           Estates
           ,
           Liberties
           ,
           and
           Lives
           ,
           and
           what
           ought
           to
           be
           dearer
           than
           all
           ,
           to
           our
           Holy
           Religion
           ?
           Except
           Popery
           ,
           and
           French
           Tyranny
           ,
           which
           include
           in
           them
           Slavery
           both
           of
           Body
           and
           Soul
           ,
           are
           to
           be
           courted
           at
           the
           expence
           of
           a
           Civil
           War.
           
        
         
           The
           paying
           Obedience
           to
           those
           that
           are
           in
           Possession
           ,
           is
           a
           Doctrine
           that
           tends
           so
           much
           to
           the
           interest
           of
           human
           Societies
           ,
           and
           of
           all
           the
           particular
           Members
           thereof
           ,
           that
           even
           those
           who
           Oppose
           it
           ,
           if
           they
           consulted
           their
           own
           happiness
           ,
           must
           wish
           it
           were
           true
           ;
           and
           what
           greater
           Argument
           can
           there
           be
           of
           the
           truth
           of
           it
           ,
           than
           that
           it
           is
           so
           conducive
           to
           the
           good
           of
           Mankind
           ?
        
         
           And
           that
           common
           Objection
           ,
           or
           rather
           Reflection
           ,
           That
           it
           is
           interest
           makes
           these
           Tenets
           ,
           which
           require
           Obedience
           to
           the
           Present
           Government
           ,
           so
           universally
           imbraced
           ,
           which
           (
           howsoever
           ▪
           it
           be
           uncharitably
           designed
           )
           is
           so
           far
           from
           destroying
           the
           credit
           of
           them
           ,
           that
           it
           is
           a
           demonstration
           of
           
           their
           truth
           ;
           because
           they
           are
           for
           the
           Good
           of
           Particulars
           of
           which
           the
           Publick
           is
           made
           up
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           IV.
           Of
           God's
           Laws
           .
        
         
           THE
           Publick
           Good
           of
           Societies
           ,
           is
           not
           only
           the
           foundation
           of
           all
           human
           Laws
           ,
           (
           upon
           which
           all
           Legal
           Rights
           depend
           ,
           which
           cease
           to
           oblige
           ,
           and
           are
           null
           and
           void
           ,
           when
           contrary
           to
           it
           )
           but
           is
           even
           the
           foundation
           of
           God's
           Laws
           ,
           which
           concern
           men
           with
           relation
           to
           one
           another
           .
        
         
           For
           God
           ,
           who
           is
           infinitely
           happy
           in
           himself
           ,
           could
           have
           no
           other
           motive
           in
           creating
           man
           ,
           but
           to
           make
           him
           happy
           in
           this
           Life
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           that
           which
           is
           to
           come
           ;
           and
           accordingly
           if
           mankind
           would
           follow
           those
           Rules
           that
           are
           prescribed
           by
           God
           in
           order
           to
           their
           behaviour
           towards
           one
           another
           ,
           in
           what
           happy
           ,
           blessed
           ,
           and
           flourishing
           State
           wonld
           they
           be
           in
           ?
           And
           what
           misery
           and
           confusion
           even
           in
           this
           Life
           does
           deviating
           from
           those
           Rules
           create
           ,
           besides
           the
           Punishment
           they
           receive
           in
           the
           Life
           to
           come
           ,
           for
           acting
           against
           their
           good
           in
           this
           .
           Do
           not
           the
           circumstances
           as
           they
           tend
           to
           the
           advantage
           or
           disadvantage
           of
           human
           Societies
           ,
           make
           things
           good
           or
           evil
           ?
           And
           are
           they
           not
           the
           only
           rule
           to
           judge
           of
           God's
           Laws
           by
           ;
           as
           for
           instance
           ,
           the
           Commandment
           declareth
           in
           general
           terms
           it
           is
           not
           Lawful
           to
           Kill
           ;
           yet
           it
           is
           a
           duty
           in
           the
           Magistrate
           to
           Kill
           ,
           because
           it
           is
           for
           a
           Publick
           good
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           only
           rule
           by
           which
           to
           distinguish
           between
           Murther
           and
           Justice
           .
           Even
           a
           private
           Person
           may
           kill
           in
           his
           own
           defence
           ;
           and
           such
           a
           Liberty
           is
           for
           the
           Publick
           good
           ;
           nor
           do
           Christ's
           Precepts
           ,
           
           which
           forbid
           all
           manner
           of
           Revenge
           ,
           and
           require
           Forgiving
           of
           Injuries
           ,
           hinder
           any
           from
           punishing
           those
           that
           injure
           them
           by
           Legal
           courses
           ;
           because
           the
           punishing
           them
           tends
           to
           promote
           the
           Publick
           Interest
           of
           Mankind
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           unlawful
           to
           take
           what
           is
           anothers
           without
           his
           consent
           ,
           yet
           if
           it
           be
           for
           the
           Common
           good
           ,
           it
           is
           not
           only
           Lawful
           ,
           but
           a
           Duty
           ,
           as
           Blowing
           up
           of
           houses
           in
           case
           of
           Fire
           ,
           against
           the
           consent
           of
           the
           Owner
           ,
           or
           digging
           in
           a
           man's
           Ground
           to
           prevent
           an
           Innundation
           ;
           if
           a
           Ship
           be
           in
           danger
           to
           be
           lost
           ,
           it
           is
           the
           Duty
           of
           those
           that
           are
           in
           it
           ,
           in
           order
           to
           preserve
           the
           Ship
           ,
           to
           throw
           any
           man's
           Goods
           over
           Board
           ,
           though
           contrary
           to
           his
           consent
           ;
           and
           if
           a
           Ship
           wants
           Water
           ,
           She
           may
           Lawfully
           ,
           even
           by
           Force
           ,
           take
           some
           from
           another
           Ship
           ,
           if
           that
           Ship
           in
           all
           likelyhood
           hath
           enough
           to
           carry
           her
           to
           the
           next
           Watering-place
           .
        
         
           In
           case
           of
           necessity
           it
           is
           Lawful
           for
           a
           private
           Person
           to
           take
           from
           another
           what
           is
           necessary
           for
           his
           Subsistence
           ,
           if
           he
           whose
           it
           is
           ,
           be
           not
           in
           the
           same
           want
           ;
           nay
           ,
           even
           what
           is
           Devoted
           to
           God
           in
           such
           cases
           it
           is
           Lawful
           to
           take
           ;
           and
           Christ
           makes
           David's
           eating
           the
           
             Consecrated
             Bread
          
           ,
           an
           Argument
           
             à
             Fortiori
          
           ,
           to
           justifie
           what
           his
           Disciples
           in
           their
           Hunger
           took
           from
           man
           ;
           in
           such
           cases
           the
           Natural
           Right
           of
           self-preservation
           returns
           ,
           and
           though
           People
           are
           sometimes
           punished
           for
           taking
           from
           another
           in
           their
           necessities
           ,
           yet
           that
           does
           not
           prove
           it
           Unlawful
           ,
           but
           the
           Punishment
           is
           inflicted
           only
           to
           prevent
           a
           gap
           being
           laid
           open
           to
           Libertinism
           ,
           which
           would
           be
           inconsistent
           with
           the
           Publick
           good
           and
           convenience
           ;
           for
           the
           sake
           of
           which
           a
           Person
           ought
           sometimes
           to
           suffer
           ,
           though
           it
           be
           undeservedly
           .
        
         
           What
           is
           more
           inviolable
           then
           a
           promise
           to
           return
           what
           one
           is
           intrusted
           with
           ?
           Yet
           none
           are
           obliged
           to
           return
           a
           Sword
           to
           that
           Person
           who
           designs
           to
           Attempt
           his
           own
           Life
           ,
           or
           that
           of
           anothers
           ;
           much
           less
           ought
           we
           to
           endeavour
           to
           give
           any
           one
           the
           Power
           of
           the
           Sword
           ,
           tho
           he
           has
           never
           so
           much
           Right
           to
           it
           ,
           if
           the
           Attempt
           would
           prove
           
           fatal
           to
           a
           great
           number
           of
           lives
           ,
           and
           contrary
           to
           the
           good
           of
           the
           Society
           ,
           for
           whose
           sake
           alone
           he
           has
           that
           Right
           ;
           nor
           can
           any
           one
           be
           obliged
           to
           ruin
           or
           prejudice
           a
           Society
           for
           the
           Right
           of
           a
           particular
           Person
           ,
           when
           the
           Right
           which
           that
           Person
           has
           ,
           was
           only
           for
           the
           preservation
           of
           that
           Society
           .
           What
           is
           more
           sacred
           then
           Truth
           ?
           Yet
           even
           that
           is
           dispensed
           with
           ,
           when
           it
           is
           evident
           the
           contrary
           is
           for
           the
           good
           of
           those
           to
           whom
           it
           is
           spoken
           ,
           and
           no
           prejudice
           to
           any
           other
           Person
           ,
           as
           in
           the
           case
           of
           Melancholly
           and
           Sick
           Persons
           ,
           and
           Children
           ,
           or
           such
           like
           instances
           If
           Untruths
           were
           forbid
           ,
           not
           because
           they
           were
           Injuries
           ,
           but
           barely
           because
           they
           are
           Untruths
           ,
           all
           Parables
           ,
           Fables
           and
           Novels
           would
           be
           Unlawful
           .
        
         
           What
           can
           be
           more
           unjust
           than
           to
           take
           away
           the
           Life
           of
           an
           Innocent
           Person
           ?
           Yet
           if
           it
           be
           for
           the
           Publick
           good
           ,
           it
           is
           so
           far
           from
           being
           Unjust
           ,
           that
           it
           is
           a
           Duty
           in
           those
           that
           have
           the
           Publick
           Administration
           of
           Affairs
           to
           do
           it
           .
           And
           all
           Governments
           act
           no
           other
           ways
           when
           by
           force
           they
           compel
           Innocent
           Persons
           to
           the
           Wars
           where
           it
           is
           unavoidable
           ,
           but
           that
           great
           numbers
           must
           be
           slain
           :
           Tho
           it
           seldom
           happens
           to
           be
           for
           the
           good
           of
           a
           Society
           that
           an
           innocent
           Person
           should
           suffer
           ,
           yet
           the
           only
           thing
           that
           Government
           looks
           after
           in
           punishing
           ,
           is
           the
           
             Common
             good
          
           ,
           and
           it
           may
           justly
           cause
           an
           innocent
           Person
           to
           suffer
           ,
           if
           it
           be
           for
           the
           General
           good
           ;
           because
           the
           lesser
           (
           the
           particalar
           )
           which
           is
           then
           considered
           
             sub
             ratione
             mali
          
           ,
           must
           give
           place
           to
           the
           greater
           ,
           the
           
             General
             good
          
           .
           Not
           only
           the
           Publick
           ,
           but
           a
           Private
           person
           has
           a
           Right
           to
           take
           away
           the
           Life
           of
           an
           Innocent
           person
           ,
           if
           he
           cannot
           otherwise
           preserve
           his
           own
           .
           And
           most
           Casuists
           are
           of
           Opinion
           ,
           that
           a
           man
           (
           if
           parting
           with
           his
           Life
           should
           happen
           to
           be
           beneficial
           to
           the
           Publick
           )
           ought
           ,
           as
           Codr●s
           did
           ,
           freely
           to
           lay
           it
           down
           ;
           but
           they
           all
           agree
           ,
           that
           a
           man
           ought
           to
           part
           with
           any
           thing
           that
           is
           less
           than
           Life
           ,
           or
           not
           endeavour
           to
           recover
           what
           he
           has
           been
           deprived
           
           of
           ,
           if
           he
           cannot
           do
           it
           without
           detriment
           to
           the
           Publick
           ,
           much
           less
           ought
           any
           to
           assist
           him
           in
           the
           Recovery
           .
        
         
           In
           short
           ,
           There
           is
           no
           Law
           that
           wholly
           relates
           to
           Man
           ,
           but
           ceaseth
           to
           oblige
           ,
           if
           upon
           the
           infinite
           variety
           of
           circumstances
           which
           attend
           human
           Affairs
           ,
           it
           happens
           to
           be
           contrary
           to
           the
           Good
           of
           man.
           
        
         
           But
           in
           things
           of
           a
           higher
           nature
           ,
           and
           which
           are
           Moral
           in
           themselves
           ,
           and
           relate
           to
           the
           Worship
           and
           Honour
           of
           God
           ,
           it
           is
           not
           Lawful
           upon
           pretence
           of
           Temporal
           interest
           ,
           to
           dispense
           with
           any
           of
           those
           Duties
           ,
           because
           it
           is
           not
           Lawful
           to
           do
           evil
           that
           good
           may
           come
           ;
           and
           the
           Temporal
           good
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           less
           ,
           ought
           to
           give
           place
           to
           the
           greater
           the
           Eternal
           :
           Though
           even
           in
           these
           cases
           ,
           things
           which
           relate
           to
           God's
           Worship
           ,
           if
           merely
           positive
           ,
           must
           yield
           to
           the
           good
           of
           Particular
           men
           ,
           because
           they
           are
           (
           as
           Christ
           speaks
           of
           the
           Sabbath
           )
           made
           for
           man
           ,
           and
           not
           man
           for
           them
           .
           But
           in
           things
           designed
           for
           the
           Temporal
           interest
           of
           mankind
           ,
           the
           standard
           of
           Good
           and
           Evil
           ▪
           is
           the
           Publick
           good
           ,
           and
           things
           are
           Commanded
           or
           Forbidden
           ,
           as
           they
           are
           either
           good
           or
           hurtful
           to
           Mankind
           ,
           and
           what
           in
           some
           circumstances
           may
           be
           a
           Duty
           ,
           in
           others
           ,
           if
           it
           prove
           inconsistent
           with
           the
           Publick
           good
           ,
           would
           be
           a
           Sin
           ,
           and
           the
           contrary
           a
           Duty
           ;
           and
           then
           acting
           for
           the
           Publick
           good
           ,
           would
           not
           be
           doing
           Evil
           that
           Good
           might
           come
           of
           it
           ,
           but
           by
           the
           circumstances
           altering
           the
           case
           ,
           it
           would
           cease
           to
           be
           Evil.
           
        
         
           The
           design
           ,
           end
           ,
           and
           intent
           of
           all
           God's
           Laws
           ,
           is
           the
           Worship
           or
           Reverence
           that
           is
           due
           to
           the
           Deity
           ,
           and
           the
           Love
           that
           is
           due
           to
           man.
           The
           love
           of
           God
           and
           ones
           Neighbour
           ,
           our
           Saviour
           saith
           ,
           are
           the
           Two
           grand
           Commandments
           ,
           on
           which
           hang
           all
           the
           Law
           and
           the
           Prophets
           ,
           (
           and
           in
           a
           much
           more
           eminent
           manner
           does
           the
           Gospel
           ,
           whose
           Precepts
           ,
           as
           they
           teach
           the
           mutual
           Duty
           of
           man
           towards
           man
           ,
           are
           nothing
           but
           Love
           and
           Charity
           )
           ▪
           So
           
           that
           it
           is
           evident
           ,
           that
           no
           Doctrine
           can
           be
           true
           that
           is
           in
           the
           least
           inconsistent
           with
           these
           Two
           Commandments
           ,
           the
           Love
           of
           God
           and
           of
           ones
           Neighbour
           :
           But
           how
           can
           he
           be
           said
           to
           love
           his
           Neighbour
           ,
           (
           which
           is
           an
           indefinite
           word
           ,
           and
           carryeth
           the
           sence
           of
           an
           universal
           )
           who
           will
           have
           vast
           Numbers
           sacrificed
           to
           the
           interest
           of
           a
           Single
           person
           ?
           Or
           how
           can
           it
           be
           presumed
           ,
           that
           God
           ,
           who
           has
           declared
           he
           is
           no
           respecter
           of
           Persons
           ,
           and
           has
           made
           all
           men
           by
           Nature
           equal
           ,
           should
           act
           so
           inconsistently
           with
           himself
           ,
           as
           to
           require
           that
           great
           Numbers
           should
           lose
           their
           Lives
           ,
           and
           be
           exposed
           to
           all
           manner
           of
           Misery
           ,
           for
           so
           inconsiderable
           a
           trifle
           ,
           as
           the
           advancing
           a
           single
           Person
           to
           a
           Post
           ,
           which
           is
           attended
           with
           as
           great
           Cares
           and
           Troubles
           ,
           as
           Honours
           and
           Riches
           ;
           or
           that
           he
           should
           prescribe
           about
           Government
           (
           which
           could
           have
           no
           other
           ground
           for
           its
           Institution
           but
           the
           good
           of
           the
           Society
           )
           I
           say
           ,
           that
           he
           should
           prescribe
           such
           rules
           ,
           as
           in
           most
           Revolutions
           must
           tend
           to
           their
           Ruin
           and
           Confusion
           ?
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           V.
           Of
           the
           Law
           of
           Nations
           .
        
         
           UPON
           this
           foundation
           of
           the
           General
           good
           of
           Societies
           ,
           have
           certain
           Rules
           and
           Customs
           been
           observed
           by
           Nations
           in
           their
           intercourse
           with
           one
           another
           ,
           which
           are
           called
           the
           Law
           of
           Nations
           (
           without
           which
           no
           Correspondence
           either
           in
           Peace
           or
           War
           could
           be
           maintained
           )
           which
           only
           by
           tacite
           consent
           ,
           and
           general
           practice
           of
           Nations
           ,
           upon
           the
           account
           of
           their
           evident
           utility
           ,
           and
           common
           profit
           ,
           have
           obtained
           the
           force
           of
           Laws
           ,
           and
           are
           looked
           on
           as
           sacred
           .
           The
           Supreme
           Powers
           ,
           neither
           by
           
           themselves
           ,
           nor
           Representatives
           ,
           ever
           met
           ,
           or
           enacted
           such
           Laws
           ,
           nor
           have
           other
           Nations
           Power
           to
           oblige
           any
           Sovereign
           Independant
           State
           ,
           which
           cannot
           be
           bound
           to
           observe
           these
           Customs
           ,
           or
           Practices
           ,
           but
           as
           they
           tend
           to
           the
           General
           good
           and
           advantage
           of
           all
           Societies
           .
        
         
           Every
           Nation
           is
           at
           Liberty
           to
           appoint
           what
           Government
           ,
           Laws
           ,
           &c.
           or
           manage
           its
           own
           Affairs
           within
           its
           self
           ,
           as
           it
           thinks
           best
           .
           The
           Laws
           of
           Nations
           relate
           only
           to
           their
           Commerce
           ,
           and
           Correspondence
           one
           with
           another
           ,
           and
           Princes
           are
           no
           other
           way
           concerned
           by
           the
           Law
           of
           Nations
           with
           one
           another
           ,
           but
           as
           they
           have
           the
           Power
           of
           making
           Peace
           or
           War
           ,
           and
           all
           other
           Leagues
           for
           those
           Nations
           they
           Rule
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           not
           at
           all
           material
           what
           Right
           they
           have
           to
           this
           Power
           ,
           it
           is
           sufficient
           the
           Nations
           then
           own
           them
           for
           their
           Sovereigns
           ,
           and
           have
           intrusted
           them
           with
           this
           Power
           ;
           it
           would
           be
           an
           endless
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           useless
           task
           ,
           for
           Ambassadors
           before
           their
           admission
           ,
           to
           prove
           the
           just
           Right
           their
           Masters
           have
           to
           those
           Titles
           and
           Powers
           they
           assume
           to
           themselves
           .
        
         
           All
           Treaties
           ,
           except
           they
           appear
           to
           be
           merely
           Personal
           ,
           though
           made
           with
           Usurpers
           ,
           will
           oblige
           Legal
           Princes
           ,
           if
           they
           succeed
           ,
           and
           so
           
             vice
             versa
          
           ,
           and
           a
           League
           made
           with
           a
           Nation
           ,
           when
           under
           a
           King
           ,
           will
           oblige
           that
           Nation
           (
           provided
           they
           continue
           free
           )
           though
           the
           Government
           should
           be
           changed
           to
           a
           Commonwealth
           ,
           because
           Leagues
           are
           National
           ,
           and
           made
           with
           Princes
           only
           upon
           the
           account
           of
           the
           Nations
           they
           are
           Representatives
           of
           .
           But
           when
           they
           lose
           this
           Power
           ,
           and
           the
           Nations
           are
           no
           longer
           concerned
           in
           their
           Acts
           ,
           they
           lose
           all
           manner
           of
           Right
           that
           did
           belong
           to
           them
           by
           the
           Law
           of
           Nations
           ;
           because
           these
           Privileges
           are
           (
           as
           Grotius
           calls
           them
           )
           
             bona
             Regni
          
           ,
           and
           did
           belong
           to
           them
           only
           as
           they
           were
           the
           Publick
           Persons
           ,
           or
           Representatives
           of
           their
           respective
           Nations
           ,
           which
           when
           they
           cease
           to
           be
           ,
           they
           have
           no
           more
           Right
           to
           
           them
           ,
           then
           they
           had
           before
           they
           were
           these
           Publick
           Persons
           .
        
         
           But
           because
           the
           same
           intercourse
           between
           Nations
           will
           always
           be
           necessary
           ,
           which
           cannot
           be
           maintained
           ,
           but
           with
           those
           who
           have
           the
           Supreme
           Power
           ;
           and
           they
           that
           have
           that
           Power
           ,
           must
           have
           a
           Right
           to
           those
           Privileges
           ,
           upon
           the
           account
           of
           the
           Nations
           they
           Represent
           ;
           and
           the
           Dispossessed
           Princes
           ,
           must
           with
           their
           Kingdoms
           lose
           their
           Right
           to
           them
           ,
           because
           more
           than
           one
           at
           the
           same
           time
           ,
           cannot
           have
           the
           same
           Right
           for
           the
           same
           Nation
           :
           And
           though
           some
           Princes
           (
           out
           of
           design
           ,
           or
           hatred
           to
           their
           Enemies
           )
           may
           allow
           outed
           Princes
           some
           of
           those
           Privileges
           that
           belong
           only
           to
           those
           that
           have
           
             Summum
             imperium
          
           ,
           yet
           they
           have
           no
           Right
           by
           the
           Laws
           of
           Nations
           to
           claim
           them
           ,
           but
           they
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           those
           that
           follow
           their
           broken
           fortunes
           ,
           can
           be
           esteemed
           no
           other
           than
           Subjects
           ,
           during
           their
           stay
           ,
           to
           those
           Kings
           in
           whose
           Dominions
           they
           abide
           ;
           where
           they
           are
           so
           far
           from
           having
           a
           Power
           of
           making
           Peace
           or
           War
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           National
           Contracts
           ,
           that
           they
           cannot
           ,
           without
           License
           first
           obtained
           from
           those
           Princes
           in
           whose
           Dominions
           they
           are
           ,
           send
           any
           to
           treat
           with
           other
           Princes
           ,
           or
           receive
           any
           sent
           by
           them
           ;
           much
           less
           allow
           them
           those
           Privileges
           which
           are
           due
           to
           Persons
           of
           a
           Publick
           Character
           .
           And
           it
           would
           be
           unreasonable
           that
           Sovereigns
           should
           be
           obliged
           to
           allow
           them
           ,
           or
           any
           sent
           by
           them
           ,
           those
           privileges
           ,
           when
           they
           are
           incapable
           of
           returning
           the
           same
           .
           And
           with
           as
           little
           reason
           can
           any
           Prince
           in
           anothers
           Dominions
           pretend
           to
           grant
           Commissions
           to
           private
           Men
           of
           War
           ,
           to
           disturb
           the
           Trade
           and
           Commerce
           of
           any
           Nation
           ,
           because
           he
           cannot
           claim
           in
           another
           Prince's
           Territories
           a
           Power
           (
           which
           can
           only
           belong
           to
           the
           Sovereignty
           of
           those
           Dominions
           )
           to
           Judge
           ,
           Condemn
           ,
           or
           Restore
           according
           to
           the
           Maritime
           Laws
           ,
           the
           Ships
           and
           Goods
           which
           are
           taken
           by
           those
           that
           act
           by
           his
           Commission
           .
           So
           that
           the
           Privateers
           themselves
           
           would
           be
           their
           own
           Judges
           ,
           whether
           what
           they
           take
           was
           Lawful
           Prize
           ,
           which
           in
           effect
           would
           be
           a
           power
           to
           rob
           whom
           they
           had
           a
           mind
           to
           .
           Therefore
           by
           the
           Law
           of
           Nations
           ,
           all
           who
           act
           by
           such
           a
           Commission
           ,
           are
           esteemed
           as
           Pirates
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           VI.
           Of
           the
           Obligation
           of
           Human
           Laws
           .
        
         
           ALL
           Writers
           allow
           ,
           That
           the
           Leagues
           and
           Contracts
           which
           Princes
           make
           with
           one
           another
           ,
           do
           oblige
           them
           to
           one
           another
           ,
           no
           longer
           then
           they
           are
           in
           possession
           of
           their
           Kingdoms
           ,
           because
           the
           sole
           reasons
           of
           making
           these
           Leagues
           ,
           were
           upon
           the
           power
           each
           Kingdom
           had
           to
           afford
           mutual
           Assistance
           and
           benefit
           to
           one
           another
           ;
           and
           if
           this
           be
           a
           constant
           practice
           with
           Kings
           ,
           that
           their
           Treaties
           oblige
           them
           no
           longer
           than
           when
           each
           King
           has
           Possession
           of
           his
           Kingdom
           ;
           Why
           will
           they
           not
           allow
           the
           same
           reason
           to
           hold
           for
           Subjects
           ,
           that
           they
           should
           be
           free
           from
           all
           Obligations
           to
           Princes
           ,
           when
           they
           no
           longer
           receive
           any
           Protection
           from
           them
           ?
           Seeing
           that
           was
           the
           only
           ground
           and
           sole
           cause
           of
           their
           paying
           them
           Allegiance
           ;
           and
           in
           truth
           they
           cannot
           be
           any
           longer
           obliged
           ,
           then
           the
           reason
           for
           obliging
           them
           holds
           :
           For
           why
           should
           People
           be
           obliged
           ,
           when
           there
           is
           no
           reason
           they
           should
           be
           so
           ?
           no
           Laws
           can
           bind
           any
           longer
           ,
           than
           the
           reason
           for
           Enacting
           them
           holds
           good
           ;
           and
           when
           the
           sole
           reason
           that
           made
           them
           Laws
           ,
           ceaseth
           ,
           the
           Laws
           themselves
           must
           so
           too
           ;
           much
           more
           must
           any
           particular
           Law
           be
           null
           and
           void
           ,
           when
           not
           only
           the
           reason
           of
           keeping
           it
           ceaseth
           ,
           but
           the
           keeping
           it
           does
           thwart
           the
           general
           intent
           and
           design
           of
           all
           Laws
           ,
           
           which
           is
           the
           good
           and
           happiness
           of
           the
           Societies
           ;
           to
           which
           all
           Laws
           are
           but
           means
           ;
           and
           there
           is
           no
           reason
           that
           the
           means
           should
           oblige
           ,
           when
           the
           end
           for
           whose
           sake
           the
           means
           were
           ordained
           cannot
           be
           obtained
           by
           those
           means
           ,
           much
           less
           when
           they
           become
           destructive
           of
           the
           sole
           end
           for
           which
           they
           were
           ordained
           .
        
         
           If
           there
           were
           a
           Law
           that
           Ships
           should
           sail
           on
           such
           aside
           of
           the
           Channel
           ,
           and
           the
           sole
           reason
           ,
           whether
           expressed
           or
           not
           ,
           were
           for
           avoiding
           the
           dangerous
           Sands
           that
           were
           on
           the
           other
           side
           ;
           if
           the
           Sands
           should
           chance
           to
           be
           removed
           to
           the
           safe
           side
           of
           the
           Channel
           ,
           the
           Pilot
           would
           be
           so
           far
           from
           being
           bound
           upon
           the
           account
           of
           that
           Law
           ,
           to
           run
           his
           Ship
           upon
           the
           Sands
           ,
           that
           he
           would
           break
           the
           Law
           if
           he
           kept
           to
           the
           Letter
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           would
           observe
           the
           Law
           by
           going
           contrary
           to
           the
           Letter
           :
           So
           again
           ,
           if
           a
           Law
           that
           required
           Obedience
           to
           one
           particular
           Person
           ,
           should
           happen
           to
           be
           destructive
           of
           the
           Publick
           good
           ,
           and
           of
           fatal
           consequence
           to
           the
           Community
           ,
           the
           Letter
           of
           the
           Law
           would
           oblige
           no
           more
           in
           one
           case
           than
           in
           the
           other
           ;
           nay
           ,
           the
           reason
           of
           not
           observing
           the
           last
           would
           be
           stronger
           upon
           the
           account
           of
           the
           disproportion
           of
           the
           number
           :
           But
           the
           true
           meaning
           and
           intent
           of
           the
           Law
           would
           in
           one
           case
           as
           well
           as
           the
           other
           ,
           oblige
           People
           to
           act
           contrary
           to
           the
           letter
           of
           the
           Law
           ;
           and
           people
           would
           be
           as
           much
           bound
           to
           pay
           Obedience
           ,
           where
           it
           would
           be
           for
           the
           Publick
           Good
           ,
           as
           in
           the
           other
           case
           ,
           the
           Ship
           would
           be
           to
           sail
           on
           the
           safe
           side
           of
           the
           Channel
           .
        
         
           The
           occasion
           of
           not
           a
           few
           Mistakes
           in
           this
           important
           Controversie
           ,
           ariseth
           from
           mens
           judging
           by
           the
           same
           rules
           ,
           (
           tho
           the
           reasons
           are
           extremely
           different
           )
           in
           cases
           which
           concern
           the
           Supreme
           Powers
           ,
           as
           they
           do
           in
           those
           which
           relate
           to
           private
           Persons
           .
           In
           cases
           between
           private
           Persons
           ,
           there
           is
           a
           Superior
           to
           decide
           all
           controversies
           ,
           and
           
             to
             do
             right
             and
             justice
             ;
             for
             which
             end
             he
             was
             made
             their
             Superior
             :
          
           So
           that
           if
           any
           one
           by
           
           Fraud
           or
           Violence
           possesseth
           himself
           of
           another's
           Right
           ,
           the
           Law
           is
           open
           ,
           and
           redress
           may
           be
           had
           without
           any
           danger
           to
           the
           Publick
           ;
           nay
           ,
           
             The
             Publick
             Safety
             consists
             in
             having
             private
             mens
             wrongs
             redressed
             .
          
        
         
           But
           as
           to
           the
           Supreme
           Powers
           ,
           whatever
           Right
           or
           Titles
           they
           have
           ,
           people
           are
           obliged
           to
           submit
           to
           those
           in
           Possession
           ,
           because
           there
           is
           no
           Superior
           Court
           (
           as
           in
           case
           of
           private
           persons
           )
           to
           judge
           of
           their
           Rights
           ;
           and
           Possession
           ,
           by
           all
           Laws
           ,
           gives
           a
           man
           a
           Right
           ,
           till
           he
           be
           legally
           dispossessed
           ;
           and
           if
           a
           man
           cannot
           be
           turned
           out
           by
           Course
           of
           Law
           ,
           (
           as
           it
           is
           evident
           he
           that
           is
           in
           Possession
           of
           the
           Government
           cannot
           )
           ,
           he
           ought
           still
           to
           enjoy
           what
           he
           possessed
           :
           For
           it
           is
           against
           the
           Nature
           of
           all
           Civil
           Societies
           to
           appeal
           to
           the
           Sword
           ,
           to
           prevent
           which
           they
           were
           instituted
           :
           Besides
           ,
           Force
           can
           never
           decide
           Civil
           Controversies
           ,
           nor
           can
           the
           Sword
           be
           a
           proper
           Judge
           of
           Wrong
           or
           Right
           ;
           it
           can
           only
           determine
           who
           is
           the
           strongest
           ,
           not
           who
           has
           the
           best
           Cause
           ;
           and
           the
           pretended
           Remedy
           would
           be
           infinitely
           worse
           than
           the
           Disease
           ;
           for
           Civil
           War
           ,
           as
           long
           as
           it
           continueth
           ,
           destroyeth
           all
           Civil
           Rights
           .
        
         
           If
           the
           next
           Heir
           ,
           whether
           Brother
           or
           Son
           ,
           should
           get
           Possession
           of
           the
           Government
           by
           Murdering
           his
           King
           ,
           the
           people
           (
           instead
           of
           giving
           him
           that
           Punishment
           which
           by
           the
           Law
           of
           Nature
           ,
           and
           God's
           Positive
           Law
           ,
           is
           due
           to
           such
           Crimes
           )
           ,
           are
           obliged
           to
           pay
           him
           Obedience
           ,
           to
           which
           he
           can
           have
           no
           other
           Right
           but
           Possession
           ;
           for
           whilst
           his
           King
           was
           alive
           ,
           and
           in
           Possession
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           he
           could
           have
           no
           Right
           ;
           and
           certainly
           an
           Action
           so
           barbarous
           as
           murdering
           him
           that
           was
           (
           suppose
           )
           both
           his
           Father
           and
           King
           ,
           which
           is
           against
           all
           Right
           ,
           Law
           ,
           and
           Justice
           ,
           could
           never
           give
           him
           any
           Right
           or
           Just
           Title
           ,
           because
           it
           is
           against
           all
           Conscience
           and
           Reason
           ,
           that
           a
           man
           should
           reap
           any
           advantage
           by
           an
           Act
           so
           monstrously
           wicked
           ;
           and
           any
           Law
           that
           should
           allow
           a
           man
           any
           benefit
           by
           so
           enormous
           a
           Crime
           ,
           would
           be
           as
           sinful
           it
           
           self
           :
           Nor
           can
           a
           man
           in
           any
           other
           case
           reap
           any
           advantage
           by
           his
           own
           Turpitude
           ;
           but
           here
           ,
           because
           there
           is
           no
           superior
           to
           punish
           him
           ,
           nor
           can
           Obedience
           be
           refused
           him
           without
           Injury
           to
           the
           Publick
           ,
           it
           is
           peoples
           Duty
           ,
           instead
           of
           punishing
           him
           ,
           to
           pay
           him
           Obedience
           .
           And
           certainly
           the
           same
           Reason
           will
           hold
           for
           paying
           Obedience
           to
           any
           that
           get
           Possession
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           since
           none
           can
           get
           it
           more
           unjustly
           .
        
         
           All
           Legal
           Rights
           must
           depend
           upon
           the
           Laws
           ,
           and
           all
           Laws
           ,
           for
           their
           Authority
           ,
           upon
           the
           Government
           ;
           and
           when
           that
           Government
           is
           at
           an
           end
           ,
           all
           the
           Laws
           that
           concern
           it
           must
           be
           so
           too
           ,
           and
           can
           no
           more
           oblige
           than
           the
           English
           Laws
           can
           in
           a
           Foreign
           Countrey
           ;
           because
           a
           Power
           to
           put
           Laws
           in
           execution
           (
           whereby
           people
           are
           protected
           )
           is
           essential
           to
           all
           Laws
           ,
           because
           it
           is
           essential
           to
           all
           Government
           ,
           on
           which
           the
           Laws
           depend
           ;
           and
           without
           such
           a
           Power
           no
           Civil
           Society
           ,
           and
           by
           consequence
           no
           Civil
           Laws
           can
           subsist
           .
        
         
           No
           particular
           Law
           can
           bind
           in
           those
           circumstances
           ,
           where
           all
           Laws
           would
           cease
           to
           bind
           ;
           and
           there
           is
           no
           reason
           that
           some
           Laws
           should
           oblige
           ,
           when
           all
           Laws
           would
           have
           no
           obligation
           ;
           as
           they
           would
           not
           oblige
           if
           there
           were
           no
           Power
           to
           put
           them
           in
           execution
           ;
           because
           men
           ,
           when
           there
           is
           no
           Power
           to
           restrain
           them
           from
           acting
           as
           they
           have
           a
           mind
           to
           ,
           would
           be
           in
           the
           state
           of
           Nature
           ,
           and
           consequently
           without
           any
           Laws
           but
           those
           of
           Nature
           .
        
         
           Without
           a
           Coercive
           Power
           ,
           the
           Laws
           become
           a
           dead
           Letter
           ,
           or
           at
           best
           but
           Advice
           ;
           so
           that
           there
           can
           be
           no
           Laws
           that
           can
           oblige
           people
           to
           act
           against
           the
           present
           Powers
           ,
           because
           by
           being
           against
           the
           present
           Powers
           they
           cease
           to
           be
           Laws
           .
        
         
           If
           a
           Law
           that
           should
           oblige
           people
           not
           to
           pay
           Obedience
           to
           the
           actual
           Possessors
           of
           the
           Throne
           ,
           had
           they
           not
           a
           Legal
           Title
           to
           it
           ,
           were
           not
           in
           its
           own
           nature
           null
           ,
           or
           could
           subsist
           after
           that
           Government
           to
           which
           it
           required
           Obedience
           ,
           
           was
           destroyed
           ,
           it
           would
           be
           void
           upon
           account
           of
           its
           Impiety
           ;
           because
           as
           long
           as
           the
           Legal
           Princes
           continue
           dispossessed
           ,
           which
           might
           extend
           to
           some
           Centuries
           ,
           it
           would
           overturn
           all
           Government
           ,
           and
           all
           Civil
           Society
           ,
           which
           are
           instituted
           for
           the
           good
           of
           mankind
           ,
           and
           which
           Nature
           hath
           qualified
           man
           for
           ,
           by
           making
           him
           a
           Sociable
           Creature
           .
        
         
           Can
           any
           man
           in
           his
           senses
           think
           ,
           that
           a
           particular
           Prince's
           Interest
           can
           stand
           in
           competition
           with
           the
           very
           Being
           of
           Human
           Societies
           ,
           and
           the
           Preservation
           and
           Safety
           of
           the
           People
           ?
           Is
           it
           not
           absurd
           to
           suppose
           ,
           that
           Legal
           Rights
           that
           owe
           their
           Being
           to
           Civil
           Societies
           ,
           should
           oblige
           people
           to
           put
           an
           end
           to
           Civil
           Societies
           ;
           and
           that
           Laws
           that
           are
           but
           the
           Rules
           of
           Government
           ,
           should
           destroy
           Government
           it self
           ,
           or
           that
           Human
           Laws
           should
           be
           able
           to
           destroy
           the
           Law
           of
           Nature
           ,
           or
           take
           away
           that
           Natural
           Right
           which
           people
           have
           to
           act
           for
           their
           own
           good
           and
           preservation
           ,
           which
           is
           a
           Right
           that
           is
           superior
           to
           all
           Human
           Laws
           ,
           and
           for
           the
           sake
           of
           which
           all
           Human
           Laws
           were
           made
           .
        
         
           All
           Human
           Laws
           are
           made
           
             cum
             sensu
             humanae
             imbecillitatis
          
           ;
           nor
           do
           Legislators
           themselves
           design
           they
           shall
           oblige
           in
           case
           of
           great
           and
           pressing
           Inconveniences
           ,
           but
           allow
           that
           a
           moral
           Necessity
           does
           destroy
           the
           Vertue
           and
           Force
           of
           them
           .
        
         
           The
           Good
           and
           Interest
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           is
           the
           Supreme
           Law
           ,
           to
           which
           the
           Rights
           and
           Titles
           of
           Princes
           must
           submit
           ;
           and
           where
           it
           is
           for
           the
           good
           of
           the
           Nation
           that
           they
           should
           be
           governed
           by
           such
           a
           particular
           person
           ,
           That
           person
           best
           and
           most
           Legal
           Right
           ,
           because
           it
           is
           built
           upon
           the
           Supreme
           and
           Fundamental
           Law
           of
           all
           Societies
           .
           And
           whoever
           designedly
           breaks
           this
           most
           Sacred
           Law
           ,
           may
           justly
           be
           accounted
           a
           Rebel
           ;
           and
           as
           the
           Crime
           would
           be
           greater
           in
           them
           than
           others
           ,
           if
           they
           who
           are
           hired
           by
           Travellers
           to
           protect
           them
           from
           Robbers
           ,
           should
           rob
           them
           themselves
           ;
           
           so
           if
           Princes
           ,
           who
           are
           intrusted
           by
           the
           people
           with
           Power
           ,
           in
           order
           to
           Protect
           the
           Society
           ,
           should
           make
           use
           of
           that
           Power
           to
           the
           Detriment
           of
           the
           Society
           ,
           the
           Crime
           in
           them
           would
           be
           so
           much
           the
           greater
           ,
           by
           how
           much
           more
           they
           are
           obliged
           to
           act
           otherwise
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           VII
           .
           Objections
           answered
           .
        
         
           Object
           .
           UPON
           supposition
           that
           the
           Good
           of
           the
           Society
           is
           the
           Grand
           Vltimate
           Law
           ,
           yet
           these
           Principles
           ,
           which
           require
           Obedience
           to
           the
           Possessor
           ,
           cannot
           be
           true
           ,
           because
           they
           are
           against
           the
           Peace
           and
           Happiness
           of
           Nations
           ,
           by
           encouraging
           Rebellion
           against
           all
           Princes
           ,
           in
           obliging
           people
           to
           pay
           the
           same
           Allegiance
           ,
           even
           to
           those
           that
           unjustly
           depose
           them
           .
        
         
           Answ.
           These
           Principles
           are
           so
           far
           from
           being
           destructive
           to
           the
           Peace
           and
           Quiet
           of
           Nations
           ,
           or
           encouraging
           Rebellion
           against
           their
           Governors
           ,
           that
           they
           require
           Obebience
           to
           all
           in
           Possession
           ,
           upon
           pain
           of
           Damnation
           ;
           but
           if
           neither
           the
           fear
           of
           Eternal
           Punishment
           in
           the
           life
           to
           come
           ,
           nor
           the
           severest
           that
           can
           be
           afflicted
           upon
           them
           in
           this
           ,
           can
           secure
           people
           from
           rebelling
           ,
           I
           must
           confess
           my
           Ignorance
           ,
           I
           know
           nothing
           that
           can
           .
           It
           is
           the
           Duty
           of
           all
           Subjects
           to
           do
           their
           utmost
           to
           defend
           the
           Government
           ;
           that
           is
           but
           a
           just
           return
           ,
           and
           what
           is
           due
           for
           its
           protecting
           and
           defending
           them
           :
           But
           if
           by
           the
           Chance
           of
           War
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           way
           ,
           it
           should
           lose
           the
           Power
           of
           Protecting
           them
           ,
           they
           are
           not
           obliged
           to
           have
           their
           Throats
           cut
           ,
           rather
           than
           pay
           Allegiance
           to
           that
           Government
           ,
           by
           whose
           Favour
           and
           Protection
           they
           subsist
           ,
           and
           enjoy
           what
           they
           have
           .
           And
           that
           
           Prince
           is
           very
           unreasonable
           ,
           and
           acts
           against
           the
           rules
           of
           Humanity
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           Charity
           ,
           who
           when
           he
           is
           able
           no
           longer
           to
           Protect
           the
           People
           ,
           would
           rather
           have
           them
           destroyed
           ,
           then
           own
           that
           Government
           that
           can
           .
        
         
           Nothing
           can
           justify
           such
           an
           inhuman
           and
           barbarous
           Opinion
           ,
           except
           it
           can
           be
           proved
           that
           men
           entred
           into
           Societies
           barely
           for
           the
           sake
           and
           interest
           of
           a
           single
           Person
           ;
           and
           that
           if
           his
           pleasure
           or
           profit
           require
           it
           ,
           Millions
           of
           Lives
           must
           be
           indispensably
           sacrificed
           .
           This
           is
           to
           place
           Men
           in
           a
           worse
           condition
           than
           the
           Beasts
           are
           ;
           if
           they
           are
           in
           Conscience
           obliged
           to
           lose
           their
           Lives
           to
           gratifie
           the
           unlimited
           Pride
           ,
           Ambition
           ,
           Revenge
           ,
           or
           Interest
           of
           a
           single
           Person
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           strange
           that
           any
           English-men
           ,
           who
           are
           the
           Freest
           Nation
           in
           the
           world
           ,
           should
           have
           such
           Notions
           of
           themselves
           ,
           that
           they
           are
           no
           other
           then
           the
           King's
           Properties
           :
           Though
           it
           is
           but
           reasonable
           that
           men
           who
           design
           to
           bring
           the
           most
           insupportable
           Slavery
           on
           themselves
           ,
           should
           qualifie
           themselves
           for
           it
           by
           Notions
           and
           Principles
           so
           much
           below
           the
           dignity
           of
           human
           Nature
           .
        
         
           These
           Principles
           are
           so
           far
           from
           being
           any
           ways
           prejudicial
           to
           Mankind
           ,
           that
           it
           is
           they
           alone
           which
           in
           all
           Revolutions
           can
           secure
           human
           Societies
           ,
           and
           make
           Governments
           easie
           and
           safe
           both
           to
           Kings
           and
           Subjects
           ▪
           by
           putting
           an
           end
           to
           those
           otherwise
           endless
           Disputes
           of
           Titles
           .
           And
           Princes
           may
           without
           Fears
           or
           Jealousies
           mind
           the
           Publick
           good
           ,
           because
           it
           secureth
           them
           who
           are
           in
           Possession
           against
           all
           Pretences
           .
        
         
           The
           most
           that
           can
           be
           Objected
           ,
           Is
           that
           a
           Prince
           that
           has
           once
           lost
           his
           Dominions
           ,
           may
           by
           these
           Principles
           chance
           to
           lose
           the
           hopes
           of
           ever
           recovering
           them
           again
           .
        
         
           A
           Prince
           that
           is
           unjustly
           expelled
           ,
           ought
           to
           acquiesce
           if
           he
           has
           no
           way
           of
           Recovering
           his
           Kingdom
           but
           by
           disturbing
           the
           Peace
           and
           Quiet
           of
           a
           Nation
           ;
           he
           ought
           not
           
           to
           make
           use
           of
           such
           Unlawful
           means
           for
           the
           Recovery
           of
           his
           Kingdom
           ;
           and
           certainly
           others
           can
           have
           no
           reason
           to
           act
           against
           the
           good
           of
           the
           Community
           for
           his
           Interest
           ,
           when
           he
           himself
           is
           obliged
           not
           to
           act
           .
        
         
           The
           interest
           of
           a
           Prince
           is
           only
           more
           Sacred
           then
           another's
           ,
           when
           that
           of
           the
           Publick
           is
           involved
           in
           it
           ,
           but
           when
           that
           is
           no
           longer
           concerned
           in
           his
           actions
           ,
           he
           ceaseth
           to
           be
           the
           Publick
           Person
           ,
           and
           is
           but
           upon
           equal
           terms
           with
           other
           private
           men
           ,
           and
           ought
           as
           well
           as
           any
           other
           to
           acquiesce
           ,
           rather
           than
           disturb
           the
           Quiet
           or
           Peace
           of
           a
           Nation
           .
           And
           there
           is
           then
           the
           same
           reason
           for
           not
           endeavouring
           to
           Restore
           him
           ,
           as
           there
           was
           at
           first
           for
           not
           turning
           him
           out
           .
        
         
           All
           the
           ill
           consequences
           that
           can
           happen
           in
           this
           case
           ,
           are
           that
           the
           less
           hopes
           Princes
           have
           of
           being
           Restored
           by
           such
           Unlawful
           means
           ,
           the
           more
           careful
           (
           it
           's
           hoped
           )
           they
           will
           be
           in
           Governing
           the
           Commonwealth
           ,
           and
           more
           afraid
           of
           Arbitrary
           Illegal
           Practices
           .
        
         
           Object
           .
           If
           all
           Persons
           how
           unjustly
           soever
           they
           get
           a
           Crown
           ,
           have
           the
           same
           Right
           (
           their
           Consent
           )
           to
           the
           Obedience
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           then
           there
           can
           be
           no
           such
           thing
           as
           an
           Vsurper
           .
        
         
           Answ.
           He
           who
           without
           any
           just
           Cause
           destroys
           the
           Right
           that
           any
           Prince
           hath
           to
           the
           Allegiance
           of
           his
           Subjects
           ,
           by
           making
           him
           uncapable
           to
           Protect
           them
           ,
           and
           Protects
           them
           himself
           ,
           may
           be
           called
           an
           Usurper
           :
           Though
           the
           People
           by
           the
           former
           Prince's
           losing
           his
           Power
           to
           Protect
           them
           ,
           are
           reduced
           to
           the
           State
           of
           Nature
           ,
           and
           by
           consequence
           free
           from
           any
           Allegiance
           ,
           and
           may
           Lawfully
           or
           rather
           are
           obliged
           (
           every
           one
           else
           being
           out
           of
           a
           capacity
           to
           Protect
           them
           )
           to
           consent
           to
           be
           Governed
           by
           him
           ,
           who
           has
           the
           Power
           to
           Protect
           them
           ,
           who
           being
           so
           Chosen
           ,
           has
           the
           only
           Right
           a
           King
           can
           have
           ,
           the
           Consent
           of
           the
           People
           ,
           who
           are
           as
           much
           obliged
           to
           Obey
           him
           ,
           as
           they
           are
           any
           King
           whatever
           .
           The
           former
           King
           is
           so
           far
           then
           
           from
           being
           their
           Legal
           King
           ,
           that
           he
           is
           no
           King
           at
           all
           ,
           nor
           has
           any
           manner
           of
           Right
           to
           their
           Allegiance
           .
           It
           is
           true
           the
           Usurper
           having
           done
           him
           an
           Injury
           ought
           to
           make
           him
           satisfaction
           ,
           and
           (
           if
           he
           can
           without
           any
           damage
           to
           the
           Publick
           )
           ought
           to
           place
           him
           in
           that
           condition
           he
           was
           in
           before
           he
           made
           him
           uncapable
           to
           Protect
           the
           People
           ;
           who
           then
           ,
           for
           the
           sake
           of
           Protection
           which
           they
           receive
           from
           him
           ,
           are
           obliged
           to
           pay
           him
           Obedience
           .
           The
           having
           a
           Right
           to
           be
           restored
           by
           the
           Usurper
           ,
           is
           the
           only
           Right
           a
           Prince
           that
           is
           unjustly
           Deprived
           of
           his
           Regal
           Office
           can
           pretend
           to
           .
           And
           when
           I
           speak
           of
           his
           Legal
           Right
           ,
           I
           mean
           nothing
           but
           this
           by
           it
           ;
           Amongst
           the
           Jews
           ,
           though
           none
           could
           have
           a
           Legal
           Right
           but
           one
           of
           their
           own
           Nation
           ,
           because
           they
           were
           obliged
           by
           God
           himself
           to
           chuse
           a
           King
           from
           amongst
           their
           Brethren
           ,
           and
           God
           afterward
           ,
           2
           Chron.
           23.
           3.
           entail'd
           the
           Crown
           upon
           the
           Posterity
           of
           David
           ,
           yet
           when
           these
           were
           disabled
           to
           Protect
           the
           people
           by
           their
           being
           in
           the
           Power
           of
           Strangers
           ,
           it
           was
           so
           far
           from
           being
           a
           Crime
           ,
           that
           it
           was
           their
           Duty
           (
           notwithstanding
           the
           Divine
           Legal
           Right
           any
           of
           their
           Brethren
           could
           pretend
           to
           )
           to
           pay
           Allegiance
           to
           them
           ,
           though
           for
           the
           most
           part
           they
           were
           Usurpers
           ,
           having
           no
           just
           Cause
           to
           conquer
           them
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           VIII
           .
           Of
           Conquest
           .
        
         
           IF
           the
           Supreme
           Powers
           upon
           the
           suddenness
           of
           the
           Attempt
           ,
           or
           by
           any
           other
           reason
           become
           uncapable
           of
           Defending
           or
           Securing
           to
           them
           the
           Lives
           and
           Goods
           of
           their
           Subjects
           ,
           they
           are
           ,
           as
           to
           those
           particular
           Cases
           ,
           in
           the
           
           state
           of
           Nature
           ,
           and
           by
           their
           own
           Authority
           may
           justly
           take
           away
           the
           Lives
           of
           any
           that
           Assault
           them
           .
           There
           can
           be
           no
           reason
           why
           (
           if
           in
           all
           other
           cases
           no
           Protection
           can
           be
           had
           from
           those
           they
           have
           consented
           to
           be
           Protected
           by
           )
           they
           are
           not
           in
           the
           state
           of
           Nature
           ,
           and
           by
           consequence
           at
           Liberty
           to
           pay
           Allegiance
           to
           those
           who
           have
           a
           Power
           to
           Protect
           them
           .
           And
           this
           is
           consonant
           to
           the
           sence
           and
           practice
           of
           Mankind
           ever
           since
           there
           has
           been
           Government
           in
           the
           world
           ,
           who
           when
           their
           former
           Governors
           had
           lost
           the
           Power
           of
           Protecting
           them
           ,
           thought
           themselves
           notwithstanding
           any
           Tyes
           ,
           Oaths
           or
           Laws
           that
           might
           be
           pretended
           to
           the
           contrary
           ,
           free
           from
           any
           Obligation
           as
           to
           them
           ;
           and
           because
           they
           could
           not
           subsist
           without
           Government
           ,
           they
           have
           always
           consented
           to
           pay
           them
           Allegiance
           who
           had
           the
           Power
           to
           Protect
           them
           .
        
         
           And
           there
           are
           no
           Nations
           in
           the
           world
           ,
           but
           have
           seldomer
           ,
           or
           oftener
           ,
           practised
           it
           ;
           and
           this
           is
           ,
           perhaps
           the
           foundation
           of
           all
           the
           Governments
           which
           are
           now
           extant
           .
           And
           this
           practice
           does
           not
           only
           obtain
           as
           to
           whole
           Nations
           ,
           but
           even
           to
           less
           places
           ;
           as
           to
           Towns
           ,
           and
           Castles
           ,
           which
           never
           scruple
           to
           pay
           Allegiance
           to
           their
           new
           Masters
           ,
           though
           they
           change
           them
           more
           than
           once
           in
           a
           Campaign
           .
        
         
           I
           wonder
           what
           powerful
           Reasons
           (
           never
           before
           discover'd
           to
           the
           world
           ,
           and
           for
           ought
           I
           can
           see
           by
           their
           Writings
           ,
           still
           undiscovered
           )
           have
           now
           obliged
           private
           persons
           to
           deviate
           from
           the
           universal
           practice
           of
           Mankind
           ,
           in
           refusing
           to
           pay
           Allegiance
           to
           the
           present
           Government
           ,
           which
           alone
           has
           the
           power
           to
           protect
           them
           .
        
         
           The
           answer
           to
           this
           is
           ,
           That
           Conquest
           gives
           the
           prevailing
           Powers
           a
           right
           ,
           and
           that
           people
           submit
           to
           them
           as
           to
           Conquerors
           ;
           but
           the
           English
           are
           no
           conquered
           Nation
           ,
           which
           (
           though
           it
           is
           nothing
           to
           the
           purpose
           ,
           as
           I
           shall
           immediatly
           shew
           )
           is
           ,
           I
           confess
           ,
           a
           great
           truth
           .
        
         
           The
           King
           was
           so
           far
           from
           invading
           and
           conquering
           the
           Nation
           ,
           that
           it
           was
           to
           secure
           their
           Rights
           and
           Priviledges
           ,
           
           that
           he
           exposed
           his
           Sacred
           Person
           to
           such
           dangers
           :
           But
           according
           to
           their
           own
           Principles
           ,
           one
           of
           these
           two
           they
           must
           grant
           (
           for
           there
           is
           no
           
             medium
             )
          
           ,
           That
           the
           Late
           King
           either
           freely
           parted
           with
           his
           Government
           ,
           and
           if
           so
           ,
           there
           can
           be
           no
           manner
           of
           pretence
           for
           paying
           him
           Allegiance
           ;
           or
           that
           he
           was
           driven
           out
           by
           a
           Superior
           Force
           ,
           which
           in
           other
           terms
           is
           being
           conquered
           :
           So
           that
           then
           (
           according
           to
           these
           Principles
           )
           His
           Present
           Majesty
           must
           have
           a
           right
           to
           whatever
           King
           James
           possessed
           .
        
         
           Conquest
           in
           it self
           ,
           and
           barely
           considered
           ,
           can
           give
           no
           manner
           of
           Right
           ;
           for
           what
           obligation
           can
           lye
           on
           a
           Nation
           to
           pay
           obedience
           to
           any
           one
           for
           battering
           down
           their
           Towns
           ,
           killing
           their
           Inhabitants
           ,
           destroying
           their
           Countrey
           ;
           and
           in
           short
           ,
           for
           doing
           all
           manner
           of
           Outrages
           ?
           Must
           a
           Nation
           ,
           as
           a
           grateful
           return
           for
           these
           kindnesses
           ,
           be
           obliged
           to
           pay
           him
           all
           manner
           of
           obedience
           ?
           Can
           any
           man
           in
           his
           senses
           think
           these
           Injuries
           can
           give
           the
           Actor
           of
           them
           a
           title
           to
           peoples
           obedience
           ?
           or
           that
           mere
           force
           can
           give
           a
           right
           ?
           for
           then
           every
           one
           that
           was
           stronger
           than
           another
           would
           have
           a
           right
           to
           govern
           him
           .
        
         
           Conquest
           ,
           by
           destroying
           the
           power
           the
           former
           King
           had
           to
           protect
           his
           Subjects
           ,
           sets
           them
           at
           liberty
           from
           any
           obligation
           they
           owed
           him
           ;
           because
           they
           owed
           none
           to
           him
           ,
           but
           upon
           the
           account
           of
           being
           protected
           by
           him
           :
           The
           Conqueror
           does
           not
           by
           this
           get
           a
           right
           to
           their
           Allegiance
           ,
           because
           to
           free
           people
           from
           the
           power
           of
           another
           ,
           and
           to
           have
           a
           right
           to
           command
           them
           himself
           ,
           are
           different
           things
           .
           They
           being
           once
           free
           from
           Government
           ,
           and
           by
           consequence
           in
           the
           state
           of
           Nature
           ,
           nothing
           can
           give
           the
           Conqueror
           right
           to
           their
           Allegiance
           ,
           but
           their
           own
           Consent
           .
           By
           which
           it
           appears
           ,
           that
           Mankind
           hath
           been
           often
           in
           the
           state
           of
           Nature
           ;
           and
           considering
           the
           often
           Changes
           ,
           and
           Revolutions
           ,
           there
           could
           be
           few
           ,
           or
           no
           legal
           Governments
           in
           the
           world
           ,
           if
           in
           such
           Circumstances
           ,
           all
           ties
           to
           their
           former
           Governors
           were
           not
           absolutely
           dissolved
           .
        
         
         
           But
           here
           it
           may
           be
           objected
           ,
           That
           their
           Consent
           was
           not
           voluntary
           ,
           but
           forced
           ;
           and
           therefore
           could
           not
           ob●ige
           them
           ,
           or
           give
           the
           Conquerors
           a
           right
           .
        
         
           The
           conquered
           may
           in
           a
           sense
           be
           said
           to
           be
           forced
           to
           what
           they
           did
           ,
           because
           they
           are
           bound
           by
           a
           moral
           Necessity
           to
           act
           for
           their
           own
           preservation
           ,
           and
           happiness
           ;
           and
           for
           that
           reason
           they
           were
           obliged
           to
           leave
           the
           state
           of
           Nature
           ,
           and
           be
           governed
           by
           him
           that
           had
           the
           power
           to
           Protect
           them
           ;
           none
           are
           forced
           to
           be
           Protected
           against
           their
           own
           Wills
           ,
           they
           by
           the
           former
           Government
           's
           dissolution
           ,
           were
           reduced
           to
           a
           state
           of
           Nature
           ,
           and
           if
           the
           Prince
           under
           whose
           Power
           they
           are
           ,
           will
           not
           afford
           them
           his
           Protection
           ,
           they
           would
           still
           remain
           in
           that
           state
           ;
           but
           they
           by
           claiming
           civil
           Rights
           ,
           (
           which
           they
           can
           only
           enjoy
           by
           his
           Governing
           them
           )
           and
           referring
           their
           common
           Differences
           to
           be
           decided
           ,
           and
           their
           Grievances
           to
           be
           redressed
           by
           him
           ,
           or
           those
           that
           Act
           by
           his
           Authority
           ,
           have
           put
           themselves
           out
           of
           the
           state
           of
           Nature
           ,
           and
           have
           freely
           owned
           his
           Government
           by
           their
           Actions
           ,
           which
           were
           voluntary
           ,
           for
           they
           were
           not
           forced
           to
           have
           recourse
           to
           him
           for
           Protection
           in
           their
           Natural
           Rights
           ,
           or
           obliged
           to
           claim
           any
           Civil
           ones
           ;
           and
           this
           is
           looked
           upon
           by
           Mankind
           as
           a
           free
           and
           voluntary
           consent
           ,
           the
           most
           part
           of
           whom
           have
           no
           otherways
           than
           by
           their
           actions
           owned
           any
           Government
           .
        
         
           Though
           their
           consent
           was
           obtained
           by
           forcible
           means
           ,
           yet
           that
           would
           not
           destroy
           the
           validity
           of
           it
           :
           It
           is
           true
           ,
           in
           a
           Civil
           Society
           ,
           all
           Contracts
           obtained
           by
           Force
           are
           void
           ,
           but
           then
           the
           Force
           ought
           to
           be
           proved
           ,
           for
           the
           presumption
           is
           against
           it
           ,
           and
           Judges
           declare
           for
           a
           validity
           of
           a
           Contract
           ,
           if
           the
           Forcible
           means
           which
           were
           used
           to
           obtain
           it
           ,
           are
           not
           proved
           .
        
         
           But
           between
           Independent
           Nations
           ,
           where
           force
           on
           one
           side
           is
           lawful
           ;
           where
           there
           is
           no
           superior
           Judge
           to
           determin
           the
           differences
           ,
           or
           to
           judge
           whether
           force
           were
           justly
           
           imposed
           ,
           both
           sides
           either
           thinking
           or
           pretending
           they
           are
           in
           the
           Right
           ,
           all
           Leagues
           and
           Covenants
           ,
           by
           whatever
           forcible
           means
           obtained
           ,
           are
           valid
           ,
           and
           the
           Good
           of
           Mankind
           (
           which
           is
           a
           sufficient
           Reason
           )
           does
           require
           it
           should
           be
           so
           ,
           otherwise
           Wars
           would
           be
           perpetual
           ,
           or
           not
           to
           be
           ended
           but
           by
           the
           utter
           Ruin
           of
           the
           Weaker
           ,
           or
           Conquered
           Party
           ;
           because
           there
           could
           be
           no
           manner
           of
           Agreement
           ,
           or
           Peace
           between
           them
           ,
           if
           they
           had
           a
           Liberty
           ,
           under
           pretence
           of
           Force
           ,
           of
           breaking
           their
           Promises
           whenever
           they
           had
           an
           opportunity
           .
        
         
           In
           all
           such
           cases
           it
           is
           Lawful
           to
           Promise
           ,
           there
           being
           no
           Superior
           (
           as
           amongst
           private
           persons
           )
           to
           take
           from
           them
           the
           Liberty
           of
           making
           such
           Contracts
           ;
           and
           the
           Good
           of
           Mankind
           does
           oblige
           People
           to
           fulfil
           those
           Lawful
           Promises
           .
           They
           cannot
           properly
           be
           said
           to
           be
           forced
           to
           Promise
           ,
           because
           it
           was
           in
           their
           power
           to
           avoid
           Promising
           :
           Nor
           is
           their
           Consent
           Conditional
           but
           Absolute
           ,
           and
           it
           is
           their
           greater
           Good
           (
           either
           presumed
           ,
           or
           real
           )
           that
           obliges
           them
           to
           make
           such
           Contracts
           .
           For
           the
           same
           reason
           all
           Prisoners
           of
           War
           are
           obliged
           to
           stand
           to
           their
           Paroles
           ,
           and
           to
           pay
           whatever
           they
           promise
           for
           their
           Liberties
           .
        
         
           The
           reason
           is
           the
           same
           for
           paying
           Allegiance
           to
           the
           New
           Government
           ,
           whether
           by
           a
           just
           or
           unjust
           way
           the
           old
           one
           was
           dissolved
           ;
           and
           Mankind
           have
           all
           along
           equally
           submitted
           to
           Conquerors
           ,
           whether
           the
           Cause
           of
           Conquest
           were
           Just
           or
           not
           :
           As
           few
           Conquerors
           have
           had
           a
           Just
           Cause
           for
           all
           the
           Mischiefs
           they
           have
           done
           .
           The
           reason
           for
           Submission
           is
           not
           how
           one
           Man
           gets
           others
           into
           his
           Power
           ,
           or
           whether
           he
           had
           a
           just
           Cause
           of
           destroying
           the
           former
           Prince's
           Power
           ,
           but
           whether
           they
           consent
           to
           be
           Governed
           by
           him
           after
           they
           are
           in
           his
           Power
           .
           It
           is
           for
           their
           own
           sake
           ,
           and
           not
           for
           his
           ,
           that
           they
           submit
           to
           his
           Government
           :
           They
           may
           act
           against
           their
           own
           Good
           in
           not
           submitting
           to
           the
           Conqueror
           ,
           but
           they
           deny
           him
           no
           Right
           if
           they
           do
           not
           submit
           :
           It
           is
           not
           the
           Conquest
           it self
           ,
           let
           it
           be
           never
           so
           just
           ,
           but
           the
           after-consent
           that
           makes
           them
           Subjects
           .
        
         
           A
           Just
           Cause
           of
           War
           may
           make
           it
           no
           injustice
           to
           Dethrone
           a
           King
           ,
           becanse
           he
           gave
           sufficient
           Provocation
           ;
           but
           how
           can
           one
           Prince's
           injuring
           another
           ,
           absolve
           Subjects
           of
           their
           Oaths
           of
           Allegiance
           ?
           and
           give
           the
           Injured
           Prince
           a
           Right
           to
           Command
           them
           ;
           who
           ,
           if
           he
           hath
           any
           Right
           besides
           their
           Consent
           ,
           when
           he
           has
           put
           them
           into
           a
           capacity
           to
           Consent
           ,
           must
           have
           it
           before
           the
           Conquest
           ;
           for
           mere
           Force
           cannot
           give
           or
           take
           away
           a
           Right
           ,
           it
           can
           only
           put
           him
           in
           Possession
           of
           his
           Right
           ;
           and
           if
           he
           had
           any
           Right
           to
           their
           
           Allegiance
           before
           Conquest
           ,
           I
           cannot
           see
           but
           that
           in
           Conscience
           they
           were
           bound
           to
           Transfer
           their
           Allegiance
           ,
           and
           join
           with
           him
           against
           their
           former
           Prince
           ,
           who
           by
           giving
           a
           just
           cause
           of
           War
           had
           Forfeited
           his
           Crown
           .
        
         
           Though
           the
           Nation
           be
           not
           Conquered
           ,
           yet
           no
           reason
           can
           be
           urged
           for
           submitting
           to
           Conquerors
           ,
           but
           what
           will
           hold
           as
           strongly
           for
           paying
           Allegiance
           to
           the
           present
           Government
           .
           Has
           not
           the
           Late
           King
           as
           much
           lost
           his
           Power
           to
           Protect
           the
           People
           ,
           as
           if
           he
           had
           been
           driven
           out
           by
           Conquest
           ?
           Is
           it
           not
           the
           Present
           Government
           alone
           that
           makes
           the
           People
           a
           Civil
           Society
           ?
           Is
           it
           not
           by
           it
           that
           they
           are
           Protected
           in
           their
           natural
           Rights
           ,
           or
           can
           claim
           any
           Legal
           ones
           ?
           which
           are
           the
           only
           reasons
           which
           oblige
           People
           to
           submit
           to
           Conquerors
           .
           And
           are
           not
           they
           that
           endeavour
           to
           disturb
           it
           ,
           as
           much
           within
           the
           power
           and
           reach
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           as
           if
           they
           were
           Conquered
           ?
           And
           has
           not
           the
           King
           and
           Parliament
           as
           Absolute
           a
           Power
           as
           any
           Conqueror
           ?
        
         
           The
           only
           difference
           is
           ,
           That
           without
           feeling
           any
           of
           those
           fatal
           Miseries
           which
           attend
           Conquest
           ,
           they
           enjoy
           the
           Protection
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           and
           owe
           their
           Preservation
           to
           it
           ;
           and
           the
           Nation
           instead
           of
           losing
           any
           of
           their
           Rights
           and
           Liberties
           ,
           enjoy
           greater
           ,
           and
           are
           secured
           from
           the
           worst
           of
           Slaveries
           ,
           which
           otherwise
           they
           had
           inevitably
           fallen
           into
           :
           So
           that
           they
           have
           infinitely
           stronger
           obligations
           to
           pay
           Allegiance
           ,
           than
           if
           they
           had
           been
           Conquered
           ;
           to
           which
           their
           Zeal
           and
           Loyalty
           ought
           to
           be
           proportionable
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           IX
           .
           Of
           Possession
           .
        
         
           ALL
           Writers
           ,
           I
           think
           ,
           allow
           ,
           That
           after
           a
           Possession
           of
           a
           long
           continuance
           ,
           (
           though
           they
           extreamly
           differ
           how
           much
           time
           is
           necessary
           )
           a
           Right
           does
           accrue
           to
           the
           Possessor
           ,
           though
           there
           are
           some
           of
           the
           Right
           Line
           still
           in
           being
           .
           If
           it
           be
           unjust
           to
           pay
           the
           first
           Possessor
           Obedience
           ,
           I
           cannot
           see
           how
           a
           long
           Possession
           
           can
           alter
           the
           case
           .
           A
           continuance
           in
           an
           injustice
           may
           make
           the
           injustice
           greater
           ,
           but
           not
           alter
           the
           nature
           of
           things
           ,
           and
           make
           the
           greatest
           Wrong
           to
           be
           Right
           .
           Though
           all
           things
           are
           done
           in
           Time
           ,
           yet
           Time
           it self
           operates
           nothing
           .
        
         
           This
           Mistake
           (
           as
           a
           great
           many
           others
           are
           )
           is
           occasioned
           by
           the
           parallel
           men
           draw
           between
           private
           Persons
           (
           who
           are
           tyed
           up
           by
           Laws
           that
           are
           Enacted
           by
           the
           Supreme
           Powers
           )
           and
           the
           Supreme
           Powers
           themselves
           .
           By
           the
           Laws
           of
           most
           Nations
           ,
           if
           private
           men
           neglect
           to
           make
           a
           Legal
           demand
           of
           their
           Rights
           in
           a
           certain
           time
           appointed
           by
           the
           Laws
           ,
           they
           lose
           them
           ,
           and
           a
           Right
           does
           accrue
           to
           the
           possessor
           ;
           but
           this
           depends
           upon
           a
           Law
           Enacted
           by
           the
           Supreme
           powers
           ,
           who
           have
           a
           Right
           to
           dispose
           of
           private
           Estates
           as
           they
           judge
           best
           for
           the
           publick
           good
           ;
           whose
           Laws
           can
           oblige
           none
           but
           their
           own
           Subjects
           .
           But
           what
           authority
           have
           the
           Subjects
           ,
           or
           the
           possessor
           to
           dispose
           of
           the
           Legal
           Prince's
           Rights
           ?
           Besides
           ,
           it
           might
           justly
           be
           imputed
           to
           a
           private
           man
           's
           own
           neglect
           ,
           if
           ,
           when
           the
           Law
           is
           open
           ,
           he
           does
           not
           recover
           his
           Right
           :
           It
           may
           well
           be
           presumed
           he
           hath
           relinquished
           it
           .
           But
           that
           cannot
           be
           said
           of
           a
           Prince
           who
           has
           no
           Court
           of
           Justice
           to
           appeal
           to
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           likely
           way
           to
           recover
           his
           Right
           ,
           yet
           by
           bearing
           the
           Arms
           and
           Title
           ,
           and
           by
           other
           ways
           still
           asserts
           his
           Right
           .
        
         
           How
           numerous
           are
           the
           instances
           of
           Princes
           possessed
           of
           Territories
           belonging
           to
           others
           ,
           and
           who
           have
           been
           so
           for
           a
           great
           many
           years
           ?
           Yet
           none
           dare
           affirm
           the
           Subjects
           that
           pay
           them
           allegiance
           ,
           are
           ,
           and
           have
           been
           all
           along
           Traitors
           :
           To
           give
           but
           one
           instance
           amongst
           hundreds
           ;
           The
           Kings
           of
           England
           have
           a
           Right
           to
           the
           Kingdom
           of
           France
           ,
           and
           have
           constantly
           claimed
           it
           by
           causing
           themselves
           to
           be
           stiled
           Kings
           of
           France
           ,
           and
           by
           bearing
           the
           Arms
           of
           that
           Crown
           ;
           yet
           none
           will
           condemn
           the
           French
           as
           Traitors
           ,
           who
           have
           all
           along
           paid
           allegiance
           to
           the
           French
           Kings
           .
           But
           if
           the
           Kings
           of
           England
           by
           tract
           of
           time
           have
           lost
           their
           Right
           to
           the
           Obedience
           of
           the
           French
           ,
           and
           before
           that
           time
           it
           was
           Treason
           for
           those
           of
           that
           Nation
           to
           pay
           allegiance
           to
           the
           French
           Kings
           ,
           I
           should
           be
           glad
           to
           know
           what
           Month
           ,
           or
           Year
           ,
           it
           ceased
           to
           be
           Treason
           ;
           for
           it
           is
           a
           thing
           of
           mighty
           consequence
           to
           know
           how
           long
           it
           is
           Treason
           to
           obey
           a
           King
           in
           possession
           ,
           and
           when
           it
           becomes
           Treason
           not
           to
           obey
           him
           .
           In
           short
           ,
           if
           a
           King
           can
           have
           a
           Right
           to
           a
           Countrey
           ,
           and
           it
           be
           no
           Crime
           in
           those
           of
           that
           Countrey
           not
           to
           pay
           him
           allegiance
           ,
           it
           demonstrateth
           that
           allegiance
           is
           not
           annexed
           to
           the
           Title
           ,
           but
           that
           it
           is
           due
           to
           the
           person
           that
           does
           protect
           them
           .
        
         
         
           Object
           .
           Though
           Time
           does
           not
           give
           a
           Right
           ,
           yet
           the
           Acts
           ,
           or
           the
           no
           Acts
           ,
           that
           is
           ,
           the
           omission
           of
           some
           ,
           may
           in
           time
           amount
           to
           a
           resignation
           of
           the
           Right
           of
           the
           Legal
           Prince
           to
           the
           Vsurpers
           .
        
         
           Answ.
           I
           grant
           a
           man's
           mind
           may
           be
           expressed
           by
           acts
           as
           well
           as
           words
           :
           yet
           it
           would
           be
           a
           very
           hard
           cafe
           to
           condemn
           all
           those
           of
           Treason
           who
           have
           paid
           allegiance
           to
           the
           possessors
           ,
           before
           they
           had
           sufficient
           grounds
           to
           believe
           the
           Legal
           Prince
           or
           his
           Heirs
           had
           by
           their
           acts
           (
           if
           such
           acts
           could
           destroy
           the
           Right
           of
           the
           next
           of
           Kin
           )
           resigned
           their
           and
           their
           Legal
           Successors
           Right
           to
           the
           Usurper
           .
           In
           how
           few
           cases
           is
           there
           reason
           for
           such
           presumption
           ?
           If
           till
           then
           all
           people
           should
           be
           obliged
           to
           be
           destroyed
           rather
           than
           pay
           allegiance
           ;
           what
           a
           Destruction
           would
           it
           make
           in
           the
           World
           ?
           Would
           it
           not
           in
           most
           cases
           expose
           ,
           at
           least
           the
           Good
           and
           Conscientious
           to
           certain
           ruin
           ?
           And
           others
           could
           notpreserve
           themselves
           without
           a
           Sin
           ,
           whose
           reward
           is
           Damnation
           .
        
         
           Long
           possession
           is
           not
           at
           all
           necessary
           to
           justifie
           the
           peoples
           Obedience
           ;
           for
           that
           very
           moment
           the
           people
           receive
           protection
           and
           defence
           from
           the
           new
           Powers
           ,
           they
           ought
           to
           pay
           them
           the
           same
           allegiance
           as
           if
           they
           had
           been
           in
           possession
           of
           the
           Government
           a
           Thousand
           Years
           .
           The
           less
           time
           a
           Nation
           has
           been
           setled
           ,
           the
           more
           need
           it
           has
           of
           rest
           and
           peace
           ,
           and
           the
           more
           dangerous
           would
           any
           violent
           Revolution
           be
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           X.
           Of
           Protection
           .
        
         
           BY
           Opposing
           those
           in
           possession
           of
           the
           present
           Government
           ,
           the
           ill
           affected
           act
           not
           only
           against
           the
           preservation
           and
           happiness
           of
           the
           Nation
           ,
           but
           are
           guilty
           of
           the
           basest
           and
           foulest
           ingratitude
           ,
           by
           endeavouring
           to
           destroy
           those
           persons
           to
           whose
           protection
           they
           owe
           their
           preservation
           ,
           and
           the
           safe
           enjoyment
           of
           what
           they
           have
           .
           Who
           else
           secureth
           them
           from
           being
           stript
           and
           plundered
           of
           all
           they
           have
           ,
           their
           Wives
           and
           Daughters
           Ravished
           ,
           and
           perhaps
           they
           and
           their
           whole
           Families
           Murthered
           ?
           What
           better
           usage
           
           could
           they
           expect
           ,
           if
           they
           were
           left
           to
           the
           mercy
           of
           the
           Rabble
           ,
           or
           to
           the
           discretion
           of
           every
           one
           to
           use
           them
           as
           they
           pleased
           ?
           Can
           any
           man
           in
           his
           Conscience
           think
           he
           is
           obliged
           to
           destroy
           those
           persons
           from
           whom
           he
           receives
           such
           benefits
           ?
           Is
           it
           not
           Serpent-like
           to
           sting
           that
           bosom
           that
           warms
           them
           ?
           Is
           this
           all
           the
           grateful
           returns
           they
           can
           make
           to
           the
           Father
           of
           their
           Countrey
           ?
           For
           if
           that
           Command
           of
           
             Honour
             thy
             Father
             and
             Mother
          
           extends
           to
           Governors
           ;
           since
           they
           do
           not
           beget
           their
           Subjects
           ,
           it
           must
           be
           for
           protecting
           and
           defending
           them
           ,
           that
           that
           Title
           is
           due
           :
           Therefore
           it
           can
           be
           due
           to
           none
           but
           those
           in
           Possession
           ,
           for
           none
           but
           they
           do
           protect
           and
           defend
           them
           .
        
         
           Could
           they
           justly
           blame
           the
           Government
           if
           it
           did
           not
           protect
           them
           ,
           who
           make
           it
           their
           business
           to
           ruin
           it
           ,
           when
           too
           without
           their
           being
           protected
           ,
           they
           would
           quickly
           be
           reduced
           to
           a
           Condition
           of
           not
           being
           able
           to
           give
           it
           the
           least
           disturbance
           ?
           What
           favour
           can
           they
           justly
           expect
           ,
           when
           they
           not
           only
           disown
           the
           Government
           ,
           but
           think
           themselves
           obliged
           in
           Conscience
           to
           make
           War
           upon
           the
           Society
           that
           owns
           it
           ?
           Nay
           ,
           they
           are
           actually
           in
           the
           state
           of
           War
           ,
           and
           only
           watch
           for
           an
           opportunity
           to
           fall
           on
           .
           What
           excuse
           can
           a
           Government
           have
           for
           endangering
           the
           Common-wealth
           by
           protecting
           those
           who
           are
           no
           part
           of
           it
           ,
           but
           are
           professed
           Enemies
           to
           it
           ?
        
         
           It
           is
           a
           cruel
           Mercy
           to
           endanger
           a
           whole
           Nation
           for
           the
           sake
           of
           its
           Enemies
           .
           Nay
           ,
           why
           should
           they
           have
           more
           favour
           than
           Foreign
           Enemies
           ?
           It
           is
           so
           far
           from
           being
           an
           excuse
           ,
           that
           it
           aggravates
           their
           Crime
           ,
           that
           it
           is
           to
           their
           
             own
             Nation
          
           they
           are
           Enemies
           ,
           and
           that
           it
           is
           in
           their
           
             own
             Countrey
          
           that
           they
           are
           endeavouring
           to
           raise
           a
           Civil
           War.
           Though
           they
           were
           still
           Members
           of
           the
           Body
           Politick
           ,
           yet
           ,
           as
           a
           man
           is
           obliged
           to
           cut
           off
           any
           of
           his
           Limbs
           to
           preserve
           the
           Body
           Natural
           ,
           so
           the
           Government
           is
           obliged
           to
           do
           the
           same
           for
           the
           Body
           Politick
           ,
           if
           it
           be
           necessary
           for
           its
           preservation
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           frequently
           urged
           by
           the
           Jacobites
           and
           their
           Favourers
           ,
           That
           what
           they
           do
           ,
           is
           upon
           the
           account
           of
           Conscience
           ,
           and
           therefore
           they
           ought
           not
           to
           suffer
           for
           it
           ;
           which
           is
           but
           a
           sorry
           Reason
           to
           hinder
           the
           Government
           from
           taking
           all
           necessary
           means
           to
           preserve
           it self
           ,
           and
           to
           prevent
           the
           ruin
           of
           the
           Nation
           .
           But
           this
           Argument
           looks
           very
           odly
           from
           them
           who
           were
           so
           zealous
           to
           persecute
           others
           about
           things
           ,
           in
           which
           neither
           the
           Honour
           of
           God
           ,
           nor
           the
           Good
           of
           the
           Commonwealth
           were
           concerned
           .
           It
           is
           as
           absurd
           as
           sinful
           for
           any
           to
           persecute
           their
           Brethren
           on
           pretence
           of
           Religion
           ,
           for
           things
           
           which
           they
           themselves
           own
           to
           be
           no
           part
           of
           Religion
           ,
           but
           merely
           in
           themselves
           indifferent
           .
           But
           to
           return
           ,
        
         
           If
           they
           will
           not
           be
           thought
           Enemies
           to
           the
           Society
           ,
           but
           part
           of
           it
           ,
           ought
           they
           not
           to
           act
           equally
           with
           the
           rest
           ,
           for
           the
           Peace
           and
           Quiet
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           submit
           to
           the
           Head
           ,
           that
           rules
           and
           governs
           it
           ?
           How
           can
           they
           pretend
           to
           be
           Members
           of
           the
           Society
           ,
           and
           consequently
           claim
           any
           Civil
           Rights
           by
           being
           so
           ,
           without
           owning
           the
           actual
           Government
           that
           makes
           them
           Members
           of
           the
           Society
           ?
           Do
           they
           not
           ,
           by
           disowning
           the
           Government
           ,
           renounce
           the
           benefit
           of
           the
           Laws
           ,
           (
           which
           only
           can
           be
           put
           in
           execution
           by
           the
           Government
           )
           and
           Out-law
           themselves
           ?
           How
           can
           they
           have
           any
           more
           right
           to
           the
           protection
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           if
           they
           Out
           law
           themselves
           ,
           than
           if
           the
           Government
           ,
           by
           putting
           them
           out
           of
           its
           protection
           ,
           had
           Out-lawed
           them
           ?
           So
           that
           it
           is
           wholly
           by
           the
           favour
           of
           the
           Government
           (
           for
           they
           have
           no
           true
           pretence
           to
           them
           )
           that
           they
           enjoy
           any
           Legal
           Rights
           .
           If
           they
           think
           they
           should
           be
           severely
           dealt
           with
           ,
           if
           the
           Government
           did
           not
           protect
           them
           ,
           why
           do
           they
           not
           what
           is
           necessary
           to
           enable
           the
           Government
           to
           protect
           them
           ?
           If
           they
           will
           the
           Consequence
           ,
           the
           protection
           of
           the
           Government
           ;
           ought
           they
           not
           to
           will
           the
           Antecedent
           ,
           all
           that
           is
           necessary
           to
           it
           ?
           And
           if
           it
           be
           lawful
           to
           desire
           and
           to
           receive
           the
           Advantages
           which
           flow
           from
           Government
           (
           which
           I
           suppose
           no
           Jacobite
           will
           be
           so
           hardy
           as
           to
           deny
           )
           why
           must
           not
           the
           means
           that
           are
           necessary
           to
           obtain
           these
           Advantages
           ,
           be
           so
           too
           ?
        
         
           How
           can
           they
           that
           are
           willing
           to
           be
           protected
           by
           any
           person
           ,
           be
           unwilling
           (
           except
           they
           desire
           Contradictions
           )
           that
           that
           person
           should
           have
           a
           power
           to
           govern
           them
           ,
           because
           without
           such
           a
           power
           he
           cannot
           protect
           them
           ;
           and
           they
           that
           are
           willing
           to
           receive
           an
           universal
           protection
           ,
           are
           presumed
           to
           be
           willing
           to
           pay
           all
           obedience
           that
           is
           necessary
           for
           that
           end
           ;
           which
           is
           an
           Obedience
           as
           universal
           as
           the
           Protection
           they
           expect
           .
           It
           is
           evident
           ,
           That
           he
           that
           is
           willing
           to
           receive
           an
           universal
           Protection
           from
           a
           Government
           ,
           is
           willing
           that
           the
           Government
           should
           have
           a
           coercive
           Power
           over
           all
           others
           ,
           to
           restrain
           them
           from
           injuring
           him
           ;
           and
           that
           it
           should
           have
           sufficient
           Authority
           to
           do
           justice
           ,
           and
           oblige
           all
           people
           to
           pay
           obedience
           to
           the
           Laws
           ,
           when
           they
           are
           put
           in
           execution
           for
           his
           sake
           ,
           because
           in
           it
           wholy
           consists
           his
           Protection
           ;
           and
           he
           that
           is
           willing
           the
           Government
           should
           have
           power
           over
           all
           other
           people
           upon
           his
           account
           ,
           ought
           to
           be
           willing
           the
           Government
           should
           have
           the
           same
           power
           over
           him
           ,
           for
           the
           sake
           of
           others
           ,
           except
           he
           would
           be
           the
           
           only
           man
           in
           the
           Nation
           without
           Government
           ;
           and
           is
           unwilling
           to
           do
           that
           himself
           ,
           which
           he
           would
           have
           all
           others
           (
           whatever
           their
           Principles
           are
           )
           to
           do
           .
        
         
           If
           the
           Nonjurers
           do
           desire
           to
           be
           protected
           ,
           and
           do
           actually
           receive
           the
           protection
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           (
           though
           at
           the
           same
           time
           they
           pretend
           it
           is
           against
           their
           Consciences
           )
           it
           is
           manifest
           they
           do
           own
           the
           Government
           ,
           and
           by
           their
           Actions
           consent
           to
           submit
           to
           it
           ;
           and
           what
           force
           can
           a
           Protestation
           have
           against
           their
           own
           Acts
           ?
        
         
           Do
           not
           the
           Jacobites
           upon
           all
           occasions
           ●●y
           for
           protection
           to
           the
           Government
           ?
           and
           apply
           themselves
           to
           those
           Ministers
           ,
           as
           Legal
           Officers
           ,
           who
           act
           by
           no
           other
           Authority
           than
           their
           Majesties
           ?
           And
           have
           they
           not
           constant
           recourse
           to
           the
           Courts
           ,
           whose
           Proceedings
           are
           in
           their
           Majesties
           names
           and
           authority
           ?
           Do
           not
           all
           Writs
           run
           in
           their
           names
           ,
           and
           do
           they
           not
           Prosecute
           people
           in
           their
           Majesties
           names
           as
           acting
           against
           the
           Crown
           and
           Dignity
           of
           our
           Sovereign
           Lord
           and
           Lady
           King
           William
           and
           Queen
           Mary
           ,
           &c.
           
           And
           do
           they
           not
           apply
           themselves
           to
           the
           King's
           Ministers
           for
           the
           benefit
           of
           those
           very
           Laws
           which
           are
           enacted
           by
           the
           present
           Government
           ,
           and
           by
           consequence
           own
           the
           Authority
           that
           makes
           them
           ?
           How
           then
           can
           they
           own
           the
           Ministers
           ,
           and
           not
           own
           the
           Authority
           by
           which
           they
           act
           ?
           and
           if
           the
           taking
           a
           Commission
           from
           the
           King
           for
           the
           administration
           of
           publick
           Justice
           ,
           or
           in
           defence
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ,
           be
           owning
           the
           Authority
           of
           the
           King
           ,
           why
           must
           not
           the
           complying
           with
           them
           ,
           as
           such
           ,
           be
           owning
           the
           Authority
           by
           which
           they
           act
           ?
           but
           if
           they
           don't
           own
           the
           Ministers
           to
           act
           by
           Lawful
           Authority
           ,
           then
           they
           must
           confess
           their
           Sentences
           are
           so
           many
           Robberies
           and
           Murthers
           ,
           because
           they
           have
           no
           just
           Authority
           for
           what
           they
           do
           ,
           and
           they
           make
           themselves
           accessary
           ,
           since
           it
           is
           at
           their
           request
           they
           commit
           them
           .
           Is
           it
           not
           esteemed
           by
           all
           Laws
           owning
           the
           Authority
           of
           a
           Court
           ,
           to
           appeal
           to
           it
           ?
           Is
           it
           not
           owning
           the
           Pope's
           Authority
           ,
           to
           appeal
           to
           him
           ,
           or
           any
           Commissioned
           by
           him
           ?
           Is
           it
           not
           by
           the
           Law
           of
           Nations
           ,
           and
           an
           universal
           consent
           of
           Mankind
           ,
           an
           acknowledging
           a
           Government
           ,
           to
           receive
           Protection
           from
           it
           ?
        
         
           Do
           not
           all
           that
           go
           into
           a
           Foreign
           Prince's
           Dominions
           ,
           during
           their
           stay
           ,
           by
           receiving
           the
           Protection
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           own
           themselves
           subject
           to
           it
           (
           except
           Ambassadors
           ,
           over
           whom
           Soveraigns
           have
           agreed
           to
           suspend
           the
           exercise
           of
           their
           Right
           )
           and
           are
           they
           not
           obliged
           equally
           with
           the
           Natives
           ,
           to
           pay
           Allegiance
           ;
           and
           a
           ▪
           like
           guilty
           of
           Treason
           ;
           and
           so
           tried
           ,
           if
           they
           attempt
           any
           thing
           against
           it
           ▪
           And
           upon
           this
           head
           ,
           all
           private
           attempts
           upon
           a
           Prince
           in
           his
           own
           Countrey
           ,
           have
           been
           abhorred
           by
           all
           Nations
           ;
           and
           those
           that
           designed
           
           any
           thing
           of
           this
           Nature
           ,
           have
           not
           been
           treated
           as
           just
           Enemies
           ,
           though
           in
           time
           of
           War
           ;
           because
           the
           presumption
           is
           ,
           They
           enter
           as
           Subjects
           into
           the
           Dominions
           of
           that
           Prince
           that
           protects
           them
           .
        
         
           If
           applying
           to
           a
           King
           ,
           as
           such
           ,
           for
           his
           protection
           ,
           and
           receiving
           it
           ,
           be
           not
           owning
           his
           Authority
           ,
           Princes
           have
           but
           a
           small
           security
           for
           the
           obedience
           of
           the
           greatest
           numbers
           of
           their
           Subjects
           ,
           who
           have
           no
           otherwise
           obliged
           themselves
           to
           own
           their
           Government
           ,
           but
           by
           receiving
           protection
           from
           them
           .
        
         
           The
           denying
           ,
           That
           addressing
           to
           a
           Government
           for
           protection
           ,
           and
           receiving
           it
           ,
           is
           owning
           That
           Government
           ,
           layeth
           a
           mighty
           gap
           open
           to
           Rebellion
           ,
           by
           destroying
           the
           obligation
           of
           all
           Allegiance
           ,
           but
           what
           is
           built
           upon
           verbal
           Promises
           ;
           
             So
             that
             Men
             of
             those
             Principles
             ought
             to
             be
             looked
             upon
             as
             Enemies
             of
             all
             Order
             and
             Government
             .
          
        
         
           By
           examining
           what
           it
           is
           that
           gives
           Government
           a
           right
           to
           the
           obedience
           of
           men
           ,
           who
           are
           by
           nature
           free
           ,
           it
           will
           the
           better
           appear
           what
           right
           the
           present
           Government
           has
           to
           the
           Allegiance
           of
           those
           it
           protects
           .
        
         
           The
           reason
           that
           is
           usually
           given
           ,
           why
           people
           are
           obliged
           to
           obey
           any
           particular
           Government
           ,
           is
           (
           no
           Prince
           being
           so
           ridiculous
           as
           to
           pretend
           a
           right
           ,
           as
           the
           First-born
           in
           a
           direct
           Line
           from
           Adam
           or
           Noah
           )
           because
           it
           was
           the
           intent
           of
           those
           who
           first
           formed
           the
           Society
           ,
           that
           such
           persons
           ,
           and
           their
           Successors
           (
           if
           they
           made
           the
           Government
           Hereditary
           )
           should
           have
           a
           right
           to
           govern
           the
           Nation
           for
           ever
           .
           But
           how
           could
           they
           ,
           whose
           Authority
           with
           their
           Being
           ceased
           so
           long
           since
           ,
           oblige
           the
           Consciences
           of
           those
           who
           were
           not
           then
           in
           being
           ?
           or
           how
           could
           any
           Acts
           or
           Compacts
           of
           their
           Ancestors
           take
           away
           the
           natural
           Liberty
           of
           those
           that
           were
           born
           so
           many
           years
           after
           ,
           and
           who
           have
           the
           same
           right
           to
           freedom
           as
           they
           had
           ?
           Or
           how
           could
           their
           Compacts
           oblige
           those
           that
           are
           not
           descended
           from
           them
           ,
           but
           come
           from
           other
           Countries
           into
           the
           Society
           ,
           and
           make
           it
           a
           sin
           in
           them
           not
           to
           obey
           the
           present
           Governors
           of
           any
           Society
           ,
           upon
           whose
           Authority
           alone
           ,
           and
           not
           upon
           the
           Founders
           of
           the
           Society
           ,
           depends
           the
           validity
           of
           all
           former
           Laws
           ,
           which
           can
           only
           bind
           ,
           because
           it
           is
           the
           will
           of
           the
           present
           Powers
           they
           should
           ;
           otherwise
           no
           Laws
           could
           be
           repealed
           ,
           if
           their
           very
           being
           did
           not
           depend
           upon
           the
           pleasure
           of
           the
           present
           Supream
           Powers
           ,
           who
           design
           they
           shall
           oblige
           ,
           until
           they
           declare
           the
           contrary
           .
        
         
         
           Others
           say
           ,
           That
           being
           born
           in
           a
           Countrey
           ,
           makes
           one
           a
           Subject
           for
           all
           his
           life
           to
           the
           Government
           of
           that
           Countrey
           ;
           but
           why
           should
           being
           in
           a
           Countrey
           ,
           by
           being
           born
           in
           it
           ,
           make
           one
           become
           a
           Subject
           ,
           more
           than
           being
           in
           the
           same
           Countrey
           at
           another
           time
           .
           Besides
           ,
           common
           Experience
           shews
           this
           to
           be
           false
           ,
           because
           whoever
           is
           born
           in
           a
           Countrey
           where
           his
           Parents
           are
           Foreigners
           ,
           may
           ,
           as
           it
           is
           allowed
           by
           all
           ,
           leave
           that
           Countrey
           when
           he
           pleaseth
           .
           But
           perhaps
           it
           may
           be
           said
           ,
           he
           is
           a
           Subject
           to
           that
           Prince
           where
           his
           Parents
           were
           born
           .
           What
           if
           they
           were
           born
           under
           the
           same
           Circumstances
           ?
           or
           suppose
           his
           Parents
           are
           of
           different
           Countreys
           ,
           as
           if
           a
           Dutch
           Woman
           and
           an
           English
           Man
           have
           a
           Child
           in
           France
           ;
           since
           France
           does
           not
           pretend
           to
           him
           ,
           which
           of
           the
           Nations
           can
           claim
           him
           for
           their
           Subject
           ?
           or
           must
           he
           be
           divided
           ?
           So
           that
           the
           difficulty
           still
           remains
           ,
           how
           people
           come
           to
           be
           obliged
           to
           obey
           any
           particular
           Government
           ?
           which
           I
           think
           can
           only
           thus
           be
           solved
           .
        
         
           Every
           person
           ,
           though
           he
           be
           born
           free
           ,
           yet
           he
           is
           for
           the
           sake
           of
           his
           own
           safety
           ,
           obliged
           to
           part
           with
           his
           Liberty
           ,
           and
           put
           himself
           under
           the
           protection
           of
           Government
           .
           Nor
           can
           he
           be
           secure
           in
           what
           he
           enjoys
           but
           by
           it
           .
           Nor
           can
           he
           have
           a
           right
           in
           a
           Countrey
           (
           that
           is
           already
           possest
           )
           to
           any
           thing
           ,
           but
           by
           owning
           the
           Government
           of
           that
           Countrey
           .
           And
           by
           pretending
           to
           the
           Priviledges
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Society
           enjoy
           ,
           he
           has
           owned
           himself
           a
           Member
           of
           the
           Society
           ,
           and
           a
           Subject
           of
           the
           Government
           of
           it
           .
           And
           this
           is
           the
           only
           way
           that
           any
           (
           except
           by
           verbal
           Promises
           )
           consent
           to
           become
           subject
           to
           Government
           .
        
         
           The
           consent
           of
           particular
           persons
           being
           separately
           and
           singly
           given
           ,
           unthinking
           people
           take
           little
           notice
           of
           it
           ,
           and
           suppose
           they
           are
           as
           naturally
           Subjects
           ,
           as
           men
           ;
           and
           consequently
           ,
           that
           they
           have
           no
           more
           right
           to
           free
           themselves
           from
           their
           Subjection
           ,
           than
           from
           their
           Human
           Nature
           ;
           nay
           ,
           must
           suffer
           themselves
           to
           be
           destroyed
           rather
           than
           endeavour
           it
           .
        
         
           But
           it
           may
           be
           objected
           ,
           If
           a
           man
           is
           no-ways
           bound
           to
           a
           Government
           ,
           but
           by
           his
           own
           Consent
           ,
           and
           if
           the
           Acts
           of
           his
           Ancestors
           no
           way
           oblige
           him
           ,
           he
           is
           not
           bound
           to
           stand
           to
           their
           divisions
           of
           the
           Lands
           ,
           but
           he
           may
           ,
           
             pro
             virili
          
           ,
           put
           in
           for
           a
           share
           ,
           as
           he
           might
           ,
           when
           all
           things
           were
           in
           common
           .
        
         
           Ans.
           If
           it
           would
           be
           injustice
           in
           any
           one
           to
           go
           into
           a
           Foreign
           Countrey
           ,
           to
           the
           Laws
           of
           which
           he
           is
           not
           bound
           ,
           and
           seize
           any
           Land
           in
           it
           ,
           on
           pretence
           that
           the
           divisions
           of
           the
           Land
           were
           formerly
           made
           by
           people
           whose
           Acts
           could
           not
           oblige
           him
           ,
           and
           therefore
           he
           had
           
           as
           just
           a
           right
           as
           any
           of
           the
           Inhabitants
           ,
           to
           a
           share
           in
           the
           Land
           ;
           if
           this
           were
           injustice
           in
           him
           ,
           why
           would
           it
           not
           be
           so
           in
           one
           that
           is
           born
           in
           that
           Countrey
           ?
           What
           Right
           can
           he
           ,
           that
           comes
           from
           no
           other
           place
           ,
           but
           from
           Nothing
           ,
           pretend
           to
           ,
           more
           than
           he
           that
           first
           came
           from
           another
           Countrey
           .
           If
           a
           Countrey
           be
           wholly
           possessed
           ,
           and
           occupied
           ,
           (
           which
           by
           the
           Law
           of
           Nature
           ,
           antecedent
           to
           all
           Human
           Laws
           ,
           gives
           a
           right
           )
           by
           being
           improved
           and
           cultivated
           by
           the
           labour
           and
           industry
           of
           the
           Inhabitants
           ,
           who
           are
           so
           very
           numerous
           ,
           that
           the
           Land
           does
           not
           produce
           without
           vast
           labour
           ,
           sufficient
           to
           maintain
           them
           ,
           what
           right
           can
           any
           that
           comes
           into
           this
           Countrey
           ,
           either
           by
           being
           born
           in
           it
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           way
           ,
           have
           to
           their
           labour
           ,
           by
           usurping
           any
           part
           of
           this
           Land
           ,
           which
           was
           long
           since
           possessed
           ,
           and
           divided
           amongst
           the
           the
           Inhabitants
           ,
           who
           having
           a
           full
           power
           over
           their
           own
           Properties
           ,
           might
           subject
           them
           to
           what
           Laws
           they
           pleased
           ,
           (
           and
           which
           the
           Legislative
           Power
           may
           still
           continue
           )
           and
           permit
           none
           to
           have
           a
           right
           to
           them
           ,
           or
           enjoy
           any
           advantages
           by
           them
           ,
           or
           so
           much
           as
           to
           be
           in
           the
           Countrey
           without
           owning
           the
           Government
           of
           it
           ?
           And
           it
           is
           highly
           reasonable
           that
           no
           Government
           should
           suffer
           any
           to
           remain
           in
           its
           Dominions
           ,
           who
           will
           not
           own
           its
           Authority
           ,
           or
           be
           subject
           to
           the
           Laws
           of
           the
           Countrey
           .
           If
           it
           were
           unjust
           ,
           before
           Lands
           were
           divided
           ,
           to
           have
           robbed
           any
           one
           of
           the
           Fruits
           of
           the
           Earth
           ,
           that
           he
           by
           gathering
           had
           made
           his
           property
           ,
           why
           should
           it
           not
           be
           as
           much
           injustice
           to
           seize
           upon
           that
           Land
           ,
           which
           is
           now
           as
           much
           another's
           Property
           ,
           as
           the
           gathered
           Fruits
           were
           then
           ?
           But
           I
           shall
           speak
           no
           more
           upon
           this
           Subject
           ,
           because
           it
           is
           ,
           in
           his
           Essay
           of
           Government
           ,
           so
           fully
           handled
           by
           that
           wonderfully
           Ingenious
           ,
           and
           Judicious
           Author
           ,
           whose
           Works
           of
           all
           sorts
           one
           cannot
           enough
           commend
           .
        
         
           Whatever
           Society
           people
           chance
           to
           be
           Members
           of
           ,
           whether
           it
           be
           their
           Native
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           ,
           they
           are
           ,
           during
           their
           stay
           ,
           equally
           obliged
           ,
           for
           the
           sake
           of
           the
           protection
           they
           receive
           ,
           to
           Pay
           Allegiance
           to
           the
           Governors
           of
           that
           Society
           .
           It
           is
           not
           material
           ,
           whether
           they
           enjoy
           Properties
           for
           their
           lives
           ,
           years
           ,
           weeks
           ,
           or
           days
           ,
           the
           greatest
           part
           of
           the
           Natives
           have
           no
           more
           Properties
           ,
           or
           enjoy
           no
           greater
           Advantages
           by
           the
           Government
           ,
           than
           Foreigners
           ,
           yet
           they
           are
           obliged
           to
           pay
           the
           same
           Allegiance
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Society
           do
           .
        
         
           But
           here
           it
           may
           be
           objected
           ,
           That
           there
           is
           a
           natural
           Allegiance
           due
           to
           the
           Governors
           of
           the
           first
           Society
           Men
           are
           of
           ,
           (
           which
           cannot
           be
           due
           to
           any
           other
           )
           without
           whose
           consent
           they
           cannot
           leave
           the
           Society
           ,
           and
           when
           abroad
           ,
           are
           obliged
           ,
           when
           they
           command
           them
           ,
           to
           return
           .
        
         
         
           Man
           being
           born
           free
           ,
           (
           that
           distinction
           of
           legal
           and
           natural
           Allegiance
           being
           wholly
           groundless
           )
           is
           still
           Master
           of
           all
           that
           Liberty
           he
           has
           not
           parted
           with
           ;
           and
           if
           the
           Laws
           of
           the
           first
           Society
           ,
           to
           which
           he
           has
           consented
           ,
           by
           being
           a
           Member
           of
           it
           ,
           have
           not
           obliged
           him
           not
           to
           leave
           the
           Society
           without
           the
           consent
           of
           the
           Governor
           ,
           he
           is
           at
           liberty
           to
           transport
           himself
           into
           what
           Countrey
           he
           pleaseth
           ,
           and
           to
           stay
           in
           it
           as
           long
           as
           he
           pleaseth
           .
           It
           is
           for
           the
           interest
           of
           Mankind
           that
           they
           should
           not
           be
           debarred
           the
           liberty
           of
           living
           where
           it
           is
           most
           for
           their
           interest
           ;
           and
           because
           Nations
           could
           not
           maintain
           any
           Trade
           or
           Commerce
           one
           with
           another
           ,
           if
           people
           that
           went
           from
           one
           Countrey
           to
           another
           ,
           had
           not
           a
           power
           to
           return
           when
           they
           had
           a
           mind
           to
           it
           ;
           that
           Liberty
           ,
           by
           the
           Law
           of
           Nations
           ,
           is
           equally
           allowed
           to
           all
           :
           They
           ,
           it
           is
           true
           ,
           who
           have
           left
           a
           Countrey
           ,
           whether
           it
           was
           that
           they
           were
           born
           in
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           ,
           yet
           as
           long
           as
           they
           enjoy
           any
           Property
           in
           it
           ,
           are
           obliged
           ,
           if
           they
           intend
           to
           save
           their
           Property
           ,
           to
           leave
           all
           other
           Countreys
           ,
           when
           commanded
           .
           Men
           oftner
           having
           Properties
           in
           their
           Native
           ,
           than
           in
           any
           other
           Countrey
           ,
           has
           given
           occasion
           to
           some
           to
           conclude
           ,
           That
           there
           was
           a
           natural
           obligation
           on
           them
           to
           return
           ,
           when
           commanded
           :
           But
           there
           can
           be
           no
           reason
           assigned
           from
           Nature
           ,
           why
           more
           Allegiance
           should
           be
           due
           to
           the
           Governors
           of
           that
           Countrey
           in
           which
           they
           were
           born
           ,
           than
           to
           the
           Governors
           of
           that
           Countrey
           they
           afterwards
           voluntarily
           go
           into
           ;
           where
           for
           the
           Protection
           they
           receive
           ,
           they
           are
           obliged
           to
           pay
           the
           same
           Allegiance
           as
           they
           did
           when
           they
           were
           in
           their
           Native
           Countrey
           .
           And
           if
           a
           Foreign
           Prince
           should
           get
           the
           power
           of
           protecting
           them
           in
           their
           Native
           Countrey
           ,
           they
           would
           be
           obliged
           to
           pay
           him
           the
           same
           allegiance
           ,
           as
           they
           did
           when
           they
           were
           under
           his
           protection
           in
           another
           Countrey
           :
           Because
           in
           each
           Countrey
           the
           protection
           is
           the
           same
           .
        
         
           Though
           they
           that
           reside
           in
           a
           Foreign
           Society
           ,
           are
           equally
           subject
           with
           the
           Natives
           ,
           to
           the
           Laws
           of
           it
           ;
           and
           by
           opposing
           the
           Government
           ,
           would
           be
           equally
           guilty
           of
           Treason
           ;
           yet
           if
           during
           their
           stay
           ,
           any
           alteration
           happens
           in
           the
           Government
           ,
           contrary
           to
           the
           Laws
           ,
           they
           never
           scruple
           to
           pay
           allegiance
           to
           him
           that
           gets
           possession
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           though
           his
           Title
           be
           never
           so
           illegal
           .
           I
           see
           no
           reason
           why
           they
           should
           not
           do
           the
           same
           in
           their
           first
           Society
           ,
           since
           whatever
           Society
           they
           are
           in
           ,
           during
           their
           stay
           ,
           they
           are
           equally
           obliged
           to
           obey
           the
           Laws
           of
           that
           Society
           .
        
         
           Are
           not
           these
           Reasons
           as
           strong
           for
           paying
           allegiance
           to
           the
           present
           Government
           ?
           Can
           any
           man
           enjoy
           the
           Priviledges
           of
           the
           Society
           ,
           
           without
           being
           a
           Member
           of
           the
           Society
           ?
           or
           can
           any
           one
           be
           a
           Member
           of
           a
           Society
           ,
           without
           owning
           the
           Head
           of
           it
           ,
           or
           paying
           their
           allegiance
           to
           him
           ?
           or
           is
           there
           any
           other
           Head
           that
           rules
           and
           governs
           the
           Members
           ,
           but
           the
           present
           King
           ?
           Is
           it
           not
           by
           his
           Authority
           ,
           that
           the
           Members
           of
           the
           Society
           receive
           an
           universal
           Protection
           ,
           as
           to
           their
           Lives
           ,
           Liberties
           and
           Estates
           ,
           under
           whose
           Government
           they
           are
           ,
           or
           else
           they
           are
           under
           none
           ,
           but
           in
           the
           state
           of
           Nature
           ?
           And
           there
           is
           no
           Reason
           ,
           or
           Law
           ,
           to
           oblige
           people
           to
           remain
           in
           a
           state
           so
           inconsistent
           with
           their
           happiness
           .
           And
           it
           would
           be
           injustice
           for
           any
           to
           remain
           in
           that
           state
           ,
           because
           they
           would
           be
           their
           own
           Judges
           in
           all
           the
           Disputes
           they
           had
           with
           others
           ,
           who
           were
           willing
           to
           refer
           their
           Differences
           to
           a
           standing
           impartial
           Judge
           ;
           nor
           have
           any
           been
           guilty
           of
           it
           ,
           but
           all
           ,
           not
           excepting
           the
           Jacobites
           ,
           by
           making
           use
           of
           the
           protection
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           have
           left
           the
           state
           of
           Nature
           ,
           and
           have
           owned
           themselves
           subject
           to
           it
           .
           After
           this
           ,
           what
           pretence
           can
           any
           Member
           of
           the
           Society
           have
           of
           refusing
           to
           pay
           their
           allegiance
           to
           a
           King
           ,
           whom
           they
           have
           all
           along
           by
           their
           actions
           owned
           ,
           and
           by
           whom
           they
           have
           been
           secured
           from
           groaning
           under
           the
           worst
           of
           Slaveries
           ,
           which
           had
           been
           to
           them
           the
           more
           intolerable
           ,
           because
           of
           the
           great
           liberty
           and
           freedom
           they
           before
           enjoyed
           ;
           so
           that
           all
           the
           Reasons
           that
           can
           well
           be
           imagined
           to
           oblige
           people
           firmly
           and
           intirely
           to
           any
           Sovereign
           ,
           do
           all
           conspire
           to
           tie
           them
           up
           in
           the
           strongest
           bonds
           of
           allegiance
           and
           fidelity
           to
           the
           present
           King
           and
           Queen
           .
        
         
           By
           what
           hath
           been
           said
           ,
           I
           think
           it
           is
           evident
           ,
           how
           absolutely
           necessary
           it
           is
           for
           the
           good
           of
           Mankind
           to
           submit
           to
           those
           persons
           that
           are
           capable
           of
           protecting
           them
           ,
           and
           that
           applying
           to
           them
           for
           protection
           ,
           is
           acknowledging
           their
           Government
           ,
           and
           Authority
           ,
           and
           that
           the
           Jacobites
           ,
           in
           using
           the
           protection
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           and
           at
           the
           same
           time
           opposing
           it
           ,
           as
           far
           as
           they
           dare
           ,
           act
           basely
           ,
           treacherously
           ,
           ungratefully
           and
           inconsistently
           .
        
         
           But
           they
           that
           oppose
           the
           Government
           ,
           after
           they
           have
           sworn
           to
           be
           true
           to
           it
           ,
           break
           all
           Tyes
           both
           Sacred
           and
           Civil
           ;
           for
           if
           neither
           their
           Oaths
           ,
           nor
           the
           good
           of
           the
           Society
           they
           pretend
           to
           be
           Members
           of
           ,
           nor
           the
           duty
           they
           owe
           the
           Government
           for
           protecting
           them
           ,
           can
           oblige
           them
           ;
           no
           bonds
           whatever
           (
           for
           these
           are
           the
           most
           inviolable
           )
           can
           hold
           them
           :
           How
           can
           any
           Prince
           ,
           or
           private
           person
           ,
           trust
           them
           ,
           since
           they
           have
           destroyed
           all
           manner
           of
           security
           ,
           trust
           ,
           and
           confidence
           men
           have
           in
           one
           another
           ?
           All
           the
           answer
           to
           this
           is
           (
           I
           mean
           of
           the
           Non-swearers
           ,
           for
           the
           others
           are
           not
           capable
           of
           giving
           any
           )
           That
           they
           act
           upon
           the
           presumed
           consent
           of
           
           the
           
             outed
             Prince
          
           ,
           who
           (
           they
           suppose
           )
           is
           willing
           ,
           that
           they
           should
           obey
           the
           present
           Government
           in
           all
           things
           which
           are
           for
           the
           good
           of
           the
           Society
           ,
           and
           their
           own
           preservation
           ,
           provided
           it
           be
           not
           contrary
           to
           his
           interest
           .
           Which
           answer
           is
           not
           at
           all
           to
           the
           purpose
           ,
           because
           it
           supposeth
           they
           are
           still
           obliged
           to
           disturb
           the
           publick
           Peace
           ,
           and
           raise
           Civil
           Commotions
           for
           his
           interest
           ,
           and
           notto
           own
           the
           present
           Government
           ,
           though
           it
           should
           be
           absolutely
           necessary
           for
           their
           preservation
           .
        
         
           Can
           any
           Civil
           Society
           be
           preserved
           ,
           if
           private
           Men
           are
           obliged
           not
           to
           obey
           those
           that
           actually
           Govern
           it
           ,
           except
           they
           think
           it
           for
           the
           interest
           of
           a
           person
           who
           is
           a
           declared
           Enemy
           to
           the
           Society
           ?
           and
           when
           every
           thing
           that
           tends
           to
           the
           support
           and
           advantage
           of
           the
           Society
           ,
           because
           it
           makes
           the
           present
           Government
           more
           potent
           ,
           must
           be
           against
           his
           interest
           ?
           What
           if
           the
           late
           King
           has
           no
           other
           way
           to
           regain
           his
           Throne
           but
           by
           the
           Ruin
           and
           Confusion
           of
           the
           Nation
           ?
           must
           the
           Jacobites
           assist
           him
           in
           Ruining
           the
           Nation
           ?
           as
           it
           is
           plain
           by
           their
           Principles
           they
           are
           obliged
           to
           do
           ;
           for
           if
           once
           they
           think
           that
           they
           are
           obliged
           to
           act
           against
           the
           good
           of
           the
           Society
           by
           raising
           a
           Civil
           War
           ,
           it
           is
           certain
           there
           is
           no
           mischief
           ,
           provided
           it
           be
           for
           his
           interest
           ,
           that
           they
           ought
           to
           stop
           at
           .
           And
           it
           is
           plain
           by
           their
           rejoycing
           at
           any
           publick
           Calamity
           that
           happens
           to
           the
           Nation
           ,
           that
           they
           are
           ready
           if
           they
           thought
           it
           at
           present
           for
           his
           interest
           ,
           to
           fire
           all
           the
           Towns
           in
           England
           ,
           or
           act
           any
           more
           horrid
           Villany
           .
           But
           if
           they
           disown
           these
           Principles
           ,
           and
           say
           they
           are
           obliged
           to
           act
           for
           the
           preservation
           and
           good
           of
           the
           Community
           contrary
           to
           his
           Interest
           and
           Consent
           ,
           then
           they
           are
           obliged
           to
           obey
           the
           present
           Government
           ,
           because
           that
           is
           for
           the
           good
           of
           the
           Community
           ,
           and
           for
           the
           safety
           of
           particular
           persons
           ,
           who
           if
           they
           have
           the
           Late
           king's
           Consent
           to
           do
           such
           acts
           as
           necessarily
           infer
           the
           owning
           the
           authority
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           they
           have
           his
           Consent
           to
           own
           and
           obey
           the
           Government
           .
           And
           then
           according
           to
           their
           own
           Principles
           ,
           they
           can
           have
           no
           pretence
           of
           denying
           allegiance
           to
           it
           .
           If
           such
           acts
           do
           not
           amount
           to
           an
           owning
           the
           authority
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           then
           most
           people
           never
           owned
           the
           Late
           King's
           authority
           ,
           because
           they
           owned
           it
           no
           other
           way
           then
           by
           receiving
           protection
           from
           him
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           strange
           that
           not
           only
           those
           that
           receive
           protection
           from
           the
           Government
           ,
           but
           even
           those
           that
           have
           thrust
           themselves
           into
           places
           of
           the
           greatest
           Trust
           ,
           and
           consequently
           have
           the
           greatest
           Obligation
           to
           bear
           true
           allegiance
           to
           Their
           Majesties
           ,
           should
           own
           
           they
           have
           no
           Right
           to
           it
           ;
           and
           the
           greatest
           Compliment
           they
           can
           give
           them
           ,
           is
           ,
           That
           they
           are
           King
           and
           Queen
           
             de
             Facto
          
           ;
           which
           in
           other
           words
           is
           calling
           them
           Usurpers
           ;
           and
           is
           ,
           even
           whilst
           they
           are
           their
           Servants
           ,
           owning
           themselves
           Subjects
           of
           the
           Late
           King.
           Men
           of
           such
           Principles
           cannot
           accept
           of
           Places
           of
           Trust
           ,
           but
           for
           verybase
           ends
           ;
           for
           they
           must
           either
           design
           to
           act
           against
           their
           Consciences
           in
           acting
           against
           the
           interest
           of
           him
           they
           esteem
           their
           Lawful
           and
           Rightful
           King
           ,
           or
           else
           they
           must
           design
           to
           betray
           their
           Trust
           in
           acting
           for
           his
           interest
           ;
           which
           ,
           when
           it
           is
           their
           own
           interest
           too
           ,
           and
           they
           may
           have
           what
           Price
           they
           demand
           for
           betraying
           their
           Trust
           ,
           there
           can
           be
           no
           doubt
           but
           they
           will
           endeavour
           to
           serve
           him
           who
           they
           think
           has
           the
           Right
           Title
           to
           their
           allegiance
           .
           The
           fatal
           consequences
           that
           have
           happened
           to
           the
           Nation
           upon
           trusting
           men
           of
           those
           Principles
           ,
           have
           too
           well
           demonstrated
           the
           truth
           of
           it
           .
           But
           to
           return
           ,
        
         
           If
           doing
           all
           those
           acts
           the
           Male-contents
           do
           in
           order
           to
           the
           securing
           their
           Persons
           and
           Properties
           ,
           be
           not
           owning
           themselves
           Subjects
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           there
           was
           no
           reason
           for
           Mankind
           to
           have
           submitted
           to
           ,
           and
           owned
           any
           Government
           ;
           since
           according
           to
           their
           Principles
           they
           could
           have
           all
           manner
           of
           protection
           and
           defence
           without
           any
           Government
           ;
           because
           they
           (
           as
           they
           pretend
           )
           enjoy
           protection
           from
           the
           Government
           without
           owning
           its
           authority
           over
           them
           ,
           or
           any
           duty
           in
           them
           to
           obey
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XI
           .
           Of
           Oaths
           of
           Fidelity
           .
        
         
           
             PErhaps
             it
             will
             be
             said
          
           ,
           Tho
           upon
           supposition
           that
           there
           is
           no
           reason
           why
           people
           should
           pay
           Allegiance
           any
           longer
           than
           they
           are
           protected
           ,
           yet
           if
           they
           have
           otherwise
           tyed
           themselves
           by
           their
           Oaths
           ,
           they
           are
           in
           Conscience
           obliged
           by
           those
           Oaths
           .
           
             But
             I
             answer
          
           ,
        
         
           Such
           Oaths
           (
           if
           ever
           such
           were
           imposed
           )
           would
           be
           so
           far
           from
           binding
           ,
           that
           they
           would
           be
           null
           upon
           the
           account
           of
           the
           sinfulness
           of
           them
           ,
           as
           being
           directly
           against
           the
           good
           of
           human
           Societies
           .
           In
           all
           Promises
           and
           all
           Oaths
           concerning
           things
           that
           are
           
           not
           Moral
           ,
           this
           tacite
           condition
           is
           always
           included
           ,
           of
           their
           not
           being
           ,
           or
           upon
           alteration
           of
           the
           Circumstances
           becoming
           contrary
           to
           the
           publick
           Good
           ;
           and
           this
           is
           without
           all
           doubt
           to
           be
           observed
           about
           Government
           ,
           because
           it
           was
           instituted
           for
           no
           other
           reason
           but
           for
           the
           publick
           Good.
           
        
         
           Oaths
           do
           not
           alter
           the
           nature
           of
           allegiance
           ,
           or
           make
           it
           due
           where
           it
           was
           not
           before
           ,
           or
           any
           ways
           extend
           it
           ,
           but
           only
           add
           a
           new
           tye
           to
           pay
           that
           allegiance
           which
           is
           due
           upon
           the
           account
           of
           protection
           ;
           he
           that
           lives
           under
           a
           Government
           ,
           though
           he
           has
           not
           Sworn
           to
           it
           ,
           owes
           it
           the
           same
           allegiance
           as
           he
           that
           has
           ;
           and
           if
           he
           should
           deny
           his
           allegiance
           to
           it
           ,
           would
           be
           equally
           guilty
           of
           Treason
           ,
           though
           not
           of
           Perjury
           .
           It
           is
           evident
           by
           the
           universal
           practice
           of
           Mankind
           ,
           that
           no
           Subjects
           ever
           thought
           themselves
           obliged
           by
           their
           Oaths
           of
           Fidelity
           ,
           which
           Governments
           have
           constantly
           imposed
           on
           them
           ,
           when
           they
           ceased
           to
           be
           protected
           by
           them
           .
           The
           Legislative
           power
           ,
           especially
           where
           the
           people
           have
           a
           share
           in
           it
           ,
           are
           presumed
           to
           recede
           as
           little
           as
           possible
           from
           natural
           equity
           ,
           and
           to
           design
           by
           imposing
           such
           Oaths
           ,
           the
           good
           and
           preservation
           of
           the
           Society
           ;
           whose
           interest
           it
           is
           ,
           that
           they
           that
           have
           the
           publick
           Administration
           of
           affairs
           should
           not
           be
           disturbed
           .
           But
           it
           is
           not
           at
           all
           material
           whether
           this
           or
           that
           man
           ,
           provided
           they
           are
           well
           managed
           ,
           has
           the
           direction
           of
           them
           :
           Nor
           can
           it
           without
           the
           greatest
           absurdity
           be
           supposed
           ,
           that
           such
           numbers
           of
           men
           as
           Societies
           are
           composed
           of
           ,
           who
           are
           by
           nature
           equal
           ,
           should
           oblige
           themselves
           by
           the
           most
           solemn
           Tyes
           to
           become
           most
           miserable
           ,
           by
           living
           without
           protection
           ;
           nay
           ,
           to
           lose
           even
           their
           lives
           rather
           than
           own
           the
           Government
           that
           can
           protect
           them
           ,
           for
           no
           other
           reason
           ,
           but
           barely
           an
           extraordinary
           fondness
           to
           one
           of
           their
           Number
           ,
           to
           give
           him
           ,
           not
           the
           Necessaries
           or
           real
           Conveniences
           of
           Life
           ,
           but
           only
           an
           Office
           (
           for
           Government
           is
           no
           other
           )
           which
           is
           but
           an
           imaginary
           happiness
           ;
           for
           if
           Government
           were
           a
           real
           happiness
           to
           the
           Persons
           that
           possess
           it
           ,
           several
           upon
           their
           parting
           with
           it
           would
           not
           have
           found
           themselves
           happier
           then
           before
           .
           That
           people
           should
           be
           true
           to
           those
           that
           have
           the
           administration
           of
           Civil
           affairs
           ,
           is
           all
           that
           Oaths
           of
           Fidelity
           require
           :
           and
           it
           is
           evident
           by
           the
           words
           of
           it
           ,
           that
           the
           late
           Oath
           of
           Allegiance
           required
           no
           more
           ,
           and
           to
           extend
           it
           further
           then
           the
           King
           in
           Possession
           ,
           is
           not
           reconcileable
           with
           the
           reason
           ,
           end
           ,
           and
           design
           of
           paying
           obedience
           ;
           which
           is
           the
           peace
           aud
           happiness
           of
           the
           Society
           ,
           which
           can
           never
           be
           maintained
           if
           people
           may
           ,
           for
           the
           sake
           of
           a
           single
           
           person
           ,
           disturb
           him
           that
           has
           the
           Administration
           of
           their
           common
           affairs
           ;
           and
           it
           would
           require
           impossibilities
           ,
           because
           a
           private
           person
           is
           incapable
           of
           paying
           allegiance
           to
           a
           King
           when
           out
           of
           possession
           of
           the
           Government
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XII
           .
           Of
           the
           Act
           of
           Parliament
           of
           the
           11
           of
           Hen.
           7.
           
        
         
           BEsides
           no
           Act
           of
           Parliament
           ought
           to
           be
           so
           interpreted
           ,
           as
           by
           bare
           implication
           to
           destroy
           a
           former
           Act
           ,
           as
           such
           an
           interpretation
           would
           the
           Eleventh
           of
           Hen.
           7.
           
           Chap.
           1.
           a
           Law
           still
           in
           force
           ,
           which
           does
           declare
           ,
           
             It
             is
             against
             all
             Law
             ,
             Reason
             ,
             and
             Conscience
             ,
             that
             Subjects
             ,
          
           &c.
           
             any
             thing
             should
             lose
             or
             forfeit
             for
             doing
             their
             Duty
             and
             Service
             of
             Allegiance
             .
             Be
             it
             Enacted
             ,
          
           &c.
           
           
             That
             no
             person
             that
             attends
             upon
             the
             King
             and
             Sovereign
             Lord
             for
             the
             time
             being
             ,
             and
             does
             him
             true
             and
             faithful
             Service
             of
             Allegiance
             ,
          
           &c.
           
             shall
             not
             any-wise
             be
             molested
          
           .
           What
           can
           be
           plainer
           then
           that
           it
           is
           the
           duty
           of
           every
           Subject
           to
           bear
           true
           saith
           and
           allegiance
           to
           the
           King
           in
           being
           ?
           And
           to
           encourage
           them
           in
           their
           duty
           ,
           the
           Laws
           does
           secure
           them
           from
           any
           manner
           of
           Molestation
           for
           the
           time
           to
           come
           ,
           and
           declares
           it
           against
           all
           Law
           ,
           Reason
           ,
           and
           Conscience
           that
           any
           should
           suffer
           upon
           that
           account
           .
        
         
           The
           people
           would
           be
           in
           a
           most
           miserable
           condition
           ,
           should
           they
           be
           in
           danger
           of
           being
           Hang'd
           for
           not
           obeying
           the
           King
           in
           being
           ,
           or
           for
           obeying
           him
           ,
           to
           be
           punished
           by
           the
           succeeding
           Kings
           as
           Traitors
           .
        
         
           The
           endless
           quarrels
           ,
           almost
           to
           the
           utter
           Ruin
           of
           the
           Nation
           ,
           between
           the
           Houses
           of
           York
           and
           Lancaster
           ,
           made
           the
           necessity
           of
           such
           a
           Law
           very
           evident
           :
           Tho
           this
           then
           was
           no
           new
           Law
           but
           only
           declarative
           of
           the
           ancient
           Law
           (
           for
           they
           supposed
           it
           before
           to
           be
           against
           all
           Law
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           Reason
           and
           Conscience
           ,
           that
           ,
           &c.
           )
           By
           which
           Law
           it
           is
           plain
           ,
           that
           a
           King
           in
           possession
           has
           the
           same
           Right
           to
           the
           Peoples
           allegiance
           ,
           as
           any
           King
           whatever
           ;
           because
           no
           King
           has
           any
           other
           then
           a
           Legal
           Right
           to
           the
           peoples
           obedience
           ,
           which
           this
           Law
           declareth
           is
           the
           Right
           of
           all
           that
           are
           in
           possession
           of
           the
           Government
           .
           And
           accordingly
           it
           has
           been
           the
           opinion
           of
           the
           
           Lawyers
           ,
           that
           Treason
           cannot
           be
           committed
           but
           against
           a
           King
           in
           possession
           ,
           and
           there
           can
           be
           no
           Treason
           committed
           but
           against
           him
           to
           whom
           allegiance
           is
           due
           ;
           and
           Acts
           of
           Parliament
           made
           in
           the
           Reigns
           of
           such
           Kings
           (
           though
           not
           confirmed
           by
           succeeding
           Kings
           )
           are
           valid
           ,
           and
           oblige
           the
           Subjects
           ,
           as
           much
           as
           those
           made
           by
           such
           as
           are
           usually
           call'd
           Legal
           Kings
           .
        
         
           
             But
             it
             may
             be
             Objected
          
           ,
           That
           if
           they
           who
           were
           instrumental
           in
           a
           Rebellion
           ,
           may
           not
           endeavour
           to
           restore
           their
           Legal
           Prince
           ,
           they
           put
           themselves
           out
           of
           a
           possibility
           of
           making
           restitution
           .
        
         
           Answ.
           Those
           that
           unjustly
           deprive
           a
           King
           of
           his
           Crown
           ,
           ought
           no
           doubt
           to
           Restore
           him
           ;
           but
           if
           another
           has
           got
           possession
           of
           the
           Government
           ,
           by
           what
           has
           been
           said
           ,
           I
           think
           it
           is
           plain
           they
           ought
           to
           obey
           him
           .
           There
           can
           be
           no
           dispute
           ,
           but
           they
           that
           were
           no
           way
           instrumental
           in
           the
           Revolution
           ,
           but
           did
           their
           Duty
           in
           Defending
           him
           in
           the
           possession
           of
           his
           Crown
           ,
           were
           free
           from
           any
           obligation
           as
           to
           him
           ,
           when
           he
           had
           lost
           the
           power
           of
           protecting
           them
           ;
           and
           were
           bound
           for
           the
           sake
           of
           their
           own
           preservation
           to
           pay
           allegiance
           to
           him
           from
           whom
           they
           received
           protection
           ,
           and
           obliged
           to
           defend
           him
           to
           the
           utmost
           ;
           but
           if
           the
           rest
           of
           the
           Society
           who
           receive
           protection
           from
           him
           are
           obliged
           to
           oppose
           him
           ,
           then
           the
           Society
           must
           be
           divided
           ,
           and
           of
           necessity
           run
           into
           Civil
           Wars
           ,
           which
           is
           against
           the
           nature
           of
           Civil
           Societies
           ,
           and
           inconsistent
           with
           the
           duty
           of
           self-preservation
           ,
           which
           obligeth
           men
           not
           to
           expose
           their
           lives
           but
           to
           obtain
           a
           greater
           good
           than
           their
           lives
           ,
           which
           can
           only
           be
           the
           publick
           Good
           ,
           not
           the
           single
           Interest
           of
           any
           one
           person
           .
        
         
           They
           that
           were
           instrumental
           in
           raising
           a
           Rebellion
           ,
           were
           no
           doubt
           guilty
           of
           a
           very
           enormous
           crime
           ,
           but
           that
           which
           made
           it
           so
           ,
           was
           not
           barely
           the
           injury
           they
           committed
           against
           the
           Prince
           (
           to
           whom
           ,
           if
           alone
           considered
           ,
           the
           breach
           of
           a
           promise
           in
           refusing
           to
           pay
           obedience
           to
           him
           ,
           could
           be
           no
           greater
           crime
           than
           a
           breach
           of
           a
           promise
           to
           another
           person
           )
           but
           the
           fatal
           mischief
           &
           irreparable
           damage
           they
           did
           the
           Commonwealth
           :
           And
           a
           new
           Commotion
           ,
           in
           all
           probability
           ,
           would
           be
           more
           destructive
           ;
           and
           a
           Nation
           by
           being
           so
           much
           weakned
           by
           the
           former
           ,
           would
           be
           less
           able
           to
           bear
           a
           new
           War.
           It
           is
           a
           greater
           sin
           ,
           if
           the
           persons
           themselves
           are
           only
           considered
           ,
           to
           take
           away
           the
           life
           ,
           of
           one
           man
           ,
           than
           to
           deprive
           another
           of
           any
           worldly
           advantage
           ;
           it
           is
           only
           the
           publick
           that
           makes
           it
           otherwise
           ,
           but
           the
           publick
           in
           both
           cases
           is
           equally
           concerned
           ,
           and
           the
           consequences
           may
           be
           as
           fatal
           in
           disturbing
           the
           Usurper's
           Government
           ,
           as
           that
           of
           a
           Legal
           Prince
           .
           That
           which
           makes
           the
           
           Crime
           of
           Rebellion
           of
           so
           deep
           a
           dye
           ,
           is
           ,
           because
           Rebels
           put
           it
           out
           of
           their
           power
           to
           make
           reparation
           for
           all
           the
           misery
           and
           destruction
           a
           Civil
           War
           creates
           ;
           nor
           is
           endeavouring
           to
           bring
           the
           same
           Calamities
           upon
           a
           Nation
           ,
           a
           proper
           way
           to
           make
           them
           amends
           .
           If
           there
           be
           no
           other
           way
           to
           make
           reparation
           to
           their
           injured
           King
           ,
           but
           by
           engaging
           the
           Nation
           in
           Civil
           Wars
           ,
           they
           ought
           not
           to
           attempt
           making
           him
           reparation
           by
           such
           unlawful
           ways
           .
        
         
           The
           not
           restoring
           a
           Person
           to
           the
           Crown
           that
           he
           is
           unjustly
           deprived
           of
           ,
           can
           only
           be
           considered
           ,
           when
           the
           publick
           is
           no
           longer
           concerned
           in
           his
           Actions
           ,
           and
           the
           Affairs
           of
           the
           Nation
           are
           managed
           by
           other
           hands
           ,
           as
           an
           injury
           to
           a
           single
           person
           ,
           and
           the
           greatness
           of
           the
           injury
           ,
           is
           to
           be
           judged
           not
           by
           the
           value
           of
           the
           thing
           it self
           ,
           but
           what
           he
           that
           is
           unjustly
           deprived
           of
           it
           ,
           suffers
           by
           the
           loss
           of
           it
           .
           What
           is
           absolutely
           necessary
           for
           the
           subsistence
           of
           one
           person
           may
           be
           but
           superfluities
           to
           another
           ;
           and
           as
           the
           Widows
           Mites
           were
           greater
           Charity
           than
           what
           the
           Rich
           out
           of
           their
           Abundance
           gave
           ;
           so
           the
           Robbing
           her
           of
           them
           ,
           because
           she
           could
           less
           spare
           them
           ,
           would
           have
           been
           a
           greater
           injury
           ,
           and
           consequently
           a
           greater
           sin
           ,
           than
           Robbing
           a
           Rich
           man
           ,
           that
           could
           better
           spare
           it
           ,
           of
           a
           thousand
           times
           as
           much
           .
        
         
           Tyrants
           ,
           it
           is
           true
           ,
           rob
           great
           numbers
           of
           the
           conveniences
           ,
           and
           very
           often
           of
           the
           necessaries
           of
           Life
           ;
           but
           Usurpers
           only
           hinder
           single
           persons
           from
           enjoying
           ,
           not
           the
           necessaries
           or
           conveniences
           of
           Life
           ,
           but
           Superfluities
           ,
           because
           all
           the
           necessaries
           ,
           and
           even
           conveniences
           of
           life
           ,
           can
           be
           had
           without
           a
           Crown
           .
           Yet
           the
           Usurpers
           ,
           without
           all
           dispute
           ,
           if
           they
           can
           without
           any
           injury
           to
           the
           publick
           ,
           ought
           to
           restore
           the
           Government
           to
           those
           from
           whom
           they
           do
           unjustly
           wrest
           it
           ;
           but
           if
           they
           do
           not
           ,
           Subjects
           for
           the
           sake
           of
           Government
           ,
           to
           which
           Sacred
           Ordinance
           ,
           Obedience
           by
           God
           himself
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           man
           is
           annexed
           ,
           ought
           to
           submit
           .
           Christ
           and
           his
           Apostles
           make
           no
           distinction
           ,
           but
           command
           Obedience
           to
           all
           in
           possession
           ,
           by
           annexing
           God's
           Authority
           to
           the
           Office
           of
           Governing
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           CHAP.
           XIII
           .
           Of
           Proofs
           of
           Scripture
           concerning
           Obedience
           to
           those
           that
           actually
           Administer
           Government
           .
        
         
           CHRIST
           in
           the
           Directions
           he
           gave
           ,
           Mat.
           23.
           to
           his
           Disciples
           ,
           and
           to
           the
           multitude
           about
           their
           Behaviour
           to
           the
           Scribes
           and
           Pharisees
           ,
           requires
           Obedience
           to
           be
           paid
           them
           only
           upon
           the
           account
           of
           Possession
           ;
           saying
           ,
           
             The
             Scribes
             and
             Pharisees
             sit
             in
             Moses's
             seat
             ,
             all
             therefore
             whatsoever
             they
             bid
             you
             observe
             ,
             that
             observe
             and
             do
             :
          
           and
           gives
           no
           other
           reason
           for
           this
           great
           Obedience
           in
           doing
           and
           observing
           whatever
           they
           command
           ,
           but
           because
           they
           sat
           in
           
           Moses's
           seat
           ;
           that
           is
           ,
           were
           possessed
           of
           
           Moses's
           Authority
           ,
           who
           in
           the
           Theocracy
           was
           the
           Chief
           Magistrate
           .
           Not
           that
           the
           Scribes
           and
           Pharisees
           had
           so
           great
           a
           power
           as
           Moses
           ,
           but
           as
           far
           as
           they
           did
           enjoy
           his
           Seat
           ,
           Throne
           ,
           and
           Authority
           ,
           so
           far
           they
           were
           to
           be
           Obeyed
           :
           They
           were
           then
           the
           greatest
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           chiefest
           part
           of
           the
           grand
           Sanhedrin
           ,
           which
           in
           all
           causes
           where
           the
           Romans
           had
           left
           the
           Jews
           to
           their
           Liberty
           ,
           had
           the
           Supreme
           Power
           both
           in
           Civil
           and
           Ecclesiastical
           matters
           .
           (
           There
           were
           not
           in
           the
           Jewish
           Republick
           two
           distinct
           independant
           Powers
           ,
           one
           for
           Civil
           ,
           another
           for
           Ecclesiastical
           Causes
           )
           .
           If
           the
           people
           were
           then
           obliged
           to
           pay
           so
           great
           Obedience
           ,
           barely
           upon
           the
           account
           of
           Possession
           ,
           why
           may
           not
           the
           same
           direction
           serve
           for
           a
           standing
           rule
           to
           the
           multitude
           in
           all
           times
           ?
           And
           not
           only
           to
           the
           Inferiors
           ,
           but
           even
           to
           the
           Supreme
           Magistrate
           himself
           Christ
           requires
           Obedience
           upon
           no
           other
           account
           but
           that
           of
           possession
           .
           If
           Caesar
           be
           in
           possession
           of
           the
           Empire
           ,
           as
           it
           did
           appear
           by
           his
           Coining
           of
           Money
           and
           Stamping
           his
           Image
           upon
           it
           ,
           that
           being
           a
           mark
           of
           Sovereignty
           and
           Empire
           ,
           but
           not
           of
           any
           Legal
           Title
           to
           it
           ;
           then
           Caesar
           is
           to
           have
           Tribute
           and
           all
           other
           parts
           of
           Allegiance
           paid
           him
           .
        
         
           And
           St.
           Paul
           in
           express
           terms
           requires
           Obedience
           to
           
             the
             powers
             that
             be
          
           ,
           and
           declares
           there
           is
           no
           Power
           but
           what
           is
           from
           God.
           The
           Jews
           being
           influenced
           by
           the
           Priests
           and
           Pharisees
           ,
           who
           because
           they
           were
           obliged
           by
           their
           Law
           to
           place
           no
           Stranger
           over
           them
           ,
           scrupled
           to
           pay
           obedience
           to
           the
           Roman
           Emperors
           ,
           because
           they
           were
           Strangers
           and
           not
           capable
           of
           a
           Legal
           Right
           ,
           not
           considering
           the
           Law
           did
           not
           oblige
           them
           but
           when
           it
           was
           in
           their
           
           own
           choice
           ,
           and
           not
           when
           they
           were
           under
           the
           power
           of
           the
           Romans
           ,
           to
           whom
           for
           the
           sake
           of
           protection
           they
           were
           obliged
           to
           pay
           obedience
           ;
           St.
           Paul
           ,
           to
           take
           away
           these
           scruples
           ,
           assures
           them
           all
           Powers
           are
           from
           God.
           If
           St.
           Paul
           had
           only
           meant
           Legal
           Powers
           ,
           since
           none
           but
           Jews
           were
           capable
           of
           being
           such
           ,
           he
           had
           confirmed
           the
           Jews
           in
           their
           Error
           .
           But
           the
           reason
           why
           St.
           Paul
           obliges
           men
           to
           submit
           ,
           will
           demonstrate
           that
           all
           
             actual
             Rulers
          
           are
           meant
           and
           none
           but
           they
           ,
           because
           they
           alone
           are
           a
           Terror
           to
           evil
           works
           ,
           and
           a
           Praise
           to
           the
           good
           ,
           none
           but
           the
           
             actual
             Ruler
             is
             a
             Minister
             of
             God
             ,
             a
             Revenger
             to
             execute
             wrath
             upon
             him
             that
             does
             evil
             ,
             or
             a
             Minister
             of
             God
             for
             good
             .
          
           What
           can
           more
           fully
           demonstrate
           that
           the
           reason
           of
           obedience
           is
           for
           the
           benefits
           men
           receive
           by
           Government
           ?
           And
           what
           makes
           the
           Crime
           of
           Resisting
           them
           so
           great
           ,
           is
           ,
           because
           men
           Oppose
           those
           by
           whom
           they
           receive
           so
           many
           advantages
           ?
           It
           is
           because
           they
           have
           the
           power
           of
           the
           Sword
           (
           which
           includeth
           all
           manner
           of
           Punishment
           )
           by
           which
           they
           secure
           and
           protect
           their
           Subjects
           from
           all
           manner
           of
           injury
           and
           violence
           of
           ill
           men
           ;
           and
           being
           Ministers
           of
           God
           for
           good
           ,
           includeth
           all
           the
           good
           they
           receive
           both
           to
           their
           Persons
           and
           Properties
           ;
           
             for
             which
             cause
             you
             pay
             tribute
             also
             ,
             for
             they
             are
             God's
             ministers
             continually
             attending
             upon
             this
             very
             thing
             .
          
           It
           is
           their
           dispensing
           these
           advantages
           to
           Mankind
           ,
           that
           makes
           them
           God's
           Ministers
           and
           God's
           Ordinance
           (
           the
           Scripture
           affirming
           those
           things
           that
           are
           necessary
           for
           the
           good
           of
           Mankind
           to
           come
           from
           God
           ,
           as
           plowing
           and
           sowing
           ,
           Isaiah
           28.
           from
           Verse
           the
           23d
           .
           to
           the
           
             29th
             .
          
           )
           If
           it
           once
           be
           known
           (
           as
           the
           discovery
           cannot
           be
           difficult
           )
           who
           it
           is
           that
           beareth
           the
           Sword
           ,
           who
           administers
           Justice
           ,
           who
           Rewards
           ,
           and
           who
           Punisheth
           ;
           if
           the
           Apostle's
           word
           is
           to
           be
           taken
           ,
           subjection
           is
           not
           only
           due
           to
           him
           for
           Wrath
           ,
           but
           for
           Conscience-sake
           :
           and
           the
           same
           Apostle
           exhorts
           ,
           That
           
             prayers
             be
             made
             for
             Kings
             ,
             and
             all
             in
             Authority
             ,
             that
             we
             may
             lead
             a
             quiet
             and
             peaceable
             life
             in
             all
             godliness
             and
             honesty
             .
          
           These
           reasons
           can
           only
           concern
           those
           that
           have
           actual
           Power
           and
           Authority
           ,
           by
           whose
           protection
           those
           that
           live
           under
           them
           may
           lead
           such
           lives
           ;
           and
           if
           it
           be
           our
           duty
           to
           pray
           that
           we
           may
           lead
           such
           Lives
           ,
           it
           must
           be
           our
           duty
           to
           enable
           them
           that
           have
           Authority
           over
           us
           ,
           to
           secure
           us
           in
           the
           enjoyment
           of
           a
           quiet
           and
           peaceable
           Life
           .
           Do
           the
           Principles
           or
           Practices
           of
           the
           Jacobites
           suit
           with
           this
           Doctrine
           ?
           who
           instead
           of
           Praying
           for
           those
           in
           Authority
           ,
           make
           it
           their
           business
           by
           opposing
           them
           ,
           to
           destroy
           not
           only
           our
           Quiet
           and
           Peace
           ,
           and
           even
           all
           Godliness
           and
           Honesty
           too
           ,
           
           by
           endeavouring
           to
           set
           up
           again
           a
           Popish
           Governor
           ,
           and
           by
           consequence
           ,
           to
           introduce
           a
           Religion
           ,
           whose
           Principles
           are
           destructive
           of
           true
           Godliness
           and
           Honesty
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           the
           Peace
           and
           Quiet
           of
           the
           Professors
           of
           them
           .
           And
           St.
           Peter
           for
           the
           same
           reason
           requires
           people
           to
           submit
           to
           the
           Supream
           Magistrate
           ,
           whom
           he
           calls
           the
           Ordinance
           of
           Man
           ;
           so
           that
           it
           is
           plain
           ,
           that
           God
           by
           approving
           this
           Human
           Ordinance
           ,
           approves
           it
           as
           Human
           ,
           and
           requires
           obedience
           to
           it
           for
           the
           same
           Reasons
           that
           men
           at
           first
           instituted
           it
           .
           And
           it
           is
           the
           power
           Governors
           have
           to
           do
           Good
           that
           makes
           them
           to
           be
           not
           only
           God's
           Ordinance
           ,
           and
           God's
           Ministers
           ,
           but
           even
           Gods
           ;
           for
           since
           they
           are
           not
           Gods
           by
           nature
           ,
           (
           tho
           by
           some
           peoples
           arguing
           one
           would
           suppose
           they
           though
           them
           such
           ,
           or
           at
           least
           Beings
           in
           themselves
           superior
           to
           the
           rest
           of
           Mankind
           )
           it
           must
           be
           for
           the
           protection
           they
           afford
           ,
           that
           they
           are
           termed
           so
           ;
           who
           when
           they
           do
           no
           longer
           protect
           the
           people
           ,
           cease
           to
           be
           a
           Human
           Ordinance
           ,
           and
           then
           too
           they
           cease
           to
           be
           a
           Divine
           one
           :
           And
           the
           same
           Reasons
           that
           obliges
           people
           to
           submit
           to
           them
           ,
           when
           they
           act
           for
           the
           good
           of
           the
           Society
           ,
           does
           as
           much
           oblige
           people
           to
           oppose
           them
           ,
           if
           they
           design
           to
           ruin
           and
           destroy
           them
           .
           It
           cannot
           well
           be
           supposed
           ,
           that
           God
           who
           has
           obliged
           Mankind
           to
           preserve
           their
           lives
           ,
           and
           consequently
           to
           use
           the
           means
           that
           are
           necessary
           for
           that
           end
           ,
           should
           require
           People
           to
           suffer
           themselves
           to
           be
           destroyed
           ,
           to
           gratify
           the
           Lust
           ,
           or
           Barbarity
           of
           a
           single
           Person
           ,
           or
           a
           few
           ;
           who
           are
           by
           Nature
           but
           their
           Equals
           ,
           and
           only
           above
           them
           by
           being
           in
           an
           Office
           which
           they
           erected
           only
           for
           their
           Convenience
           .
        
         
           Obj.
           St.
           Paul
           makes
           no
           manner
           of
           exception
           ,
           but
           declareth
           ,
           
             Whosoever
             resists
             shall
             receive
             damnation
          
           .
        
         
           Ans.
           The
           Apostle
           requireth
           obedience
           to
           Parents
           in
           all
           things
           ;
           so
           he
           requireth
           obedience
           to
           Masters
           ,
           Husbands
           ,
           Pastors
           ,
           without
           mentioning
           any
           Exceptions
           ;
           so
           here
           the
           Apostle
           (
           which
           was
           sufficient
           for
           his
           purpose
           )
           declareth
           all
           people
           ought
           to
           obey
           the
           Supream
           Powers
           ,
           without
           mentioning
           this
           exception
           ,
           which
           from
           the
           nature
           ,
           end
           ,
           and
           design
           of
           Government
           ,
           and
           even
           from
           those
           Reasons
           which
           he
           gives
           for
           Obedience
           ,
           does
           necessarily
           flow
           .
        
         
           It
           cannot
           be
           presumed
           that
           Christ
           gave
           Authority
           to
           his
           Apostles
           to
           make
           Slaves
           of
           Mankind
           ,
           by
           giving
           the
           Emperors
           a
           new
           Power
           ,
           who
           before
           by
           no
           Law
           of
           God
           or
           Nature
           had
           such
           a
           power
           over
           peoples
           lives
           .
           All
           the
           Power
           the
           Roman
           Government
           had
           ,
           was
           immediatly
           from
           the
           people
           ;
           who
           ,
           as
           it
           is
           plain
           in
           History
           ,
           by
           their
           mutual
           Consent
           erected
           that
           Commonwealth
           ;
           and
           what
           power
           the
           Emperors
           had
           ,
           was
           given
           them
           too
           by
           the
           people
           ,
           who
           by
           the
           
             Lex
             Regia
          
           conferred
           it
           upon
           them
           .
        
         
         
           All
           that
           can
           be
           deduced
           from
           Scripture
           ,
           is
           ,
           That
           obedience
           is
           due
           to
           those
           that
           protect
           the
           people
           ;
           and
           nothing
           can
           be
           plainet
           than
           those
           Texts
           which
           require
           it
           :
           By
           which
           plain
           and
           ignorant
           people
           may
           know
           their
           duty
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           the
           learned
           and
           wise
           .
           It
           would
           have
           been
           inconsistent
           with
           the
           Goodness
           of
           God
           to
           have
           required
           obedience
           on
           the
           greatest
           penalties
           ,
           and
           yet
           leave
           it
           so
           uncertain
           ,
           as
           the
           Jacobitish
           Principles
           would
           render
           it
           ,
           to
           whom
           obedience
           is
           to
           be
           paid
           .
           What
           can
           be
           more
           uncertain
           than
           generally
           Titles
           are
           ?
           And
           are
           there
           not
           innumerable
           intricate
           difficulties
           ,
           about
           long
           Possession
           ,
           presumed
           Consent
           ,
           a
           just
           cause
           for
           a
           total
           Conquest
           ,
           &c.
           
           If
           about
           these
           Points
           the
           Learned
           do
           so
           extreamly
           differ
           ,
           as
           any
           one
           may
           perceive
           ,
           that
           gives
           himself
           the
           trouble
           to
           examine
           what
           Authors
           have
           writ
           upon
           it
           ,
           who
           give
           good
           Reasons
           for
           destroying
           one
           another's
           Hypothesis
           ,
           but
           none
           for
           confirming
           their
           own
           ,
           but
           what
           are
           liable
           to
           equal
           Exceptions
           ;
           what
           means
           or
           possibility
           have
           almost
           all
           Mankind
           ,
           the
           unlearned
           and
           common
           people
           ,
           of
           knowing
           their
           duty
           ?
        
         
           
             But
             it
             may
             be
             objected
          
           ,
           Though
           the
           common
           people
           should
           be
           mistaken
           ,
           invincible
           Ignorance
           will
           excuse
           them
           .
        
         
           Ans.
           Not
           to
           dispute
           how
           far
           such
           Ignorance
           will
           excuse
           them
           ;
           I
           am
           sure
           it
           is
           inconsistent
           with
           the
           Infinite
           Wisdom
           of
           God
           ,
           to
           give
           such
           Rules
           ,
           as
           almost
           all
           Mankind
           are
           utterly
           uncapable
           of
           understanding
           ,
           or
           guiding
           their
           Actions
           by
           .
           But
           whoever
           considereth
           these
           Texts
           of
           Scripture
           ,
           will
           see
           the
           falseness
           of
           such
           impious
           Reflections
           ,
           and
           must
           admire
           the
           Goodness
           of
           God
           in
           laying
           down
           Rules
           so
           plain
           ,
           that
           a
           well-meaning
           man
           cannot
           mistake
           them
           :
           But
           if
           men
           will
           be
           wiser
           than
           God
           himself
           ,
           and
           not
           be
           content
           with
           those
           Laws
           he
           prescribes
           them
           ,
           but
           will
           invent
           new
           Rules
           ,
           and
           new
           ways
           ;
           or
           by
           following
           the
           Tradition
           of
           the
           Jewish
           Priests
           ,
           will
           disturb
           the
           peace
           and
           quiet
           of
           Human
           Societies
           ,
           by
           opposing
           the
           Powers
           that
           be
           :
           If
           by
           so
           doing
           they
           incur
           the
           severest
           Punishments
           here
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           Eternal
           Torments
           hereafter
           ,
           with
           those
           damned
           ill-natured
           Spirits
           ,
           the
           grand
           Enemies
           of
           Mankind
           ,
           who
           at
           first
           possessed
           men
           with
           these
           Maxims
           so
           pernicious
           to
           Human
           Societies
           ,
           they
           must
           thank
           themselves
           ,
           and
           their
           too
           great
           Subtilty
           .
        
         
           The
           Primitive
           Christians
           all
           along
           complied
           with
           the
           Revolution
           of
           the
           Empire
           ,
           and
           whoever
           was
           in
           possession
           of
           it
           ,
           without
           examing
           his
           Title
           ,
           paid
           him
           allegiance
           ,
           and
           thought
           him
           invested
           with
           God's
           Authority
           :
           And
           as
           the
           Goths
           and
           Vandals
           ,
           and
           other
           barbarous
           Nations
           on
           one
           hand
           ,
           and
           the
           
             Saracens
             ,
             Turks
          
           and
           Persians
           on
           the
           other
           ,
           without
           any
           just
           cause
           overturn'd
           the
           Roman
           Empire
           ;
           the
           
           Christians
           were
           so
           far
           from
           disputing
           their
           Titles
           ,
           or
           refusing
           to
           transfer
           their
           Allegiance
           to
           them
           ,
           that
           they
           never
           scrupled
           to
           own
           their
           Government
           .
           If
           these
           Pharisaical
           Notions
           had
           then
           been
           believed
           ,
           or
           practised
           ,
           those
           Nations
           would
           have
           extirpated
           all
           the
           Professors
           of
           Christianity
           as
           Enemies
           to
           Government
           and
           Order
           ,
           instead
           of
           being
           converted
           to
           their
           Religion
           ,
           as
           most
           of
           the
           Northern
           Nations
           were
           .
           Nor
           do
           the
           Christians
           ,
           that
           now
           live
           under
           the
           Dominions
           of
           the
           Infidels
           ,
           vary
           from
           this
           Primitive
           Practice
           ,
           or
           scruple
           to
           transfer
           their
           Allegiance
           to
           any
           that
           gets
           possession
           of
           the
           Sacred
           Office
           of
           Governing
           ,
           tho
           the
           Legal
           Prince
           be
           still
           alive
           .
           Did
           not
           the
           Jews
           ,
           though
           they
           were
           commanded
           by
           a
           Divine
           Law
           to
           take
           a
           King
           from
           amongst
           their
           Brethren
           ,
           and
           God
           himself
           had
           intailed
           the
           Crown
           on
           the
           Posterity
           of
           David
           ,
           practice
           the
           same
           ,
           as
           they
           fell
           under
           the
           power
           of
           the
           four
           great
           Empires
           ?
           And
           did
           they
           not
           submit
           to
           Alexander
           without
           endeavouring
           to
           oppose
           him
           ,
           when
           Darius
           ,
           to
           whom
           they
           had
           sworn
           obedience
           ,
           could
           no
           longer
           protect
           them
           ?
        
         
           I
           shall
           add
           but
           one
           Instance
           more
           ,
           and
           that
           shall
           be
           of
           David
           ,
           who
           thought
           it
           not
           unlawful
           ,
           when
           Saul
           designed
           to
           take
           away
           his
           life
           ,
           to
           transfer
           his
           Allegiance
           ,
           and
           fly
           to
           Achish
           King
           of
           Gath
           for
           protection
           ,
           who
           made
           him
           Keeper
           of
           his
           Head
           ,
           or
           Captain
           of
           his
           Guard
           ;
           and
           whilst
           he
           was
           under
           his
           protection
           ,
           he
           thought
           it
           his
           duty
           to
           pay
           all
           manner
           of
           Allegiance
           to
           him
           ;
           and
           (
           tho
           contrary
           to
           his
           Interest
           ,
           and
           the
           hopes
           he
           had
           of
           being
           King
           after
           
           Saul's
           death
           )
           even
           to
           join
           with
           the
           Uncircumcised
           to
           invade
           his
           own
           Countrey
           ,
           and
           to
           sight
           against
           the
           Lord
           's
           Anointed
           ,
           his
           late
           King
           and
           Father-in-law
           ;
           and
           as
           appeareth
           by
           the
           1
           Sam.
           29.
           8.
           was
           much
           grieved
           ,
           and
           humbly
           expostulateth
           with
           the
           King
           for
           not
           permitting
           him
           to
           attend
           him
           in
           the
           Battel
           ;
           
             But
             what
             have
             I
             done
             ?
             or
             what
             hast
             thou
             found
             in
             thy
             servant
             ,
             so
             long
             as
             I
             have
             been
             with
             thee
             until
             this
             day
             ,
             that
             I
             may
             not
             go
             and
             fight
             against
             the
             enemies
             of
             my
             Lord
             the
             King
             ?
             Saul
          
           by
           designing
           to
           destroy
           David
           ,
           had
           freed
           him
           from
           the
           Allegiance
           he
           owed
           him
           ;
           for
           he
           that
           designs
           to
           destroy
           a
           person
           ,
           cannot
           have
           a
           mind
           to
           govern
           that
           person
           he
           designs
           to
           destroy
           ;
           and
           if
           he
           will
           not
           govern
           him
           ,
           he
           is
           free
           from
           his
           Government
           ,
           and
           at
           liberty
           to
           pay
           his
           Allegiance
           where
           he
           thinks
           best
           .
           And
           if
           David
           expected
           from
           the
           King
           of
           Gath
           an
           universal
           protection
           from
           all
           his
           Enemies
           ,
           he
           ought
           to
           pay
           the
           King
           an
           universal
           obedience
           .
        
         
           If
           a
           private
           person
           be
           free
           from
           the
           Government
           that
           designs
           to
           destroy
           him
           ,
           the
           Argument
           will
           hold
           as
           strongly
           in
           behalf
           of
           a
           Nation
           that
           is
           designed
           to
           be
           destroyed
           ;
           and
           whoever
           attempts
           it
           ,
           
           does
           not
           only
           renounce
           the
           Government
           of
           the
           Nation
           ,
           but
           puts
           himself
           in
           a
           state
           of
           War
           ,
           and
           declares
           himself
           an
           utter
           Enemy
           to
           them
           ,
           who
           are
           as
           much
           obliged
           to
           resist
           him
           ,
           as
           they
           are
           any
           other
           Enemy
           .
        
         
           Upon
           this
           Head
           the
           Jews
           ,
           in
           the
           time
           of
           the
           Maccabees
           ,
           took
           up
           Arms
           against
           their
           Legal
           King
           Antiochus
           ,
           (
           whom
           they
           all
           along
           acknowledged
           as
           such
           ,
           and
           who
           was
           Successor
           to
           Alexander
           ,
           who
           had
           the
           same
           right
           to
           their
           obedience
           as
           the
           Persians
           or
           Assyrians
           had
           ,
           )
           who
           was
           resolved
           to
           extirpate
           them
           if
           they
           would
           not
           turn
           Idolaters
           .
           And
           it
           is
           manifest
           ,
           that
           God
           by
           the
           miraculous
           assistance
           he
           gave
           them
           (
           for
           what
           they
           did
           ,
           must
           be
           imputed
           to
           more
           than
           Human
           Force
           )
           did
           approve
           of
           their
           design
           .
           And
           the
           same
           Reasons
           will
           justify
           any
           Nation
           for
           opposing
           that
           Prince
           ,
           that
           does
           endeavour
           upon
           a
           religious
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           account
           to
           destroy
           them
           .
        
         
           By
           what
           hath
           been
           said
           ,
           I
           hope
           it
           is
           plain
           ,
           that
           by
           the
           positive
           Law
           of
           God
           ,
           by
           the
           Law
           of
           right
           Reason
           ,
           by
           the
           Law
           of
           all
           Nations
           ,
           and
           the
           universal
           practice
           of
           Mankind
           ,
           and
           the
           express
           Law
           of
           the
           Land
           ,
           obedience
           is
           due
           to
           the
           King
           who
           does
           actually
           govern
           the
           people
           ;
           and
           therefore
           to
           the
           present
           King
           and
           Queen
           ,
           though
           they
           did
           not
           enjoy
           the
           Crown
           (
           vacant
           by
           the
           late
           King's
           Abdication
           )
           by
           any
           Legal
           Right
           ;
           which
           Right
           I
           think
           has
           been
           sufficiently
           demonstrated
           by
           those
           that
           have
           writ
           on
           that
           Subject
           ,
           at
           least
           to
           Lawyers
           ,
           and
           men
           that
           are
           competent
           Judges
           in
           such
           Points
           ,
           of
           which
           a
           great
           many
           are
           no
           more
           competent
           Judges
           ,
           than
           they
           are
           of
           Mathematical
           Demonstrations
           ,
           which
           are
           nevertheless
           Demonstrations
           ;
           but
           none
           can
           be
           mistaken
           who
           they
           are
           that
           do
           actually
           govern
           the
           Nation
           ;
           and
           if
           obedience
           for
           that
           reason
           be
           due
           to
           them
           ,
           other
           inquiries
           are
           needless
           .
        
         
           Therefore
           I
           shall
           only
           add
           ,
           That
           nothing
           could
           be
           more
           Just
           ,
           more
           Glorious
           ,
           more
           Meritorious
           ,
           than
           the
           Prince's
           coming
           over
           to
           rescue
           three
           Nations
           from
           Slavery
           and
           Ruin
           ,
           by
           obliging
           the
           Late
           King
           (
           which
           by
           all
           possible
           Ties
           he
           was
           bound
           to
           )
           to
           govern
           according
           to
           Law
           :
           To
           which
           he
           was
           so
           averse
           ,
           that
           he
           was
           resolved
           not
           to
           govern
           at
           all
           ,
           if
           he
           could
           not
           govern
           Arbitrarily
           ;
           which
           when
           he
           plainly
           saw
           he
           could
           not
           effect
           ,
           he
           threw
           up
           the
           Government
           :
           Which
           ,
           whatever
           Force
           may
           be
           pretended
           ,
           must
           be
           esteemed
           a
           voluntary
           Action
           ,
           because
           he
           might
           have
           prevented
           it
           by
           governing
           according
           to
           Law
           ;
           according
           to
           that
           known
           Axiom
           ,
           
             Involuntarium
             ex
             voluntario
             ortum
             habens
             moraliter
             pro
             voluntario
             habetur
             .
          
        
         
           The
           Throne
           being
           actually
           vacant
           by
           his
           deserting
           it
           ;
           What
           
           Reason
           could
           hinder
           the
           Prince
           from
           accepting
           what
           was
           his
           Right
           ,
           when
           offered
           him
           by
           the
           Convention
           of
           the
           States
           of
           the
           Kingdom
           ?
           Who
           ,
           (
           when
           the
           Throne
           is
           
             actually
             vacant
          
           ,
           and
           it
           is
           not
           clear
           whose
           Right
           it
           is
           )
           are
           ,
           and
           have
           always
           been
           ,
           the
           sole
           proper
           Judges
           to
           determine
           to
           whom
           it
           belongs
           ;
           whose
           Judgments
           must
           give
           a
           Legal
           Right
           ,
           because
           all
           Legal
           Rights
           are
           held
           by
           no
           other
           Tenure
           ,
           than
           the
           Decree
           of
           the
           Supream
           Judges
           .
        
         
           But
           supposing
           the
           King
           had
           no
           Legal
           Right
           ,
           and
           that
           the
           Convention
           were
           not
           Legal
           Judges
           ;
           yet
           if
           they
           were
           chosen
           by
           the
           Nation
           ,
           to
           determin
           ,
           upon
           the
           late
           King
           's
           leaving
           it
           ,
           what
           was
           necessary
           to
           be
           done
           for
           the
           preservation
           of
           the
           Nation
           ,
           it
           being
           necessary
           that
           somewhat
           should
           be
           resolved
           on
           ;
           that
           necessity
           would
           give
           them
           a
           sufficient
           Right
           to
           do
           whatever
           they
           found
           necessary
           for
           the
           preservation
           of
           the
           Nation
           :
           Because
           no
           Nation
           can
           be
           brought
           to
           that
           condition
           ,
           but
           it
           must
           have
           a
           Right
           to
           act
           for
           its
           own
           safety
           ;
           which
           it
           cannot
           do
           ,
           if
           it
           have
           not
           a
           Right
           to
           appoint
           Judges
           to
           determine
           what
           is
           to
           be
           done
           ,
           and
           oblige
           particular
           persons
           to
           stand
           to
           their
           Determinations
           .
        
         
           And
           the
           Convention
           ought
           ,
           if
           they
           thought
           it
           (
           of
           which
           they
           were
           appointed
           the
           Judges
           )
           for
           the
           safety
           of
           the
           Nation
           ,
           wholly
           to
           exclude
           the
           Late
           King.
           And
           why
           might
           they
           not
           ,
           if
           they
           thought
           the
           Nation
           could
           not
           be
           safe
           if
           he
           should
           return
           ,
           be
           wholly
           against
           his
           return
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           the
           Jacobites
           themselves
           (
           for
           there
           were
           none
           of
           another
           Opinion
           then
           )
           be
           against
           his
           return
           ,
           but
           upon
           such
           Terms
           ,
           and
           Conditions
           ,
           as
           they
           thought
           necessary
           for
           the
           safety
           of
           the
           Nation
           ?
           And
           the
           same
           necessity
           that
           will
           justify
           the
           Late
           Archbishop
           for
           consenting
           to
           put
           the
           Soveraign
           Administration
           of
           Affairs
           into
           the
           Prince's
           hands
           ,
           will
           justify
           the
           Convention
           for
           continuing
           it
           in
           the
           hands
           of
           the
           King
           ,
           who
           alone
           could
           secure
           the
           Nation
           ;
           and
           who
           had
           saved
           them
           before
           he
           ruled
           them
           ,
           and
           to
           whom
           it
           was
           owing
           that
           they
           could
           call
           any
           thing
           (
           even
           their
           Lives
           )
           their
           own
           .
           Which
           ,
           if
           it
           be
           not
           the
           best
           Title
           to
           a
           Crown
           ,
           yet
           at
           least
           is
           the
           best
           Title
           to
           Peoples
           Hearts
           and
           Affections
           ,
           when
           he
           is
           possest
           of
           it
           ;
           especially
           when
           the
           chief
           advantage
           he
           gains
           by
           it
           ,
           is
           but
           to
           expose
           his
           Sacred
           Person
           for
           the
           Security
           of
           the
           Nation
           :
           And
           the
           enlarging
           his
           Empire
           has
           only
           encreased
           his
           Cares
           and
           Concerns
           for
           the
           Safety
           of
           those
           he
           governs
           :
           And
           all
           the
           satisfaction
           he
           reaps
           (
           which
           to
           a
           God-like
           Mind
           is
           the
           greatest
           )
           is
           the
           power
           to
           oblige
           ,
           and
           to
           do
           good
           .
           The
           Nation
           is
           happy
           in
           having
           a
           King
           whom
           they
           can
           trust
           ;
           not
           only
           because
           his
           Interest
           is
           the
           same
           with
           theirs
           ,
           but
           because
           ,
           as
           
           all
           the
           Actions
           of
           his
           Life
           have
           demonstrated
           ,
           no
           Consideration
           of
           his
           own
           could
           ever
           divert
           him
           from
           acting
           what
           was
           best
           for
           the
           Cause
           he
           was
           engaged
           in
           ;
           and
           who
           is
           as
           famous
           for
           being
           true
           and
           just
           to
           his
           Word
           ,
           as
           his
           Enemies
           are
           infamous
           for
           breaking
           their
           most
           Sacred
           Oaths
           ,
           and
           Solemn
           Leagues
           .
           In
           a
           word
           ,
           He
           is
           a
           Prince
           that
           has
           the
           Vertue
           ,
           the
           Fidelity
           ,
           the
           Integrity
           of
           Cato
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           the
           Bravery
           ,
           the
           Courage
           ,
           and
           Conduct
           of
           Caesar.
           Never
           did
           the
           happiness
           of
           the
           best
           part
           of
           Mankind
           depend
           more
           upon
           a
           single
           Life
           ,
           than
           now
           .
           Nations
           of
           Religions
           ,
           and
           all
           things
           else
           ,
           different
           ,
           do
           unanimously
           agree
           in
           acknowledging
           him
           to
           be
           their
           chief
           Support
           ,
           the
           Head
           ,
           the
           Heart
           ,
           the
           Hand
           of
           the
           Confederacy
           ;
           and
           to
           him
           they
           confess
           that
           it
           is
           owing
           ,
           that
           the
           Chains
           that
           have
           been
           ready
           to
           setter
           Europe
           ,
           have
           been
           more
           than
           once
           broken
           .
           To
           be
           the
           Preserver
           of
           Europe
           ,
           is
           a
           much
           more
           glorious
           Title
           ,
           than
           to
           be
           the
           Conqu●●●●
           of
           it
           :
           To
           which
           may
           be
           added
           ,
           the
           most
           excellent
           of
           all
           Titles
           ,
           
             The
             Defender
             of
             the
             Faith
          
           ;
           which
           (
           tho
           others
           have
           claimed
           of
           course
           )
           he
           best
           deserves
           ;
           since
           to
           him
           it
           is
           owing
           that
           the
           true
           Faith
           is
           publickly
           professed
           any-where
           ,
           and
           in
           these
           Nations
           (
           which
           is
           a
           Blessing
           cannot
           be
           bought
           too
           dear
           )
           without
           Cruelty
           or
           Persecution
           ;
           
             For
             a
             Nation
             is
             constantly
             in
             a
             state
             of
             war
             within
             it self
             ,
             where
             one
             Party
             is
             persecuting
             and
             ruining
             another
             ,
             about
             things
             which
             are
             in
             themselves
             indifferent
             ,
             and
             no
             ways
             tend
             to
             promote
             the
             Publick
             Good.
          
           In
           short
           ,
           There
           can
           be
           no
           advantage
           ,
           but
           what
           the
           Nation
           may
           justly
           expect
           from
           a
           King
           so
           zealous
           to
           promote
           their
           Good
           ,
           and
           so
           able
           to
           perform
           what
           he
           undertakes
           .
        
      
       
         
           CHAP.
           XIV
           .
           Some
           Considerations
           touching
           the
           Present
           Affairs
           .
        
         
           
             BUT
             it
             may
             be
             objected
          
           ,
           How
           can
           the
           Nation
           propose
           any
           happiness
           to
           themselves
           by
           this
           Revolution
           ,
           since
           by
           it
           they
           are
           at
           so
           great
           Expences
           to
           maintain
           a
           war
           against
           so
           powerful
           an
           Enemy
           ?
        
         
           Answ.
           The
           more
           powerful
           the
           Enemy
           is
           ,
           the
           greater
           was
           the
           necessity
           of
           this
           Revolution
           ;
           for
           if
           now
           the
           Consederates
           are
           scarce
           an
           equal
           match
           for
           France
           ,
           how
           easily
           would
           they
           have
           been
           over-run
           ,
           if
           England
           (
           which
           is
           the
           most
           favourable
           that
           could
           
           have
           been
           expected
           )
           had
           stood
           Neuter
           ?
           And
           when
           they
           had
           been
           subdued
           ,
           what
           could
           have
           hindred
           the
           French
           King
           ,
           being
           then
           so
           Potent
           both
           by
           Sea
           and
           Land
           ,
           from
           Conquering
           this
           Island
           ?
           What
           opposition
           could
           the
           Militia
           ,
           joyned
           with
           a
           few
           raw
           and
           unexperienced
           Troops
           ,
           (
           for
           it
           is
           this
           War
           has
           made
           them
           otherwise
           )
           tho
           headed
           by
           a
           Commander
           of
           so
           invincible
           Courage
           as
           the
           Late
           King
           ,
           make
           against
           his
           regular
           and
           numerous
           .
           Troops
           ?
           But
           suppose
           the
           French
           King
           ,
           who
           is
           so
           famous
           for
           keeping
           his
           Royal
           word
           ,
           would
           not
           have
           Conquered
           England
           when
           he
           might
           ;
           what
           could
           have
           hindred
           the
           Late
           King
           ,
           assisted
           by
           France
           ,
           from
           using
           this
           Nation
           as
           his
           Cruelty
           ,
           Covetousness
           ,
           Bigotry
           ,
           or
           Jesuits
           ,
           could
           have
           inspired
           him
           ?
           The
           French
           King
           ,
           had
           he
           been
           defective
           in
           so
           fundamental
           a
           point
           of
           Religion
           ,
           would
           have
           obliged
           him
           ,
           as
           he
           did
           the
           Duke
           of
           Savoy
           ,
           to
           have
           Extirpated
           all
           the
           Hereticks
           .
           England
           would
           have
           been
           perhaps
           by
           this
           time
           a
           rendezvouz
           of
           French
           and
           Irish
           Apostolick
           Dragoons
           ,
           or
           what
           is
           worse
           ,
           a
           nest
           of
           Priests
           and
           Jesuits
           .
           And
           what
           milder
           usage
           can
           the
           Nation
           expect
           ,
           if
           the
           Late
           King
           ,
           who
           is
           under
           such
           obligation
           to
           France
           ,
           and
           incensed
           by
           (
           as
           he
           thinks
           )
           ill
           Treatment
           ,
           should
           return
           ?
           Ought
           not
           they
           ,
           except
           they
           are
           ambitious
           of
           being
           Roasted
           by
           a
           Smithfield
           Fire
           ,
           or
           are
           in
           love
           with
           the
           manly
           exercise
           of
           Rowing
           in
           the
           Gallies
           ,
           to
           do
           their
           utmost
           endeavour
           to
           stop
           the
           farther
           Progress
           of
           France
           ?
           which
           only
           prevails
           because
           their
           Armies
           are
           more
           numerous
           ?
           If
           there
           were
           more
           Forces
           raised
           (
           the
           Nation
           is
           so
           far
           from
           wanting
           men
           ,
           that
           it
           can
           spare
           about
           Thirty
           thousand
           by
           easing
           the
           Parishes
           of
           those
           Idle
           People
           who
           are
           burthensom
           to
           them
           )
           sufficient
           to
           equal
           those
           of
           the
           French
           ;
           there
           is
           no
           reason
           to
           doubt
           but
           the
           English
           would
           beat
           them
           ,
           as
           they
           have
           always
           done
           ,
           when
           the
           Numbers
           have
           been
           any
           thing
           near
           equal
           ,
           and
           force
           them
           to
           quit
           other
           places
           as
           shamefully
           as
           they
           did
           Ireland
           .
        
         
           The
           misfortune
           is
           not
           ,
           that
           we
           have
           now
           a
           War
           with
           France
           ,
           but
           that
           it
           was
           so
           long
           delayed
           ;
           and
           whatever
           the
           Nation
           now
           suffers
           ,
           they
           wholly
           owe
           it
           to
           the
           Two
           Late
           Kings
           ,
           who
           instead
           of
           hindring
           ,
           when
           they
           might
           ,
           the
           growing
           greatness
           of
           France
           ,
           did
           under-hand
           assist
           and
           contribute
           ,
           as
           far
           as
           they
           durst
           ,
           to
           increase
           the
           exorbitant
           Power
           of
           that
           Kingdom
           .
           Though
           the
           Charges
           of
           the
           War
           ,
           it
           is
           true
           ,
           are
           burthensome
           ,
           yet
           they
           are
           common
           to
           almost
           all
           Europe
           ;
           nor
           are
           they
           so
           great
           as
           some
           people
           represent
           them
           ,
           since
           it
           does
           cause
           little
           or
           no
           alteration
           in
           Peoples
           way
           of
           Living
           ;
           the
           same
           excess
           in
           Apparel
           ,
           and
           every
           thing
           else
           ,
           
           and
           the
           Interest
           of
           Money
           being
           as
           low
           as
           ever
           ,
           (
           at
           least
           it
           would
           be
           so
           ,
           did
           not
           the
           King
           's
           taking
           up
           such
           large
           Sums
           at
           so
           great
           an
           Interest
           ,
           raise
           the
           Interest
           of
           Money
           even
           amongst
           others
           )
           are
           a
           demonstration
           of
           its
           plenty
           :
           And
           the
           Native
           Commodities
           of
           the
           Countrey
           bearing
           a
           much
           better
           Price
           than
           Formerly
           ,
           chiefly
           by
           reason
           so
           much
           is
           taken
           up
           for
           the
           King's
           use
           upon
           account
           of
           the
           Army
           or
           Fleet
           ,
           must
           more
           than
           repay
           the
           Countrey
           for
           what
           it
           contributes
           to
           the
           War.
           The
           Taxes
           themselves
           are
           not
           so
           much
           a
           burden
           ,
           as
           the
           unequal
           way
           of
           raising
           them
           ,
           and
           obliging
           people
           to
           pay
           so
           much
           Money
           at
           one
           time
           ;
           which
           cannot
           well
           be
           prevented
           but
           by
           an
           Excise
           ,
           which
           would
           make
           them
           so
           easy
           ,
           and
           so
           equal
           ,
           that
           they
           would
           hardly
           be
           felt
           .
           But
           if
           they
           were
           more
           burthensome
           then
           they
           are
           ,
           then
           paying
           of
           them
           for
           some
           time
           is
           absolutely
           necessary
           to
           preserve
           their
           All
           for
           ever
           .
        
         
           In
           the
           Primitive
           times
           ,
           the
           Christians
           (
           especially
           the
           Clergy
           )
           would
           〈◊〉
           dispose
           of
           their
           own
           ,
           but
           even
           what
           was
           Dedicated
           to
           Pious
           Uses
           ,
           and
           sell
           the
           Place
           that
           belonged
           to
           the
           Altar
           to
           redeem
           a
           Soul
           from
           Slavery
           :
           Why
           should
           they
           not
           be
           now
           as
           Zealous
           to
           secure
           Milions
           of
           Souls
           ,
           Three
           Nations
           ,
           and
           their
           Posterity
           ,
           from
           a
           Bondage
           both
           Spiritual
           and
           Temporal
           worse
           than
           Egyptian
           ;
           or
           at
           least
           encourage
           people
           by
           their
           precept
           and
           example
           freely
           to
           contribute
           to
           a
           War
           upon
           which
           depends
           the
           safety
           of
           the
           Church
           as
           well
           as
           State
           ▪
           a
           War
           so
           holy
           ,
           that
           if
           the
           Cause
           alone
           could
           make
           them
           Martyrs
           ,
           all
           that
           dye
           in
           it
           are
           such
           .
        
         
           But
           to
           conclude
           ,
           I
           hope
           ,
           I
           have
           demonstrated
           ,
           That
           it
           is
           the
           duty
           of
           all
           People
           to
           bear
           true
           Faith
           and
           Allegiance
           to
           the
           present
           Government
           ,
           by
           Reasons
           and
           Arguments
           which
           are
           as
           firm
           as
           Government
           it self
           ,
           and
           which
           will
           endure
           as
           long
           as
           it
           ,
           because
           built
           upon
           the
           same
           foundation
           ,
           
             The
             Good
             of
             Societies
          
           ;
           and
           which
           may
           serve
           for
           directions
           in
           all
           Changes
           and
           Revolutions
           ,
           as
           well
           as
           for
           the
           justification
           of
           that
           happy
           one
           ,
           which
           (
           by
           the
           Blessing
           of
           God
           upon
           His
           Majesties
           Heroick
           Endeavours
           )
           preserves
           us
           in
           the
           enjoyment
           of
           all
           our
           Happiness
           both
           Spiritual
           and
           Temporal
           .
        
         
           FINIS
           .
        
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
      
    
     
  

