some proposals for a second settlement in the province of pennsylvania [by] william penn. penn, william, 1644-1718. 1690 approx. 7 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 1 1-bit group-iv tiff page image. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2008-09 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a90425 wing p1371 estc r42577 36282366 ocm 36282366 150159 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a90425) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 150159) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 2234:9) some proposals for a second settlement in the province of pennsylvania [by] william penn. penn, william, 1644-1718. 1 sheet ([1] p.). printed and sold by andrew sowle ..., [london] : 1690. imperfect: faded. reproduction of original in the friends' library (london, england) created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng pennsylvania -history -colonial period, ca. 1600-1775. broadsides -london (england) -17th century. 2007-07 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2007-07 aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images 2007-08 mona logarbo sampled and proofread 2007-08 mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited 2008-02 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion some proposals for a second settlement in the province of pennsylvania . whereas i did about nine years past , propound the selling of several parts , or shares of land , upon that side of the province of pennsylvania , next delaware-river , and setting out of a place upon it for the building of a city , by the name of philadelphia ; and that divers persons closed with those proposals , who , by their ingenuity , industry and charge , have advanced that city , from a wood , to a good forwardness of building ( there being above one thousand houses finisht in it ) and that the several plantations and towns begun upon the land , bought by those first undertakers , are also in a prosperous way of improvement and inlargement ( insomuch as last year , ten sail of ships were freighted there , with the growth of the province , for barbados , jamaica , &c. besides what came directly for this kingdom ) it is now my purpose to make another settlement , upon the river of susquehannagh , that runs into the bay of chesapeake , and bears about fifty miles west from the river delaware , as appears by the common maps of the english dominion in america . there i design to lay out a plat for the building of another city , in the most convenient place for communication with the former plantations on the east : which by land , is as good as done already , a way being laid out between the two rivers very exactly and conveniently , at least three years ago ; and which will not be hard to do by water , by the benefit of the river scoalkill ; for a branch of that river lies near a branch that runs into susquehannagh river , and is the common course of the indians with their skins and furrs into our parts , and to the provinces of east and west-jersy , and new-york , from the west and north-west parts of the continent from whence they bring them . and i do also intend that every one who shall be a purchasser in this proposed settlement , shall have a proportionable lot in the said city to build a house or houses upon ; which town-ground , and the shares of land that shall be bought of me , shall be delivered clear of all indian pretentions ; for it has been my way from the first , to purchase their title from them , and so settle with their consent . the shares i dispose of , contain each , three thousand acres , for 100 l. and for greater or lesser quantities , after that rate . the acre of that province is according to the statute of the 33th of edw. 1. and no acknowledgement or quit-rent shall be paid by the purchasers till five years after a settlement be made upon their lands , and that only according to the quantity of acres so taken up and seated , and not otherwise ; and only then to pay but one shilling per annum for every hundred acres forever . and further , i do promise to agree with every purchasser that shall be willing to treat with me between this and next spring , upon all such reasonable conditions , as shall be thought necessary for their accommodation , intending , if god please , to return with what speed i can , and my family with me , in order to our future residence . to conclude , that which particularly recommends this settlement , is the known goodness of the soyle , and scituation of the land , which is high & not mountainous ; also the pleasantness , and largness of the river , being clear and not rapid , and broader then the thames at london-bridge , many miles above the place designed for this settlement ; and runs ( as we are told by the indians ) quite through the province , into which many fair rivers empty themselves . the sorts of timber that grow there , are chiefly oake , ash , chesnut , walnut , cedar , and poplar . the native fruits are pawpaws , grapes , mulberys , chesnuts , and several sorts of walnuts . there are likewise great quantities of deer , and especially elks , which are much bigger than our red deer , and use that river in herds . and fish there is of divers sorts , and very large and good , and in great plenty . but that which recommends both this settlement in perticular , and the province in general , is a late pattent obtained by divers eminent lords and gentlemen for that land that lies north of pennsylvania up to the 46th degree and an half , because their traffick and intercourse will be chiefly through pennsylvania , which lies between that province and the sea. we have also the comfort of being the center of all the english colonies upon the continent of america , as they lie from the north-east parts of new-england to the most southerly parts of carolina , being above 1000 miles upon the coast . if any persons please to apply themselves to me by letters in relation to this affair , they may direct them to robert ness scrivener in lumber-street in london for philip ford , and suitable answers will be returned by the first oppertunity . there are also instructions printed for information of such as intend to go , or send servants , or families thither , which way they may proceed with most ease and advantage , both here and there , in reference to passage , goods , vtensels , building , husbandry , stock , subsistance , traffick , &c. being the effect of their expence and experiance that have seen the fruit of their labours . william penn. printed and sold by andrew sowle ▪ at the crooked billet in holloway lane , shoreditch , 1690. the articles, settlement, and offices of the free society of traders in pennsilvania agreed upon by divers merchants and others for the better improvement and government of trade in that province. free society of traders in pennsylvania. 1682 approx. 27 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 9 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2008-09 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a25954 wing a3885 estc r11484 11687419 ocm 11687419 48160 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a25954) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 48160) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 8:15) the articles, settlement, and offices of the free society of traders in pennsilvania agreed upon by divers merchants and others for the better improvement and government of trade in that province. free society of traders in pennsylvania. more, nicholas, d. 1689. [16] p. printed for benjamin clark ..., london : 1682. preface signed by nicolas more, james claypoole, and philip ford. reproduction of original in huntington library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng pennsylvania -commerce. 2006-12 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2007-01 apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images 2007-02 robyn anspach sampled and proofread 2007-02 robyn anspach text and markup reviewed and edited 2008-02 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the articles , settlement and offices of the free society of traders in pennsilvania . agreed upon by divers merchants and others for the better improvement and government of trade in that province . london , printed for benjamin clark in george-yard in lombard-street , printer to the society of pennsilvania , mdclxxxii . the preface . reader , honest and industrious traffique has been the usage and the praise of many nations ; and in this all countries seem agreed , that their wealth and strength are begun , continued and increased by it : a truth common experience daily confirms : for this hath made and is making many princes and states in the world endeavor to have their subjects prosper in trade . the very indian princes are now convinced of this truth , which makes the king of bantam send his embassadour here . this is likewise the reason , why many considerate men have thought fit to joyn themselves in a society of trade in pennsilvania ; which after some difficulty they have accomplished . but this may be modestly said , it is a very unusual society , for it is an absolute free one , and in a free country : a society without oppression ; wherein all may be concerned that will ; and yet have the same liberty of private traffique , as though there were no society at all . so that this society is calculated both to promote the publique good , and to encourage the private . and indeed it seems not possible , that province should be improved in many years without it , as it is like to be in a few years by it . however , it is such a society , as can do harm to none ; but may do good to all : which a serious perusal of the government of it will plainly evince to the considerate and ingenious . we may add , that 't is no small conveniency and ease to the minds of planters ( happily unacquainted in trade ) that they may have some part of their estates improving in an united way and care , whilst they thereby may with less distraction and more freedom of spirit , apply themselves to their particular plantations . for here a few hands do the work of the whole ; and by this honest and free device , the whole will be furnish'd fresh and fresh , from time to time in the nature of a bank. this union of traffique prevents emulation ; for every one is interested in every ones prosperity ; and the profit must be greater and surer ; and navigation , manufacture and arts better improved , than by the force of private and divided stocks . to conclude , 't is an enduring estate , and a lasting as well as certain credit : a portion and inheritance that is clear and growing ; free from the mischief of frauds and false securities ; supported by the concurrent strength and care of a great and prudent body , a kind of perpetual trustees ; the friend of the widdow and the orphan , for it takes no advantage of minority or simplicity . these and many more great advantages accrew to a society so freely constituted as this appears to be by the ensuing articles of agreement , which are imposed on none , but recommended to all with this assurance , that nothing is hereby intended , but what is consistent with justice and prudence ; to the best of their skills that were concerned in the framing of it : and it is hoped that the improvements which may accrew by it , will prove of no small advantage to that country , and old england from whom it takes its original . to which reader , it may not be improper to add , that this society is endowed with divers immunities and priviledges , by grant and charter from william penn the governour of that province . london , 25. 1 st mo. called . march , 1682. nicolas more , james claypoole , philip ford. the articles , settlement and offices of the free society of traders in pennsilvania , &c. it is agreed , that the first general court shall be held at london , upon the twenty ninth of the third month called may , 1682. and for ever after , the general court shall be held on the first fifth day called thursday in the ninth month ( november ) every year after in the capital city in pennsilvania , where votes shall be received by letters to the society's secretary from all that do not appear there personally , for the chusing of officers : which votes shall be regulated by these following conditions : imprimis . that none in england shall have above one vote , whatever sum they subscribe ; unless they have a share of land in pennsilvania , at least one thousand acres of their own , with some inhabitants upon it : in such cases they shall have their votes proportionably to their stocks , as in the following article . article ii. that all that are inhabitants in pennsilvania , shall have for two twenty five pounds , one vote ; and each fifty pound single , one vote ; one hundred pounds , two votes ; three hundred pounds , three votes , and none more . article iii. that the book of subscriptions shall be open here in england , till the twenty ninth day of the fourth month called june , one thousand six hundred eighty two , and no longer . and in pennsilvania from the arrival of the first ship belonging to the society for six months after , paying fifteen per cent ▪ sterling in consideration of the risco run by the society by such as subscribe within thirty daies , and for every month after one per cent. to be added to value of the cargo . article iv. that none shall subscribe in the societys stock less than twenty five pounds . yet if five joyn together , and make up the twenty five pounds ( provided it be subscribed in one man's name ) it shall be accepted of but in that name only . article v. that at the first general court or assembly held as abovesaid ( viz. the twenty ninth of the third month alias may , 1682. ) all the subscribers here in england shall confirm their subscriptions , which shall be by the depositing five per cent. as a part of that , which shall then be agreed on to be paid within a month after . and at that time shall be chosen the officers of the society , viz. the president , the deputy , the treasurer , the socretary and twelve committee-men , whereof any five and the president or his deputy shall make a quorum . article vi. that all the committee-men shall have but one vote a piece in the committee , whatever their stock be ; and the president or the deputy , if the votes be equal , shall have the casting voice . article vii . that at seven years end , from the time of shutting the book in pennsilvania , it shall be opened again for new subscribers ; and so to continue for every seven years ; a due valuation of the stock being first made by the committee , that so every one may subscribe according to the valuation then agreed on . article viii . that two hundred servants be sent away the first year , of such trades and capacities as may be most for the benefit of the society ; which is to be adjudged by the committee . article ix . that it shall be lawful for any one that has subscribed , to add to their subscription before the month is out , what sum they please . article x. that none shall be president , deputy or treasurer , that have not five thousand acres of land in pennsilvania of their own , and one hundred pound in the societies stock . article xi . that the general officers shall continue for the first seven years , and then a new election shall be made , they being fixed in their abode in the society's-house , there to act for the society , without change of their power in priviledges , except they do commit any act destructive or prejudicial to the real interest of the society , which first is to be proved sufficiently in the court of assistants ▪ and then the offender or offenders are to be dismissed , and the court of assistants to chuse another , who is to continue till the general court ; which court of assistants shall yearly be chosen and added to the committee . article xii . that the president shall call together the court of assistants to help and advise in any emergent occasions relating to the society , as to receive more money , to make a dividend , to chuse new officers in case of death , to settle new factories , to enter upon mines , build ships , &c. article xiii . the committee shall chuse all inferiour of●●●ers as store-house-keepers , clerks , book-keepers , factors , at home and abroad ; then they shall direct , what shall be planted , built , &c. article xiv . that all forfeitures , that shall arise , shall be employed upon the improvement of a parcel of land alloted for the maintenance of such their wives and children , who have been disabled in the service of the society . article xv. that the society's books , patents , records and original papers be kept in a convenient place in the house under three locks and keys , one whereof shall be kept by the president or deputy , the other by the treasurer , the third by the eldest committee-man . article xvi . that these books , papers and patent , &c. shall not be intrusted in the hand of any single person for longer space than to transcribe any part of it in the day time , and in the house before some one or more appointed by the committee ; and that the book-keeper shall only have copies of them , which may be viewed or perused once a month by any member of the society , who desires it : all originals to be kept as before . article xvii . that security shall be taken of the treasurer and of all servants relating to the society , that is , such as have any trust committed unto them , as agent , store-keepers , ship-masters , clerks , overseers and servants , &c. and those to be given by persons of known honesty and estate . and those servants shall be bound to keep the secrets of the house , that is , not to give intelligence to any person , no , not to any member of the society ( without leave first obtained publickly in the committee ) upon forfeiture of their security . article xviii . that if the society should receive blacks for servants , they shall make them free at fourteen years end , upon consideration that they shall give into the society's ware-house two thirds of what they are capable of producing on such a parcel of land as shall be allotted them by the society , with a stock and necessary tools , as shall be adjudged by the society's surveyor . and if they will not accept of these terms , they shall be servants till they will accept it . article xix . that no mineral vndertaking shall be begun by the committee without the approbation of the general assembly . article xx. that the committee shall at every yearly meeting of the general court discover the incouragement or discouragement they meet with in the course of their trade both at home and abroad . article xxi . that the society may set up two or more general factories in pennsilvania , one upon cheasapeak-bay , and the other upon delaware river , or where else the committee shall see necessary for the more speedy conveyance of goods in the country and mary-land : but that the government of the whole be in the capital city of pennsilvania . article xxii . that the society shall be assisting to the indians in their setling in towns and other places , both by advice and artificers . article xxiii . that there shall be twenty four assistants added to the committee , whereof twenty and the president or deputy makes a quorum . article xxiv . that the first assembly in the province of pennsilvania shall be desired to ratifie the patent granted by the governour to this society by an act of assembly . article xxv . that all the members of the committee and court of assistants shall have timely and sufficient notice and summons in writing left at their dwelling , of every intended court , to prevent indirect and unjust proceedings . article xxvi . that all and every one , who have subscribed any sum in the society's-stock , and shall not after the second summons bring in their second payment , shall be incapable of disposing of that part in the stock before disbursed ; but the society shall dispose of the same unto such who will fulfill the agreement in all payments ; they only being capable of receiving their first penny or disbursement . alwaies excepted such , who through any calamities have been reduced to poverty , whereby they are rendred incapable to fulfill the same ; that then the thing being proved before a committee , they shall have power to sell the same to the best advantage . and as this is agreed on for the second payment , so it is of all others , if there be more . article xxvii . that there shall be in england a chief agent , superiour to all agents or factors belonging to the said society , that are in europe , unto whom the society shall direct their letters and consign their goods : he shall have a council of six factors , one of which shall be his deputy . this council shall , with him , reside in london ; and shall on all occasions meet to advise together , how to dispose of the society's goods , and buy such goods as the society shall direct to be bought , to execute all other orders , as shall be required of him or them . and to give every factor his commission , how to proceed in what pertains unto his place : so that all and every one of them shall act by the advice of the chief agent , and he by the order of the committee in pennsilvania ; all these being chosen by the general assembly , they giving good and sufficient security to the society for their true and faithful service . article xxviii . that the president , deputy , secretary , treasurer , surveyor and all the servants of the society shall bring into the society's ware-house , what peltry they buy of the indians in their respective plantations with their own private goods : this shall be entred in the books of the several offices to prevent fraud . those goods shall be sent over with the society's goods , and shall have what return they will for the same , allowing to the society , fraight , factorage , &c. article xxix . that it shall be lawful for all , who will bring their goods to the society's ware-house , so to do and to have the same returns , as they shall desire . this being granted and allowed , will bring in most of the countries goods in the society's hands , which will in time prove the great advantage of the society ; and most eminently to the planters , who are not able to send into england , where possibly they may be deceived by their factors or attorneys , they having in the society the greater security imaginable for their effects . some of the officers and offices for the society , viz. president , deputy , treasurer , agent , secretary , surveyor , twelve committee-men , chyrurgion , factors , clerks , overfeers , messengers , porters , butchers , water-men , carr-men , &c. the four offices for the society . the secretary office. to this office shall belong the book-keeper , the factors , chyrurgeon , clerk of all offices , messengers , overseers , water-men . the secretary shall be alwaies ready to receive orders of the president or deputy for the execution of all warrants to be issued out abroad , to write all letters , &c. for the society's service , and to direct the plantations in their duties , as the president and courts are agreed on to be done : as when any ships are going out , then to write to factors abroad , &c. when any factors are wanting supplies of goods , to give warr●nts in the treasury-office for the same under the presidents own hand and seal , or his deputy ; and nothing delivered without this method . and when goods are brought in , then to take account of the same , and give an acconnt to the president of them , and enter them in that office also . if any servant dyeth , to receive information of it , and make record . if any run away , to receive information , and take order of the president about it , &c. if any be sick , to issue warrants for their help by the presidents order , &c. if cattle dye , to record it ; if any be increased , to record the place , kind , number . to receive every week a particular account of all overseers , factors , &c. of all increases and decreases of trade , &c. the treasury office. to this office shall belong the treasurer , two clerks , porters , butchers , water-men , carr-men , chyrurgeon , husbandmen , handicrafts , &c. every one of them giving account to the treasurer of their works , and all to be recorded in the treasury-office , and to be transmitted into the secretary's-office every seven daies , and all those officers and servants to be directed in their proceedings by warrants from the president or his deputy , and nothing to be delivered out without the same , to prevent deceit , &c. and that there shall be two ware-houses , one for exportation , and the other for importation : unto each of them shall belong a clerk to keep journals of goods come in and gone out ; and to keep the warrants ▪ from the president for their security . and that if any goods are received in , and not recorded in the secretary and treasury-office within two dates , it shall be a forfeiture of such penalty thought fit to be imposed by the court of assistants . the surveyor's office. to this office shall belong the surveyor , an assistant , a clerk , a searcher . this surveyor shall view all ships , and what is thereunto belonging , whether fit to be made use of for the society's service or no ; and make report to the president . he shall oversee all overseers , servants , their works , and make record of them all , giving information of all things in the secretary-office , and to the president or his deputy ; and keeping record in his office of the same . he shall see all goods shipped safely and others landed ; he shall view all ware-houses , their goods that they be kept well , &c. that all warrants from the president , be duly put in execution , survey all entries and invoyces , all buildings , all cattles , &c. that the society may not suffer by any ; keeping a journal of all things which are every seven daies to be compared with the secretary-office , where all things are to be recorded . and record being duly made , all the books to be signed by the president or his deputy , and afterwards to stand for good and just actings in the court of committee and assistants : and this being p assed , never more to be recalled . the miner's office. to this office shall belong an agent , clerks , miners , refiners , brick-makers , tile-makers , potters , lime-burners , &c. the agent shall daily receive informations from the miners , &c. of what is done , and make record of it in his office , and shall be signed by the clerk and himself . then to send it to the secretary-office every seven daies there to be recorded ; the president or deputy having approved the same . and the agent shall answer for all defaults and wrong done to the society in any of the things , that are under his custody , until they are recorded and received in the custody of the treasurer . these are the heads , upon which the society is to be governed , and the offices by which all is administred and secured from fraud and deceit . what further is necessary for the same , must be left to the wisdom of the president and court of assistants , who in time may give an exact account of other things relating thereunto . for the conveniency of such who are desirous to subscribe to the stock of this society , if they please to apply themselves to philip ford in bow-lane near cheap-side , there their subscriptions may be entred . the end . a brief account of the province of pennsylvania, lately granted by the king, under the great seal of england to william penn and his heirs and assigns penn, william, 1644-1718. 1681 approx. 26 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 8 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2006-06 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a54104 wing p1255 estc r18857 13048413 ocm 13048413 96948 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a54104) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 96948) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 748:14) a brief account of the province of pennsylvania, lately granted by the king, under the great seal of england to william penn and his heirs and assigns penn, william, 1644-1718. 8 p., 1 folded leaf of plates : map. printed for benjamin clark ..., [london : 1681?] caption title. imprint from colophon. signed: william penn. reproduction of original in huntington library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng pennsylvania -history -colonial period, ca. 1600-1775. 2005-07 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2005-08 aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images 2006-01 judith siefring sampled and proofread 2006-01 judith siefring text and markup reviewed and edited 2006-04 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion a brief account of the province of pennsylvania , lately granted by the king , under the great seal of england , to william penn and his heirs and assigns . since ( by the good providence of god , and the favour of the king ) a country in america is fallen to my lot , i thought it not less my duty , then my honest interest , to give some publick notice of it to the world , that those of our own or other nations , that are inclin'd to transport themselves or families beyond the seas , may find another country added to their choice ; that if they shall happen to like the place , conditions , and government , ( so far as the present infancy of things will allow us any prospect ) they may , if they please , fix with me in the province , hereafter described . i. the king's title to this country before he granted it . it is the jus gentium , or law of nations , that what ever waste , or unculted country , is the discovery of any prince , it is the right of that prince that was at the charge of the discovery : now this province is a member of that part of america , which the king of englands ancestors have been at the charge of discovering , and which they and he have taken great care to preserve and improve . a map of some of the south and east bounds of pennsylvania in america being par●ly inhabited . sold by john thornton at the signe of england scotland and ireland in the minories , and by john setler at his shop in popes head alley in cornhill london . ii. william penn's title from the king . an abstract of the patent granted by the king , to vvilliam penn. &c. the fourth of march , 1681. i. vve do give and grant ( upon divers considerations ) to william penn his ) heirs and assigns for ever all that tract of land in america with all islands thereunto belonging that is to say from the beginning of the fortieth degree of north latitude unto the forty third degree ( of north latitude whose eastern bounds from twelve english miles above new-castle ( alias delaware town ) runs all along upon the side of delaware river . ii. free and undisturb'd use and passage into and out of all harbours bays waters rivers isles and inlets belonging to or leading to the same together with the soyl fields woods vnderwoods mountains hills fenns isles lake & rivers waters rivulets bays and inlets scituate in or belonging unto the limits and bounds aforesaid together with all sorts of fish mines mettles , &c. to have and to hold to the only behoof of the said william penn his heirs and assigns for ever to be holden of us as of our castle of windsor in free and common soccage paying only two beaver skins yearly . iii. and of our further grace we have thought it fit to erect and we do hereby erect the aforesaid countrey and islands into a province and seigniory and do call it pennsilvania and so from henceforth we will have it call'd . iv. that reposing special confidence in the wisdom and justice of the said william penn we do grant to him and his heirs and their deputies for the good and happy government thereof to ordain and enact and under his and their seals to publish any laws whatever for the publick uses of the said province by and with the advice and approbation of the free-holders of the said countrey or their delegates so as they be not repugnant to the law of this realm and to the faith and allegiance due unto us by the legal government thereof . v. full power to the said william penn , &c. to appoint iudges leiutenants iustices magistrates and officers for what causes soever and with what power and in such form as to him seems convenient also to be able to pardon and abolish crimes and offences and to do all and every other thing that to the compleat establishment of iustice unto courts and tribunals forms of iudicature and manner of proceedings do belong and our pleasure is and so we enjoyn and require that such laws and proceedings shall be most absolute and available in law and that all the leige people of us our heirs and successors inviolably keep the same in those parts saving to us smal appeals . vi. that the laws for regulating property as well for the discent of lands as enjoyment of goods and chattels and likewise as to felonies shall be the same there as here in england until they shall be altered by the said william penn his heirs or assigns and by the freemen of the said province or their delegates or deputies or the greater part of them . vii . furthermore that this new colony may the more happily encrease by the multitude of people resorting thither therefore we for us our heirs and successors do hereby grant license to all the leige people present and future of us , &c. ( excepting such as shall be specially forbidden ) to transport themselves and families into the said country there to inhabit and plant for the publick and their private good. viii . liberty to transport what goods or commodities are not forbidden paying here the legal customs due to us , &c. ix . power to divide the countey into counties hundreds and towns to incorporate towns into burroughs and burroughs into cities to make fairs and markets with convenient priviledges according to the merit of the inhabitants or the fitness of the place and to do all other thing or things touching the premises which to the said william penn his heirs or assigns shall seem meet and requisite albeit they be such as of their own nature might otherwise require a more special commandment and warrant then in those presents is express'd . x. liberty to import the growth or manufactures of that province into england paying here the legal duty . xi . power to erect ports harbours creeks havens keys and other places for merchandizes with such iurisdiction and priviledges as to the said william penn , &c. shall seem expedient . xii . not to break the acts of navigation neither governour nor inhabitants upon the penaltys contained in the said acts. xiii . not to be in league with any prince or country that is in war against us our heirs and successors . xiv . power of safety and defence in such way and manner as to the said william penn , &c. seems meet . xv. full power to assign alien grant demise or enfeoff of the premises so many and such parts and parcels to those that are willing to purchase the same as the said william penn thinks fit to have and to hold to them the said persons their heirs or successors in fee simple or fee tail or for term of life or lives or years to be held of the said william penn , &c. as of the said seigniory of windsor by such services customs and rents as shall seem fit to the said william penn his heirs and assigns and not immediately of us our heirs or successors and that the said persons may take the premisses or any parcel thereof of the said william penn , &c. and the same hold to themselves their heirs and assigns the statute quia emptores terrarum in any wise notwithstanding . xvi . we give and grant license to any of those persons to whom the said william penn , &c. has granted any estate of inheritance as aforesaid with the consent of the said william penn to erect any parcel of lands within the said province into mannors to hold courts barron and view of francke-pledge , &c. by themselves or stewards . xvii . power to those persons to grant to others the same tenures in fee simple or otherwise to be held of the said mannors respectively and upon all further alienations the land to be held of the mannor that it held of before the alienation . xviii . we do covenant and grant to and with the said william penn his heirs and assigns that we will not set or make any custom or other taxation upon the inhabitants of the said province upon lands houses goods chattels or merchandizes except with the consent of the inhabitants and governour . xix . a charge that no officers nor ministers of us our heirs and successors do presume at any time to attempt any thing to the contrary of the premises or in any sort withstand the same but that they be at all times aiding to the said william penn and his heirs and to the inhabitants and merchants their factors and assigns in the full use and benefit of this our charter . xx. and if any doubts or questions shall hereafter arise about the true sense or meaning of any word clause or sentence contained in this our charter we will ordain and command that at all times and in all things such interpretation be made thereof and allowed in any of our courts whatsoever as shall be adjudged most advantageous and favourable unto the said william penn his heirs and assigns so as it be not against the faith and allegiance due to us our heirs and successors . in witness whereof we have caused our letters to be made patents . witness our self at westminster , &c. the king's declaration to the inhabitants and planters of the province of pennsylvania . charles r. vvhereas his majesty in consideration of the great merit and faithful services of sir william penn deceased , and for divers other good causes him thereunto moving , hath been graciously pleased by letters patents bearing date the fourth day of march last past , to give and grant unto william penn esquire , son and heir of the said sir william penn , all that tract of land in america , called by the name of pennsylvania , as the same is bounded on the east by delaware river , from twelve miles distance northwards of new-castle town , unto the three and fourtieth degree of northern latitude , if the said river doth extend so far northwards , and if the said river shall not extend so far north-ward , then by the said river so far as it doth extend : and from the head of the said river , the eastern bounds to be determined by a meridian line to be drawn from the head of the said river , unto the said three and fourtieth degree , the said province to extend westward five degrees in longitude , to be computed from the said eastern bounds , and to be bounded on the north , by the beginning of the three and fourtieth degree of northern latitude , and on the south , by a circle drawn at twelve miles distance from new-castle northwards , and westwards unto the beginning of the fourtieth degree of northern latitude , and then by a straight line westwards to the limit of longitude above mentioned , together with all powers , preheminencies , and iurisdictions necessary for the government of the said province , as by the said letters patents , reference being thereunto had , doth more at large appear . his majesty doth therefore hereby publish and declare his royal will and pleasure , that all persons setled or inhabiting within the limits of the said province , do yield all due obedience to the said william penn , his heirs and assigns , as absolute proprietaries and governours thereof , as also to the deputy or deputies , agents or lieutenants , lawfully commissionated by him or them , according to the powers and authorities granted by the said letters patents ; wherewith his majesty expects and requires a ready complyance from all persons whom it may concern as they tender his majesties displeasure . given at the court at whitehall the second day of april , 1681. in the three and thirtieth year of our reign . by his majesties command , conway . iii. the reason of the grant. the reason and ground of this grant from the king , to him and his heirs , &c. was his petition to the king , in which he set forth . his fathers services , his own sufferings and losses , in relation to his fathers estate ; and lastly . his long and costly attendance without success : in right , and consideration of which , the king was graciously pleased to make the aforesaid grant ; to which title , the said william penn adds that of the natives by purchase from them . iv. of the country , and its produce . it lies 600. miles south of the latitude of england ; and as it is of the same side of the line , so it is about the same degree with mompellier in france , or naples in italy : the air is generally clear and sweet , the summer is longer and hotter , and winter shorter , and sometimes colder than in england : the soil is said to be as good as any in those parts . it commonly produceth oak , cedar , mulbery , chesnut , walnut , firr , cyprus , ash , beech , popaler , saxafras , medaler , plumbs , grapes , peaches , strawberries , huckleberries , cranberries , hopps , &c. english fruit takes kindly , and produceth suddainly and plentifully : the woods are furnished with store of wild fowl , as turkeys , pheasants , heath-cocks , patridges , pidgeons , &c. the earth well watered with springs and rivers , and the rivers stored with fish , as sturgion , sheepsheads , drums , cat-fish , shads , ecles , and abundance more : with fowl , as swans , gray and white geese , duck , mallard , &c. the corn of the country used by the indians , produceth four hundred sold , is good and hearty , both in milk , and made into bread ; the price two shillings six pence the bushel : there is also good english corn , as wheat , barly , rye , and oates ; wheat under four shillings the bushel , barly and rye , under three shillings the bushel , oates about two shillings the bushel : there are also very good pease , and beans of several sorts . the beef is good , but pork is very sweet : the beef at three pence , the pork at two pence half-penny the pound ; batter at six pence a pound , peaches to eat , or make drink of , at eight pence the bushel ; a cow and calf about the spring of the year , at five pounds , a pair of oxen at ten pounds , a good breeding sow at thirty shillings , a young good breeding mare , at eight pounds . but it is to be noted , that these foregoing prises and sums , are to be paid with one half of the value in english goods , at the rates they are bought at in england ; for example , four pounds english paies for the breeding mare , that is rated at eight pounds , the like with the rest . the country also abounds with several sorts of wild creatures , as elkes , deer , beavers , racoons , mincks , martins , wild catts , otters , &c. some of which are good food , and cheap , as a fat buck at two shillings , english goods , others of them considerable for their furs : the way of traffique , is to send to the southren plantations , corn , beef , pork , fish , sider , and pipe-staves ; the skins and furs for england . the conveniency that belongs to the province in point of navigation , is two fold ; the one through chesapeak bay , and the other delaware bay , by which ships of great burthen may come and trade to the said province . v. of the present inhabitants . that part of the country which is at all inhabited , is at the head of chesapeak bay , and on the west side of delaware river , they are by nation , sweeds , dutch , english , who are capable of giving entertainment to new commers , till they can provide for themselves . vi. what the country is believed capable of . it is thought by several knowing persons , that have travelled those parts of america , and have been well acquainted with places in europe of the same degree , that there may be silke , and wine , if not oyle ; and for flax , hemp , woad , madder , liquorish , pot-ashes , and iron , there needs to be no question . vii . of the government . 1st . the governour and free-holders , have the power of making laws , so that no law can be made ; nor money raised , but by the peoples consent . 2ly . that the rights of the people of england are in force there . 3ly . that making no law against allegiance , they may make all laws requisite for the prosperity , and security of the said province . viii . of the conditions . the province is cast at a penny an acre ; but he sets apart several parcels , which he calls shares ; these he sells ; saving a quit-rent , necessary for to secure the title and tenure : that is , whereas 5000. acres ( which makes a share ) comes ( at a penny an acre ) to 20. l. 16. s. 8. d. yearly , for 100 ▪ l. down , he sells off the yearly rent of 18. l. 6. s. 8. d. and reserves but 50. s. which may be reduc'd as the purchaser pleases , but something must be reserved for the security of the title : to which , the royalties proper to mannors in england , as hunting , fowling , fishing , with all common mines , minerals , and a proportion of royal mines also ( if sound within any ones propriety ) is affixed by the general concessions . and that such as are not able to purchase , yet willing to go , and capable to pay their passage , and their servants , may not be excluded . it is hereby declared , that every such person , for himself , and wife , and every child , male or female , if sixteen years of age , shall have right to take up at 1. d. per acre , fifty acres by the head , to him and his heirs for ever , in lieu of purchasing , which shall be by the surveyor of the country set out so soon as the said person comes to take it up : and to encourage such children and servants to serve their parents , masters , or mistresses , the full time for which they are engaged , diligently and faithfully ; every such child or servant , shall have right to take up 50. acres at but two shillings quit-rent for ever , which makes him a free-holder of the country . ix . persons fittest for plantations . those persons that providence seems to have fitted for plantations , are industrious husbandmen , laborious handicrafts : as carpenters , ship-wrights , rope-makers , smiths , brick-makers , weavers , taylors , tanners , coopers , mill-wrights , joyners , shooe-makers , turners , potters , such as dress flax , hemp , and wool ; with many others . it seems also a fit place for younger brothers , and men of small estates , who with the industry of a few servants , may in two or three years time , be plentifully accommodated ; also all ingenious men , that are lovers of planting , gardening , and the like quiet , and useful imployments . a plantation seems a fit place for those ingenious spirits , that being low in the world , are much clog'd and oppressed about a lively-hood ; for the means of subsisting being easy there , they may have time , and opportunity to gratify their inclinations ; and thereby improve science , and help nurseries of people . there are an other sort of persons , not only fit for , but necessary in plantations ; and that is , men of universal spirits , that have an eye to the good of posterity ; and that both understand , and delight to promote good discipline , and just government among a plain and well intending people : such persons may find room in colonies , for their good counsil and contrivance , who are shut out from being of much use or service to great nations , under settled customs . but they that go , must wisely count the cost , for they must either work themselves , or be able to imploy others . a winter goes before a summer , and the first work will be countrey labour , to clear ground , and raise provision ; other things by degrees . x. what is fit for the journey , and first to be done there . 1st . the passage for men and women is five pounds a head , for children under ten years , fifty shillings , sucking children nothing , for freight of goods . forty shilling per tun ; but one chest to every passenger free. 2ly . the goods fit to take with them for use or sale ; are all utensils for husbandary and building , and house-hold-stuff ; also all sorts of things for apparrel , as cloath , stuffes , linnen , &c. wherein all that desire , may be more particularly informed , by philip ford , at the hood and scarf in bow-lane in london . lastly , being by the mercy of god safely arrived ; be it in october , two men may clear as much ground for corn , as usually brings by the following harvest about twenty-quarters ; in the mean time they must buy corn , which they may have as aforesaid ; and if they buy them two cows , and two breeding sows ; with what the indians for a small matter will bring in , of fowl , fish , and venison ( which is incredibly cheap , as a eat buck for two shillings ) that , and their industry will supply them . it is apprehended , that fifteen pounds stock for each man ( who is first well in cloaths , and provided with fit working tools for himself ) will ( by the blessing of god ) carry him thither , and keep him , till his own plantation will accommodate him . but all are most seriously cautioned , how they proceed in the disposal of themselves ; 't is true , the earth is the lords , and the fullness thereof ; and it seems to many , to be the time wherein those desolate western parts of the world are to be planted , and have their day , as asia , africa , and europe have had ( of which the● are divers prophesies extant ) yet let all have a reverend regard ●o god's providence in their removal , and be serious in it , rather seeking the comforts of retirement , and a sufficiency for life ( like the blessed patriarke of old ) th● ease , fulness , and wealth . and it is further advised , that all such as go , would at least get the permission , if not the good likeing of their near relations ; for that is both natural , and a duty incumbent upon all : and by this means will natural affection be preserved , and a friendly and profitable correspondence maintained between them . in all which , god almighty ( who is the salvation of the ends of the earth ) direct us , that his blessings may attend our honest indeavours ; and then the consequence of all our undertakings , will be to the glory of his great name , and the true happiness of us , and our posterity . amen . william penn. postscript . whoever are desirous to be concern'd in this province , they may be treated with , and further satisfied , at philip fords in bow-lane in cheap-side , and at thomas rudyards , or benjamin clarks in george-yard in lombard-street , london . there is likewise printed a map of pennsylvania , together with a description at the end of it ; and some proposals . the end . london , printed for benjamin clark in george-yard in lom-bard-street . 1681. notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a54104-e10 ☞ information and direction to such persons as are inclined to america, more especially those related to the province of pensilvania penn, william, 1644-1718. 1686 approx. 31 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 5 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2007-01 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a54152 wing p1303 estc r18824 13048345 ocm 13048345 96944 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a54152) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 96944) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 748:18) information and direction to such persons as are inclined to america, more especially those related to the province of pensilvania penn, william, 1644-1718. 8 p. s.n.], [london? : reprinted in the year, 1686. reproduction of original in huntington library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng pennsylvania -description and travel. pennsylvania -emigration and immigration. 2005-07 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2006-01 spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images 2006-05 judith siefring sampled and proofread 2006-05 judith siefring text and markup reviewed and edited 2006-09 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion information and direction to such persons as are inclined to america , more especially those related to the province of pensilvania . re-printed in the year , 1686 information and direction to such persons as are inclined to america , &c : that the value and improvement of estates in our parts of america , may yet appear with further cleaness assurance of enquirers , i propose to speak my own knowledg , and the observation of others , as particularly as i can ; which i shall comprise under these heads . i. the advance that is upon money and goods . ii. the advance that is upon labour , be it of handicrafts or others . iii. the advance that is upon land. iv. the charge of transporting a family , and fitting a plantation . v. the way the poorer sort may be transported , and seated , with advantage to the rich that help them . vi. the easier and better provision that is to be made there for posterity , especially by those that are not of great substance . vii . what vtensels and goods are fitting to carry for vse or profit . for the first , such money as may be carried , as pieces of eight , advances thirty , and goods at least fifty per cent . say i have 100 l. sterl . if i am but six in family , i will pay my passage with the advance upon my money , and find my hundred pounds good in the country at last . upon goods , well bought and sorted , there is more profit : but some money is very requisit for trade sake ; for we find it gives goods a better market ; so that considering the great quantity of goods already carried , it were not amiss at present , if one half were in money , and the other in goods . thus in general . but it particularly encourages merchants , because the profit by advance , is seldom less then 50 l. sterl . per cent , which is very considerable ; and we have already got some things for returns , as skins , furs , whale-oyle , tobacco , &c. ii. for labour , be it of handicrafts , or others , there is a considerable encouragement by advance of price , to what is here , because the goods manufactured there advance equal to those the merchant sells , and where provision is at least as cheap , and there is such additional gain , to the first gain of handicrafts here ( of whom the merchant buys ) the american handicraft must have an extraordinary time of it . the like may be said of vnder labourers for some time , untill the country be better replenished with people . iii. the advance upon land is encouraging , which will be best apprehended by an english understanding , in a comparison with the lands of england , that he is familiarly acquainted with . if 500 acres of unclear'd land there , indifferently chosen , will keep as many milch cowes , or fat as many bullocks for the market in summer , as 50 acres of improved land in england , as chosen aforesaid , can do ; then by computing the value of the summers grass of such fifty acres of land here , we shall the better find the value of 500 acres of land in america ; for within that compass , the same quantity of cattle may be well kept . admit this then , that the summers grass of 50 acres of middling land in england , is worth 15 l. , i conceive that makes 20 l. , which is the price of the inheritance of the 500 acres , no dear purchass . the cost to go thither is no objection , because it is paid by the advance that is upon the money and goods at the rate aforesaid . if the hazard of the seas be objected , we see that the five hundreth ship using those parts , does not miscarry , and the risk is run for themselves only . however , except in winter , passages are pleasant , as well as safe . but this comparison draws an objection upon us that must be obviated . what becomes of your stock in the winter ? i say our woods usually keep them for the market till december , and unless it be a more then ordinary winter ( which is observed to happen but once in four or five years ) or that they are young stock , or cattel big with young , they mostly shift for themselves . but if fodder be wanted , we have a supply by hay , we mow in the marshes and woods , or the straw of the english grain we use , or the tops and stalks of indian corn , and sometimes that it self ; a thing hearty , and easily ras'd , and is good to fat as well as keep , and answers to oats , pease , beanes and and fetches here , tho we have of them also . this scheam of grazing and keeping of stock , may inform inquirers what the woods and unbroken lands of those countrys in some sort will do , in proportion to lands here , allowing equally for care and fodder on both sides . to be short , the produce of wild land there in this respect , is within less than ten to one , of what our cleared land is here , and the purchase here , is an hundred to one dearer , which must needs make american lands no hard bargain to the purchasers . now for clearing our wood-lands in order to corn ; the difficulty is not so great as is imagined ; our trees , being not so thick , or not so burdensome , but that four hands , in four months time , may easily clear five and twenty acres for the plow ; which , at 15 d. english per day , for each hand comes to twenty five shillings per acre . the encrease of which , is with less then half the seed , at least equal to the improv'd land of england . add to this , the ten pence which buys the fee of an acre unclear'd and an acre of land , producing the like quantity with english ground , shall cost 1 l. 5 s. 10 d. which at eight years purchase , ought to yield three shillings two pence three farthings per annum . now , where it brings an increase equal to land of ten shillings per annum in england , and what it produces , yields not , at present , a less value , the advantage is almost four to one , which i conceive is no inconsiderable advance . having given this general account of lands in those parts of america , which for variety of earth , and number of fountains , falls not short , in my opinion , of any country i have seen in europe ; i shall in the next place , for their help and direction that intend thither . iv. first , set down the charge of transporting an ordinary family . secondly , the method and charge of their setling a plantation when there , vvhich vvill serve for all ranks , proportion still considered . i vvill suppose my self vvorth but one hundred pounds .   l. s. d. for my self , wife , and tvvo men servants at 5 pound per head , and one child of ten years old , 50 s. ( for to that age children pay no more ) 22 10 00 for a tunn of goods , each a chest gratis , 02 00 00 for the ship doctor , per head 2 s 6 d. 00 12 06 for 4 gallons of brandy and 24 pounds of suger for the voyage . 01 00 00 for cloaths for my servants , each 6 shirts , 2 wastcoats a summer and a winter suite , one hat , 2 pair of shooes , stokins and drawers . 12 00 00   38 02 06 when it pleases god vve are vvel arrived vvhich i suppose to be about the first of october , the first thing is to get a lodging in some tovvn or village at hand , for my family and there stay one week , and take something for our health , refresh our selves and advise vvhere to settle , if my land be not already fixt : this done , i take my tvvo men and go to my lot , vvhich is , say five hundred acres . i lodg them at the next village , or house to the place , and then go to felling of trees , proper for a first house , vvhich vvill very vvel serve for the presented occasion , and aftervvards be a good out house , till plenty vvill allovv me to build a better . to build then an house of thirty foot long and eighteen foot broad , vvith a partition neer the middle , and an other to divide one end of the house into tvvo small rooms , there must be eight trees of about sixteen inches square , and cut off , to posts of about fifteen foot long , vvhich the house must stand upon , and four pieces , tvvo of thirty foot long , and two of eighteen foot long for plates , vvhich must lie upon the top of those posts , the vvhole length and bredth of the house , for the gists to rest upon . there must be ten gists of tvventy foot long , to bear the loft , and tvvo false places of thirty foot long to lie upon the end of the gists for the rafters to be fixed upon twelve pair of 〈◊〉 of about tvventy foot , to bear the roof of the house , vvith several other smal pieces ; as wind-beams , braces , studs , &c , vvhich are made out of the waste timber . for covering the house , ends ▪ and sides , and for the loft , vve use clabboard , vvhich is rived feather-edg●● , of five foot and a half long , t●at vvell dravvn , lyes close and smooth : the lodging room may be lined vvith the same , and fil●'d up betvveen , vvhich is very warm , these houses usually endure ten years vvithout repair .   l. s. d. for the carpenters vvork for such an house , i and my servants assisting him , together vvith his diet. 07 00 00 for a barn of the same building and dimentions . 05 00 00 for nailes , and other things to finish both 03 10 00 the lovver flour is the ground , the upper clabbord : this may seem a mean vvay of building , but 't is sufficient and safest for ordinary beginners . 't is true , some of our folks have exceeded much even in villages ; but hovv vvise they vvere in it , is the question : an ordinary house , and a good stock , is the planters wisdom ; else , some of our neighbouring provinces , improv'd by persons , vvhom necessity had made ingenious and provident , had not succeeded so vvell as they have done . hovvbeit , if better are desired , people may have them sutable to their abilities . this house may be finished by the middle of november , the barn by the spring , but there being little use for it , till the next fall , it may be built at leasure , and the winter imploy'd to clear land ; or the spring , by vvhich time , they may easily have clear'd fifteen acres . the spring come a stock must be bought .   l. s. d. for three milch covvs and calves by their sides . 10 00 00 for a yoke of oxen , 08 00 00 for a breeding mare , 05 00 00 for tvvo young sovvs and a boar , 01 10 00   24 10 00 h●re vv●ll fitly ●●me in our years provision .   l. s. d. to each person of the 〈◊〉 ● bushels of indian corn at 2 s. per bushel , and 5 bushels of english wheat at 3 s. 6 d. per bushel , vvhich comes for five persons to . 08 07 06 for tvvo barrels of molasses , for beer . 03 00 00 for beef and pork , at a 120 pounds per head , and 2 d. per pound 05 00 00 for 5 gall. of spirits , at 2 s. per gall. 00 10 00   16 07 06 i fall novv to the land i have clear'd to plant , upon vvhich , vvith gods ordinary providence , a crop may be thus made of divers grain , viz.   l. s. d. the three working hands may plant and tend , especially vvith a little help of the woman and boy 20000 indian corn hills ▪ vvhich generally make about 400 bushels , vvhich at 2 s. per bushel coms to 40 00 00 they may sovv eight acres ; half vvith summer wheat , and half vvith oats , vvhich computing at 15 bushels per acre , there vvill be 120 bushels of both , and oats at 2 s. per bushel , and wheat at 3 s. 6 d. per bushel , come to . 16 10 00 to indian pease 01 10 00 to gallavances and patatoes ( a tollerable encrease ) 01 10 00   59 10 00 by this time the year is brought about , and october is come again . let us see novv vvhat vve are worth. planter debitor .   l. s. d. to passage and cloaths for my servants , being part of my first principle . 38 02 06 to tvvo months lodging till an house be built 01 00 00 to an house and barn 15 10 00 to provisions for one year for the family 16 17 06 to a stock in covvs , oxen , svvine and a mare . 24 10 00   96 00 00 rest due 04 00 00   100 00 00 per contr. creditor   l. s. d. by the remaining part of my 100 pounds 04 00 00 to the advance of five and twenty per cent. upon thirty pounds worth of goods to bring them to the sterling value of money 07 10 00 by an house and barn worth together with the assistance the carpenter had 30 00 00 by 15 acres of land clear'd 18 15 00 by corn and grain , being the produce of this years crop 59 10 00 by the stock , as good as when bought , 24 10 00 144 05 00 with the overplus of the grain i have , to what i want , i furnish my self the ensuing year with two barrels of molosses , two of meat , and two of fish , to save my young stock ; and proceed to clear more land for indian corn and oates , and imploy the other land to english wheat and barley : a garden plat , next the house , and an acre in an orchard , follow of course . and thus i end with my settlement of a plantation , leaving the planter to live by his industry and encrease , and make what he can of the rest of his five hundred acres , and that for the sake of this very settlement , is in reputation worth , three times more then it was . for those that have greater abilities , and aim at better settlements , they have the means in their own hands , and the people of the country skill enough to answer their desires , be it in fine timber or very good brick buildings . but for the poorer sort , that either can but just transport themselves , or that are not well able of themselves to do that , i shall for the encouragement of such , as well as of those that shall assist them , propose my former methods somewhat better explain'd . v. the way the poorer sort may be transported , with advantage to the rich that help them , is thus ; in the first place , there are such as are able to transport , themselves and families , but are unable to build or stock themselves when they are there ; others that have not enough to transport themselves and families , and such will come under a different consideration . the first of these may be entertained in this manner , say i have 5000 acres i will settle ten families upon them , in way of village , and build each an house , an out-house for cattle , furnish every family with stock ; as four cows , two sows , a couple of mares , and a yoke of oxen , with a town porse , bull and boar ; i find them with tools , and give each their first ground-seed . they shall continue seven years , or more , as we agree at half encrease , being bound to leave the houses in repair , and a garden and orchard , i paying for the trees , and at least twenty acres of land within fence , and improved to corn and grass : the charge will come to about sixty pounds english for each family : at the seven years end , the improvement will be worth , as things go now , 120 l. besides the value of the encrease of the stock , which may be near as much more , allowing for casualities ; especially , if the people are honest and careful , or a man be upon the spot himself , or have an overseer sometimes to inspect them . the charge in the whole is 832 l. and the value of stock and improvements 24●0 l. i think i have been modest in my computation . these farms are aftewards fit for leases at full reat , or how else the owner shall please to dispose of them . also the people will by this time be skilled in the country , and well provided to settle themselves with stock upon their own land , which shall be a thousand acres their land-lord will give them , which is own hundred to each family , in some part of his five thousand acres , they only paying for the same ten shillings yearly , which is a shilling for each family . the advantage of this way ; is chiefly to those that go , for as the benefit seems greater , so is the hazard , by loss or embezlement of stock , unless one were present , or a dilligent and honest overseer there : but those that design going , and have money , and aim to live with most ease , cannot do better ; for the half encrease of the stock and labour of those families will supply them with provisions ; so that they need not toyl , in a way , they are perhaps unacquainted with , for their accommodations of life . and if half encrease be thought a way too uncertain , it may be brought to a certain value , by paying a yearly rent for suck stock as aforesaid . the other sort of poor people my be very beneficially transported upon these terms : say i have 5000 acres i should settle as before , i will give to each family 100 acres , which in the whole makes 1000 ; and to each family thirty pounds english , half in hand , and half there , which in the whole comes to 300 l. after four years are expired , in which time they may be easie , & in a good condition , they shall each of them pay five pounds , and so yearly for ever , as a fee-farm rent ; vvhich in the vvhole comes to 50 l. a year . thus a man that , buys 5000 acres may secure and settle his 40000 by gift of one , and in a vvay , that hazard and interest allovved for , amounts to at least ten per cent . upon land security ; besistes the value it puts upon the rest of the 5000 acres , vvhich vvill be , for that reason , really vvorth three times as much as before . in these families i propose that there be at least two working hands besides the wife , vvhether son or servant ; and that they oblige vvhat they carry ; and for further security bind themselves as servants for some time , that they vvill settle the said land accordingly , and vvhen they are once seated , their improvements are security enough for the rent . there is yet another expedient , & that is , give to ten families 1000 acres for ever , at a small acknowledgment , and settle them in vvay of village , as before ; by their seating thus , the land taken up is secured from others , because the method of the country is ansvvered , and the value such a settlement gives to the rest reserved , is not inconsiderable ; i mean , the 4000 acres ; especially that vvhich is contiguous : for their children vvhen grovvn up , and handicrafts vvill soon covet to fix next them , and such after settlements beginning at an improved rent in fee , or for long leases , on small acknowledgments , and good improvements , must advance the vvhole considerably . i conceive any of these methods to issue in a sufficient advantage to adventurers , and they all give good encouragement to feeble and poor families . novv i knovv some think this looks a little hard upon the people that are to pay the said rent , the thing that is most contrary to my inclinations , as vvell as design in making this proposal . but i am of another mind ; for in ireland , money bears the interest of ten per cent : thirty pounds then , will deserve three pounds a year , three years interest makes 9 l. the 100 acres surveyed ct patented are worth 8 l. at least , for that is one of the lowest prises parchasers sell again at . the interest of this 8 l. for three years at ten per cent , is eight and forty shillings ; there is also three shillings for three years rent . novv put the thirty , the nine , the eight , and the tvvo pounds eight shillings , and the three shillings together , and there vvill be forty nine pounds eleven shillings , vvhich vvants but nine shillings of fifty pounds , and you advance no more then money does in ireland , that is neerer home , and an improv'd country ▪ to vvhich add , the hazard that is run , in this vvay , above a double bond for the payment of the fifty pounds in ireland ; for the ship perish , my money is gone , if the man or vvorking hands dye , i have a charge instead of a revenue that vvill follovv me ; vvhich plainly evidences that the proposition is not grievous , but reasonable and charitable too , and especially vvhen vve consider that sixty five days out of the year , at eighteen pence by day , vvill , vvithin half a crovvn , pay the rent , and as he has three hundred to himself . nor is this all , he is come to a country vvhere lands is cheap , and does rise , and vvhere those that have hands cannot but live , and in a vvay too , not subject to the contingiences & decays of trades ; for as belovv the ground none can fall , so here every one falls upon his ovvn ; vvhich brings me to the sixth particular , about the benefit these countries bring to posterity . vi. there is an easier and better provision to be made there for posterity , especially of such as are not of great substance . i never thought , but mere trades vvould do as vvell here as there , but vvhen people have gain'd something here by their ingenuity and toyl say ●000 l. hovv much land vvill that buy here , and hovv much income vvill that fetch ; perhaps 50 l. per ann. on bond , or 40 in land , vvhich at ten shillings by the acre , comes to fourscore acres . this , to bring up five children , feed , cloath , school , and portion them , vvill be very scanty ; but then , vvhat vvill this do to estate their children , and so forvvard . novv in america , a thousand pounds discreetly laid out , is an exchequer to a family . i vvill suppose i have one hundred pounds in land , vvhich contains 3000 acres . this i stock , to half increase , for 360 l. upon this half increase i live vvell , till my children are of age . by this time at least , the tennants term is up , and i place my children in those tenements , vvith a proportion of stock , vvithout portions or rents to pay : each has 500 acres , besides my five hundred after my decease . if each of them have five children , there is an hundred acres a piece for them , besides the 500 acres i leave them ; and if any take to trades , the rest have the more land. by this time , an hundred acres may be reasonably presum'd to be vvorth as much as a 1000 vvas in their fathers time , and it must advance yet : all improv'd countries teach us this . novv this is a vvay of putting people into the natural channal of life to vvit , agriculture , and of adjourning care for posterity to the fourth generation . let it be remembred that there is but 360 l. expended of the 1000 l. so that to carry me and my family , and settle us in some proportion to our degree , as also to traffick and encrease portions , there rests 640 l. novv if a 1000 l. in europe , cannot have so natural an increase , free of those contingences that other means of life are subject to , i conceive america somevvhat a better place for the good of posterity , especially of such as are not vvealthy , or have many children , that they vvould nor should too unequally live and be provided for . vii . novv as to vvhat utensels and goods are fittest to carry for use and profit , i say , in general , all things relating to apparrel , building , houshouldstuff , husbandry , fowling and fishing : but for particulars , english woollen , and german linnen , as ordinary broad-clothes , kereseys , searges , norwich-stuffs , some duffels , cottons & stroud-waters , for the natives , and white and blew ozenburgs , shoes , and stockins , buttons , silk , threed , iron ware , especially felling axes , how 's , indian how 's , saws , frows , drawing-knives , nailes , but of 6. d. and 8. d. a treble quantity , because they use them for shingling , or covering of houses . powder and lead are often vvanted for the woods , in winter , for water fovvl that are very numerous . there are lesser things that vvill be convenient to carry ; but being trivial in themselves , and vvhat people 〈◊〉 hardly miss to think upon ; i shall close this information and direction vvith my usual caution , and good wishes . let none be hasty or presumptuous . the even humble temper vvill best endure the difference of the change either vvay . a wilderness must vvant some things improv'd countries do enjoy ; but time and labour vvill reprize , vvhere industry sooner makes an inheritance . and tho vve have not the ornaments of life , vve vvant not the conveniences ; and if their cost vvere put in ballance vvith their benefit , the world vvould be greatly debtor on account . if then vve have less of art , vve have more of nature ; and the works of god are 〈◊〉 objects for meditation and delight ; then the inventions of men . in vain do vve admire the first and simpler ages of the world , and stile them golden , vvhile vve object against america's rusticity and solitude . i vvill say no more , but if jacob dvvelt in tents , and herds and flocks vvere his revenue , a life like his should be no stop vvith those that love his plainness and integrity . i beseech god it may be so vvith them that go , and i am sure they vvill not have much reason to repent their change. finis . the frame of the government of the province of pennsilvania in america together with certain laws agreed upon in england by the governour and divers free-men of the aforesaid province : to be further explained and confirmed there by the first provincial council and general assembly that shall be held, if they see meet. penn, william, 1644-1718. 1682 approx. 48 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 8 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2006-02 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a54139 wing p1292 estc r18855 13048387 ocm 13048387 96946 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a54139) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 96946) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 748:16) the frame of the government of the province of pennsilvania in america together with certain laws agreed upon in england by the governour and divers free-men of the aforesaid province : to be further explained and confirmed there by the first provincial council and general assembly that shall be held, if they see meet. penn, william, 1644-1718. [4], 11 p. s.n.], [s.l. : 1682. the preface and the "frame of government" are signed: william penn. reproduction of original in huntington library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng pennsylvania -politics and government -colonial period, ca. 1660-1775. 2005-07 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2005-09 apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images 2005-11 john latta sampled and proofread 2005-11 john latta text and markup reviewed and edited 2006-01 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion the frame of the government of the province of pennsilvania in america : together with certain laws agreed upon in england by the governour and divers free-men of the aforesaid province . to be further explained and confirmed there by the first provincial council and general assembly that shall be held , if they see meet . printed in the year mdclxxxii . the preface . vvhen the great and wise god had made the world , of all his creatures it pleased him to chuse man his deputy to rule it : and to fit him for so great a charge and trust , he did not only qualifie him with skill and power , but with integrity to use them justly . this native goodness was equally his honour and his happiness ; and whilst he stood here , all went well : there was no need of coercive or compulsive means ; the precept of divine love and truth , in his own bosom was the guide and keeper of his innocency . but lust prevailing against duty , made a lamentable breach upon it ; and the law , that before had no power over him , took place upon him and his disobedient posterity , that such as would not live conformable to the holy law within , should fall under the reproof and correction of the just law without in a judicial administration . this the apostle teaches in divers of his epistles : the law ( says he ) was added because of transgression : in another place ; knowing that the law was not made for the righteous man , but for the disobedient and vngodly , for sinners , for vnholy and prophane , for murderers , for whoremongers , for them that defile themselves with mankind , and for men-stealers , for lyars , for perjured persons , &c. but this is not all , he opens and carries the matter of government a little farther ; let every soul be subject to the higher powers ; for there is no power but of god. the powers that be , are ordained of god : whosoever therefore resisteth the power , resisteth the ordinance of god. for rulers are not a terror to good works , but to evil : wilt thou then not be afraid of the power , do that which is good , and thou shalt have praise of the same — he is the minister of god to thee for good — wherefore , ye must needs be subject , not only for wrath , but for conscience sake . this settles the divine right of government beyond exception , and that for two ends : first , to terrifie evil-doers : secondly , to cherish those that do well ; which gives government a life beyond corruption , and makes it as durable in the world , as good men shall be . so that government seems to me a part of religion it self , a thing sacred in its institution and end : for if it does not directly remove the cause , it crushes the effects of evil , and is as such ( though a lower , yet ) an emanation of the same divine power , that is both author and object of pure religion ; the difference lying here , that the one is more free and mental , the other , more corporal and compulsive in its operations : but that is only to evil-doers ; government in it self being otherwise as capable of kindness , goodness and charity as a more private society . they weakly err , that think there is no other use for government , than correction , which is the coursest part of it : daily experience tells us , that the care and regulation of many other affairs , more soft and daily necessary , make up much the greatest part of government ; and which must have followed the peopling of the world , had adam never fell , and will continue among men on earth under the highest attainments they may arrive at , by the coming of the blessed second adam , the lord from heaven . — thus much of government in general , as to its rise and end. for particular frames and models , it will become me to say little ; and comparatively i will say nothing . my reasons are , first , that the age is too nice and difficult for it , there being nothing the wits of men are more busie and divided upon . 't is true , they seem to agree in the end , to wit , happiness ; but in the means they differ , as to divine , so to this humane felicity ; and the cause is much the same , not alwayes want of light and knowledge , but want of using them rightly . men side with their passions against their reason ; and their sinister interests have so strong a byass upon their minds , that they lean to them against the good of the things they know . secondly , i do not find a model in the world , that time , place and some singular emergencies have not necessarily alter'd ; nor is it easie to frame a civil government , that shall serve all places alike . thirdly , i know what is said by the several admirers of monarchy , aristocracy and democracy , whith are the rule of one , a few and many , and are the three common idea's of government , when men discourse of that subject . but i chuse to solve the controversie with this small distinction , and it belongs to all three : any government is free to the people under it ( what-ever be the frame ) where the laws rule , and the people are a party to those laws , and more then this is tyranny , oligarchy or confusion . but lastly , when all is said , there is hardly one frame of government in the world so ill design'd by its first founders , that in good hands would not do well enough ; and story tells us , the best in ill ones can do nothing that is great or good ; witness the jewish and roman states . governments , like clocks , go from the motion men give them ; and as governments are made and mov'd by men , so by them they are ruin'd too : wherefore governments rather depend upon men , then men upon governments . let men be good , and the government can't be bad ; if it be ill , they will cure it : but if men be bad , let the government be never so good , they will endeavour to warp and spoil it to their turn . i know some say , let us have good laws , and no matter for the men that execute them : but let them consider , that though good laws do well , good men do better ; for good laws may want good men , and be abolished or evaded by ill men ; but good men will never want good laws nor suffer ill ones . 't is true , good laws have some awe upon ill ministers , but that is where they have not power to escape or abolish them , and the people are generally wise and good : but a loose and deprav'd people ( which is to the question ) love laws and an administration like themselves . that therefore which makes a good constitution must keep it ; ( viz. ) men of wisdom and virtue ; qualities , that because they descend not with worldly inheritances , must be carefully propagated by a virtuous education of youth ; for which after-ages will owe more to the care and prudence of founders and the successive magistracy , then to their parents for their private patrimonies . these considerations of the weight of government , and the nice and various opinions about it , made it uneasie to me to think of publishing the ensuing frame and conditional laws , foreseeing , both the censures they will meet with from men of differing humors and engagements , and the occasion they may give of discourse beyond my design . but next to the power of necessity , ( which is a solicitor that will take no denial ) this induc'd me to a compliance , that we have ( with reverence to god and good conscience to men ) to the best of our skill contrived and composed the frame and laws of this government to the great end of all government , viz. to support power in reverence with the people , and to secure the people from the abuse of power ; that they may be free by their just obedience , and the magistrates honourable for their just administration : for liberty without obedience is confusion , and obedience without liberty is slavery . to carry this evenness is partly owing to the constitution , and partly to the magistracy ; where either of these fail , government will be subject to convulsions : but where both are wanting , it must be totally subverted : then where both meet , the government is like to endure : which i humbly pray and hope , god will please to make the lot of this of pennsilvania : amen . vvilliam penn. the frame of the government of pennsilvania in america , &c. to all people , to whom these presents shall come : whereas king charles the second , by his letters patents , under the great seal of england , for the considerations therein mentioned , hath been graciously pleased to give and grant unto me william penn ( by the name of william penn esquire , son and heir of sir willam penn deceased ) and to my heirs and assigns forever , all that tract of land or province , called pennsilvania , in america , with divers great powers , preheminencies , royalties , jurisdictions and authorities necessary for the well-being and government thereof . now know ye , that for the well-being and government of the said province , and for the encouragement of all the free-men and planters that may be therein concerned , in pursuance of the powers aforementioned , i the said william penn have declared , granted and confirmed , and by these presents for me , my heirs and assigns do declare , grant and confirm unto all the free-men , planters and adventurers of , in and to the said province these liberties , franchises and properties to be held , enjoyed and kept by the free-men , planters and inhabitants of and in the said province of pennsilvania forever . imprimis , that the government of this province shall , according to the powers of the patent , consist of the governour and free-men of the said province , in the form of a provincial council and general assembly , by whom all laws shall be made . officers chosen and publick affairs transacted , as is hereafter respectively declared ; that is to say , ii. that the free-men of the said province shall on the twentieth day of the twelfth moneth , which shall be in this present year one thousand six hundred eighty and two , meet and assembly in some fit place , of which timely notice shall be beforehand given by the governour or his deputy , and then and there shall chuse out of themselves seventy two persons of most note for their wisdom , virtue and ability , who shall meet on the tenth day of the first moneth next ensuing , and alwayes be called and act as the provincial council of the said province . iii. that at the first choice of such provincial council , one third part of the said provincial council shall be chosen to serve for three years then next ensuing , one third part for two years then next ensuing , and one third part for one year then next following such election , and no longer ; and that the said third part shall go out accordingly . and on the twentieth day of the twelfth moneth , as aforesaid , yearly , forever afterward , the free-men of the said province shall in like manner meet and assemble together , and then chuse twenty four persons , being one third of the said number , to serve in provincial council for three years , it being intended , that one third of the whole provincial council ( alwayes consisting and to consist of seventy two persons , as aforesaid ) falling off yearly , it shall be yearly supplied by such new yearly elections as aforesaid . and that no one person shall continue therein longer than three years : and in case any member shall decease before the last election , during his time , that then at the next election ensuing his decease , another shall be chosen to supply his place for the remaining time he was to have served , and no longer . iv. that after the first seven years , every one of the said third parts that goeth yearly off , shall be uncapable of being chosen again for one whole year following : that so all may be sitted for government , and have experience of the care and burden of it . v. that the provincial council in all cases and matters of moment , as their arguing upon bills to be past into laws , erecting courts of justice , giving judgment upon criminals impeached , and choice of officers in such manner as is herein after mentioned , not less than two thirds of the whole provincial council shall make a quorum ; and that the consent and approbation of two thirds of such quorum shall be had in all such cases or matters of moment . and moreover , that in all cases and matters of lesser moment , twenty four members of the said provincial council shall make a quorum , the majority of which twenty four shall and may always determine in such cases & causes of lesser moment . vi. that in this provincial council the governour or his deputy shall or may alwayes preside and have a treble voice ; and the said provincial council shall alwayes continue and sit upon its own adjournments and committees . vii . that the governour and provincial council shall prepare and propose to the general assembly , hereafter mentioned , all bills , which they shall at any time think fit to be past into laws within the said province ; which bills shall be publisht and affixed to the most noted places in the inhabited parts thereof thirty dayes before the meeting of the general assembly , in order to the passing of them into laws , or rejecting of them , as the general assembly shall see meet . viii . that the governour and provincial council shall take care , that all laws , statutes and ordinances , which shall at any time be made within the said province , be duely and diligently executed . ix . that the governour and provincial council shall at all times have the care of the peace and safety of the province ; and that nothing be by any person attempted to the subversion of this frame of government . x. that the governour and provincial council shall at all times settle and order the scituation of all cities , ports and market-towns in every county , modelling therein all publick buildings , streets and market-places ; and shall appoint all necessary roads and highwayes in the province . xi . that the governour and provincial council shall at all times have power to inspect the management of the publick treasury , and punish those who shall convert any part thereof to any other use , than what hath been agreed upon by the governour , provincial council and general assembly . xii . that the governour and provincial council shall erect and order all publick schools , and encourage and reward the authors of useful sciences and laudable inventions in the said province . xiii . that for the better management of the powers and trust aforesaid , the provincial council shall from time to time divide it self into four distinct and proper committees , for the more easie administration of the affairs of the province , which divides the seventy two into four eighteens , every one of which eighteens shall consist of six out of each of the three orders or yearly elections , each of which shall have a distinct portion of business , as followeth . first , a committee of plantations , to scituate and settle cities , ports , market-towns and high-wayes , and to hear and decide all suits and controversies relating to plantations . secondly , a committee of justice and safety to secure the peace of the province , and punish the male-administration of those who subvert justice to the prejudice of the publick or private interest . thirdly , a committee of trade and treasury , who shall regulate all trade and commerce according to law , encourage manufacture and country-growth , and defray the publick charge of the province . and fourthly , a committee of manners , education and arts , that all wicked and scandalous living may be prevented , and that youth may be successively trained up in virtue and useful knowledge and arts ; the quorum of each of which committees being six , that is , two out of each of the three orders or yearly elections , as aforesaid , make a constant or standing council of twenty four , which will have the power of the provincial council , being the quorum of it , in all cases not excepted in the fifth article ; and in the said committees and standing council of the province , the governour or his deputy shall or may preside , as aforesaid . and in the absence of the governour or his deputy ; if no one is by either of them appointed , the said committees or council shall appoint a president for that time , and not otherwise ; and what shall be resolved at such committees , shall be reported to the said council of the province , and shall be by them resolved and confirmed before the same shall be put in execution : and that these respective committees shall not sit at one and the same time , except in cases of necessity . xiv . and to the end that all laws prepared by the governour and provincial council aforesaid , may yet have the more full concurrence of the free-men of the province , it is declared , granted and confirmed , that at the time and place or places , for the choice of a provincial council , as aforesaid , the said free-men shall yearly chuse members to serve in a general assembly , as their representatives , not exceeding two hundred persons , who shall yearly meet on the twentieth day of the second moneth , which shall be in the year 1683. following , in the capital town or city of the said province , where during eight dayes the several members may freely confer with one another ; and if any of them see meet , with a committee of the provincial council ( consisting of three out of each of the four committees aforesaid , being twelve in all ) which shall be at that time purposely appointed to receive from any of them proposals for the alteration or amendment of any of the said proposed and promulgated bills ; and on the ninth day from their so meeting , the said general assembly , after the reading over of the proposed bills by the clark of the provincial council , and the occasions and motives for them being opened by the governour or his deputy , shall give their affirmative or negative , which to them seemeth best , in such manner as hereafter is exprest : but not less than two thirds shall make a quorum in the passing of laws and choice of such officers as are by them to be chosen . xv. that the laws so prepared and proposed as aforesaid , that are assented to by the general assembly , shall be enrolled , as laws of the province , with this stile , by the governour , with the assent and approbation of the free-men in provincial council and general assembly . xvi . that for the better establishment of the government and laws of this province , and to the end there may be an universal satisfaction in the laying of the fundamentals thereof , the general assembly shall or may for the first year consist of all the free-men of and in the said province ; and ever after it shall be yearly chosen , as aforesaid : which number of two hundred shall be enlarged as the country shall encrease in people , so as it do not exceed five hundred at any time : the appointment and proportioning of which , as also the laying and methodizing of the choice of the provincial council and general assembly in future times most equally to the division of the hundreds and counties , which the country shall hereafter be divided into , shall be in the power of the provincial council to propose , and the general assembly to resolve . xvii . that the governour and the provincial council shall erect from time to time standing courts of justice in such places and number , as they shall judge convenient for the good government of the said province . and that the provincial council shall on the thirteenth day of the first moneth yearly elect and present to the governour or his deputy a double number of persons to serve for judges , treasurers , masters of rolls within the said province for the year next ensuing . and the free-men of the said province in their county-courts , when they shall be erected , and till then , in the general assembly shall on the three and twentieth day of the second moneth yearly elect and present to the governour or his deputy a double number of persons to serve for sheriffs , justices of peace and coroners for the year next ensuing ; out of which respective elections and presentments the governour or his deputy shall nominate and commissionate the proper number for each office the third day after the said respective presentments , or else the first named in such presentment for each office shall stand and serve for that office the year ensuing . xviii . but for as much as the present condition of the province requires some immediate settlement , and admits not of so quick a revolution of officers , and to the end the said province may with all convenient speed be well ordered and settled , i william penn do therefore think fit to nominate and appoint such persons for judges , treasurers , masters of the rolls , sheriffs , justices of the peace and coroners , as are most fitly qualified for those employments ; to whom i shall make and grant commissions for the said offices , respectively to hold to them to whom the same shall be granted , for so long time as every such person shall well behave himself in the office or place to him respectively granted , and no longer . and upon the decease or displacing of any of the said officers , the succeeding officer or officers shall be chosen as aforesaid . xix . that the general assembly shall continue so long as may be needful to impeach criminals , fit to be there impeached , to pass bills into laws , that they shall think fit to pass into laws , and till such time as the governour and provincial council shall declare , that they have nothing further to propose unto them for their assent and approbation : and that declaration shall be a dismiss to the general assembly for that time ; which general assembly shall be notwithstanding capable of assembling together upon the summons of the provincial council at any time during that year , if the said provincial council shall see occasion for their so assembling . xx. that all the elections of members or representatives of the people to serve in provincial council and general assembly , and all questions to be determined by both or either of them that relate to passing of bills into laws , to the choice of officers , to impeachments made by the general assembly , and judgment of criminals upon such impeachments by the provincial council , and to all other cases by them respectively judged of importance , shall be resolved and determined by the ballot ; and unless on suddain and indispensible occasions , no business in provincial council , or its respective committees shall be finally determined the same day that it is moved . xxi . and that at all times , when and so often as it shall happen , that the governour shall or may be an infant under the age of one and twenty years , and no guardians or commissioners are appointed in writing by the father of the said infant , or that such guardians or commissioners shall be deceased , that during such minority the provincial council shall from time to time , as they shall see meet , constitute and appoint guardians or commissioners , not exceeding three , one of which three shall preside as deputy and chief guardian , during such minority , and shall have and execute with the consent of the other two all the power of a governour in all the publick affairs and concerns of the said province . xxii . that as often as any day of the moneth , mentioned in any article of this charter , shall fall upon the first day of the week , commonly called the lords day , the business appointed for that day shall be deferred till the next day , unless in case of emergency . xxiii . that no act , law or ordinance whatsoever , shall at any time hereafter be made or done by the governour of this province , his heirs or assigns , or by the free-men in the provincial council , or the general assembly , to alter , change or diminish the form or effect of this charter , or any part or clause thereof , or contrary to the true intent and meaning thereof , without the consent of the governour , his heirs or assigns , and six parts of seven of the said free-men in provincial council and general assembly . xxiv . and lastly , that i , the said william penn , for my self , my heirs and assigns have solemnly declared , granted and confirmed , and do hereby solemnly declare , grant and confirm , that neither i , my heirs nor assigns shall procure or do any thing or things , whereby the liberties in this charter contained and expressed , shall be infringed or broken : and if any thing be procured by any person or persons contrary to these premises , it shall be held of no force or effect in witness whereof i the said william penn have unto this present charter of liberties set my hand and broad seal this five and twentieth day of the second moneth , vulgarly called april , in the year of our lord one thousand six hundred eighty and two. william penn. laws agreed upon in england by the governour and divers of the free-men of pennsilvania , to be further explained and confirmed there by the first provincial council and general assembly that shall be held in the said province , if they see meet . i. that the charter of liberties declared , granted and confirmed the five and twentieth day of the second moneth called april , 1682. before divers witnesses by william penn , governour and chief proprietor of pennsilvania , to all the free-men and planters of the said province , is hereby declared and approved , and shall be forever held for a fundamental in the government thereof , according to the limitations mentioned in the said charter . ii. that every inhabitant in the said province that is or shall be a purchaser of one hundred acres of land or upwards , his heirs and assigns ; and every person who shall have paid his passage , and taken up one hundred acres of land at one penny an acre , and have cultivated ten acres thereof ; and every person that hath been a servant or bonds-man , and is free by his service , that shall have taken up his fifty acres of land , and cultivated twenty thereof ; and every inhabitant , artificer or other , resident in the said province , that payes scot and lot to the government , shall be deemed and accounted a free-man of the said province ; and every such person shall and may be capable of electing or being elected representatives of the people in provincial council or general assembly in the said province . iii. that all elections of members or representatives of the people and free-men of the province of pennsilvania , to serve in provincial council or general assembly , to be held within the said province , shall be free and voluntary : and that the elector , that shall receive any reward or gift in meat , drink , moneys , or otherwise , shall forfeit his right to elect : and such person as shall directly or indirectly give , promise or bestow any such reward as aforesaid , to be elected , shall forfeit his election , and be thereby incapable to serve , as aforesaid . and the provincial council and general assembly shall be the sole judges of the regularity or irregularity of the elections of their own respective members . iv. that no money or goods shall be raised upon , or paid by any of the people of this province , by way of a publick tax , custom or contribution , but by a law for that purpose made : and whosoever shall leavy , collect or pay any money or goods contrary thereunto , shall be held a publick enemy to the province , and a betrayer of the liberty of the people thereof . v. that all courts shall be open , and justice shall neither be sold , denyed nor delayed . vi. that in courts all persons of all perswasions may freely appear in their own way , and according to their own manner , and there personally plead their own cause themselves , or if unable , by their friends . and the first process shall be the exhibition of the complaint in court fourteen dayes before tho tryal . and that the party complained against may be fitted for the same , he or she shall be summon'd no less than ten dayes before , and a copy of the complaint delivered him or her at his or her dwelling house . but before the complaint of any person be received , he shall solemnly declare in court , that he believes in his conscience , his cause is just . vii . that all pleadings , processes and records in courts shall be short , and in english , and in an ordinary and plain character , that they may be understood , and justice speedily administred . viii . that all tryals shall be by twelve men , and as near as may be , peers or equals , and of the neighbourhood , and men without just exception . in cases of life there shall be first twenty four returned by the sheriff for a grand inquest , of whom twelve at least shall find the complaint to be true , and then the twelve men or peers , to be likewise returned by the sheriff , shall have the final judgment . but reasonable challenges shall be alwayes admitted against the said twelve men , or any of them . ix . that all fees in all cases shall be moderate , and settled by the provincial council and general assembly , and be hung up in a table in every respective court : and whosoever shall be convicted of taking more , shall pay twofold , and be dismissed his employment , one moyety of which shall go to the party wronged . x. that all prisons shall be work-houses for felons , vagrants and loose and idle persons , whereof one shall be in every county . xi . that all prisoners shall be baylable by sufficient sureties , unless for capital offences , where the proof is evident , or the presumption great . xii . that all persons wrongfully imprisoned , or prosecuted at law , shall have double damages against the informer or prosecutor . xiii . that all prisons shall be free , as to fees , food and lodging . xiv . that all lands and goods shall be liable to pay debts , except where there be legal issue , and then all the goods , and one third of the land only . xv. that all wills in writing , attested by two witnesses , shall be of the same force , as to lands , as other conveyances , being legally proved within forty dayes , either within or without the said province . xvi . that seven years quiet possession shall give an unquestionable right , except in cases of infants , lunaticks , married women , or persons beyond the sea. xvii . that all briberies and extortions whatsoever shall be severely punished . xviii . that all fines shall be moderate , and saving mens contenements , merchandize or wainage . xix . that all marriages ( not forbidden by the law of god , as to nearness of blood and affinity by marriage ) shall be encouraged ; but the parents or guardians shall be first consulted , and the marriage shall be published before it be solemnized , & it shall be solemnized by taking one another as husband and wife before credible witnesses : and a certificate of the whole , under the hands of parties and witnesses shall be brought to the proper register of that county , and shall be registred in his office. xx. and to prevent frauds and vexatious suits within the said province , that all charters , gifts , grants and conveyances of land ( except leases for a year , or under ) and all bills , bonds and specialties above five pound , and not under three moneths , made in the said province , shall be enrolled or registred in the publick enrollment-office of the said province , within the space of two moneths next after the making thereof , else to be void in law. and all deeds , grants and conveyances of land ( except as aforesaid ) within the said province , and made out of the said province , shall be enrolled or registred , as aforesaid , within six moneths next after the making thereof , and settling and constituting an enrollment-office or registry within the said province , else to be void in law against all persons whatsoever . xxi . that all defacers or corrupters of charters , gifts , grants , bonds , bills , wills , contracts and conveyances , or that shall deface or falsifie any enrollment , registry or record within this province , shall make double satisfaction for the same ; half whereof shall go to the party wronged , and they shall be dismist of all places of trust , and be publickly disgraced , as false men. xxii . that there shall be a register for births , marriages , burials , wills and letters of administration distinct from the other registry . xxiii . that there shall be a registry for all servants , where their names , time , wages , and dayes of payment shall be registred . xxiv . that all lands and goods of fellons shall be liable to make satisfaction to the party wronged twice the value ; and for want of lands or goods , the fellon shall be bonds-man , to work in the common-prison or work-house , or otherwise , till the party injured be satisfied . xxv . that the estates of capital offenders , as traitors and murderers , shall go one third to the next of kin to the sufferer , and the remainder to the next of kin to the criminal . xxvi . that all witnesses coming or called to testifie their knowledge in or to any matter or thing in any court , or before any lawful authority within the said province , shall there give or deliver in their evidence or testimony by solemnly promising to speak the truth , the whole truth , ●nd nothing but the truth to the matter or thing in question . and in case any person so called to evidence , shall afterwards be convicted of wilfull falsehood , such person shall suffer and undergo such damage or penalty as the person or persons , against whom he or she bore false witness , did or should undergo , and shall also make satisfaction to the party wronged , and be publickly exposed as a false witness , never to be credited in any court or before any magistrate in the said province . xxvii . and to the end that all officers chosen to serve within this province , may with more care and diligence answer the trust reposed in them , it is agreed , that no such person shall enjoy more than one publick office at one time . — xxviii . that all children within this province of the age of twelve years shall be taught some useful trade or skill , to the end none may be idle , but the poor may work to live , and the rich , if they become poor , may not want . xxix . that servants be not kept longer than their time ; and such as are careful be both justly and kindly used in their service , and put in fitting equipage at the expiration thereof , according to custom . xxx . that all scandalous and malicious reporters , backbiters , defamers and spreaders of false news , whether against magistrates or private persons , shall be accordingly severely punished , as enemies to the peace and concord of this province . xxxi . that for the encouragement of the planters and traders in this province , who are incorporated into a society , the patent granted to them by william penn , governour of the said province , is hereby ratified and confirmed . xxxii . — xxxiii . that all factors or correspondents in the said province wronging their employers , shall make satisfaction , and one third over to their said employers ; and in case of the death of any such factor or correspondent , the committee of trade shall take care to secure so much of the deceased party's estate as belongs to his said respective employers . xxxiv . that all treasurers , judges , masters of the rolls , sheriffs , justices of the peace , and other officers or persons whatsoever , relating to courts or tryals of causes , or any other service in the government , and all members elected to serve in provincial council and general assembly ; and all that have right to elect such members , shall be such as profess faith in jesus christ , and that are not convicted of ill fame , or unsober and dishonest conversation , and that are of one and twenty years of age at least : and that all such so qualified , shall be capable of the said several employments and priviledges , as aforesaid . xxxv . that all persons living in this province , who confess and acknowledge the one almighty and eternal god , to be the creator , upholder and ruler of the world , and that hold themselves obliged in conscience to live peaceably and justly in civil society , shall in no wayes be molested or prejudiced for their religious perswasion or practice in matters of faith and worship , nor shall they be compelled at any time to frequent or maintain any religious worship , place or ministry whatever . xxxvi . that according to the good example of the primitive christians , and for the ease of the creation , every first day of the week called the lords day , people shall abstain from their common daily labour , that they may the better dispose themselves to worship god according to their understandings . xxxvii . that as a careless and corrupt administration of justice draws the wrath of god upon magistrates , so the wildness and looseness of the people provoke the indignation of god against a country ; therefore , — that all such offences against god , as swearing , cursing , lying , prophane talking , drunkenness , drinking of healths , obscene words , incest , sodomy , rapes , whoredom , fornication and other uncleanness ( not to be repeated : ) all treasons , misprisions , murders , duels , fellonies , sedition , mayhems , forcible entries and other violencies to the persons and estates of the inhabitants within this province : all prizes , stage-plays , cards , dice , may-games , gamesters , masques , revels , bull-baitings , cock-fightings , bear-baitings and the like , which excite the people to rudeness , cruelty , looseness and irreligion , shall be respectively discouraged and severely punished , according to the appointment of the governour and free-men in provincial council and general assembly , as also all proceedings contrary to these laws , that are not here made expresly penal . xxxviii . that a copy of these laws shall be hung up in the provincial council and in publick courts of justice , and that they shall be read yearly at the opening of every provincial council and general assembly and court of justice , and their assent shall be testified by their standing up after the reading thereof . xxxix . that there shall be at no time any alteration of any of these laws without the consent of the governour , his heirs or assigns , and six parts of seven of the free-men met in provincial council and general assembly . xl. that all other matters and things not herein provided for , which shall and may concern the publick justice , peace or safety of the said province , and the raising and imposing taxes , customs , duties , or other charges whatsoever , shall be and are hereby referred to the order , prudence and determination of the governour and free-men in provincial council and general assembly , to be held from time to time in the said province . signed and sealed by the governour and free-men aforesaid , this fifth day of the third moneth , called may , one thousand six hundred eighty and two. notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a54139-e1960 ☜ a further account of the province of pennsylvania and its improvements for the satisfaction of those that are adventurers, and enclined to be so. penn, william, 1644-1718. 1685 approx. 43 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 11 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; 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(eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a54140) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 96945) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 748:17) a further account of the province of pennsylvania and its improvements for the satisfaction of those that are adventurers, and enclined to be so. penn, william, 1644-1718. 20 p. s.n., [london? : 1685] errata: p. 20. caption title. signed: william penn. worminghurst-place, 12th of the 10th month 85. reproduction of original in huntington library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng pennsylvania -description and travel. 2005-07 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2005-08 aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images 2006-01 emma (leeson) huber sampled and proofread 2006-01 emma (leeson) huber text and markup reviewed and edited 2006-04 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion a further account of the province of pennsylvania and its improvements . for the satisfaction of those that are adventurers , and enclined to be so . it has , i know , been much expected from me , that i should give some farther narrative of those parts of america , where i am chiefly interested , and have lately been ; having continued there above a year after my former relation , and receiving since my return , the freshest and fullest advices of its progress and improvement . but as the reason of my coming back , was a difference between the lord baltamore and my self , about the lands of delaware , in consequence , reputed of mighty moment to us , so i wav'd publishing any thing that might look in favour of the country or inviting to it , whilst it lay under the discouragement and disreputation of that lord's claim and pretences . but since they are , after many fair and full hearings before the lords of the committee for plantations justly and happily dismist , and the things agreed ; and that the letters which daily press me from all pa●●s , on the subject of america , are so many and voluminous , that to answer them severally , were a task too heavy , and repeated to perform , i have thought it most easie to the enquirer , as well as my self , to make this account publick , lest my silence , or a more private intimation of things , should disoblige the just inclinations of any to america , and at a time too , when an extraordinary providence seems to favour its plantation , and open a door to europeans to pass thither . that then which is my part to do in this advertisement is , first , to relate our progress , especially since my last of the month called august 83. secondly , the capacity of the place for farther improvement , in order to trade and commerce . lastly , which way those that are adventurers ; or incline to be so , may imploy their money to a fair and secure profit ; such as shall equally encourage poor and rich , which cannot fail of advancing the country in consequence . i. we have had about ninety sayl of ships with passengers since the beginning of 82. and not one vessel , designed to the province , through gods mercy , hitherto miscarried . the estimate of the people may be thus made ; eighty to each ship , which comes to seven thousand two-hundred persons : at least a thousand there before , with such as from other places in our neighbourhood are since come to reside among us : and i presume the births at least equal to the burials : for having made our first settlement high in the freshes of the rivers , we do not finde our selves subject to those seasonings that affect some other countries upon the same coast . the people are a collection of divers nations in europe : as , french , dutch , germans , sweeds , danes , finns , scotch ' irish , and english ; and of the last equal to all the rest : and which is admirable , not a reflection on that account : but as they are of one kind , and in one place , and under one allegiance , so they live like people of one county ; which civil union has had a considerable influence towards the prosperity of that place . ii. philadelphia , and our intended metropolis , as i formerly writ , is two miles long , and a mile broad , and at each end it lies thot mile , upon a navigable river . the scituation high and dry , yet replenished with running streams . besides the high-street , that runs in the midle from river to river , and is an hundred foot broad , it has eight streets more that run the same course , the least of which is fifty foot in breath . and besides broad-street , which crosseth the town in the middle , and is also an hundred foot wide , there are twenty streets more , that run the same course , and are also fifty foot broad . the names of those streets are mostly taken from the things that spontaneously grow in the country , as vine-street , mulbery-street , chesnut-srteet , wallnut-street , strawbery-street , cranbery-street , plumb-street , hickery-street , pine-street , oake-street , beach-street , ash-street , popler-street , sassafrax-street , and the like . iii. i mentioned in my last account , that from my arival in eighty two , to the date thereof , being ten moneths , we had got up four-score houses at our town , and that some villages were setled about it . from that time to my coming away , which was a year within a few weeks , the town advanced to three hundred and fifty seven houses ; divers of them , large , well built , with good cellars , three stories , and some with belconies . iv. there is also a fair key of about three hundred foot square , built by samuel carpenter , to which a ship of five hundred tuns may lay her broade side : and others intend to follow his example . we have also a rope-walk made by b. wilcox , and cordage for shipping already spun at it . v. there inhabits most sorts of useful trades-men , as carpenters , joyners , bricklayers , masons , plasterers , plumers , smiths , glasiers , taylers , shoemakers , butchers , bakers , brewers , glovers , tanners , felmongers , wheelrights , millrights , shiprights , boatrights , ropemakers , saylmakers blockmakers , turners &c. vi. there are two markets every week and two fairs every year . in other places markets also , as at chester and new-castle . vii . seven ordinaries for the intertainment of strangers and work-men , that are not house-keepers , and a good meal to be had for sixpence , sterl . viii . the hours for work and meals to labourers , are fixt , and known by ring of bell. ix . after nine at night , the officers go the rounds and no person , without very good cause , suffered to be at any publick-house that is not a lodger . x. tho this town seemed at first , contrived for the purchasers of the first hundred shares , each share consisting of 5000 acres , yet few going , and that their absence might not check the improvement of the place , and strangers , that flockt to us , be thereby excluded , i added that half of the town , which lies on the skulkill , that we might have room for present and after commers , that were not of that number , and it hath already had great success to the improvement of the place . xi . some vessels have been here built , and many boats ; and by that means , a ready conveniency for passage of people and goods . xii . divers brickerys going on , many cellars already ston'd or brick'd , and some brick houses going up . xiii . the town is well furnish'd with convenient mills ; and what with their garden plats , ( the least half an acre ) the fish of the river , and their labour , to the country-man , who begins to pay with the provisions of his own growth , they live comfortably . xiv . the improvement of the place is best measur'd , by the advance of value upon every mans lot. i will venture to say , that the worst lot in the town , without any improvement upon it , is worth four times more then it was when it was lay'd out , and the best forty . and though it seems unequal that the absent should be thus benefited by the improvments of those that are upon the place , especially , when they have serv'd no office , run no hazard , nor as yet defray'd any publick charge , yet this advantage does certainly redound to them , and whoever they are , they are great debtors to the country ; of which i shall now speak more at large . of country settlements . 1. we do settle in the way of townships or villages , each of which contains 5000 acres in square and at least ten families : the regulation of the country , being a family to each five hundred acres : some townships have more , where the interest of the people is less then that quantity ; which often falls out . 2. many that had right to more land , were at first covetous to have their whole quantity , without regard to this way of settlement , tho by such wilderness vacancies they had ruin'd the country , and their own interest of course . i had in my view , society , assistance , easy commerce , instruction of youth , goverment of peoples manners , conveniency of religious assembling , encouragement of mechanicks , distinct and beaten roads , and it has answer'd in all those respects , i think , to an universall content . 3. our townships lie square : generally the village in the center ; the houses either opposit , or else opposit to the middle , betwixt two houses over the way , for nearer neighborhood . we have another method , that tho the village be in the center , yet after a different manner : five hundred acres are allotted for the village , which among ten families comes to fifty acres each : this lies square , and on the outside of the square stand the houses , with their fifty acres running back , whose ends meeting , make the center of the 500. acres , as they are to the whole . before the doors of those houses , lies the high way , and cross it , every mans 450 acres of land , that makes up his complement of 500 so that the conveniency of neighbourhood is made agreeable with that of the land. 4. i said nothing in my last of any number of townships , but there were at least fifty settled before my leaving those parts , which was in the moneth call'd august 1684. 5. i visitted many of them , and found them much advanc'd in their improvements . houses over their heads , and garden-plots , coverts for their cattle , an encrease of stock , and several enclosures in corn , especially , the first commers ; and i may say of some poor men , even to the beginings of an estate : the difference of labouring for themselves and for others ; of an inheritance , and a rack lease , being never better understood . of the produce of the earth . 1. the earth , by gods blessing , has more then answer'd our expectation ; the poorest places in our judgment , producing large crops of garden stuff , and grain . and though our ground has not generally the symptoms of the fat necks , that lie upon salt waters in provinces southern of us , our grain is thought to excell and our crops to be as large . we have had the mark of the good ground amongst us ; from thirty to sixty fold of english corn. 2. the land requires less seed : three pecks of wheat sow an acre ; a bushel at most , and some have had the increase i have mention'd . 3. upon tryal , we find that the corn and roots that grow in england , thrive very well there , as wheat , barly , rye , oats , buck-wheat , pease , beans , cabbages , turnips , carrets , parsnups , colleflowers , asparagus , onions , charlots , garlick , and irish potatos ; we have also the spanish , and very good rice which do not grow here . 4. our low lands are excellent for rape and hemp and flax. a tryal has been made , and of the two last , there is a considerable quantity dress'd yearly . 5. the weeds of our woods feed our cattle to the market as well as dary : i have seen fat bullocks brought thence to market before mid-summer . our swamps or marshes yeeld us course hay for the winter , 6. english grass-seed takes well ; which will give us fatting hay in time . of this i made an experiment in my own court yard , upon sand , that was dug out of my cellar , with seed that had layn in a cask , open to the weather two winters and a summer : i caus'd it to be sown in the beginning of the month called april , and a fortnight before midsummer it was fit to mow : it grew very thick : but i ordered it to be fed , being in the nature of a grass plott , on purpose to see if the roots lay firm : and though it had been meer sand , cast out of the cellar , but a year before , the seed took such root , and held the earth so fast , and fastened it self so well in the earth , that it held and fed like old english ground . i mention this , to confute the objections that lie against those parts , as if that , first , english grass would not grow ; next , not enough to mow ; and lastly , not firm enough to feed , from the levity of the mould . 7. all sorts of english fruits that have been tryed , take mighty well for the time : the peach excellent , on standers , and in great quantities : they sun-dry them , and lay them up in lofts , as we do roots here , and stew them with meat in winter time . musmellons and water mellons are raised there , with as little care as pumpkins in england . the vine especially , prevails , which grows every where ; and upon experience , of some french people from rochel , and the isle of rhee , good wine may be made there , especially , when the earth and stem are fin'd and civiliz'd by culture . we hope that good skill in our most southern parts will yeild us several of the straights commodities , efpecially , oyle , dates , figgs , almonds , raisins and currans . of the produce of our waters . 1. mighty whales roll upon the coast , near the mouth of the bay of delaware . eleven caught , and workt into oyl one season : we justly hope a considerable profit by a whalery . they being so numerous and the shore so suitable . 2. sturgeon play continually in our rivers in summer : and though the way of cureing them be not generally known , yet by a receipt i had of one collins , that related to the company of the royal fishery , i did so well preserve some , that i had of them good there three months of the summer , and brought some of the same so for england . 3. alloes , as they call them in france , the jews allice , and our ignorants , shads , are excellent fish , and of the bigness of our largest carp : they are so plentiful , that captain smyth's overseer , at the skulkil , drew 600 and odd at one draught , 300 is no wonder , 100 familierly . they are excellent pickled or smokt'd , as well as boyld fresh : they are caught by nets only . 4. rocks are somewhat rounder and larger , also a whiter fish , little inferior in rellish to our mallet : we have them almost in the like plenty . these are often barrell'd like cod , and not much inferior for their spending . of both these the inhabitants increase their winter store : these are caught by nets , hooks and speers . 5. the sheepshead , so called , from the resemblance of its mouth and nose to a sheep , is a fish much preferr'd by some , but they keep in salt water ; they are like a roach in fashion , but as thick as a salmon , not so long . we have also the drum , a large and noble fish , commended equal to the sheepshead , not unlike to a newfoundland cod , but larger of the two : t is so call'd from a noise it makes in its belly , when it is taken , resembling a drum. there are three sorts of them , the black , red and gold colour ; the black is fat in the spring , the red in the fall , and the gold colour believed to be the black , grown old , because it is observ'd that young ones of that colour have not been taken . they generally ketch them by hook and line , as cod are , and they save like it , where the people are skilful . there are abundance of lesser fish to be caught of pleasure , but they quit not cost , as those i have mentioned , neither in magnitude nor number , except the herring , which swarm in such shoales , that it is hardly credible ; in little creeks , they almost shovel them up in their tubs . there is the catfish , or flathead , lampry , eale , trout , perch black and white , smelt , sunfish , &c. also oysters , cockles , cunks , crabs , mussles , mannanoses . of provision in general 1. it has been often said , we were starv'd for want of food ; some were apt to suggest their fears , others to insinuate their prejudices , and when this was contradicted , and they assur'd we had plenty , both of bread , fish and flesh ; then 't was objected , we were forc't to fetch it from other places at great charges : but neither is all this true , tho all the world will think we must either carry provision with us , or get it of the neighbourhood till we had gotten houses over our heads , and a little land in tillage . we fetcht none , nor were we wholly helpt by neighbours ; the old inhabitants supplied us with most of the corn we wanted , and a good share of pork and beef : t is true , new-york , new-england and road-ifland , did with their provisions fetch our goods and money , but at such rates , that some sold for almost what they gave , and others carried their provisions back , expecting a better market neerer , which showed no scarcity , and that we were not totally destitute in our own river . but if my advice be of any value , i would have them buy still , and not weaken their herds , by killing up their young stock too soon . 2. but the right measure of information must be the proportion of value of provisions there ; to what they are in more planted and mature colonies . beef is commonly sold at the rate of two pence per pound ; and pork for two pence half-penny ; veal and mutton at three pence , or three pence half penny , that country mony ; an english shilling going for fifteen pence . grain fells by the bushel ; wheat at four shillings ; rye , and excellent good , at three shillings ; barly two shillings six pence ; indian corn two shillings six pence , oats two shillings , in that money still , which in a new country , where grain is so much wanted for seed , as well as food , cannot be called dear , and especially if we consider the consumption of the many new commers . 3. there is so great an encrease of grain , by the dilligent application of people to husbandry , that within three years , some plantations have got twenty acres in corn , some forty , some fifty . 4. they are very careful to encrease their stock , and get into daries , as fast as they can . they already make good butter and cheese . a good cow and calf by her side may be worth three pounds sterling , in goods at first cost . a pare of working oxen , eight pounds : a pare of fat ones , little more , and a plain breeding mare about five pounds sterl . 5. for fish , it is brought to the door , both fresh and salt . six alloes or rocks for twelve pence , and salt fish , at three fardings per pound , oysters at 2 s. per bushel . 6. our drink has been beer and punch , made of rum and water : our beer was mostly made of molosses , which well boyld , with sassafras or pine infused into it , makes very tollerable drink ; but now they make mault , and mault drink begins to be common , especially at ordinaries , and the houses of the more substantial people . in our great town there is an able man , that has set up a large brew-house , in order to furnish the people with good drink , both there , and up and down the river . having faid this of the country , for the time i was there , i shall add one of the many letters that have come to my hand , because brief and full , and that he is known to be a person of an extraordinary caution as well as truth , in what he is wont to write or speak . philadelphia the 3d. of the 6th . month ( august ) 1685. governour . having an opportunity by a ship from this river , ( out of which several have gone this year ) i thought fit to give a short account of proceedings , as to settlements here , and the improvements both in town and country . as to the country the improvements are large , and settlements very throng , by way of townships and villages . great inclinations to planting orchards , which are easily raised , and soon brought to perfection . much hay-seed sown , and much planting of corn this year , and great produce said to be , both of wheat , rye and rise ; barly and oates prove very well , besides ●●●ian corn and pease of several sorts ; also kidny-beans , and english pease of several kinds , i have had in my own ground , with english roots , turnaps , parsnaps , carrets , onions , leeks , radishes and cabbidges , with abundance of sorts of herbs and flowers : i know but of few seeds that have mist , except rosemary seed , and being english might be old . also , i have such plenty of pumpkins , musmellons , watermellons , squashes , coshaws , bucks-hens , cowcumbers and simnells of divers kinds ; admired at by new commers , that the earth should so plentifully cast forth , especially the first years breaking up ; and on that which is counted the worst sort of sandy land . i am satisfied , and many more , that the earth is very fertil , and the lord hath done his part , if man use but a moderate diligence . grapes , mulberies , and many wilde fruits , and natural plums , in abundance , this year have i seen and eat of . a brave orchard and nursery have i planted , and thrive mightily , and fruit the first year . i endeavor choice of fruits , and seeds from many parts ; also hay-seed ; and have sowed a field this spring for tryal . first , i burn'd the leaves , then had it grub'd , not the field , but the small roots up , then sowed great and small clover , with a little old grass-seed , and had it only raked over , not plowed nor harrowed , and it grows exceedingly : also for experience i sowed some patches of the same sort in my garden and dunged some , and that grows worst . i have planted the irish potatoes , and hope to have a brave increase to transplant next year . captain rapel ( the french man ) saith , he made good wine of the grapes ( of the country ) last year , and transported some , but intends to make more this year . also a french man in this town intends the same , for grapes are very plentiful . now as to the town of philadelphia it goeth on in planting and building to admiration , both in the front & backward , and there are about 600 houses in 3 years time . and since i built my brick house , the foundation of which was laid at thy going , which i did design after a good manner , to incourage others , and that from building with wood ; it being the first , many take example , and some that built wooden houses , are sorry for it : brick building is said to be as cheap : bricks are exceeding good , and better then when i built : more makers fallen in , and bricks cheaper , they were before at 16 s. english per 1000 , and now many brave brick houses are going up , with good cellars . arthur cook is building him a brave brick house near william frampton's , on the front : for william frampton hath since built a good brick house , by his brew-house and bake-house , and let the other for an ordinary . john wheeler , from new-england , is building a good brick house , by the blew anchor ; and the two brickmakers a double brick house and cellars ; besides several others going on : samuel carpenter has built another house by his . i am building another brick house by mine , which is three large stories high , besides a good large brick cellar under it , of two bricks and a half thickness in the wall , and the next story half under ground , the celler hath an arched door for a vault to go ( under the street ) to the river , and so to bring in goods , or deliver out . humphery murry , from new-york , has built a large timber house , with brick chimnies . john test has almost finished a good brick house , and a bake-house of timber ; and n. allen a good house , next to thomas wynns front lot. john day a good house , after the london fashion , most brick , with a large frame of wood , in the front , for shop windows ; all these have belconies . thomas smith and daniel pege are partners , and set to making of brick this year , and they are very good ; also , pastorus , the german friend , agent for the company at frankford , with his dutch people , are preparing to make brick next year . samuel carpenter , is our lime burner on his wharf . brave lime stone found here , as the workmen say , being proved . we build most houses with belconies . lots are much desir'd in the town , great buying one of another . we are now laying the foundation of a large plain brick house , for a meeting house , in the center , ( sixty foot long , and about forty foot broad ) and hope to have it soon up , many hearts and hands at work that will do it . a large meeting house , 50 foot long , and 38 foot broad , also going up , on the front of the river , for an evening meeting , the work going on a pace . many towns people setling their liberty lands . i hope the society will rub off the reproaches some have cast upon them . we now begin to gather in some thing of our many great debts . i do understand three companies for whale catching are designed to fish in the rivers mouth this season , and find through the great plenty of fish , they may begin early . a fisherman this year found the way to catch whiteins in this river , and it 's expected many sorts of fish more then hath been yet caught , may be taken by the skilful . fish are in such plenty , that many sorts on tryal , have been taken with nets , in the winter time : the sweeds laughing at the english for going to try , have since tried themselves . the river so big , and full of several sorts of brave fish , that it s believed , except frozen over , we may catch any time in the winter . it 's great pity , but two or three experienced fishermen were here to ply this river , to salt and serve fresh to the town . a good way to pickle sturgion is wanting ; such abundance in this river , even before the town : many are catcht , boyld and eaten . last winter great plenty of dear brought in by the indians and english from the country . we are generally very well and healthy here , but abundance dead in maryland this summer . the manufacture of linnen by the germans goes on finely , and they make fine linnen : samuel carpenter having been lately there , declares , they had gathered one crop of flax , and had sowed for the second , and saw it come up well : and they say , might have had forwarder and better , had they had old seed , and not stayed so long for the growth of the new seed to sow again . i may believe it , for large hath my experience been this years , though in a small peece of ground , to the admiration of many . i thought fit to signify thus much , knowing thou wouldst be glad to hear of the people and provinces welfare ; the lord preserve us all , and make way for thy return , which is much desired , not only by our friends , but all sorts . i am , &c. thy truly loving friend . robert tvrner . of further improvements for trade and commerce . those things that we have in prospect for staples of trade , are wine , linnen , hemp , potashes , and whale oyle ; to say nothing of our provisions for the islands , our saw-mills , sturgeon , some tobacco , and our furs and skins , which of themselves are not contemptible ; i might add iron ( perhaps copper too ) for there is much mine ; and it will be granted us , that we want no wood , though i must confess , i cannot tell how to help preferring a domestick or self subsistance , to a life of much profit , by the extream toyl of forraign traffick . advice to adventurers how to imploy their estates , with fair profit . it is fit now , that i give some advertisement to adventurers , which way they may lay out their money to best advantage , so as it may yeild them fair returns , and with content to all concerned , which is the last part of my present task ; and i must needs say so much wanting , that it has perhaps given some occasion to ignorance and prejudice to run without mercy , measure or distinction against america , of which pennsylvania to be sure has had its share . 1. it is agreed on all hands , that the poor are the hands and feet of the rich. it is their labour that improves countries ; and to encourage them , is to promote the real benefit of the publick . now as there are abundance of these people in many parts of europe , extreamly desirous of going to america ; so the way of helping them thither , or when there , and the return thereof to the disbursers , will prove what i say to be true . 2. there are two sorts , such as are able to transport themselves and families , but have nothing to begin with there ; and those that want so much as to transport themselves and families thither . 3. the first of these may be entertained in this manner . say i have 5000 acres , i will settle ten families upon them , in way of village , and build each an house , an out-house for cattle , furnish every family with stock ; as four cows , two sows , a couple of mares , and a yoke of oxen , with a town horse , bull and boar ; i find them with tools , and give each their first ground-seed . they shall continue seven year , or more , as we agree , at half encrease , being bound to leave the houses in repair , and a garden and orchard , i paying for the trees & at least twenty acres of land within fence , and improved to corn and grass ; the charge will come to about sixty pounds english for each family : at the seven years end , the improvement will be worth , as things go now , 120 l. besides the value of the encrease of the stock , which may be neer as much more , allowing for casualties ; especially , if the people are honest and careful , or a man be upon the spot himself , or have an overseer sometimes to inspect them . the charge in the whole is 832 l. and the value of stock and improvements 2400 l. i think i have been modest in my computation . these farms are afterwards fit for leases at full rent , or how else the owner shall please to dispose of them . also the people will by this time be skilled in the country , and well provided to settle themselves with stock upon their own land. 4. the other sort of poor people may be very beneficially transported upon these terms : say i have 5000 acres i should settle as before , i will give to each family 100 acres , which in the whole makes 1000 ; and to each family thirty pounds english , half in hand , and half there , which in the whole comes to 300 l. after four years are expired , in which time they may be easie , and in a good condition , they shall each of them pay five pounds , and so yearly for ever , as a fee-farm rent ; which in the whole comes to 50 l. a year . thus a man that buys 5000. acres may secure and settle his 4000 by the gift of one , and in a way that hazard and interest allowed for , amounts to at least ten per cent . upon land security , besides the value it puts upon the rest of the 5000 acres . i propose that there be at least two working hands besides the wife , whether son or servant ; and that they oblige what they carry ; and for further security bind themselves as servants for some time , that they will settle the said land accordingly , and when they are once seated , their inprovements security enough for the rent . 5. there is yet another expedient , and that is , give to ten families 1000 acres forever , at a small acknowledgement , and settle them in way of village , as afore ; by their seating thus , the land taken up is secured from others , because the method of the country is answered , and the value such a settlement gives to the rest reserved , is not inconsiderable ; i mean , the 40●● acres ; especially that which is contiguous : for their children when grown up , and handicrafts will soon cover to fix next them , and such after settlements to begin at an improved rent in fee , or for long leases or small acknowledgements , and good improvements , must advance the whole considerably . i conceive any of these methods to issue in a sufficient advantage to adventurers , and they all give good encouragement to feeble and poor families . 6. that which is most adviseable for people , intended thither , to carry with them , is in short , all things relating to apparel , building , housholdstuf , husbandry , fowling , and fishing . some spice , spirits and double ●ear , at first , were not amiss : but i advise all to proportion their estates thus ; one third in money , and two thirds in goods . upon peices of eight , there will be almost a third gotten , for they go at 6 s. and by goods well bought , at least fifty pounds sterl . for every hundred pounds ; so that a man worth 400 l. here , is worth 600 l. there , without sweating . of the natives . 1. because many stories have been prejudicially propagated , as if we were upon ill terms with the natives , and sometimes , like jobs kindred , all cut off but the messenger that brought the tidings ; i think it requisit to say thus much , that as there never was any such messenger , so the dead people were alive , at our last advices ; so far are we from ill terms with the natives , that we have liv'd in great friendship . i have made seven purchasses , and in pay and presents they have received at least twelve hundred pounds of me . our humanity has obliged them so far , that they generally leave their guns at home , when they come to our settlements ; they offer us no affront , not so much as to one of our dogs ; and if an● of them break our laws , they submit to be punisht by them : and to this they have tyed themselves by an obligation under their hands . we leave not the least indignity to them unrebukt , nor wrong unsatisfied . justice gains and aws them . they have some great men amongst them , i mean , for wisdom , truth and justice . i refer , to my former account about their laws , manners and religious rites . of the goverment . the goverment is according to the words of the grant , as near to the english as conveniently may be : in the whole , we aim at duty to the king , the preservation of right to all , the suppression of vice , and encouragement of vertue , and arts ; with libert to all people to worship almighty god , according to their faith and perswasion . of the seasons of going , and usual time of passage . 1. tho ships go hence at all times of the year , it must be acknowledged , that to go so as to arrive at spring or fall , is best . for the summer may be of the hottest , for fresh commers ; and in the winter , the wind that prevails , is the north west , and that blows off the coast , so that sometimes it is difficult to enter the capes . 2. i propose therefore , that ships go hence about the middle of the moneths call'd february and august , which , allowing two moneths for passage , reaches time enough to plant in the spring such things as are carried hence to plant , and in the fall to get a small cottage , and clear some land against the next spring . i have made a discovery of about a hundred miles west , and find those back lands richer in soyl , woods and fountains , then that by delaware ; especially upon the sasqvehanah river . 3. i must confess i prefer the fall to come thither , as believing it is more healthy to be followed with winter then summer ; tho , through the great goodness and mercy of god , we have had an extrordinary portion of health , for so new and numerous a colony , notwithstanding we have not been so regular in time . 4. the passage is not to be set by any man ; for ships will be quicker and slower . some have been four moneths , and some but one , and as often . generally between six and nine weeks . one year , of four and twenty sayl , i think , there was not three above nine , and there was one or two under six weeks in passage . 5. to render it more healthy , it is good to keep as much upon deck as may be ; for the air helps against the offensive smells of a crowd , and a close place . also to scrape often the cabbins , under the beds ; and either carry store of rue and wormwood , some rosemary , or often sprinkle vineger about the cabbin . pitch burnt , is not amiss sometimes against faintness and infectious scents . i speak my experience for their benefit and direction that may need it . and because some has urged my coming back , as an argument against the place , and the probability of its improvement ; adding , that i would for that reason never return : i think fit to say , that next summer , god willing , i intend to go back , and carry my family , and the best part of my personal estate with me . and this i do , not only of duty , but inclination and choice . god will bless and prosper poor america . i shall conclude with this further notice , that to the end such as are willing to embrace any of the foregoing propositions for the improvement of adventurers estates , may not be discouraged , from an inability to find such land-lords , tennants , masters and servants , if they intimate their desires to my friend and agent philip ford , living in bow-lane in london , they may in all probability be well accommodated ; few of any quality or capacity , designed to the province , that do not inform him of their inclinations and condition . now for you that think of going thither , i have this to say , by way of caution ; if an hair of our heads falls not to the ground , without the providence of god , remember , your removal is of greater moment . wherefore have a due reverence and regard to his good providence , as becomes a people that profess a belief in providence . go clear in your selves , and of all others . be moderate in expectation , count on labour before a crop , and cost before gain , for such persons will best endure difficulties , if they come , and bear the success , as well as find the comfort that usually follow such considerate undertakings . worminghurst-place , 12fth of the 10th month 85. william penn. page 1. line 24. read thing . p. 3. l. ● . r. that . p. 11. l. last r. soon brought . p. 12. l. 9. r. ●uckshorns . p. 14. l. 21. r. those things . p. 17. l. 2. for bond , read land. l. 8. r. on small l. 17. f. there r. their . p. 20. l. 3. r. improvement . the end . a letter from william penn, poprietary and governour of pennsylvania in america, to the committee of the free society of traders of that province residing in london containing a general description of the said province, its soil, air, water, seasons, and produce ... of the natives, or, aborigines, their language, customs, and manners ... of the first planters, the dutch &c. ... to which is added an account of the city of philadelphia ... penn, william, 1644-1718. 1683 approx. 94 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 10 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2006-06 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a54171 wing p1319 estc r24455 08189440 ocm 08189440 41054 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a54171) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 41054) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 1236:16) a letter from william penn, poprietary and governour of pennsylvania in america, to the committee of the free society of traders of that province residing in london containing a general description of the said province, its soil, air, water, seasons, and produce ... of the natives, or, aborigines, their language, customs, and manners ... of the first planters, the dutch &c. ... to which is added an account of the city of philadelphia ... penn, william, 1644-1718. 14 p. : folded plan. printed and sold by andrew sowle, london : 1683. reproduction of original in the huntington library. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng indians of north america -pennsylvania. pennsylvania -description and travel. philadelphia (pa.) -description and travel. 2005-07 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2005-11 spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images 2006-02 emma (leeson) huber sampled and proofread 2006-02 emma (leeson) huber text and markup reviewed and edited 2006-04 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion a portraiture of the city of philadelphia in the province of pennsylvania in america by thomas holme surveyor general . sold by iohn thornton in the minories and andrew sowle in shoreditch . london . map of philadelphia a letter from william penn poprietary and governour of pennsylvania in america , to the committee of the free society of traders of that province , residing in london . containing a general description of the said province , its soil , air , water , seasons and produce , both natural and artificial , and the good encrease thereof . of the natives or aborigines , their language , customs and manners , diet , houses or wigwams , liberality , easie way of living , physick , burial , religion , sacrifices and cantico , festivals , government , and their order in council upon treaties for land , &c. their justice upon evil doers . of the first planters , the dutch , &c. and the present condition and settlement of the said province , and courts of justice , &c. to which is added , an account of the city of philadelphia newly laid out . it s scituation between two navigable rivers , delaware and skulkill , with a portraiture or plat-form thereof , wherein the purchasers lots are distinguished by certain numbers inserted , directing to a catalogue of the said purchasors names and the prosperous and advantagious settlements of the society aforesaid , within the said city and country , &c. printed and sold by andrew sowle , at the crooked-billet in holloway-lane in shoreditch , and at several stationers in london , 1683. a letter from william penn , proprietary and governour of pennsylvania , &c. my kind friends ; the kindness of yours by the ship thomas and anne , doth much oblige me ; for by it i perceive the interest you take in my health and reputation , and the prosperous beginnings of this province , which you are so kind as to think may much depend upon them . in return of which , i have sent you a long letter , and yet containing as brief an account of my self , and the affairs of this province , as i have been able to make . in the first place , i take notice of the news you sent me , whereby i find some persons have had so little wit , and so much malice , as to report my death , and to mend the matter , dead a jesuit too . one might have reasonably hop'd , that this distance , like death , would have been a protection against spite and envy ; and indeed , absence being a kind of death , ought alike to secure the name of the absent as the dead ; because they are equally unable as such to defend themselves : but they that intend mischief , do not use to follow good rules to effect it . however , to the great sorrow and shame of the inventors , i am still alive , and no jesuit , and i thank god , very well : and without injustice to the authors of this , i may venture to infer , that they that wilfully and falsly report , would have been glad it had been so. but i perceive , many frivolous and idle stories have been invented since my departure from england , which perhaps at this time are no more alive , than i am dead . but if i have been vnkindly used by some i left behind me , i found love and respect enough where i came ; an universal kind welcome , every sort in their way . for here are some of several nations , as well as divers judgments : nor were the natives wanting in this , for their kings , queens and great men both visited and presented me ; to whom i made suitable returns , &c. for the province , the general condition of it take as followeth . i. the country it self in its soyl , air , water , seasons and produce both natural and artificial is not to be despised . the land containeth divers sorts of earth , as sand yellow and black , poor and rich : also gravel both loomy and dusty ; and in some places a fast fat earth , like to our best vales in england , especially by inland brooks and rivers , god in his wisdom having ordered it so , that the advantages of the country are divided , the back-lands being generally three to one richer than those that lie by navigable waters . we have much of another soyl , and that is a black hasel mould , upon a stony or rocky bottom . ii. the air is sweet and clear , the heavens serene , like the south-parts of france , rarely overcast ; and as the woods come by numbers of people to be more clear'd , that it self will refine . iii. the waters are generally good , for the rivers and brooks have mostly gravel and stony bottoms , and in number hardly credible . we have also mineral waters , that operate in the same manner with barnet and north-hall , not two miles from philadelphia . iv. for the seasons of the year , having by god's goodness now lived over the coldest and hottest , that the oldest liver in the province can remember , i can say something to an english understanding . 1 st , of the fall , for then i came in : i found it from the 24th of october , to the beginning of december , as we have it usually in england in september , or rather like an english mild spring . from december to the beginning of the moneth called march , we had sharp frosty weather ; not foul , thick , black weather , as our north-east winds bring with them in england ; but a skie as clear as in summer , and the air dry , cold , piercing and hungry ; yet i remember not , that i wore more clothes than in england . the reason of this cold is given from the great lakes that are fed by the fountains of canada . the winter before was as mild , scarce any ice at all ; while this for a few dayes froze up our great river delaware . from that moneth to the moneth called june , we enjoy'd a sweet spring , no gusts , but gentle showers , and a fine skie . yet this i observe , that the winds here as there , are more inconstant spring and fall , upon that turn of nature , than in summer or winter . from thence to this present , moneth , which endeth the summer ( commonly speaking ) we have had extraordinary heats yet mitigated sometimes by cool breezese . the wind that ruleth the summer-season , is the south-west ; but spring , fall and winter , 't is rare to want the wholesome north wester seven dayes together : and what-ever mists , fogs or vapours foul the heavens by easterly or southerly winds , in two hours time are blown away ; the one is alwayes followed by the other : a remedy that seems to have a peculiar providence in it to the inhabitants ; the multitude of trees , yet standing , being-liable to retain mists and vapours , and yet not one quarter so thick as i expected . v. the natural produce of the country , of vegetables , is trees , fruits , plants , flowers . the trees of most note are , the black walnut , cedar , cyprus , chestnut , poplar , gumwood , hickery , sassafrax , ash , beech and oak of divers sorts , as red , white and black ; spanish chestnut and swamp , the most durable of all : of all which there is plenty for the use of man ▪ the fruits that i find in the woods , are the white and black mulbery , chestnut , w●●lnut , plumbs , strawberries , cranberries , hurtleberries and grapes of divers sorts . the great red grape ( now ripe ) called by ignorance , the fox-grape ( because of the relish it hath with unskilful palates ) is in it self an extraordinary grape , and by art doubtless may be cultivated to an excellent wine , if not so sweet , yet little inferior to the frontimack , as it is not much unlike in taste , ruddiness set aside , which in such things , as well as mankind , differs the case much . there is a white kind of muskedel , and a little black grape , like the cluster-grape of england , not yet so ripe as the other ; but they tell me , when ripe , sweeter , and that they only want skilful vinerons to make good use of them : i intend to venture on it with my french man this season , who shews some knowledge in those things . here are also peaches , and very good , and in great quantities , not an indian plantation without them ; but whether naturally here at first , i know not , however one may have them by bushols for little ; they make a pleasant drink and i think not inferior to any peach you have in england , except the true newington . 't is disputable with me , whether it be best to fall to fining the fruits of the country , especially the grape , by the care and skill of art , or send for forreign stems and sets , already good and approved it seems most reasonable to believe , that not only a thing groweth best , where it naturally grows ; but will hardly be equalled by another species of the same kind , that doth not naturally grow there . but to solve the doubt , i intend , if god give me life , to try both , and hope the consequence will be as good wine as any european countries of the same latitude do yield . vi. the artificial produce of the country , is wheat , barley , oats , rye , pease , beans , squashes , pumkins , water-melons , mus-melons , and all herbs and roots that our gardens in england usually bring forth . vii . of living creatures ; fish , fowl , and the beasts of the woods , here are divers sorts , some for food and profit , and some for profit only : for food as well as profit , the elk , as big as a small ox , deer bigger than ours , beaver , racoon , rabbits , squirrels , and some eat young bear , and commend it . of fowl of the land , there is the turkey ( forty and fifty pound weight ) which is very great ; phesants , heath-birds , pidgeons and partridges in abundance . of the water , the swan , goose , white and gray , brands , ducks , teal , also the snipe and curloe , and that in great numbers ; but the duck and teal excel , nor so good have i ever eat in other countries . of fish , there is the sturgeon , herring , rock , shad , catshead , sheepshead , ele , smelt , pearch , roach ; and in inland rivers , trout , some say salmon , above the falls . of shel-fish , we have oysters , crabbs , cockles , concks and mushels ; some oysters six inches long , and one sort of cockles as big as the stewing oysters , they make a rich broth. the creatures for profit only by skin or fur , and that are natural to these parts , are the wild cat , panther , otter , wolf , fox , fisher , minx , musk-rat ; and of the water , the whale for oyl , of which we have good store , and two companies of whalers , whose boats are built , will soon begin their work , which hath the appearance of a considerable improvement . to say nothing of our reasonable hopes of good cod in the bay. viii . we have no want of horses , and some are very good and shapely enough ; two ships have been freighted to barbadoes with horses and pipe-staves , since my coming in . here is also plenty of cow-cattle , and some sheep ; the people plow mostly with oxen. ix . there are divers plants that not only the indians tell us , but we have had occasion to prove by swellings , burnings , cuts , &c. that they are of great virtue , suddenly curing the patient : and for smell , i have observed several , especially one , the wild mirtle ; the other i know not what to call , but are most fragrant . x. the woods are adorned with lovely flowers , for colour , greatness , figure and variety : i have seen the gardens of london best stored with that sort of beauty , but think they may be improved by our woods : i have sent a few to a person of quality this year for a tryal . thus much of the country , next of the natives or aborigines . xi . the natives i shall consider in their persons , language , manners , religion and government , with my sence of their original . for their persons , they are generally tall , streight , well-built , and of singular proportion ; they tread strong and clever , and mostly walk with a lofty chin : of complexion , black , but by design , as the gypsies in england : they grease themselves with bears-fat clarified , and using no defence against sun or weather , their skins must needs be swarthy : their eye is little and black , not unlike a straight-look't jew : the thick lip and flat nose , so frequent with the east-indians and blacks , are not common to them ; for i have seen as comely european-like faces among them of both , as on your side the sea ; and truly an italian complexion hath not much more of the white , and the noses of several of them have as much of the roman . xii . their language is lofty , yet narrow , but like the hebrew ; in signification full , like short-hand in writing ; one word serveth in the place of three , and the rest are supplied by the understanding of the hearer : imperfect in their tenses , wanting in their moods , participles , adverbs , conjunctions , interjections : i have made it my business to understand it , that i might not want an interpreter on any occasion : and i must say , that i know not a language spoken in europe , that hath words of more sweetness or greatness , in accent and emphasis , than theirs ; for instance octorockon , rancocas , ducton , shakan●a●on , poque●●● , all which are names of places , and have grandeur in them : or words of sweetness , anna , is mother , issimus , a brother , netap , friend , usque oret , very good ; pone , bread , metse , eat , matta , no , hatta , to have , pay● , to come ; sepassen , pass●ion , the names of places ; camane , secane , menanse , secatereus , are the names of persons . if one ask them for any thing they have not , they will answer , mattá ne hattá , which to translate is , not i have , instead of i have not . xiii . of their customs and manners there is much to be said ; i will begin with children . so soon as they are born , they wash them in water , and while very young , and in cold weather to chuse , they plunge them in the rivers to harden and embolden them . having wrapt them in a clout , they lay them on a straight thin board , a little more than the length and breadth of the child , and swadle it fast upon the board to make it straight ; wherefore all indians have flat heads ; and thus they carry them at their backs . the children will go very young , at nine moneths commonly ; they wear only a small clout round their waste , till they are big ; if boys , they go a fishing till ripe for the woods , which is about fifteen ; then they hunt , and after having given some proofs of their manhood , by a good return of skins , they may marry , else it is a shame to think of a wife . the girls stay with their mothers , and help to hoe the ground , plant corn and carry burthens ; and they do well to use them to that young , they must do when they are old ; for the wives are the true servants of their husbands : otherwise the men are very affectionate to them . xiv . when the young women are fit for marriage , they wear something upon their heads for an advertisement , but so as their faces are hardly to be seen , but when they please : the age they marry at , if women , is about thirteen and fourteen ; if men , seventeen and eighteen ; they are rarely elder . xv. their houses are mats , or barks of trees set on poles , in the fashion of an english barn , but out of the power of the winds , for they are hardly higher than a man ; they lie on reeds or grass . in travel they lodge in the woods about a great fire , with the mantle of duffills they wear by day , wrapt about them , and a few boughs stuck round them . xvi . their diet is maze , or indian corn , divers ways prepared ; sometimes roasted in the ashes , sometimes beaten and boyled with water , which they call homine ; they also make cakes , not unpleasant to eat : they have likewise several sorts of beans and pease that are good nourishment ; and the woods and rivers are their larder . xvii . if an european comes to see them , or calls for lodging at their house or wigwam they give him the best place and first cut . if they come to visit us , they salute us with an ita● which is as much as to say , good be to you , and set them down , which is mostly on the ground close to their heels , their legs upright ; may be they speak not a word more , but observe all passages : if you give them any thing to eat or drink , well , for they will not ask ; and be it little or much , if it be with kindness , they are well pleased , else they go away sullen , but say nothing . xviii . they are great concealers of their own resentments , brought to it , i believe , by the revenge that hath been practised among them ; in either of these , they are not exceeded by the italians . a tragical instance fell out since i came into the country ; a king's daughter thinking her self slighted by her husband , in suffering another woman to lie down between them , rose up , went out , pluck't a root out of the ground , and ate it , upon which she immediately dyed ; and for which , last week he made an offering to her kindred for attonement and liberty of marriage ; as two others did to the kindred of their wives , that dyed a natural death : for till widdowers have done so , they must not marry again . some of the young women are said to take undue liberty before marriage for a portion ; but when marryed , chaste ; when with child , they know their husbands no more , till delivered ; and during their moneth , they touch no meat , they eat , but with a stick , least they should defile it ; nor do their husbands frequent them , till that time be expired . xix . but in liberality they excell , nothing is too good for their friend ; give them a fine gun , coat , or other thing , it may pass twenty hands , before it sticks ; light of heart , strong affections , but soon spent ; the most merry creatures that live , feast and dance perpetually ; they never have much , nor want much : wealth circulateth like the blood , all parts partake ; and though none shall want what another hath , yet exact observers of property . some kings have sold , others presented me with several parcels of land ; the pay or presents i made them , were not hoarded by the particular owners , but the neighbouring kings and their clans being present when the goods were brought out , the parties chiefly concerned consulted , what and to whom they should give them ? to every king then , by the hands of a person for that work appointed , is a proportion sent , so sorted and folded , and with that gravity , that is admirable . then that king sub-divideth it in like manner among his dependents , they hardly leaving themselves an equal share with one of their subjects : and be it on such occasions , at festivals , or at their common meals , the kings distribute , and to themselves last . they care for little , because they want but little ; and the reason is , a little contents them : in this they are sufficiently revenged on us ; if they are ignorant of our pleasures , they are also free from our pains . they are not disquieted with bills of lading and exchange , nor perplexed with chancery-suits and exchequer-reckonings . we sweat and toil to live ; their pleasure feeds them , i mean , their hunting , fishing and fowling , and this table is spread every where ; they eat twice a day , morning and evening ; their seats and table are the ground . since the europeans came into these parts , they are grown great lovers of strong liquors , rum especially , and for it exchange the richest of their skins and furs : if they are heated with liquors , they are restless till they have enough to sleep ; that is their cry , some more , and i will go to sleep ; but when drunk , one of the most wretchedst spectacles in the world. xx. in sickness impatient to be cured , and for it give any thing , especially for their children , to whom they are extreamly natural ; they drink at those times a teran or decoction of some roots in spring water ; and if they eat any flesh , it must be of the female of any creature : if they dye , they bury them with their apparel , be they men or women , and the nearest of kin sling in something precious with them , as a token of their love : their mourning is blacking of their faces , which they continue for a year : they are choice of the graves of their dead ; for least they should be lost by time , and fall to common use , they pick off the grass that grows upon them , and heap up the fallen earth with great care and exactness . xxi . these poor people are under a dark night in things relating to religion , to be sure , the tradition of it ; yet they believe a god and immortality , without the help of metaphysicks ; for they say , there is a great king that made them , who dwells in a glorious country to the southward of them , and that the souls of the good shall go thither , where they shall live again . their worship consists of two parts , sacrifice and cantico . their sacrifice is their first fruits ; the first and fattest buck they kill , goeth to the fire , where he is all burnt with a mournful ditty of him that performeth the ceremony , but with such marvellous fervency and labour of body , that he will even sweat to a foam . the other part is their cantico , performed by round dances , sometimes words , sometimes songs , then shouts , two being in the middle that begin , and by singing and drumming on a board direct the chorus : their postures in the dance are very antick and differing , but all keep measure . this is done with equal earnestness and labour , but great appearance of joy. in the fall , when the corn cometh in , they begin to feast one another ; there have been two great festivals already , to which all come that will : i was at one my self ; their entertainment was a green seat by a spring , under some shady trees , and twenty bucks , with hot cakes of new corn , both wheat and beans , which they make up in a square form , in the leaves of the stem , and bake them in the ashes : and after that they fell to dance . but they that go , must carry a small present in their money , it may be six pence , which is made of the bone of a fish ; the black is with them as gold , the white , silver ; they call it all wampum . xxii . their government is by kings , which they call sachema , and those by succession , but always of the mothers side ; for instance , the children of him that is now king , will not succeed , but his brother by the mother , or the children of his sister , whose sons ( and after them the children of her daughters ) will reign ; for no woman inherits ; the reason they render for this way of descent , is , that their issue may not be spurious . xxiii . every king hath his council , and that consists of all the old and wise men of his nation , which perhaps is two hundred people : nothing of moment is undertaken ; be it war , peace , selling of land or traffick , without advising with them ; and which is more , with the young men too . 't is admirable to consider , how powerful the kings are , and yet how they move by the breath of their people . i have had occasion to be in council with them upon treaties for land , and to adjust the terms of trade ; their order is thus : the king sits in the middle of an half moon , and hath his council , the old and wise on each hand ; behind them , or at a little distance , sit the younger fry , in the same figure . having consulted and resolved their business , the king ordered one of them to speak to me ; he stood up , came to me , and in the name of his king saluted me , then took me by the hand , and told me , that he was ordered by his king to speak to me , and that now it was not he , but the king that spoke , because what he should say , was the king's mind . he first pray'd me , to excuse them that they had not complyed with me the last time ; he feared , there might be some fault in the interpreter , being neither indian nor english ; besides , it was the indian custom to d●liberate , and take up much time in council , before they resolve ; and that if the young people and owners of the land had been as ready as he , i had not met with so much delay . having thus introduced his matter , he fell to the bounds of the land they had agreed to dispose of , and the price , ( which now is little and dear , that which would have bought twenty miles , not buying now two . ) during the time that this person spoke , not a man of them was observed to whisper or smile ; the old grave , the young reverend in their deportment ; they do speak little , but fervently , and with elegancy : i have never seen more natural sagacity , considering them without the help , ( i was a going to say , the spoil ) of tradition ; and he will deserve the name of wise , that out-wits them in any treaty about a thing they understand . when the purchase was agreed , great promises past between us of kindness and good neighbourhood , and that the indians and english must live in love , as long as the sun gave light . which done , another made a speech to the indians , in the name of all the sachamakers or kings , first to tell them what was done ; next , to charge and command them , to love the christians , and particularly live in peace with me , and the people under my government : that many governours had been in the river , but that no governour had come himself to live and stay here before ; and having now such a one that had treated them well , they should never do him or his any wrong . at every sentence of which they shouted , and said , amen , in their way . xxiv . the justice they have is pecuniary : in case of any wrong or evil fact , be it murther it self , they attone by feasts and presents of their wampon , which is proportioned to the quality of the offence or person injured , or of the sex they are of : for in case they kill a woman , they pay double , and the reason they render , is , that she breedeth children , which men cannot do 't is rare that they fall out , if sober ; and if drunk , they forgive it , saying , it was the drink , and not the man , that abused them . xxv . we have agreed , that in all differences between us , six of each side shall end the matter : don't abuse them , but let them have justice , and you win them : the worst is , that they are the worse for the christians , who have propagated their vices , and yielded them tradition for ill , and not for good things . but as low an ebb as they are at , and as glorious as their condition looks , the christians have not out-liv'd their sight with all their pretensions to an higher manifestation : wha● good then might not a good people graft , where there is so distinct a knowledge left between good and evil ? i beseech god to incline the hearts of all that come into these parts , to out-live the knowledge of the natives , by a fixt obedience to their greater knowledge of the will of god ; for it were miserable indeed for us to fall under the just censure of the poor indian conscience , while we make profession of things so far transcending . xxvi . for their original , i am ready to believe them of the jewish race , i mean , of the stock of the ten tribes , and that for the following reasons ; first , they were to go to a land not planted or known , which to be sure asia and africa were , if not europe ; and he that intended that extraordinary judgment upon them , might make the passage not uneasie to them , as it is not impossible in it self , from the easter-most parts of asia , to the wester-most of america . in the next place , i find them of like countenance , and their children of so lively resemblance , that a man would think himself in dukes-place or berry-street in london , when he seeth them . but this is not all , they agree in rites , they reckon by moons ▪ they offer their first fruits , they have a kind of feast of tabernacles ; they are said to lay their altar upon twelve stones ; their mourning a year , customs of women , with many things that do not now occur . so much for the natives , next the old planters will be considered in this relation , before i come to our colony , and the concerns of it . xxvii . the first planters in these parts were the dutch , and soon after them the sweeds and finns . the dutch applied themselves to traffick , the sweeds and finns to husbandry . there were some disputes between them some years , the dutch looking upon them as intruders upon their purchase and possession , which was finally ended in the surrender made by john rizeing the sweeds governour , to peter styresant , governour for the states of holland , anno 1655. xxviii . the dutch inhabit mostly those parts of the province , that lie upon or near to the bay , and the sweeds the freshes of the river delaware . there is no need of giving any description of them , who are better known there then here ; but they are a plain , strong , industrious people , yet have made no great progress in culture or propagation of fruit-trees , as if they desired rather to have enough , than plenty or traffick . but i presume , the indians made them the more careless , by furnishing them with the means of profit , to wit , skins and furs , for rum , and such strong liquors . they kindly received me , as well as the english , who were few , before the people concerned with me came among them : i must needs commend their respect to authority , and kind behaviour to the english ; they do not degenerate from the old friendship between both kingdoms . as they are people proper and strong of body , so they have fine children , and almost every house full ; rare to find one of them without three or four boys , and as many girls ; some six , seven and eight sons : and i must do them that right , i see few young men more sober and laborious . xxix . the dutch have a meeting-place for religious worship at new-castle , and the sweedes , three , one at christina , one at tenecum , and one at wicoco , within half a mile of this town . xxx . there rests , that i speak of the condition we are in , and what settlement we have made , in which i will be as short as i can ; for i fear , and not without reason , that i have tryed your patience with this long story . the country lieth bounded on the east , by the river and bay of delaware , and eastern sea ; it hath the advantage of many creeks or rivers rather , that run into the main river or bay ; some navigable for great ships , some for small craft : those of most eminency are christina , brandywine , skilpot and skulkill ; any one of which have room to lay up the royal navy of england , there being from four to eight fathom water . xxxi . the lesser creeks or rivers , yet convenient for sloops and ketches of good burthen , are lewis , mespilion , cedar , dover , cranbrook , fevershan , and georges below , and chichester , chester , toacawny , pemmapecka , portquessin , neshimenck and pennberry in the freshes ; many lesser that admit boats and shallops . our people are mostly settled upon the upper rivers , which are pleasant and sweet , and generally bounded with good land. the planted part of the province and territories is cast into six counties , philadelphia , buckingham , chester , newcastle , kent and sussex , containing about four thousand souls . two general assemblies have been held , and with such concord and dispatch , that they sate but three weeks , and at least seventy laws were past without one dissent in any material thing . but of this more hereafter , being yet raw and new in our geer : however , i cannot forget their singular respect to me in this infancy of things , who by their own private expences so early consider'd mine for the publick , as to present me with an impost upon certain goods imported and exported : which after my acknowledgements of their affection , i did as freely remit to the province and the traders to it . and for the well government of the said counties , courts of justice are establisht in every county , with proper officers , as justices , sheriffs , clarks , constables , &c. which courts are held every two moneths : but to prevent law-suits , there are three peace-makers chosen by every county-court , in the nature of common arbitrators , to hear and end differences betwixt man and man ; and spring and fall there is an orphan's court in each county , to inspect and regulate the affairs of orphans and widdows . xxxii . philadelphia , the expectation of those that are concern'd in this province , is at last laid out to the great content of those here , that are any wayes interested therein : the scitu●tion is a neck of land , and lieth between two navigable rivers , delaware and skulkill , whereby it hath two fronts upon the water , each a mile , and two from river to river . delaware is a glorious river , but the skulkill being an hundred miles boatable above the falls , and its course north-east toward the fountain of susquahannah ( that tends to the heart of the province , and both sides our own ) it is like to be a great part of the settlement of this age. i say little of the town it self , because a plat-form will be shewn you by my agent , in which those who are purchasers of me , will find their names and interests : but this i will say for the good providence of god , that of all the many places i have seen in the world , i remember not one better seated ; so that it seems to me to have been appointed for a town , whether we regard the rivers , or the conveniency of the coves , docks , springs , the loftiness and soundness of the land and the air , held by the people of these parts to be very good . it is advanced within less than a year to about four score houses and cottages , such as they are , where merchants and handicrafts are following their vocations as fast as they can , while the country-men are close at their farms : some of them got a little winter-corn in the ground last season , and the generality have had a handsom summer-crop , and are preparing for their winter-corn . they reaped their barley this year in the moneth called may ; the wheat in the moneth following ; so that there is time in these parts for another crop of divers things before the winter-season . we are daily in hopes of shipping to add to our number ; for blessed be god , here is both room and accommodation for them ; the stories of our necessity being either the fear of our friends , or the scare-crows of our enemies ; for the greatest hardship we have suffered , hath been salt-meat , which by fowl in winter , and fish in summer , together with some poultery , lamb , mutton , veal , and plenty of venison the best part of the year ▪ hath been made very passable . i bless god , i am fully satisfied with the country and entertainment i can get in it ; for i find that particular content which hath alwayes attended me , where god in his providence hath made it my place and service to reside . you cannot imagin , my station can be at present free of more than ordinary business , and as such , i may say , it is a troublesom work ; but the method things are putting in , will facilitate the charge , and give an easier motion to the administration of affairs , however , as it is some mens duty to plow , some to sow , some to water , and some to reap ; so it is the wisdom as well as duty of a man , to yield to the mind of providence , and chearfully , as well as carefully imbrace and follow the guidance of it . xxxiii . for your particular concern , i might entirely refer you to the letters of the president of the society ; but this i will venture to say , your provincial settlements both within & without the town , for scituation and soil , are without exception : your city-lot is an whole street , and one side of a street , from river to river , containing near one hundred acers , not easily valued , which is besides your four hundred acres in the city liberties , part of your twenty thousand acers in the countery . your tannery hath such plenty of bark , the saw-mill for timber , the place of the glass house so conveniently posted for water-carriage , the city-lot for a dock , and the whalery for a sound and fruitful bank , and the town lewis by it to help your people , that by gods blessing the affairs of the society will naturally grow in their reputation and profit . i am sure i have not turned my back upon any offer that tended to its prosperity ; and though i am ill at projects , i have sometimes put in for a share with her officers , to countenance and advance her interest . you are already informed what is fit for you further to do , whatsoever tends to the promotion of wine , and to the manufacture of linnen in these parts , i cannot but wish you to promote it ; and the french people are most likely in both respects to answer that design : to that end , i would advise you to send for some thousands of plants out of france , with some able vinerons , and people of the other vocation : but because i believe you have been entertained with this and some other profitable subjects by your president , i shall add no more , but to assure you , that i am heartily inclined to advance your just interest , and that you will always find me philadelphia , the 16th of the 6th moneth , call'd august , 1683. your kind cordial friend , william penn. a short advertisement upon the scituation and extent of the city of philadelphia and the ensuing plat-form thereof . by the surveyor general . the city of philadelphia , now extends in length , from river to river , two miles , and in breadth near a mile ; and the governour , as a further manifestation of his kindness to the purchasers , hath freely given them their respective lots in the city , without defalcation of any their quantities of purchased lands ; and as it s now placed and modelled between two navigable rivers upon a neck of land , and that ships may ride in good anchorage , in six or eight fathom water in both rivers , close to to the city , and the land of the city level , dry and wholsom ; such a scituation is scarce to be parallel'd . the model of the city appears by a small draught now made , and may hereafter , when time permits , be augmented ; and because there is not room to express the purchasers names in the draught , i have therefore drawn directions of reference , by way of numbers , whereby may be known each mans lot and place in the city . the city is so ordered now , by the governour 's care and prudence , that it hath a front to each river , one half at delaware , the other at skulkill ; and though all this cannot make way for small purchasers to be in the fronts , yet they are placed in the next streets , contiguous to each front , viz. all purchasers of one thousand acres , and upwards , have the fronts , ( and the high-street ) and to every five thousand acres purchase , in the front about an acre , and the smaller purchasers about half an acre in the backward streets ; by which means the least hath room enough for house , garden and small orchard , to the great content and satisfaction of all here concerned . the city , ( as the model shews ) consists of a large front-street to each river , and a high-street ( near the middle ) from front ( or river ) to front , of one hundred foot broad , and a broad-street in the middle of the city , from side to side , of the like breadth . in the center of the city is a square of ten acres ; at each angle are to be houses for publick affairs , as a meeting-house , assembly or state-house , market-house , school-house , and several other buildings for publick concerns . there are also in each quarter of the city a square of eight acres , to be for the like uses , as the moore-fields in london ; and eight streets , ( besides the high-street , that run from front to front , and twenty streets , ( besides the broad-street ) that run cross the city , from side to side ; all these streets are of fifty foot breadth . in each number in the draught , in the fronts and high-street , are placed the purchasers of one thousand acres , and upwards , to make up five thousand acres lot , both in the said fronts and hightstreet ) and the numbers direct to each lot , and where in the city ; so that thereby they may know where their concerns are therein . the front lots begin at the south-ends of the fronts , by the numbers , and so reach to the north-ends , and end at number 43. the high-street lots begin towards the fronts , at number 44. and so reach to the center . the lesser purchasers begin at number 1. in the second streets , and so proceed by the numbers , as in the draught ; the biggest of them being first placed , nearest to the fronts . directions of reference in the city-draught of philadelphia , to the lots of the purchasors , &c. by way of numbers , being too small to insert their names , so that by the numbers the lots may be known . the purchasors from a 1000 acres and upwards , are placed in the fronts and high-streets , and begin on delaware-front , at the south-end , with number 1. and so proceed with the front to the north end , to number 43. names . number . william penn , jun. 1. w. lowther , 2. laurence growdon , 3. philip ford , 4. the society , 5. nicholas moor , presid . 6. john marsh , 7. james harrison , 8 thomas farmborrow , 9. james boyden , n. n. 10. francis burrough , robert knight , 11. john reynolds , nathaniel bromley , enoch flower , 12. john moor , humphry south , thomas barker , sabian cole , samuel jobson , 13. james claypoole , 14. n. n. alexander parker , robert greenway , 15. samuel carpenter , 16. christopher taylor , 17. william shardlow , 18. john love nathaniel allen , edward jefferson , 19. john sweetaple , thomas bond , richard corslet , robert taylor , thomas rowland , 20. thomas herriot , 21. charles pickering , thomas bourne , john williard , 22. edward blardman , richard webb , john boy , daniel smith , 23. letitia penn , 24. william bowman , 25. griffith jones , 26. thomas callowhill , 27.   28. william stanley , 29. joseph fisher , 30. robert turner , 31. thomas holme , 32. clement milward , richard davis , 33. abraham pask , william smith , 34. john blakelin , allen foster , 35. william wade , benjamin chambers , samuel fox , francis burrough , 36. george palmer , john barber , 37. john sharpless , henry maddock , thomas rowland , 38. john b●zer , richard crosby , josiah ellis , thomas woolrich , john alsop , john day , 39. francis plumstead william taylor , 40. thomas brassey , 41. john simcock , 42. william crispin , 43. the high-street-lots begin at number 44. and so proceed on both sides of the high-street upwards to the center-square . names . number . n. n. 1. n. n. 2. thomas bond , john sweetaple , thomas rowland , john love , margaret martindall , 3. james claypoole , 4. john barber , william wade , thomas bourne , 5. griffith jones , 6. john day , francis plumstead , abraham pask , 7. james harrison , 8. josiah ellis , samuel jobson , samuel lawson , john moon , john sharpl●ss , 9. christopher taylor , 10. george palmer , 11. clement milward , 12. samuel carpenter , 13. thomas herriot , 14. nathaniel allen , robert taylor , thomas woolrich , alexander parker , 15. john simcok , 16. john bezer , john rennolds , daniel smith , francis burrough , 17. richard davis , 18. enoch flower , nathaniel bromly , james bowden , 19. moses charas , 20. william bowman , 21. robert turner , 22. thomas holme , 23. joseph fisher , 24. william stanley , 25. william shardlow , 26. thomas farnborough , 27. edward blardman , richard webb , edward gefferson , henry maddock , 28. robert knight , thomas rowland , 92. john boy , humphry south , john blaklin , richard crosby , thomas barker , 30. william crispin , 31. thomas callowhill , 32. richard corslet , john alsop , sabian cole charles pickering , 33. john williard , william smith , robert greenway , william taylor , 34. thomas brassey , 35. thomas harley , 36. richard thomas , 37. benjamin furley , 38. john simcock , &c. 39. here follow the lots of the purchasers under [ a thousand acres , & placed in the back-streets of the front of delaware , and begin with numb . 5. at the southern-side , and so proceed by the numbers , as in the draught . names . number . thomas powel , 5. george simcock , 6. bartholomew coppock , 7. william yardly , 8.   9. william frompton , 10. francis dove , 12.   13.   14. john parsons , 15. john goodson , 16. john moon , 17. andrew grescomb , 18. john fish , 19. isaac martin , 20. william carter , 21. john southworth , 22. richard ingelo , 23. john barnes , 24. philip lehnmann , 25.   26. richard noble , 27.   28.   29. john hiccock , 30.   31.   32.   33. n. n. 34. william gibson , 35. robert lodge , 36. john bur●eat , 37. james park , 38. leonard fell , 39.   40. john harding , 41. john kinsman , 42. israel hobbs , 43. edward lamway , 44. william wiggan , 45. richard worral , 46.   47. thomas zachary , 48. john chambers , 49.   50.   51. john songhurst , 52. john barnes , 53. sarah fuller , 54.   55. thomas vernon , 56. randal vernon , 57. robert vernon , 58. thomas minshell , 59. william moor , 60. john stringfellow , 61. thomas scot , 62.   63 henry waddy , 64. thomas virgo , 65. william boswel , 66. jane batchlo , 67. thomas callowhill , 68. thomas paget , 69. james petre , 70. jone dixon , 71. thomas paskall , 72.   73. priscilla shepherd , 74. walter martin , 75. sarah hersent , 76. elizabeth simmons , 77. william lane , 78. israel brench , 79. edward erbery , 80. roger drew , 81. john jennet , 82. mary woodworth , 83. john russel , 84. thomas berry , 85. georg rendal , 86. thomas harris , 87. william harmor , 88. thomas rouse , 89. nehemia● mitchel , 90.   91. david brent , 92.   93. sarah woolman , 93. john tibby , 94. charles lee , 95. id. 96. william east , 97. thomas cross , 98.   99. arch. mickell , 100. john clark , 101. israel self , 102. edward luffe , 103. john brothers , 104. edward bezer , 105. anthony elton , 106. john gibson , 107. daniel smith , 108. edward brown , 109. john fish , 110. robert holgate , 111. john pusey , 112. caleb pusey , 113. samuel noyes , 114. thomas sagar , 115. william withers , 116. john collet , 117. william cotes , 118. humphry marry , 119. elizabeth shorter , 120. joseph knight , john guest , 121. robert key , 122. william isaac , 123. edward gefferies , 124. anne crawley , 125. robert somer , 126. thomas geri●h , 127. william clowes , 128. william ●aily , 129. james hill , 130. thomas hatt , 131. william hitchcok , 132. william bryant , 133. robert downton , 134. john buckly , 135. william ashby , 136. edward simkins , 137. henry paxton , 138. edward crew , 139. john martin , 140. henry geery , 141. john geery , 142. robert jones , 143. john kirton , 144. thomas sanders , 145. amy child , 146. richard wooler , 147. gilbert mace , 148. thomas jones , 149. thomas livesly , 150. john austin , 151. robert hodskin , 152. william tanner , 153. daniel jones , 154. joseph tanner , 155. richard townsend , 156. john beckly , 157. samuel miles , 158. daniel quare , 159. david kinsey , 160. edward blake , 161. david jones , 162. henry sleighton , 163. thomas jones , 164. john hicks , 165.   166. thomas barbury , 167. john glean , 168. amos nichols , 169. richard jordan , 170. samuel bamet , 711. thomas ●obb , 172. john barber , 173. john re●ye , 174. george andrews , 175. robert stevens , 176. william bezer , 177. thomas hayward , 178. oliver cope , 179. john bu●ce , 180. ●ilbert mace , 181. john nield , 182. nathaniel pask , 183. bartholomew coppock , 184. william neak , 185. joseph milner , 186. edward bayly , 187. peter leicester , 188. henry hemming , 189. john evans , 190. randal malin , 191. allen robinet , 192. hitherto the lots of delaware front , to the center of the city . here follow the lots of skulkill-front , to the center of the city . the purchasers from one thousand acres , and upwards , are placed in the fronts and high-streets , and begin on skulkill front , at the south-end , with number 1. and so proceed with the front to the north-end , to number 43. names . numb . william penn , junior , 1. w. lowther , 2. laurence growdon , 3. philip ford , 4. the society , 5. nicholas moor , presi . 6. john marsh , 7. thomas rudyard , andrew sowle , 8. herbert springet , george white , henry child , 9. charles bathurst , william kent , john tovey , william philips , 10 robert dimsdall , 11. william bacon , 12. james wallis , philip lehnmann , margret mar●indall , nicholas walne , 13. charles marshall , 14. george green , william jenkins , john ●evon , 15. edwa●d prichard , william pardo , william powell , 16. charles lloyd , 17. john ●art , jo●hua ha●tins , edward betrice , thomas minchin , 18. john ap john , william smith , richard collins , 19 richard snead , dugel gamel , william russel , john cole , 20 richard gunton bazeleon foster , john marsh , richard hanns , james h●nt , 21. john blunston , henry bayley , 22. john penington , william penington , edward penington , 23. mary penington , 23. vac . 24. francis rogers , &c. 25. samuel clarridge , 26. james craven , richard pearce , thomas phelps , samuel taverner , thomas pearce , 27. solomon richards ' arthur perryn , john napper , john dennison , benjamin east , 28 john west , 29. vac . 30. francis fincher , thomas roberts , robert toomer , john gee , 31. jacob & joseph fuller , 32. george shore , 33. edward stubbard , 34. john thomas , 35. hugh lamb , sarah fuller , samuel allen , 36. edmund bennet , william lloyd , richard thetcher , john mason , 37. thomas elwood , john ●ing , henry pawling , george pownal , richard baker , 38. john clowes , john brock , james delworth , edward wesh , henry killinbeck , 39. richard vickris , charles harford , william brown , william beaks , 40. charles jones , thomas crosdal , walter king , john jones , 41. francis smith , 42. richard penn ,   samuel rolls ,   isaac gellius ,   john mason ,   william markham ,   edmund warner ,   the high-street-lots begin at number 44. and so proceed on both sides of that street to the center square .   1.   2. benjamin fast , john west , william philips , william smith , 3. thomas minchin , john bevan , samuel allen , 4. john thomas , 5. andrew sowle , james delworth , john jones , john king , john mason , 6. samuel clarridge , 7. john gee , jacob & joseph fuller , 8. william markham , 9. john blunston , george wood , edward prichard , 10. john brock , robert tanner , john ambry , nicholas walne , henry killinbeck , 11. samuel rolls , 12. solomon richards , arthur peryn , john napper , john dennison , 13. john , edward , william , & mary penington , 14 richard penn , 15. samuel fox , john cole , william russel , henry bayley , 16. lewis david , joshua hastins , philip lehnmann , 17. john mason , thomas elwood , james wallis , bazeleon foster , 18. charles marshall , 19. william lloyd , thomas crosdall , george pownall , william beakes , 20. charles jones , henry child , george green , 21. charles lloyd , 22. edward stubbard , 23. george shore , 24. richard vickris , samuel barker , john hart , james hunt , 25. richard collins , john rowland , john tovey , william pardo , 26. robert dimsdal , 27. john ap john , herbert springet william brown , 28. francis smith , 29. john marsh , charles harford , john clowes , edward vvest , edmund bennet , 30. vvilliam kent , edward bettrice , charles bathurst , vvilliam powell , 31. john nort , richard hanns , henry pawling , john shires , richard thatcher , 32 hugh lamb , george vvhite , 33. isaac gellius , 34. vvilliam bawn , 35. thomas rudyard , thomas roberts , 36. richard baker , vvilliam jenkins , richard gunton , edward martindall , 37. vvalter king ,   dugdel gamel , allen foster , francis finsher , edmund vvarner , 38. james craven , richard pearce , thomas phelps , samuel taverner , thomas pearce , 39. richard snead , 40. francis rogers , george rogers , 41.   42.   43. here follow the purchasors under a 1000 acres , placed in the back of the front of skulkill , & begin on the southern-side with num. 1. and so proceed by the numbers , as in the draught . shadrech vvelsh , 1. john nixon , 2. peter bland , 3. henry green , 4. morris lenholme , 5. john bevan , 6. john clare , 7. vvilliam mordent , 8. john poyer , 9. john price , 10. alexander beardsly , 11. thomas symmons , 12. thomas cowbourne , 13. thomas dell , 14. richard few , 15. john swift , 16. vvilliam lawrence , 17. henry combe , 18. anne oliffe , 19. vac . 20. john harper , 21. robert adams , 22. john hughes , 23. sarah ceres , 24. richard noble , 25. john longworthy , 26. james clayton , 27. henry lewis , 28. lewis david , 29. william howell , 30. john burgo , 31. reece redrah , 32. vvilliam chardley , 33. vvilliam bostock , 34. joseph hall , 35. james lancaster , 36. thomas briggs , 37. peter vvorral , 38. samuel buckley , 39. cutbert hayhurst , 40. john burchal , 41. thomas morrice , 42. daniel midleco● , 43. john jones , 44. roger beck , 45. richard hunt , 46. robert sandilands , 47. george keith , 48. john snashold , 49. vvilliam bingley , 50. thomas parsons , 51. peter dalbo , 52. vvilliam east , 53. vvilliam clark , 54. george strode , 55. john summers , 56. joseph richards , 57. john bristo , 58. peter young , 59. george powell , 60. john sansom , 61. john pesson● , 62. christopher forford , 63. james hill , 64. vvilliam saloway , 65. francis harford , 66. john vvall , 67. vvilliam cecill , 68. john spencer , 69. arthur bewes , 70. thomas bayley , 71. joel johnson , 72. richard mills , 73. thomas pleas , 74. francis harrison , 75. john vvorral , 76. thomas cam , 77. joseph jones , 78. robert vvardel , 79. richard p●nder , 80. henry vvright , 81. henry liechfield , 82 francis jobson , 83. roger evan , 84. john millington , 85. mary southworth , 86. matthew marks . 87. joshua holland , 88. john elson , 89.   90. thomas langhorn , 91. john funnier , 92. joseph potter , 93. david hammon , 94. thomas vvorth , 95. edward carter , 96.   97.   98.   99. robert hart , 100.   101.   102. matthew grange , 103. jane lownes , 104. ralph kinsey , 105. ralph vvard , 106. philip alford , 107. samuel atkinson , 108. edward vvalter , 109. thomas powel , 110. joseph pownall , 111. shadrech walley , 112. edward cartridge , 113. john brown , 114. james dicks , 115. john pearce , 116.   117. john stephens , 118. elizabeth lovet , 119. john oldham , 120.   121.   12●   123.   124.   125.   126.   127.   128. bethuel longstaff , 129. richard pearce , 130. henry parker , 131. dennis lincey , 132. philip cordry , 133. john skeen , 134. id. 135. william thratle , 136. john skarborrow , 137. robert barrow , 138. randal croxton , 139. edward edwards , 140. robert frame , 141. philip runnige , 142. henry barnard , 143. thomas wolfe , 144. richard richardson , 145. richard amour , 146. john edge , 147. mark keinton , 148. thomas lawson , 149. the end . notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a54171-e410 note , that edward jones , son-in-law to thomas wynn , living on the sckulkil , had with ordinary cultivation● for one grain of english barley , seventy stalks and ears of barley ; and 't is common in this country from one bushel sown , to reap forty , often fifty , and sometimes sixty and three pecks of wheat sows an acre here . good order established in pennsilvania & new-jersey in america being a true account of the country; with its produce and commodities there made. and the great improvements that may be made by means of publick store-houses for hemp, flax and linnen-cloth; also, the advantages of a publick school, the profits of a publick-bank, and the probability of its arising, if those directions here laid down are followed. with the advantages of publick granaries. ... by thomas budd. budd, thomas, 1648-1699. 1685 approx. 82 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 22 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2007-01 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a30014 wing b5358 estc r222596 99833750 99833750 38228 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a30014) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 38228) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 2204:19) good order established in pennsilvania & new-jersey in america being a true account of the country; with its produce and commodities there made. and the great improvements that may be made by means of publick store-houses for hemp, flax and linnen-cloth; also, the advantages of a publick school, the profits of a publick-bank, and the probability of its arising, if those directions here laid down are followed. with the advantages of publick granaries. ... by thomas budd. budd, thomas, 1648-1699. 39, [1] p. by william bradford], [philadelphia : printed in the year 1685. place of publication and printer's name from evans and hildeburn; wing suggests [london?, andrew sowle?]. reproduction of the original in the henry e. huntington library and art gallery. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp aimed to produce large quantities of textual data within the usual project restraints of time and funding, and therefore chose to create diplomatic transcriptions (as opposed to critical editions) with light-touch, mainly structural encoding based on the text encoding initiative (http://www.tei-c.org). the eebo-tcp project was divided into two phases. the 25,363 texts created during phase 1 of the project have been released into the public domain as of 1 january 2015. anyone can now take and use these texts for their own purposes, but we respectfully request that due credit and attribution is given to their original source. users should be aware of the process of creating the tcp texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data. text selection was based on the new cambridge bibliography of english literature (ncbel). if an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in ncbel, then their works are eligible for inclusion. selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. in general, first editions of a works in english were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng pennsylvania -history -colonial period, ca. 1600-1775 -early works to 1800. new jersey -history -colonial period, ca. 1600-1775 -early works to 1800. 2006-05 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2006-05 aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images 2006-07 derek lee sampled and proofread 2006-07 derek lee text and markup reviewed and edited 2006-09 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion good order established in pennsilvania & new-jersey in america , being a true account of the country ; with its produce and commodities there made . and the great improvements that may be made by means of publick store-houses for hemp , flax and linnen-cloth ; also , the advantages of a publick-school , the profits of a publick-bank , and the probability of its arising , if those directions here laid down are followed . with the advantages of publick granaries . likewise , several other things needful to be understood by those that are or do intend to be concerned in planting in the said countries . all which is laid down very plain , in this small treatife ; it being easie to be understood by any ordinary capacity . to which the reader is referred for his further satisfaction . by thomas budd . printed in the year 1685. those that have generous spirits , whose desires and endeavours are to bring the creation into order , do i dedicate this , the first fruits of my endeavours . i taking into consideration the destressed condition that many thousand families lie under in my native country , by reason of the deadness of trade , and want of work , and believing that many that have great store of money that lies by them unimploy'd , would be willing and ready to assist and encourage those poor distressed people , by supplying them with monies , in order to bring them out of that slavery and poverty they groan under , if they might do it with safety to themselves . these considerations put me on writing this small treatise , wherein i hope the reader will have full satisfaction , that the rich may help to relieve the poor , and yet reap great profit and advantage to themselves by their so doing , which if it so happen that rich and poor are benefitted by following the advice here given , then will be answered the hearty desires of your true and well-wishing friend , thomas budd . it is to be noted , that the government of these countries is so settled by concessions , and such care taken by the establishment of certain fundamental laws , by which every man's liberty and property , both as men and christians , are preserved ; so that none shall be hurt in his person , estate or liberty for his religious perswasion or practice in worship towards god. pennsylvania and new-jersy in america lieth in about forty & forty two degrees of north latitude , and is severed the one from the other by the river of delaware on the west , and seperated from new-york collony by sandy-hoock-bay , and part of hudsons river on the east . the dayes in the winter are about two hours longer , and in the summer two hours shorter than in england , the summer somewhat hotter , which causeth the fruits and corn somewhat to ripen faster than in england , and the harvest for wheat , rye and barley , being about the latter end of june . in the winter season it is cold and freezing weather , and sometimes snow , but commonly very clear and sun-shine , which soon dissolves it . the country is well watered , the river of delaware being navigable for ships of great burthen to burlington , which from the capes , or entrance , is accounted an hundred and forty miles ; and for sloops to the falls , which is about ten miles farther . the bay of sandy-hoock on east-jersy is a safe and excellent harbour for any fleet of ships , which can lie there in all weathers , and go in and out to sea in winter , as well as summer , and ships of great burthen can lie close to the town of new-perth , which renders it a good scituation for navigation , from whence in six hours time at most , ships can go out into the sea ; and close by the town of perth runs up rariton river . from the falls of delaware river the indians go in cannows up the said river , to an indian town called minisincks , which is accounted from the falls about eighty miles ; but this they perform by great labour in setting up against the stream ; but they can come down with ease and speed ; the river from the falls runs from the north and north-west about twenty miles , as i my self observed in my travel so far by the river , but by the indians information , it cometh about more easterly farther up . i have been informed , that about minisincks , by the river-side , both in new-jersey and pennsylvania is great quantities of exceeding rich open land , which is occasioned by washing down of the leaves and soil in great rains from the mountains , which land is exceeding good , for the raising of hem ? and flax , wheat , or any other sorts of corn , fruits , roots &c. where in time may be conveniently settled a manufacture for the making of linnen-cloth , cordage , twine , sacking , fishing-nets , and all other commodities commonly made of hemp or flax : and after great rains , we may bring down great quantities of goods in flat-bottom-boats , built for that purpose , which will then come down , by reason of the land-floods with speed . and into this river , betwixt the capes and the falls , run many navigable rivers and cricks , some of them fifteen or twenty miles , and others less , which rivers and cricks are made by the plenty of springs and brooks , that run out of the country , many of which brooks are so considerable , as to be fit to drive mills . and above the falls , in travelling of twenty miles by the rivers side , i went over twenty runnings of water , five or six of them being fit to build mills on . the country for the most part is pretty leavel , until we come about ten miles above the falls , where it is mountanious for many miles , but interlaced with fertile valleys . the bay and river of delaware , and the rivers and cricks that runs into it , are plentifully stored with various sorts of good fish and water-fowl . as swans , geese , ducks , wigeons , &c. and a considerable whale-fishery may be carried on in the bay of delaware , and on the sea-coasts of new jersey , there being whale fisheries already begun , plenty of whales being by experience found there , and the winter-time being the time for the catching them , they will not thereby be hindred of raising there summer-crops ; and the oyl and bone being good commodities to be sent for england , there also being in the bay of delaware and sandy-hoock , drums , sheeps-heads bass , and other sorts of large fish , which may be fit to salt up in casks to keep for use , and transportation also . there are great plenty of oysters , which may be pickled and put up in small casks for use . likewise , in delaware river are great plenty of sturgion , which doubtless might be a good trade , if mannaged by such persons as are skilful in the boyling and pickling of them , so as to preserve them good to barbadoes , and other adjacent islands . there are also in the spring great quantities of a sort of fish like herrings : with plenty of the fish called shads , but not like the shads in england , but of another kind , being a much better sort of fish ; the inhabitants usually catch quantities , which they salt up , and pack them in barrels for winter's provision . the lands from the capes , to about six miles above new-castle ( which is by estimation ninety miles ) is for the most part very rich , there being very many navigable cricks on both sides of the river , and on the river and cricks are great quantities of rich fat marsh land , which causeth those parts , to some fresh people , to be somewhat unhealthful in the latter part of the summer , at which time some of them have agues : also in and near these marshes , are small flies , called musketoes , which are troublesome to such people as are not used to them ; but were those marshes banked , and drained , and then plowed and sowed , some years with corn , and then with english hay-seed , i do suppose it would be healthful , and very little troubled with musketoes ; and if cattel did commonly feed on this ground , and tread it as in england , i suppose it would not be inferior to the rich meadows on the river of thames ; and were quantities of this land laid dry , and brought into tillage , i suppose it would bear great crops of wheat , pease and barley , hemp and flax , and it would be very fit for hop-gardens , and for english grass , which might serve for rich pastures or meadow . also these marshes are fit for rape , and were rape-mills built , and the design mannaged , so as it would be if it were in england or holland , a great trade might be carried on , and many hundred tuns of rape-oyl might be made yearly , and sent to england , to the planters inrichment ; and not only so , but would be for merchants advantage , they thereby having goods to freight their ships , which would tend to the benefit of the inhabitants in general . and if those trades and designs are carried on to effects , as are mentioned in this treatise , there would naturally follow trade and imployment for ship-wrights , boat-wrights , coopers , carpenters , smiths , ropers , mariners , weavers , butchers , bakers , brewers ; and many other sorts of trades would have full impoyment . from six miles above new-castle to the falls of delaware ( which is about sixty miles ) and so to the head of the said river , the water is clear , fresh , and fit for brewing , or any other use . the air clear and good , it being supposed to be as healthful , as any part of england . the land is in veins , some good , and some bad , but the greatest part will bear good corn , as wheat , rye , barley , oats , indian corn , buck-wheat , pease and indian beans , &c. fruits that grow natural in the countries are strawberries , cramberries . huckleberries , blackberries , medlers , grapes , plums , hickery-nuts , walnuts , multheries , chestnuts , hassel-nuts , &c. garden fruits groweth well , as cabbage , colworts , colliflowers , sparagrass , carrots , parsneps , turnups , oynions , cowcumbers , pumkins , water-mellons , musk-mellons , squashe , potatoes , currants , goosberries , roses , cornations , tulips , garden-herbs , flowers , seeds , fruits , &c. for such as grow in england , certainly will grow here . orchards of apples , pears , quinces , peaches , aprecocks , plums , cheries , and other sorts of the usual fruits of england may be soon raised to good advantage , the trees growing faster then in england , whereof great quantities of sider may be made . and were glass-houses erected to furnish us with bottles , we might have a profitable trade , by sending sider to jamaico and barbadoes , &c. ready bottled , which is commonly so sent from herefordshire to london . it is supposed that we may make as good wines as in france , ( if vineyards were planted on the sides of hills or banks , which are defended from the cold north-west winds ) with such vines as the french-men commonly make those wines of ; for the climate is as proper as any part of france , therefore it is rational to believe , that the wines will be as rich and good as in france . there are some vineyards already planted in pennsylvania , and more intended to be planted by some french-protestants , and others , that are gone to settle there . several other commodities may be raised here , as rice , which is known to have been sown for a trayal , and it grew very well , and yielded good encrease . also annis-seeds i have been informed groweth well , and might be a profitable commodity , there being great quantities used in england by distillers . liquorish doubtless would grow very well . and i question not but that mather , woad , and other plants and roots 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 use might be raised . shuemack groweth natural . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a●useful dargs grow naturally , as sassafrass , 〈…〉 , callunus aromatious , snake-root , jallappa , &c. the pine-tree groweth here , out of which is made pitch , tar , rosin and tarpentine : in new-england some make quantities of tar out of the knots of pine trees , with which they supply themselves and others . there are many other sorts of plants , roots and herbs of great virtue , which grow here , which are found to cure such distempers as the people are insident to . hops in some places grow naturally , but were hop gardens planted in low rich land , quantities might be raised to good advantage . there is no lime stone as we yet know of , but we make lime of oyster shels , which by the sea and bay side are so plentiful , that we may load ships with them . there are several sorts of good clay , of which bricks , earthen-ware , and tobacco-pipes are made ; and in some places there are quaries of a ruf hard stone , which are good to wall cellars , and some stone fit for pavement . the trees grow but him thin in most places , and very little under-wood . in the woods groweth plentifully a course sort of grass , which is so proving that it soon makes the cattel and horses fat in the summer , but the hay being course , which is chiefly gotten on the fresh marshes , the cattel loseth their flesh in the winter , and become very poor , except we give them corn : but this may be remydied in time , by draining of low rich land , and by plowing of it , and sowing it with english-grass-seed , which here thrives very well the hogs are fat in the vvoods when it is a good mast-year . the woods are furnished with store of wild fowl , as turkeys , phesants , heath-cocks , partridges , pidgeons , blackbirds , &c. and people that will take the pains to raise the various sorts of tame fowl , may do it with as little trouble , and less charge , then they can in england , by reason of what they find in the woods . bees are found by the experience of several that keep them , to thrive very well . i do not question but that we might make good strong sound beer , ale and mum , that would keep well to barbadoes the water being good , and wheat and barley in a few years like to be very plentiful : great quantities of beer , ale and mum is sent yearly from london , and other places , to barbadoes , jamaica , and other islands in america , where it sells to good advantage ; and if beer , ale and mam hold good from england to those places , which 't is said is above one thousand leagues ; i question not but if it be well brewed in a seasonable time of the year , and put up in good casks , but it will keep good to be transported from delaware river to those islands aforesaid , which by computation , is not above half so far . if merchants can gain by sending beer , ale and mum from england , where corn is dear , and freight dear , by reason of the length of the voyage , we in all probability must get much more , that buy our corn cheap , and pay less freight . flower and bisket may be made in great quantities in a few years , the wheat being very good , which seldom fails of finding a good market at barbadoes , jamaica , and the carieb islands : great quantities are sent yearly from lonaon , and other places , which if they can make profit of it , we much more for the reasons already given . pork is but about half the price as in england , therefore the inhabitants will seldom have their market spoiled by any that come from england , of which commodity the inhabitants in a few years will have quantities to sell to the merchant , which is salted , and packed in barrels , and so transported to jamaica , barbadoes , nevis , and other islands . hams of bacon are also made , much after the same manner as in west-falia ▪ and the bacon eats much like it . our beef in the fall is very fat and good , and we are likely in a few years to have great plenty , which will serve our families , and furnish shipping . our mutton is also fat , sound and good , being only fed with natural grass ; but if we sprinkle but a little english hay-seed on the land without plowing , and then feed sheep on it , in a little time it will so encrease , that it will cover the land with english grass , like unto our pastures in england provided the land be good . we find the profits of sheep are considerable . our butter is very good , and our cheese is indifferent good , but when we have pastures of english gass , ( which many are getting into ) then i suppose our cheese will be as good as that of england : our horses are good serviceable horses , fit both for draught and saddle , the planters will ride them fifty miles a day , without shoes , and some of them are indifferent good shapes ; of which many ships are freighted yearly from new-england with horses to barbadoes , nevis , and other places ; and some ships have also been freighted out of pennsylvania and new-jersey with horses to barbadoes ; but if we had some choice horses from england , and did get some of the best of our mares , and keep them well in the winter , and in pastures inclosed in the summer , to prevent there going amongst other horses , we might then have a choice breed of horses , which would tend much to the advantage of the inhabitants . the commodities fit to send to england , besides what are already named , are the skins of the several wild beasts that are in the country , as elks , deer , beaver , fisher , bear , fox , rackoon , marten , otter , woolf , m●skquash , mink , cat , &c. potashes may be here made , and soap , not only to the supply of our selves , but to sell to our neighbours . also iron may be here made , there being one iron-work already in east jersey . likewise , we may furnish merchants with pipe-staves , and other coopers timber and hoops . the woolen manufacture may be mannaged in pennsylvania and new-jersey , to good advantage , the upper parts of the country being very fit for the keeping of sheep , the wool being found to be good , and the sheep not subject to the rot : the ewes commonly after the first time , bring two lambs at once . but it may be queried , how shall the sheep be preserved from the woolf ? i answer ; get such a flock as it may answer the charge , for a boy to make it his full employment to look after them , and let them be pend at night in a house or fold provided for that purpose . if one man have not enough to imploy a shepherd , then let several joyn their stock together . but it may be queried , where shall wool be gotten to carry on the woollen manufacture , untill we have of our own raising ? i answer ; in road-island , and some other adjacent islands and places , wool may be bought at six pence a pound , and considerable quantities may be there had , which will supply until we can raise enough of our own . also , we may have cotton-wool from barbadoes , and other adjacent islands in returns for our provisions that we send them . so that the making of cotton-cloth and fustians may be likewise made to good advantage , the cotten-wool being purchased by the growth of our own country ; and the linnen-yarn being spun by our own families , of flax , of our own growth and ordering . the tanning-trade and shoemaking may be here mannaged to good advantage , hides being plenty , and to be had at moderate prices , and ●ark to be had for only the charge in getting it . a skinner that can dress skins in oyl , may do very well ; for we have elk skins , and plenty of buck and doe skins , which the inhabitants give ( at new-york , where there are such trades ) one half for dressing the other . there ought to be publick store-houses provided for all persons to bring their flax , hemp and linnen cloth to , where it may be preserved clean and dry at a very small charge , and the owner at liberty to take it out at his own will and pleasure , or to sell , transfer or assign it to any other . now the hemp , flax and linnen cloth being brought into the publick store-house , and the quantity , quality and value of it there registred in the book , to be kept for that purpose ; and the person that hath put in the said hemp , flax and linnen cloth , taking a note under the hand and seal , from the store-house register , of the quantity , quality and value of the hemp flax , and linnen cloth brought into the publick store-house , with the time it was delivered ; these notes will pass from one man to another all one as money : as for example , suppose i am a merchant , that am furnished with divers sorts of goods , i sell them to a planter , and receive their notes which they had from the store-house registry , in pay for my goods , to the value of one hundred pounds . i buy of the clothier in woolen cloth to the value of sixty pounds , and of the ●oper in cordage to the value of forty pounds ; i pay them by these notes on the store-house ; the clother he buys woolen yarn of the master of the spinning-school , to the value of sixty pounds , and payes him by these notes on the publick store ; the master of the spinning-school buys of the farmer in wool to the value of sixty pounds , and pays him by these notes ; the farmer buyeth of the merchant in goods to the value of sixty pounds , and pays him by these notes ; the merchant receiveth on demand , from the publick store , in linnen cloth to the value of sixty pound , at receiving thereof he delivereth up the notes to the register of the publick store , which are cancelled , and then filed up as waste paper . the roper , when he pleaseth , receives on demand , in hemp to the value of forty pounds out of the publick store , by which he is made capable of imploying his servants in making of cordage ; but he that hath no occasion to take out this hemp or flax , or linnen cloth , may pass these notes from one man to another , as often they please , which is all one as ready money at all times . were the flax and hemp manufactuaries carried on to that height as it might be , it would greatly advance these countries ; for did we make our own sail-cloth and cordage , we could make ships , sloops and boats at much easier rates than they can build for in england , the timber costing us nothing but labour . and were more saw-mills made ( of which there are divers already ) to cut planks and other timber , both ships and houses might be built at easie rates . many ship loads of hemp is brought yearly from the east countries to england , which is afterward there made into cordage . twine , sacking , fishing-nets &c. and then transported from thence to jamaica , barbadoes , virginia , new-england , and other parts of america , so that doubtless materials made of hemp , must be sold in america by the retaler , at double the price as it cost where it grew ; by which it appears that at those prices we should have double for our labour to what they have , and our provisions as cheap as theirs , it being raised on land that cost us little . 1. now. it might be well if a law were made by the governours and general assemblies of pennsilvania and new-jersey , that all persons inhabiting in the said provinces , do put their children seven years to the publick school , or longer , if the parents please . 2. that schools be provided in all towns and cities , and persons of known honesty , skill and understanding be yearly chosen by the governour and general assembly , to teach and instruct boys and girls in all the most useful arts and sciences that they in their youthful capacities may be capable to understand , as the learning to read and write true english , latine , and other useful speeches and languages , and fair writing , arithmatick and book-keeping , and the boys to be taught and instructed in some mystery or trade , as the making of mathematical instruments , joynery , turnery , the making of clocks and watches , weaving , shoe-making , or any other useful trade or mystery that the school is capable of teaching ; and the girls to be taught and instructed in spinning of flax and wool , and knitting of gloves and stockings , sewing , and making of all sorts of useful needle-work , and the making of straw-work , as hats , baskets , &c. or any other useful art or mystery that the school is capable of teaching . 3. that the scholars be kept in the morning two hours at reading , writing , book-keeping &c. and other two hours at work in that art , mystery or trade that he or she most delighteth in , and then let them have two hours to dine , and for recreation ; and in the afternoon two hours at reading , writing , &c. and the other two hours at work at their several imployments . 4. the seventh day of the week the scholars may come to school only in the fore-noon , and at a certain hour in the after-noon let a meeting be kept by the school-masters and their scholars , where after good instruction and admonition is given by the masters , to the scholars , and thanks returned to the lord for his mercies and blessings that are daily received from him , then let a strict examination be made by the masters , of the conversation of the scholars in the week past , and let reproof , admonition and correction be given to the offendors , according to the quantity and quality of their faults . 5. let the like meetings be kept by the school-mistrisses , and the girls apart from the boys . by strictly observing this good order , our children will be hindred of running into that excess of riot and wickedness that youth is incident to , and they will be a comfort to their tender parents . 6. let one thousand acres of land be given and laid out in a good place , to every publick school that shall be set up , and the rent or incom of it to go towards the defraying of the charge of the school . 7. and to the end that the children of poor people , and the children of indians may have the like good learning with the children of rich people , let them be maintained free of charge to their parents , out of the profits of the school , arising by the work of the scholars , by which the poor and the indians , as well as the rich , will have their children taught , and the remainder of the profits , if any be , to be disposed of in the building of school-houses , and improvements on the thousand acres of land , which belongs to the school . the manner and profits of a spinning-school in germany , as it is laid down by andrew yarenton in his own words , in a book of his , call'd , england's improvements by sea and land , take as followeth . in germany , where the thred is made that makes the fine linnens , in all towns there are schools for little girls , from six years old , and upwards , to teach them to spin , and so to bring their tender fingers by degrees to spin very fine ; their wheels go all by the foot , made to go with much ease , whereby the action or motion is very easie and delightful : the way , method , rule and order how they are govern'd is , 1 st . there is a large room , and in the middle thereof a little box like a pulpit : 2 dly , there are benches built round about the room , as they are in play-houses , up on the benches sit about two hundred children spinning , and in the box in the middle of the room , sits the grand mistress with a long white wand in her hand ; if she observe any of them idle , she reaches them a tap , but if that will not do , she rings a bell , which by a little ord is fixed to the box , and out comes a vvomau , she then points to the ofendor , and she is taken away into another room and chastized ; and all this is done without one word speaking : in a little room by the school there is a vvoman that is preparing , and putting flax on the distaffs , and upon the ringing of a bell , and pointing the rod at the maid that hath spun off her flax , she hath another distaff given her , and her spool of thred taken from her , and put into a box unto others of the same size , to make cloth , all being of equal threds . 1 st . they raise their children , as they spin finer , to the higher benches : 2. they sort and size all the threds , so that they can apply them to make equal cloths ; and after a young maid hath been three years in the spinning-school , that is taken in at six , and then continues until nine years , she will get eight pence the day , and in these parts i speak of , a man that has most children , lives best now were spining-schools settled in the principal cities and towns in pennlyvania and new jersey and a law made to oblige the parents of children , to put their children to school , we should then soon 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 such a way of making linnen-cloth , as that we should not only have sufficient fo our own supply , but also should have quantities to sell to the inhabitants of our own neighbouring provinces , where it will sell at considerable prices , they being usually supplied from england , where it must be dear , after freight , custom , and other charges at importation , with the merchants profit considered ; and yet nevertheless this cloth , thus dear bought will sell in new-england , virginia , and some other places in america , at thirty pound per cent profit , above the first cost in england , and the moneys paid by bills of exchange , and the retalier makes commonly on goods thus bought not less then twenty pounds per cent. profit : so that if all things be considered , the cloth is sold in america , to the planter at full double the price as it cost from the maker in france or germany , from whence it brought to england , by which it doth appear , that if we do get such prices for the cloth that we make , then we shall have double for our labour to what they have ; therefore it may be well that a law were made for the encouragement of the linnen manufacture by the governours and general assemblies , that all persons inhabiting in pennsylvania , or new-jersey , that keep a plow , do sow one acre of flax , and two acres of hemp , which would be a means of supplying us with flax and hemp , to carry on the manufacturies of linnen-cloth and cordage ; and also would be very profitable to the planter , by imploying his family in the winter season , when they would have otherwise but little else to do , viz. the men and boys in breaking and dressing of it , and making it fit for use , and the women and girls in spining it , and nevertheless they may carry on their husbandry as largely , as if nothing of this was done ; the husbandry-affairs being chiefly betwixt the spring and fall. now to that end that a bank of monies and credit may be in pennsilvania and new jersey , a law may be made , that all monies sent on interest be at 8 l. per cent. by the year , and that all bills and bonds be entred on the publick registry , and by act of assembly be made transferable by assignments , so as the property may go along with the assignment ; thereby a bond or bill will go in the nature of bills of exchange ; and so a. owing 200 l. to b. he assigns him the bond of c. who owed him 200 l. and c. owing d. 200 l. assigns him the bond of e. who owed him 200 l. and so one bond or bill would go through twenty hands , and thereby be as ready monies , and do much to the benefit of trade . also , that all lands and houses be put under a publick registry , and entred in the book , with an account of the value of them , and how occupied and tenanted , a particular thereof being given under the hand and seal of the office to the owners . we having thus fitted our selves with a publick registry of all our lands and houses , whereby it is made ready money at all times , without the charge of law , or the necessity of a lawyer ; and a law being made for the payment of such large interest for monies lent , and the security being so undeniably good , a pank will in time arise , and such a bank as will be for the benefit and advantage of pennsilvania and new-jersey , and trade universal . suppose my self , and some others have in houses and lands in pennsilvania or new-jersey , worth 3000 l. and are minded to mannage and carry on the linnen manufacture , but cannot do it , without borrowing on interest 2000 l. therefore we come to the bank in pennsilvania or new jersey , and there tender a particular of our lands and houses , and how occupied or tennanted , being worth 3000 l. in pennsilvania or new-jersey , and desire them to lend us 2000 l. and we will mortgage our land & houses for it ; the answer will be , we will send to the register's office your particular , and at the return of the messenger you shall have your answer : the registers send answer , it is our lands and houses , and occupied , and tenanted , and valued according to the particular , there needs no more words but to tell us the money , with which we carry on the trade briskly , to the great benefit and advantage of some hundreds of people that we set to work , and to the supplying of the inhabitants with cloth made of flax , grown , drest , spun and wove in our own provinces ; which trade we could not mannage and carry on without this credit , but having this credit , we go on with our trade comfortably , and the lender will have his ends answered , and his moneys well secured . and its certain , such an anchorage , fund , and foundation , will then bring out the monyes unimployed from all persons in these provinces , even people of all degrees will put in their monyes , which will be put out again into trade to merchants , and such as stand in need of ready monyes ; and thereby trade is made easie , and much convenienced . suppose ten families purchase in pennsilvania or new-jersey five thousand acres of land , and they lay out a small township in the middle of it , for the conveniency of neighbourhood , to each family one hundred acres for houses , gardens , orchards , corn-fields and pastures of english grass , the remainder to lie in common , to feed their ca●tel ; and suppose that by that time they have built their dwelling houses , cow-houses , barnes , and other out-houses , and have made inclosures about their home-lots , that their monyes is all expended , and without a further supply to buy oxen and horses to plow their land , and cows to find their families in milk , butter and cheese , and sows to breed a stock on , they will live but meanly for some time , therefore to amend their condition they come to the bank , and there tender a particular of their lands , valued to be worth 1500 l. on which they desire to take up 1000 l. to purchase a stock of oxen , horses , cows , sows , sheep and servants , by which they will be enabled to carry on their husbandry to great advantage , and the benefit of the province in general ; and it may be that in two or three-years time , they may be able to pay in this money , with interest , to the owner ; and in two or three years more may be able to bring into the bank , to be lent out to others , one thousand pounds of their own estates . as to the benefit of publick granaries on delaware river , to keep the corn for all merchants , bakers and farmers that please to send it thither , that so the destruction and damages occasioned by rats and mice , may be prevented . in this granary , corn at all times may be taken in , from all persons that please to send it , and the corn so sent may be preserved sweet , safe , and in good order , at a small charge for a whole year , and the owner at liberty to take it out at his own will and pleasure , or to sell , transfer or assign any part of the said corn to any person or persons for the payment of his debts , or to furnish himself with clothing , or other necessaries from the merchant ; and the granary-keepers to give good security that all things should be faithfully done & discharged . now the corn being brought into the publick granary , and there registred in the register-book , to be kept for that purpose ; and the person that hath put in the said corn , taking a note under hand and seal , from the granary-register , of the quantity of corn brought into the granary , with the time it was delivered , and the matter and kind of the corn , then these advantages will ensue : first , preservation from the rats and mice , straw to supply his cattel , the chaff for his horses , and the light corn to feed his pigs and poultry ; his husbandry mannaged with rule and order to his advantage ; no forc'd haste , but thrashing and carrying the corn to the granary in times wherein his servants have leisure ; so in seeding time & harvest all people are freed from that . besides , there being at all times sufficient quantities of corn in the granaries to load ships , merchants from barbadoes and other places , will come to buy corn ; of one farmer he may buy one hundred bushels , of another fifty , and so he may buy the corn that belongs to sixty or eighty farmers , and receive their notes which they had from the granary-office , which corn he letteth lie in the granary until he have occasion to use it , then he orders his baker to go with those notes to the granary-office , and receive such quantities as he hath a mind shall be made into flower and bisket , which the baker does accordingly , and gets it packt up in casks , and sent to barbadoes ; the remainder , if he please , he may full to some other merchant that lives at barbadoes ; or some other place , and when sold , may deliver the said merchant the notes on the granary-office , at sight whereof they may receive their corn , if they please , or they may pass those notes from one to another , as often as they please , which is all one as money , the corn being lodged safe , and kept in the publick granary , will be the occasion of imploying much of the cash of pennsilvania and new-jersey ; most people near these publick bank granaries , will be dealing to have some corn in bank-credit ; for that cannot miss of finding an encrease and benefit to them in the rise of corn. the best places at present for the building of granaries , are , i suppose , burlington in west-jersey , philadelphia and new-castle in pennsilvania , and new perth in east-jersey , which places are excellently situated , there being many navigable rivers , whereby trade is very communicable , and the corn may be brought in boats and sloops from most places now inhabited , by water to these publick granaries , for small charge , and from the granaries may be carried to water-mills to grind , which are some of them so conveniently situated , that boats may come to the mill-tayl , which is also a great conveniency to those that trade much in corn. now i will demonstrate , and shew you the length , breadth and heighth the granaries ought to be of , to hold this corn ; as also the charge of building one of them , and the way how it should be built for the best advantage , with the way of ordering and managing the corn that it may keep good , sweet and clean , eight or ten years . the granaries must be three hundred foot long , eighten foot wide betwixt inside and inside , seven stories high , each story seven foot high , all to be built of good well burnt brick , and laid in lime and sand very well ; the ends of the granaries must be set north and south , so the sides will be east and west ; and in the sides of the granaries , there must be large windows to open and shut close , that when the wind blows at west , the windows may be laid open , and then the granary man will be turning and winding the corn , and all filth and dross will be blown out at the window . when the weather is fair , then throw open the vvindows , to let in the air to the corn ; and in the middle , there must be stoves to be kept with fire in them in all moist or wet times , or at going away of great frosts and snows , to prevent moistness either in the brick-walls , timber , boards or corn. there must be in each side of the granaries , three or four long troughs or spouts fixt in the uppermost loft , which must run about twenty foot out of the granary ; and in fine vveather , the granary men must be throwing the corn out of the uppermost loft , and so it will fall into another spout made ten foot wide at the top , and through that spout the corn descends into the lowermost loft , and then wound up on the inside of the granary , by a crane fixt for that purpose , and the corn receiving the benefit of the air , falling down thirty foot before it comes into the second spout , cleanseth it from its filth and chaff ; these spouts are to be taken off and on , as occasion requires , and to be fixt to another of the lofts , that when vessels come to load corn , they may through these spouts convey the corn into the boats or sloops , without any thing of labour , by carrying it on the backs of men . the charge of one granary three hundred foot long , eighteen foot wide , seven stories high , seven foot betwixt each story , being built with brick in england , as by the account of andrew yarenton , take as followeth ; six hundred thousand of bricks builds a granary , two bricks and a half thick the two first stories , two bricks thick the three next stories , brick and a half thick the two uppermost stories ; and the brick will be made and delivered on the place for eight shillings the thousand , the laying of brick three shillings the thousand , lime and sand two shillings the thousand ; so brick-laying , lime and sand will be thirteen shillings the thousand , one hundred and fifty tuns of oak for summers-joists and roof , 170 l. boards for the six stories , sixty thousand foot , at 13 s. 4 d. the one hundred foot and ten thousand foot for window-doors and spouts at the same rate , 48 l. laths and tiles 100 l. carpenters work 70 l. iron , nails , and odd things 60 l. so the charge of a granary will be 800 l. there will be kept in this granary fourteen thousand quarters of corn , which is two thousand quarters in every loft , which will be a thousand bushels in every bay ; six labouring men , with one clerk , will be sufficient to manage this granary , to turn and wind the corn , and keep the books of accounts ; fifteen pounds a piece allowed to the six men , and thirty pound a year to the clark or register , will be wages sufficient ; so the servants wages will be 120 l. per annum , allow ten in the hundred for monies laid out for building the granaries , which is 80 l. so the charge will be yearly 200 l. now if the country-man pay six pence a quarter yearly for keeping his corn safe and sweet in the granary , fourteen thousand quarters will come to 350 l. for granary-rent yearly . admit i have a propriety of land in pennsilvania or new-jersey , either place then alloweth me to take up five thousand acres , with town or city-lots , upon condition that i settle ten families on it , therefore i send over ten families of honest industrous people , the charge of each family is 100 l. as by the account of particulars appears , as followeth .   l. s. d. for one hundred acres of land , — 05 — 00 — 00 for the passage of the family , five persons , — 25 — 00 — 00 for fresh provisions to use on ship-board , over and above the ships allowance , as rice , oatmeal , flower , butter , sugar , brandy , and some odd things more , which i leave to the discretion of those that go , — 05 — 00 — 00 for 3 hundred weight of six penny , eight penny and ten penny nails , to be used on sides and roof of the house , — 05 — 00 — 00 for a share and coulter , a plow-chain , 2 sythes , 4 sickles , a horse collar , some cordage for harness , 2 stock locks , 2 weeding hoes , 2 grubbing hoes , one cross-cut saw , 2 iron wedges , 1 iron pot , 1 frying pan , 2 falling axes , 1 broad ax , 1 spade , 1 hatchet , 1 fro to cleave clapboard , shingle and coopers timber , — 05 — 00 — 0 for portridge , custom-house charge and ftraight , &c. on the goods , — 02 — 00 — 00 for insurance of the one hundred pound 03 — 00 — 00 in all 50 — 00 — 00 the remaining fifty pounds may do well to lay out in these goods , which are the most vendable in the country , viz.   l. s. d. ten pieces of serge , at 20 — 00 — 00 six pieces of narrow blow linnen , containing about seven hundred yards , 05 — 00 — 00 200 ells of brown ossembrigs , at about 07 — 10 — 00 half a piece of three quarters dowlis , 03 — 10 — 00 three pieces of coulered linnen 02 — 10 — 00 two pieces of yorkshire kerseys , 04 — 00 — 00 one piece of red peniston , above 40 yards , at 18 d , per yard , — 03 — 00 — 00 one piece of demity , 00 — 15 — 00 in buttons and silk , tape and thred suitable to the clothes , 03 — 15 — 00 in all 50 — 00 — 00 and when you come into the country , you may lay out the above-mentioned goods to purchase a stock of cattel and provisions , &c. which for goods at the first cost in england , will buy at the prices under-mentioned , viz.   l. s. d. one pair of working oxen , at 60 — 00 — 00 one mare 3 l. and four cows and calves , 12 l. 15 — 00 — 00 one bull 2 l. ten ewes 3 l. 10 s. 05 — 10 — 00 four breeding sows , and one boor , 04 — 00 — 00 one fat ox to kill for winter provisions , 03 — 10 — 00 400 pound of pork , at 3 half pence per pound , 02 — 10 — 00 24 pound of butter , at 4 d. per pound , 00 — 08 — 00 one barrel of salted fish , 00 — 10 — 00 one barrel of malassas to make beer , 01 — 08 — 00 40 bushels of indian corn , at 1 s. 8 d. per bushel , 03 — 06 — 08 20 bushels of rye , at 2 s. per bushel , 02 — 00 — 00 20 bushels of wheat , at 3 s. per bushel , 03 — 00 — 00 6 bushels of pease and indian beans , per bushel , 00 — 08 — 00 2 bushels of salt , at 2 s. per bushel , 00 — 04 — 00 50 pound of cheese of the country-making , at 3 d. per pound , 00 — 12 — 06 12 pound of candles , at 5 d. per pound , 00 — 05 — 00 in sugar , spice , and other things , 00 — 17 — 10 in all 50 — 00 — 00 note , that the above-mentioned prices is for goods at first cost in england , which in country money would be something above one third higher , viz. a cow and calf valued in goods at first cost at 3 l. is worth in country money 5 l. and other things advance much after the same proportion . my five thousand acres of land cost me 100 l. i had of the ten families for the one thousand acres disposed of to them 50 l. my town or city lots will yield me currant 50 l. by which it appears i am nothing out on the four thousand acres that is left . i get my five thousand acres surveyed and laid out to me , out of which i lay out for the ten families one thousand acres , which may be so divided , as that each family may live near one to the other ; i intend with them to let the money lie in their hands six years , for which they to pay me each family , 8 l a year , in consideration of the one hundred pound a family laid out for them , and at the expiration of the six years , they to pay me my 1000 l. viz. each family 100 l. as by agreement ; my money being paid me , i am unwilling to let it lie dead , therefore i lay out in the middle of my land one thousand acres , which i divide into ten lots , in form and manner as ▪ before then i intend , with fifty servants to serve me four years a piece , i place them on the land , viz. five on each lot . their passage , and in goods to purchase cattel and provisions , &c. is to each five servants 100 l. as before is explained : now i order a house to be built , and orchards , gardens and inclosures to be made , and husbandry affairs to be carried on on each lot ; so that at the four years end as the servants time is expired , i shall have ten farms , each containing four hundred acres ; for the one thousand acres being laid out in the middle of my land , the remaining three thousand acres joyns to it . my servants time being expired , i am willing to see what charge i am out upon these ten farms and stock , in order to know what i have gain'd in the ten years past , over and above 8 l. per cent. interest , that is allowed me for the use of my money : i am out by the first charge 1000 l. & the interest thereof for four years , at 8 l. per cent. is for the four years 320 l. so that the whole charge on the ten farms , principal & interest , comes to 1300 l. now if i value my ten farms but at 400 l. each , which is 20 s. per acre , one with another ; then the whole will be 4000 l. besides the first stock of cattel and hogs , &c to each plantation , with its increase for four years , which stock cost at first to each farm 30 l. in goods at first cost , but is worth 40 l. sterling , at which rate the stock on the ten farms cost 400 l. and if we account the four years increase to be no more than the first stock , yet that is 400 l. by which it appears that the ten farms , and the stock on them is worth 4800 l. out of which deduct the money laid out , which with interest is 1320 l. so the the neat profit , besides 8 l. per cent. allowed for interest , is for this ten years improvement , 3480 l. and twenty families set at liberty from that extream slavery that attended them , by reason of great poverty that they endured in england , and must have so continued , had not they been thus redeemed by coming into america . it may be thought that this is too great an undertaking for one man , which if it be , then i propose that ten joyn together in this community , and each man send over five servants , of which let one of them be an honest man that understands country business , as an overseer , which if we allow him over and above his passage and diet 20 l. a year for his four years service , this amounts to 80 l. which is for the ten farms 800 l. which being deducted out of the 3480 l. there only remains 2680 l. clear profit to the ten men , which is for each man 268 l. for his ten years improvement of his 100 l. and his 100 l. back again with interest for all the time at 8 l per cent. per annum , the whole producing 448 l. for his 100 l. first laid out . some may object , and say , they cannot believe the land of each farm , with its improvements , will sell at 20 s. an acre , that is , at twelve years purchase 1 s. 8 d. per acre per annum . because three hundred acres of it is as it was , viz. rough woods . i answer ; that although it be so , yet these woods are made valuable by the twenty families that are seated near them , the first ten families having been settled ten years , the last four years ; for some are willing to have their children live near them ; and and they having but one hundred acres in all , it will not be will to divide that , therefore they will give a good price for one hundred acres , to settle a child upon , to live by them , as experience sheweth ; for in rhode-island , which is not far from us , land rough in the woods , not better than ours , will sell at 40 s. an acre , which is 3 s. 4 d per acre per annum . therefore , reader , i hope now thou art convinced that there is a probability that what i here inform thee of , will prove true , casualties of fire , &c. excepted . the indians are but few in number , and have been very serviceable to us by selling us venison , indian corn , pease and beans , fish and fowl , buck skins , beaver , otter , and other skins and furs ; the men hunt , fish and fowl , and the women plant the corn , and carry burthens ; they are many of them of a good understanding , considering their education ; and in their publick meetings of business , they have excellent order , one speaking after another , and while one is speaking all the rest keep silent , and do not so much as whisper one to the other : we had several meetings with them , one was in order to put down the sale of rum , brandy , and other strong liquors to them , they being a people that have not government of themselves , so as to drink it in moderation , at which time there were eight kings , ( & many other indians ) one of the was ockanickon , whose dying words i writ from his mouth , which you shall have in its order . the indian kings sate on a form , and we sate on another over against them ; they had prepared four belts of wampum , ( so their current money is called , being black and white beads made of a fish shell ) to give us as seals of the covenant they made with us ; one of the kings by the consent and appointment of the rest stood up and made this following speech ; the strong liquors was first sold us by the dutch , and they were blind , they had no eyes , they did not see that it was for our hurt ; and the next people that came amongst us , were the sweeds , who continued the sale of those strong liquors to us : they were also blind , they had no eyes , they did not see it to be hurtful to us to drink it , although we know it to be hurtful to us ; but if people will sell it us , we are so in love with it , that we cannot forbear it ; when we drink it , it makes us mad ; we do not know what we do , we then abuse one another ; we throw each other into the fire , seven score of our people have been killed , by reason of the drinking of it , since the time it was first sold us : those people that sell it , they are blind , they have no eyes , but now there is a people come to live amongst us , that have eyes , they see it to be for our hurt , and we know it to be for our hurt : they are willing to deny themselves of the profit of it for our good ; these people have eyes ; we are glad such a people are come amongst us . we must put it down by mutual consent ; the cask must be sealed up , it must be made fast , it must not leak by day nor by night , in the light , nor in the dark , and we give you these four belts of wampam , which we would have you lay up safe , and keep by you to be witness of this agreement that we make with you , and we would have you tell your children , that these four belts of wampam are given you to be witness bet wixt us and you of this agreement . a letter from new-jersey in america to a friend in london . dear friend ; i having this short opportunity , have nothing to present thee with , but the dying-words of an indian king , who died in burlington , and was buried amongst friends according to his desire ; and at his burial many tears were shed both by the innians and english ; so in love , and great haste , i rest thy friend , john cripps . the dying-words of ockanichon , spoken to jachkursoe , whom he appointed king after him , spoken in the presence of several , who were eye and ear witnesses of the truth thereof . it was my desire , that my brother's son , jahkursoe should be sent for to come to me to hear my last words , whom i have appointed king after me . my brother's son , this day i deliver my heart into thy bosom , and would have thee love that which is good , and to keep good company , and to refuse that which is evil ; and to avoid bad company . now inasmuch as i have delivered my heart into thy bosom i also deliver my bosom to keep my heart therein ; therefore alwayes be sure to walk in a good path , and never depart out of it . and if any indians should speak any evil of indians or christians , do not joyn with it , but to look to that which is good , and to joyn with the same alwayes . look at the sun from the rising of it to the setting of the same . in speeches that shall be made between the indians and christians , if any thing be spoke that is evil , do not joyn with that , but joyn with that which is good ; and when speeches are made , do not thou speak first , but let all speak before thee , and take good notice what each man speaks , and when thou hast heard all , joyn to that which is good . brother's son , i would have thee to cleanse thy ears , and take all darkness and foulness out , that thou mayst take notice of that which is good and evil , and then to joyn with that which is good , and refuse the evil ; and also to cleanse thy eyes , that thou mayest see both good and evil ; and if thou see and evil , do not joyn with it , but joyn to that which is good. brother's son , thou hast heard all that is past ; now i would have thee to stand up in time of speeches , and to stand in my steps , and follow my speeches as i have said before thee , then what thou dost desire in reason will be granted thee . why shouldst thou not follow my example , inasmuch as i have had a mind to do that which is good , and therefore do thou also the same ? whereas sehoppy and swanpis were appointed kings by me in my stead , and i understanding by my doctor , that sehoppy secretly advised him not to cure me , and they both being with me at john hollinshead's house , there i my self see by them that they were given more to drink , than to take notice of my last words , for i had a mind to make a speech to them , and to my breathren the english commissioners , therefore i refused them to be kings after me in my stead , and have chosen my brother's son jahkurosoe in their stead to succeed me . brother's son , i desire thee to be plain and fair with all , both indians and christians , as i have been . i am very weak , otherwise i would have spoken more ; and in testimony of the truth of this , i have hereunto set my hand . the mark ʒ of ockanickon , king , now deceased . henry jacob ●akkinbery , intrepreter . friendly reader , when ockanickon had given his brothers son this good consel , i thought meet to speak unto him as followeth ; there is a great god , who created all thing , and this god giveth man an understanding of what is good , and what is bad , and after this life rewardeth the good with blessings , and the bad according to their doings ; to which he answered and said , it is very true , it is so , there are two wayes , a broad way , and a strait way ; there be two paths , a broad path and a strait path ; the worst , and the greatest number go in the broad path , the best and fewest go in the strait path. t. b. something in relation to a conference had with the indians at burlington , shortly after we came into the country . the indians told us , they were advised to make war on us , and cut us off whilst we were but few , and said , they were told , that we sold them the small-pox , with the mach coat they had bought of us , which caused our people to be in fears and jealousies concerning them ; therefore we sent for the indian kings , to speak with them , who with many more indians , came to burlington , where we had conference with them about the matter , therefore told them , that we came amongst them by their own consent , and had bought the land of them , for which we had honestly paid them for , and for vvhat commodities vve had bought at any time of them , vve had paid them for , and had been just to them , and had been from the time of our first coming very kind and respectful to them , therefore vve knevv no reason that they had to make war on us ; to vvhich one of them , in the behalf of the rest , made this follovving speech in ansvver , saying , our young men may speak such words as vve do not like , nor approve of , and vve cannot help that : and some of your young men may speak such words as you do not like , and you cannot help that . we are your brothers , and intend to live like brothers with you : we have no mind to have war , for when vve have war , vve are only skin and bones ; the meat that vve eat doth not do us good , vve alvvayes are in fear , vve have not the benefit of the sun to shine on us , vve hide us in holes and corners ; vve are minded to live at peace : if vve intend at any time to make war upon you , vve vvill let you knovv of it , and the reasons vvhy vve make war vvith you ; and if you make us satisfaction for the injury done us , for vvhich the war is intended , then vve vvill not make war on you . and if you intend at any time to make war on us , vve vvould have you let us knovv of it , and the reasons for vvhich you make vvar on us , and then if vve do not make satisfaction for the injury done unto you , then you may make vvar on us , othervvise you ought not to do it . you are our brothers , and vve are vvilling to live like brothers vvith you : we are willing to have a broad path for you and us to walk in , and if an indian is asleep in this path , the english-man is asleep in this path , the indian shall pass him by , and say , he is an english-man , he is asleep , let him alone , he loves to sleep . it shall be a plain path , there must not be in this path a stump to hurt our feet . and as to the small-pox , it was once in my grandfathers time , and it could not be the english that could send it us then , there being no engliish in the country , and it was once in my fathers time , they could not send it us then neither ; and now it is in my time , i do not believe that they have sent it us now : i do believe it is the man above that hath sent it us . some are apt to ask , how we can propose safely to live amongst such a heathen poople as the indians , whose principles and practices leads them to war and bloodshed and our principles and practices leading us to love enemies , and if reviled , not to revile again ; and if smitten on the one cheek to turn the other , and we being a peaceable people , whose principles and practices are against wars and fightings ? i answer : that we settled by the indians consent and good liking , and bought the land of them , that we 〈…〉 , which they conveyed to us by deed under their hands and seals , and also submitted to several articles of agreement with us , viz. not to do us any injury ; but if it should so happen , that any of their people at any time should injure or do harm to any of us , then they to make us satisfaction for the injury done ; therefore if they break these covenants and agreements , then they may be proceeded against as other offendors , viz. to be kept in subjection to the magistrates power , in whose hand the sword of justice is committed to be used by him , for the punishment of evil-doers , and praise of them that do well ; therefore i do believe it to be both lawful and expedient to bring offendors to justice by the power of the magistrates sword , which is not to be used in vain , but may be used against such as raise rebellions and insurrections against the government of the country , be they indians or others , otherwise it is in vain for us to pretend to magistracy or government , it being that which we own to be lawful both in principle and practice . q. whether there be no bears , wolves , and other ravenous beasts in the country ? i answer : yes . but i have travell'd alone in the country some hundreds of miles , and by missing of my way have lain in the woods all night , and yet i never saw any of those creatures , nor have i heard that ever man , woman or child were hurt by them , they being afraid of mankind ; also , encouragement is given to both indians and others to kill wolves , they being paid for every wolfs head that they bring to the magistrate , the value of ten shillings ; and the bears the indians kill for the profit of their skins , and sake of their flesh , which they eat , and esteem better than deers flesh . q. whether there be 〈…〉 snakes , more especially the rattle-snake ? ans . yes , but not many rattle-snakes , and they are easily discovered ; for they commonly lie in the paths for the benefit of the sun , & if any person draws nigh them , they shake their tail , on which the rattles grow , which make a noise like a childs rattle ; i never heard of but one person bitten in pennsilvania or new-jersey with the rattle-snake , and he was helpt of it by live chickens slit assunder and apply'd to the place , which drew out the poyson ; and as to the other snake , the most plentiful is a black snake , its bite , 't is said , does no more harm than the prick of a pin. i have mentioned before , that there are a sort of troublesom flies call'd musketoes ( much like the gnats in england ) in the lower parts of the country , where the great marshes are , but in the upper parts of the country seldom one is seen . there are crows and black-birds which may be accounted ▪ amongst the inconveniences , they being destructive to the indian corn , the crows by picking up the corn just as its appearing in the 〈…〉 above ground , and the black-birds by eating , it in 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 if not prevented by looking 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 seldom hurt . 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 persons will sit do 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 build ; for they 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 summer , but 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 ; for those that 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 corn , cattel , and other things at the prices mentioned , and may have houses in some of the towns of pennsilvania and new-jesey on rent , until they build for themselves , and water-mills to grind their corn , which are such conveniences that we that went first partly missed of . thus , kind reader , i have given a true description of pennsilvania and new-jersey , with the rivers and springs fish and fowle , beasts , fruits , plants , corn and commodities that it doth or may produce , with several other things needful for thee to know , as vvell inconveniences as conveniences , by vvhich i keep clear of that just reflection of such as are more apt to see faults in others , than to amend them in themselves . t. b. whereas i unadvisedly published in print a paper , dated the 13th of july , 1685. entituled , a true and perfect account of the disposal of the one hundred shares or proprieties of the province of west new-jersey , by edward bylling : in which paper i gave an account of the purchasers names , and the several proprieties granted to them , part of which i took from the register , the remainder from a list given in by edward bylling , to the proprioters , as mentioned on the said paper , which paper i find hath proved injurious to the aforesaid edward bylling , although not so intended by me . therefore in order to give him satisfaction , and all others that are concerned , i do acknowledge he hath , since the publishing of that paper , shewed me some deeds , wherein he hath several proprieties conveyed back to him again , from the original purchasers and judge , he may make good titles to the same . a letter by thomas budd , sent to his friends in pennsilvania and new-jersey . dear friends ; you are often in my remembrance , and at this time i feel the tender bowels of our heavenly father's love flowing in my heart towards you , in a sence of those great exercises that many of you have , do and may meet vvithal in your spiritual travel tovvards the land of promise . i am also sensible of the many exercises and invvard combats that many of you met vvithal , after you felt an inclination in your hearts of transplanting your selves into america : oh the breathing and servent prayers , and earnest desires that vvere in your hearts to the lord , that you might not go except it was his good pleasure to remove you , for a purpose of his own : this you earnestly desired to be satisfied in , and many of you received satisfaction , that it was your places to leave your native country , trades , and near and dear relations and friends to transplant your selves into a wilderness , where you expected to meet with many tryals and exercises of a differing kind , than what you had met withal in your native country ; but this you contentedly gave up to , but not without earnest desire , and servent prayers to the lord for his wisdom to govern you , and his fatherly care to preserve you , and his comfortable presence to be with you , to strengthen and enable you chearfuly to undergo those new and unaccustomed tryals and exercises , that you were sensible would attend you in this weighty undertaking , the lord heard your prayers , and answered your desires , inasmuch as that his fatherly care was over you , and his living presence did accompany you over the great deep ; so that you saw his wonderful deliverence , and in a sence thereof , you praised his name for the same . the lord having thus far answered our souls desire , as to bring us to our desired port in safety , and to remain with as , to be a counsellor of good things unto us , let us now answer this kindness unto us by a righteous conversation , and a pure , holy and innocent life , that others beholding the same , may be convinced thereby , and may glorifie our heavenly father . the eyes of many are on us , some for good , and some for evil ; therefore my earnest prayers are to the lord , that he would preserve us , and give us wisdom , that we may be governed aright before him , and that he would give a good understanding to those that are in authority amongst us , that his law may go forth of sion , and his word from jerusalem . be not backward in discharging that great trust committed to you in your respective offices and places , that you may be help-meets in the restroration . and be careful to suppress , and keep down all vice , and disorderly spirits , and incourage virtus , not only in the general , but every one in his perticular family ; there is an incumbant duty lieth on all masters of families over their family , therefore my desire is , that we may call our families together at convenient times and seasons , to wait upon the lord , and to seek to him for wisdom and counsel , that his blessings may attend us and our families , and our children may sit about our table as olive-branches full of virtue , then shall we be full of joy and peace , and living praises will spring to the lord , in that his blessings and fatherly care hath been thus continued towards us . dear friends ; be tender and helpful one towards another , that the lord may bless and fill you with his divine love , and sweet refreshing life , which unities our souls to each other , and makes us as one family of love together : let us not entertain any hard thoughts one of another , but if deference should happen amongst us , let a speedy and peaceable end be put unto it ; for if prejudices enter , it will eat out the precious life , and make us barren and unfruitful to god. we are not without our daily exercises , tryals and temptations , therefore do desire the lord may put it into your hearts , to pray for our preservation , and our safe return to you , that we may meet together again in the same overcoming love of god , in which we parted from you . my heart is full of love to you , and do long to see your faces , and to enjoy your company , that i may more fully express that pure love of god that springs in my heart unto you , then i can do by writing . therefore i desire you may rest satisfied with these few lines , and receive them as a token of unfeigned love. from your dear friend , thomas budd . london , the 29th of the 8th month , 1684. some material things omitted in the foregoing part . it is to be noted , that the tide runs to the falls of delavvare , it being one hundred and fifty miles from the capes , or entrance of the said river ( which falls , is a ledge of rocks lying a cross the river ) and also it runs up in some of the cricks , ten or fifteen miles , the said river and cricks , being navigable for ships of great burthen , there having lain over against burlington , a ship of about the burthen of four hundred tims afloat in four fathom , at dead low water , and the flood riseth six or eight foot ; and there being no worm that eats the bottoms of the ships , as is usually done in virginia and barbadoes , &c. which renders the said countries very fit for trade and navigation : and in the said river and cricks are many other sorts of good fish , not already named , some of which are cat-fish , trout ; eales , pearch , &c. errata . page 13. line 16 after often , read as . page 25 l. 3 for seven , r. two hundred . line 19. f. cor . 6 , l. 31 after beans , r. at three shillings ▪ pag. 26 l 14 f. i intend , r. i indent . l. 22 fd , . inten r. indent . pag. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 8l l. l 11 dele and. pag. 17 f. ths , r. this . l. 21 after in , r. the ▪ 