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         Moxon, Joseph, 1627-1691.
      
       
         
           1676
        
      
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         A51552
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         ESTC R21244
         12259772
         ocm 12259772
         57827
         
           
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             Regulæ trium ordinum literarum typographicarum, or, The rules of the three orders of print letters viz. the Roman, Italick, English capitals and small : shewing how they are compounded of geometrick figures, and mostly made by rule and compass, useful for writing masters, painters, carvers, masons, and others that are lovers of curiosity / by Joseph Moxon ...
             Moxon, Joseph, 1627-1691.
          
           [4], 52 p., [39] p. of plates : ill.
           
             Printed for Joseph Moxon ...,
             London :
             1676.
          
           
             Reproduction of original in Huntington Library.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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           Regulae
           Trium
           Ordinum
           LITERARUM
           TYPOGRAPHICARUM
           :
           OR
           THE
           RULES
           OF
           THE
           THREE
           ORDERS
           OF
           Print
           Letters
           :
           viz.
           
           
             
               The
               ROMAN
               CAPITALS
               and
               Small
               .
            
             
               The
               ITALICK
               CAPITALS
               and
               Small
               .
            
             
               The
               ENGLISH
               CAPITALS
               and
               Small
               .
            
          
        
         
           Shewing
           how
           they
           are
           compounded
           of
           GEOMETRICK
           FIGVRES
           ,
           and
           mostly
           made
           by
           Rule
           and
           Compass
           .
        
         
           Useful
           for
           Writing
           Masters
           ,
           Painters
           ,
           Carvers
           ,
           Masons
           ,
           and
           others
           that
           are
           Lovers
           of
           Curiosity
           .
        
         
           By
           
             Joseph
             Moxon
          
           ,
           Hydrographer
           to
           the
           Kings
           most
           Excellent
           Majesty
           .
        
         
           LONDON
           :
           Printed
           for
           
             Joseph
             Moxon
          
           ,
           on
           Ludgate
           Hill
           at
           the
           Sign
           of
           Atlas
           .
           1676.
           
        
      
       
         
         
         
           To
           the
           Worshipful
           Sir
           
             Christopher
             Wren
          
           ,
           Knight
           ,
           Surveyor
           of
           His
           Majesty's
           Buildings
           .
        
         
           
             SIR
             ,
          
        
         
           TO
           You
           as
           to
           a
           Lover
           of
           
             Rule
             and
             Proportion
          
           I
           humbly
           Dedicate
           these
           my
           Observations
           upon
           Letters
           :
           If
           they
           prove
           Acceptable
           to
           you
           I
           have
           my
           whole
           Wish
           ,
           and
           shall
           be
           careless
           of
           the
           Sleightings
           or
           Censures
           of
           the
           Ignorant
           Contemners
           of
           
             Order
             and
             Symmetry
          
           .
        
         
           
             Sir
             ,
          
           
             I
             am
             
               Your
               most
               Humble
               Servant
            
             .
             Joseph
             Moxon
             .
          
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
         
           THE
           RULES
           OF
           THE
           THREE
           ORDERS
           OF
           Print
           Letters
           .
        
         
           AMong
           the
           many
           curious
           Inventions
           of
           Humane
           Wit
           ,
           the
           communicating
           Conceptions
           by
           the
           Complication
           of
           Characters
           is
           worthily
           accounted
           the
           most
           Ingenious
           ,
           most
           Necessary
           ,
           and
           most
           Admirable
           ,
           that
           an
           High-flown
           Fancy
           in
           its
           greatest
           Sublimity
           could
           have
           produced
           into
           the
           World.
           
        
         
           But
           who
           those
           lucky
           persons
           were
           that
           first
           invented
           it
           ,
           themselves
           and
           all
           other
           Authentick
           Authors
           have
           left
           Succession
           in
           ignorance
           of
           ;
           and
           consequently
           their
           Memories
           have
           lost
           those
           due
           Celebrations
           that
           their
           Merits
           have
           justly
           deserved
           .
        
         
           Nor
           are
           we
           onely
           ignorant
           of
           the
           Persons
           that
           first
           invented
           Letters
           ,
           but
           of
           the
           Time
           wherein
           they
           were
           first
           invented
           .
           And
           though
           smaller
           matters
           of
           great
           Antiquity
           stand
           recorded
           for
           the
           Information
           of
           
           Posterity
           ,
           yet
           no
           other
           certainty
           have
           we
           of
           the
           Time
           ,
           than
           that
           they
           were
           invented
           before
           any
           History
           was
           writ
           .
        
         
           All
           the
           light
           we
           have
           of
           its
           Original
           is
           among
           Fabulous
           Authors
           ,
           who
           attribute
           it
           to
           several
           persons
           ,
           and
           some
           of
           them
           no
           less
           than
           Gods
           ;
           but
           their
           Authority
           being
           denied
           ,
           their
           Say-so
           stands
           for
           no
           Proof
           .
        
         
           I
           might
           amplifie
           this
           Discourse
           by
           saying
           somewhat
           of
           the
           Hieroglyphicks
           of
           the
           Egyptians
           ,
           and
           the
           several
           Characters
           of
           other
           Nations
           ;
           but
           they
           are
           largely
           handled
           by
           others
           ,
           and
           are
           alien
           to
           my
           purpose
           :
           for
           my
           Intentions
           are
           onely
           to
           insist
           upon
           three
           sorts
           of
           Characters
           ,
           which
           are
           commonly
           used
           in
           Print
           among
           us
           ,
           viz.
           the
           Roman
           ,
           the
           Italick
           ,
           and
           the
           English
           Letters
           .
        
         
           Nor
           are
           the
           Originals
           of
           these
           three
           sorts
           of
           Letters
           certainly
           known
           ,
           but
           that
           we
           received
           the
           Roman
           Letters
           from
           the
           Romans
           ,
           the
           Italick
           from
           the
           Italians
           ,
           and
           the
           English
           is
           that
           Character
           which
           is
           handed
           down
           to
           us
           from
           our
           Forefathers
           in
           their
           Records
           and
           other
           Manuscripts
           .
        
         
           How
           much
           Printing
           has
           improved
           the
           Regularity
           and
           Beauty
           of
           these
           Letters
           is
           visible
           by
           comparing
           Printed
           with
           Written
           Letters
           ;
           but
           especially
           the
           curious
           Printing
           of
           Holland
           ,
           which
           does
           indeed
           of
           all
           others
           merit
           the
           greatest
           Applause
           ,
           it
           being
           from
           the
           cutting
           of
           the
           Steel
           Punches
           to
           the
           pulling
           off
           at
           the
           Press
           managed
           with
           greater
           rCuiosity
           than
           hitherto
           any
           Nation
           hath
           performed
           it
           .
           Neither
           is
           it
           strange
           it
           should
           be
           so
           :
           For
           ,
           if
           I
           may
           be
           pardoned
           for
           the
           Excursion
           ,
           I
           will
           say
           ,
           There
           is
           one
           general
           Cause
           why
           they
           must
           ,
           and
           several
           particular
           Reasons
           why
           they
           may
           ,
           out-do
           all
           other
           Nations
           in
           this
           and
           other
           Handicrafts
           
           which
           will
           yield
           them
           a
           Profit
           .
           The
           general
           Cause
           is
           the
           Necessity
           of
           their
           Countrey
           ,
           which
           forces
           them
           to
           deal
           by
           Whole-sale
           in
           all
           Manufactures
           .
           And
           this
           Cause
           draws
           in
           the
           particular
           Reason
           ;
           for
           by
           this
           means
           Manufactures
           are
           so
           improv'd
           ,
           that
           most
           rare
           Artists
           flock
           thither
           as
           to
           a
           Market
           ,
           where
           they
           are
           likely
           to
           find
           Trading
           .
           And
           it
           must
           necessarily
           follow
           ,
           that
           where
           so
           many
           Curious
           Artists
           meet
           ,
           each
           ,
           for
           his
           Profit
           ,
           or
           Credit
           ,
           or
           both
           ,
           strives
           to
           out-do
           the
           other
           .
           And
           by
           this
           means
           Art
           must
           needs
           be
           more
           improved
           there
           ,
           than
           in
           those
           Countries
           where
           the
           Emulation
           of
           a
           Competitor
           is
           no
           Spur
           to
           Perfection
           .
        
         
           I
           finding
           therefore
           that
           the
           Holland
           Letters
           in
           general
           are
           in
           most
           esteem
           ,
           and
           particularly
           those
           that
           have
           been
           cut
           by
           the
           Hand
           of
           that
           Curious
           Artist
           
             Christofel
             van
             Dijck
          
           ,
           and
           some
           very
           few
           others
           ,
           have
           elected
           them
           for
           a
           Patern
           in
           Romans
           and
           Italicks
           ,
           and
           have
           given
           you
           those
           Proportions
           and
           Dimensions
           they
           observed
           .
           Even
           as
           Vitruvius
           did
           by
           his
           Columns
           ;
           for
           he
           finding
           ,
           that
           among
           the
           many
           sorts
           of
           Columns
           that
           were
           standing
           in
           his
           time
           ,
           Five
           onely
           were
           most
           acceptable
           ,
           viz.
           the
           
             Tuscan
             ,
             Dorick
             ,
             Ionick
             ,
             Corinthian
             ,
          
           and
           Composite
           ,
           surveyed
           their
           exact
           Dimensions
           ,
           and
           called
           that
           Survey
           ,
           
             The
             Rules
             of
             the
             Five
             Orders
             of
             Arthitecture
             :
          
           which
           Rules
           are
           followed
           to
           this
           day
           ;
           but
           had
           else
           doubtless
           ere
           now
           been
           lost
           or
           at
           least
           corrupted
           .
        
         
           The
           Roman
           Capitals
           have
           already
           been
           treated
           of
           by
           
             Albert
             Durer
          
           ;
           but
           he
           medled
           neither
           with
           the
           Small
           Letters
           nor
           Italicks
           .
           Nor
           were
           these
           Proportions
           in
           mode
           in
           his
           time
           ;
           for
           he
           makes
           his
           Stem
           one
           tenth
           of
           the
           length
           ,
           when-as
           now
           the
           Stem
           is
           made
           much
           fatter
           ,
           for
           it
           is
           one
           sixth
           part
           of
           the
           length
           ,
           
           which
           does
           not
           onely
           adde
           a
           great
           Grace
           to
           the
           Letter
           ,
           but
           renders
           it
           more
           easie
           to
           the
           Eyes
           in
           Reading
           ,
           and
           more
           durable
           either
           for
           Inscriptions
           or
           Records
           .
        
         
           It
           is
           possible
           my
           Pains
           and
           Endeavours
           may
           lie
           under
           the
           Censure
           of
           Detracting
           Momes
           ,
           who
           neither
           know
           ,
           or
           are
           capable
           to
           learn
           the
           Excellency
           of
           Rule
           and
           Proportion
           ;
           and
           account
           those
           Fantasticks
           that
           either
           prescribe
           or
           follow
           them
           :
           For
           ,
           say
           they
           ,
           what
           needs
           all
           this
           ado
           about
           Letters
           ,
           when
           every
           Painter
           or
           Mason
           can
           make
           them
           well
           enough
           without
           these
           Directions
           ?
           And
           if
           they
           are
           not
           so
           exact
           Print
           Hand
           ,
           yet
           they
           may
           very
           well
           be
           read
           ,
           and
           are
           as
           significant
           as
           if
           they
           were
           made
           by
           these
           Rules
           .
        
         
           In
           answer
           I
           may
           say
           ,
           that
           every
           Carpenter
           can
           build
           a
           great
           Fabrick
           ;
           but
           if
           he
           have
           not
           consulted
           the
           Rules
           of
           Architecture
           ,
           it
           is
           very
           likely
           his
           Building
           may
           be
           preposterous
           ,
           his
           several
           Offices
           unapt
           ,
           and
           his
           whole
           Structure
           deficient
           ,
           ungraceful
           ,
           and
           ridiculous
           .
           But
           since
           we
           all
           strive
           to
           make
           Columns
           and
           other
           Ornaments
           in
           Architecture
           by
           Rules
           ,
           because
           they
           should
           be
           strong
           ,
           beautiful
           ,
           and
           graceful
           to
           the
           Eye
           ,
           't
           is
           surely
           necessary
           that
           the
           Inscriptions
           (
           which
           are
           commonly
           placed
           in
           the
           Architrave
           or
           some
           other
           eminent
           place
           )
           should
           be
           likewise
           regular
           and
           beautiful
           ,
           lest
           they
           disgrace
           both
           Builder
           and
           Building
           too
           .
        
         
           When
           the
           Stadhouse
           at
           Amsterdam
           was
           finishing
           ,
           such
           was
           the
           Curiosity
           of
           the
           Lords
           that
           were
           the
           Overseers
           of
           the
           Building
           ,
           that
           they
           offered
           
             C.
             van
             Dijck
          
           aforesaid
           80
           Pounds
           Sterling
           (
           as
           himself
           told
           me
           )
           onely
           for
           drawing
           in
           Paper
           the
           Names
           of
           the
           several
           Offices
           that
           were
           to
           be
           painted
           over
           the
           Doors
           ,
           for
           the
           Painter
           to
           paint
           by
           .
           Now
           had
           these
           Rules
           
           been
           published
           in
           that
           time
           ,
           every
           Painter
           might
           indeed
           have
           done
           them
           as
           well
           as
           
             van
             Dijck
          
           himself
           .
           For
           where
           many
           Figures
           are
           made
           by
           the
           same
           Rules
           ,
           every
           one
           shall
           be
           like
           every
           one
           ,
           although
           they
           are
           made
           by
           several
           Hands
           .
           So
           that
           I
           hope
           no
           Artists
           will
           grudge
           either
           at
           the
           Rules
           or
           Price
           of
           the
           Book
           ,
           since
           by
           it
           they
           may
           easily
           arrive
           to
           the
           same
           Perfection
           of
           Letters
           ,
           as
           he
           did
           who
           was
           worthily
           accounted
           the
           best
           .
        
         
           But
           this
           I
           will
           say
           too
           ,
           that
           though
           these
           Letters
           were
           doubtless
           first
           invented
           and
           contrived
           to
           be
           made
           with
           Rule
           and
           Compass
           ,
           (
           and
           now
           doubtless
           somewhat
           debaucht
           from
           their
           original
           Invention
           )
           yet
           after
           an
           Artificer
           hath
           implanted
           these
           general
           Rules
           in
           his
           Memory
           ,
           and
           used
           his
           Hand
           to
           the
           making
           of
           these
           Letters
           ,
           he
           may
           be
           able
           to
           perform
           this
           Work
           very
           well
           without
           running
           over
           all
           these
           Prescriptions
           .
           Besides
           ,
           the
           very
           Draughts
           of
           the
           Letters
           will
           shew
           him
           what
           parts
           of
           a
           Letter
           must
           be
           fat
           or
           lean
           ,
           streight
           or
           circular
           .
        
         
           Now
           before
           I
           begin
           with
           the
           particular
           Rules
           of
           each
           Letter
           ,
           I
           think
           it
           fit
           to
           explain
           the
           Meaning
           of
           some
           Terms
           that
           will
           be
           convenient
           to
           be
           used
           in
           this
           Practice
           ;
           and
           also
           to
           give
           you
           an
           account
           of
           the
           Method
           to
           be
           observed
           in
           the
           Making
           of
           Letters
           .
           As
           ,
        
         
           1.
           
           Among
           Letters
           some
           are
           Capitals
           ,
           some
           are
           Small
           .
           The
           Capitals
           are
           the
           Great
           Letters
           ,
           therefore
           called
           Capitals
           :
           as
           A
           ,
           B
           ,
           C
           ,
           &c.
           are
           Capitals
           .
        
         
           2.
           
           Small
           are
           those
           Letters
           that
           in
           long
           Discourses
           follow
           the
           Capitals
           :
           as
           a
           ,
           b
           ,
           c
           ,
           d
           ,
           &c.
           are
           
             Small
             Letters
          
           .
        
         
           3.
           
           Among
           the
           
             Small
             Letters
          
           some
           are
           Long
           ,
           and
           some
           are
           Short.
           
        
         
         
           4.
           
           The
           Long
           are
           the
           Ascendents
           and
           Descendents
           .
        
         
           5.
           
           The
           Short
           are
           those
           that
           stand
           between
           the
           Head
           and
           Foot-line
           ,
           such
           are
           a
           ,
           c
           ,
           e
           ,
           m
           ,
           &c.
           
        
         
           6.
           
           All
           the
           Capitals
           are
           Ascendents
           ,
           so
           called
           because
           they
           stand
           higher
           than
           the
           Head-line
           of
           the
           Short.
           And
           among
           the
           Small
           Letters
           some
           are
           Ascendents
           ,
           as
           b
           ,
           d
           ,
           h
           ,
           i
           ,
           k
           ,
           l
           ;
           these
           reach
           up
           to
           the
           Top-line
           .
        
         
           7.
           
           Descendents
           are
           those
           that
           stand
           lower
           than
           the
           Foot-line
           :
           such
           as
           are
           g
           ,
           p
           ,
           q
           ,
           y
           ;
           these
           reach
           down
           to
           the
           Bottom-line
           .
        
         
           8.
           
           Long
           are
           those
           that
           stand
           as
           high
           as
           the
           Ascendents
           ,
           and
           as
           low
           as
           the
           
             Descendents
             ;
             viz.
          
           reach
           up
           to
           the
           Top
           and
           down
           to
           the
           Bottom-line
           :
           such
           as
           are
           
             J
             ,
             Q
             ,
             f
             ,
             j
             ,
             s.
             
          
        
         
           9.
           
           The
           Length
           is
           the
           Distance
           between
           the
           Top
           and
           Bottom-lines
           :
           as
           the
           Distance
           0
           ,
           42
           in
           Letter
           A
           is
           the
           Length
           .
        
         
           10.
           
           The
           Head-line
           is
           the
           upper
           line
           that
           bounds
           the
           Short
           Letter
           :
           as
           Parallel
           30
           in
           Romans
           and
           Italicks
           ,
           and
           Parallel
           33
           in
           the
           English
           ,
           is
           the
           Head-line
           .
        
         
           11.
           
           The
           Foot-line
           is
           the
           lower
           line
           that
           bounds
           the
           Letter
           :
           as
           Parallel
           12
           in
           the
           Romans
           and
           Italicks
           ,
           and
           Parallel
           9
           in
           the
           English
           ,
           is
           the
           Foot-line
           .
        
         
           12.
           
           The
           Top-line
           is
           the
           line
           that
           bounds
           the
           top
           of
           the
           Ascending
           Letters
           :
           as
           Parallel
           42
           is
           the
           Top-line
           .
        
         
           13.
           
           The
           Bottom-line
           is
           the
           line
           that
           bounds
           the
           bottom
           of
           the
           Descending
           Letters
           :
           as
           Parallel
           0
           is
           the
           Bottom-line
           .
        
         
           14.
           
           The
           Stem
           is
           the
           straight
           fat
           ▪
           stroke
           of
           the
           Letter
           :
           as
           in
           B
           the
           upright
           stroke
           on
           the
           left
           hand
           is
           the
           Stem
           ,
           and
           Capital
           I
           is
           all
           Stem
           ,
           except
           the
           Base
           and
           Topping
           .
        
         
         
           15.
           
           
             Fat
             strokes
          
           .
           The
           Stem
           or
           Broad
           stroke
           in
           a
           Letter
           is
           called
           the
           
             Fat
             stroke
          
           ,
           as
           the
           Right
           Hand
           stroke
           in
           Letter
           A
           ,
           and
           the
           great
           Arches
           in
           Letter
           B
           ,
           are
           
             Fat
             strokes
          
           .
        
         
           16.
           
           
             Lean
             strokes
          
           are
           the
           narrow
           strokes
           in
           a
           Letter
           ,
           as
           the
           Left
           Hand
           stroke
           in
           a
           Letter
           A
           ,
           and
           the
           Right
           Hand
           stroke
           in
           V
           ,
           are
           Lean.
           
        
         
           17.
           
           The
           Footing
           is
           the
           small
           Arches
           the
           Letter
           stands
           on
           ,
           as
           the
           Arches
           upon
           the
           feet
           of
           Letter
           A
           is
           the
           Footing
           of
           that
           Letter
           .
        
         
           18.
           
           The
           Topping
           is
           the
           small
           Arch
           above
           the
           Letter
           ,
           as
           the
           Arches
           in
           the
           Tops
           of
           the
           Letter
           V
           are
           the
           Toppings
           of
           that
           Letter
           .
        
         
           19.
           
           The
           Divisions
           that
           are
           imagined
           to
           be
           made
           between
           the
           Top
           and
           Bottom-line
           are
           called
           Parallels
           ,
           and
           numbered
           upwards
           with
           1
           ,
           2
           ,
           3
           ,
           to
           42
           in
           Letter
           A
           at
           the
           Left
           Hand
           ,
           and
           so
           of
           all
           other
           Letters
           .
        
         
           20.
           
           The
           Divisions
           that
           are
           imagined
           to
           be
           made
           between
           the
           Left
           Hand
           and
           the
           Right
           are
           called
           Erects
           ,
           and
           numbered
           from
           the
           Left
           Hand
           to
           the
           Right
           with
           1
           ,
           2
           ,
           3
           ,
           4
           ,
           &c.
           
        
         
           21.
           
           These
           Divisions
           are
           all
           along
           throughout
           this
           Book
           called
           Parts
           :
           as
           when
           I
           say
           ,
           Set
           off
           1
           ,
           2
           ,
           3
           ,
           &c.
           
           Parts
           ,
           I
           mean
           set
           off
           so
           many
           of
           these
           Divisions
           or
           Parts
           ,
           either
           in
           the
           imagined
           Parallel
           or
           Erect
           .
        
         
           22.
           
           The
           Distance
           between
           one
           word
           and
           another
           is
           called
           a
           Space
           .
        
         
           23.
           
           A
           Space
           is
           7
           parts
           of
           the
           whole
           Length
           of
           the
           Letter
           :
           as
           the
           whole
           Length
           is
           42
           ,
           so
           a
           Space
           is
           7
           of
           42
           ,
           which
           is
           the
           sixth
           part
           of
           the
           Length
           .
        
         
           
           
             Some
             Rules
             to
             be
             followed
             in
             the
             Making
             of
             Letters
             .
          
           
             1.
             
             The
             Length
             is
             divided
             into
             42
             Equal
             parts
             ;
             from
             the
             Bottom
             to
             the
             Foot
             is
             12
             of
             them
             in
             Romans
             and
             Italicks
             ,
             and
             in
             English
             9
             ,
             as
             aforesaid
             .
          
           
             2.
             
             From
             the
             Bottom
             to
             the
             Head-line
             ,
             as
             in
             Letter
             a
             ,
             is
             30
             of
             them
             ,
             and
             in
             Letter
             a
             33.
             
             From
             the
             Bottom
             to
             the
             Top
             is
             all
             the
             42.
             
             So
             that
             a
             Short
             Letter
             of
             Romans
             and
             Italicks
             stands
             between
             Parallel
             12
             and
             Parallel
             30
             ,
             and
             in
             English
             between
             Parallel
             9
             and
             33.
             
          
           
             3.
             
             The
             Stem
             and
             other
             Fat
             strokes
             of
             
               Capitals
               Roman
            
             is
             5
             parts
             .
          
           
             4.
             
             The
             Stem
             and
             other
             Fat
             strokes
             of
             
               Capitals
               Italick
            
             is
             4
             parts
             .
          
           
             5.
             
             The
             Stem
             and
             other
             Fat
             strokes
             of
             
               Small
               Roman
            
             is
             3
             ½
             parts
             .
          
           
             6.
             
             The
             Stem
             and
             other
             Fat
             strokes
             of
             
               Small
               Italick
            
             is
             3
             parts
             .
          
           
             7.
             
             Of
             English
             the
             Short
             stand
             between
             9
             parts
             at
             the
             Bottom
             ,
             and
             9
             parts
             from
             the
             Top
             ,
             as
             aforesaid
             .
          
           
             8.
             
             The
             Stem
             of
             
               English
               Capitals
            
             is
             6
             parts
             .
          
           
             9.
             
             The
             Stem
             of
             
               English
               Small
               Letters
            
             is
             4
             parts
             .
          
           
             10.
             
             If
             these
             Letters
             are
             made
             with
             a
             Pen
             ,
             this
             general
             Rule
             is
             to
             be
             observed
             ,
             That
             in
             making
             them
             you
             begin
             where
             the
             Letter
             may
             be
             quickest
             made
             .
             As
             for
             Example
             ,
             If
             you
             would
             make
             M
             ,
             you
             must
             begin
             at
             the
             bottom
             on
             the
             Left
             Hand
             ;
             for
             then
             without
             moving
             the
             Pen
             off
             the
             Paper
             you
             make
             the
             whole
             Letter
             at
             once
             ,
             all
             but
             the
             Footings
             and
             Toppings
             ,
             and
             then
             you
             will
             find
             the
             course
             and
             progress
             
             of
             the
             Pen
             will
             make
             those
             strokes
             Lean
             which
             should
             be
             Lean
             ,
             and
             those
             strokes
             Fat
             which
             should
             be
             Fat.
             For
             as
             the
             Pen
             goes
             upwards
             ,
             its
             Nib
             strikes
             a
             Lean
             stroke
             ;
             but
             as
             it
             comes
             down
             its
             Nib
             opens
             wider
             ,
             and
             strikes
             a
             Fatter
             stroke
             .
             So
             that
             whatever
             Tool
             a
             Letter
             is
             made
             with
             ,
             you
             are
             to
             consider
             it
             as
             made
             with
             a
             Pen
             ,
             and
             to
             allow
             it
             its
             Fat
             and
             Lean
             strokes
             accordingly
             .
             But
             in
             this
             the
             Copies
             of
             the
             Letters
             themselves
             will
             more
             fully
             instruct
             you
             .
          
           
             11.
             
             You
             must
             take
             special
             care
             that
             you
             allow
             the
             Letter
             its
             full
             length
             :
             for
             because
             none
             of
             the
             Capitals
             but
             the
             Consonant
             J
             and
             Q
             are
             Descendents
             ,
             you
             may
             be
             apt
             to
             think
             that
             in
             some
             cases
             ,
             where
             the
             Inscription
             is
             all
             Capitals
             ,
             you
             may
             drive
             up
             the
             top
             of
             the
             under-line
             above
             the
             bottom
             of
             the
             line
             above
             it
             ;
             yet
             if
             a
             Consonant
             J
             or
             Q
             should
             come
             in
             the
             matter
             ,
             you
             must
             be
             forced
             to
             shorten
             it
             ,
             and
             so
             lose
             its
             grace
             .
             But
             besides
             ,
             the
             whole
             Inscription
             will
             not
             shew
             so
             fair
             and
             beautiful
             ,
             as
             if
             this
             convenient
             Space
             be
             allowed
             it
             .
             And
             if
             any
             Ascending
             Letters
             should
             happen
             under
             the
             J
             or
             Q
             ,
             there
             would
             be
             no
             room
             for
             their
             Heads
             .
          
           
             12.
             
             When
             I
             direct
             you
             to
             set
             off
             1
             ,
             2
             ,
             or
             3
             parts
             ,
             &c.
             you
             are
             to
             understand
             it
             for
             1
             ,
             2
             ,
             or
             3
             parts
             of
             the
             Erect
             line
             or
             the
             Parallel
             line
             .
          
        
         
           
             Some
             Considerations
             to
             be
             had
             in
             the
             ordering
             of
             Inscriptions
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             If
             your
             Inscription
             be
             very
             short
             ,
             and
             you
             have
             more
             room
             to
             draw
             it
             in
             than
             you
             need
             ,
             you
             were
             best
             make
             your
             Letters
             in
             Roman
             or
             
               Italick
               Capitals
            
             ,
             because
             you
             may
             allow
             to
             leave
             two
             Spaces
             between
             every
             
             Letter
             in
             the
             same
             word
             .
             But
             then
             you
             must
             remember
             to
             leave
             four
             Spaces
             at
             least
             between
             each
             word
             ;
             for
             else
             there
             will
             not
             be
             distinction
             enough
             between
             Word
             and
             Word
             proportionable
             to
             the
             distinction
             between
             Letter
             and
             Letter
             .
             And
             you
             may
             allow
             12
             parts
             void
             between
             Line
             and
             Line
             ,
             besides
             the
             12
             parts
             that
             are
             in
             all
             Capital
             Letters
             (
             except
             Q
             and
             J
             )
             void
             between
             the
             Foot
             and
             Bottom-lines
             .
          
           
             But
             if
             you
             have
             not
             too
             much
             room
             ,
             you
             may
             leave
             but
             one
             Space
             between
             every
             Letter
             in
             a
             Word
             ,
             and
             two
             or
             three
             Spaces
             between
             every
             Word
             .
          
           
             If
             your
             Inscription
             must
             be
             Capitals
             ,
             and
             you
             are
             pinched
             for
             room
             ,
             you
             may
             (
             but
             it
             is
             not
             so
             graceful
             )
             leave
             no
             Space
             between
             Letter
             and
             Letter
             ;
             and
             then
             one
             or
             two
             Spaces
             between
             a
             Word
             will
             serve
             .
             This
             by
             Printers
             is
             called
             
               Getting
               in
            
             ,
             or
             
               Setting
               close
            
             .
             But
             by
             no
             means
             you
             must
             put
             Spaces
             between
             Small
             Letters
             in
             the
             same
             Word
             ;
             but
             you
             must
             put
             one
             or
             sometimes
             two
             between
             each
             Word
             .
          
           
             If
             your
             Inscription
             belong
             ,
             you
             were
             best
             use
             the
             
               Small
               Roman
            
             Letters
             ,
             because
             they
             are
             much
             thinner
             ,
             and
             are
             indeed
             more
             easily
             read
             ,
             and
             more
             familiar
             than
             Capitals
             .
             But
             you
             must
             be
             sure
             to
             use
             a
             Capital
             Letter
             in
             the
             beginning
             ,
             and
             in
             all
             Proper
             Names
             either
             of
             Persons
             or
             Places
             ,
             and
             many
             times
             of
             things
             if
             they
             bear
             emphasis
             .
          
           
             Remember
             also
             ,
             if
             your
             Inscription
             be
             Roman
             ,
             and
             the
             Names
             of
             Persons
             or
             Places
             fall
             in
             ,
             you
             must
             make
             the
             Names
             Italick
             Letters
             ,
             beginning
             them
             with
             a
             Capital
             Letter
             ,
             and
             sometimes
             as
             you
             would
             dignifie
             a
             Person
             or
             Place
             make
             the
             whole
             Name
             in
             Capital
             Letters
             .
          
           
             If
             your
             Inscription
             be
             Italick
             ,
             the
             Proper
             Names
             must
             be
             Roman
             .
          
           
           
             If
             your
             Inscription
             be
             Latine
             ,
             the
             small
             Roman
             is
             the
             proper
             Letter
             for
             it
             ;
             but
             the
             Proper
             Names
             must
             be
             Italick
             ,
             and
             sometimes
             
               Italick
               Capitals
            
             ,
             as
             aforesaid
             ;
             unless
             it
             be
             the
             Name
             of
             some
             Vulgar
             place
             or
             thing
             ,
             for
             which
             there
             is
             no
             Latine
             Name
             ,
             then
             that
             Name
             or
             Word
             is
             to
             be
             in
             English
             Letters
             ;
             but
             the
             first
             Letter
             a
             Capital
             ,
             or
             (
             for
             the
             Reason
             aforesaid
             )
             all
             
               English
               Capitals
            
             .
          
           
             Be
             sure
             to
             forecast
             ,
             that
             in
             a
             large
             Inscription
             of
             a
             continued
             series
             of
             Discourse
             ,
             each
             Line
             be
             exactly
             of
             the
             same
             length
             ;
             unless
             it
             be
             where
             a
             Break
             is
             proper
             to
             be
             made
             ,
             for
             then
             you
             may
             end
             either
             in
             the
             middle
             or
             any
             where
             else
             of
             the
             Line
             .
             Or
             unless
             your
             Inscription
             be
             in
             Verse
             ,
             for
             then
             also
             you
             may
             end
             at
             any
             length
             .
             Yet
             take
             notice
             ,
             that
             it
             is
             not
             graceful
             to
             end
             a
             Break
             with
             a
             short
             word
             onely
             in
             a
             line
             ,
             because
             it
             seems
             too
             like
             a
             White-line
             .
             But
             to
             remedy
             that
             inconvenience
             you
             may
             allow
             more
             Spaces
             between
             the
             words
             in
             the
             former
             two
             or
             three
             Lines
             ,
             that
             so
             you
             may
             have
             a
             Word
             or
             two
             the
             more
             in
             your
             Break-line
             .
          
           
             When
             you
             begin
             new
             matter
             after
             a
             Break
             ,
             you
             must
             indent
             your
             Line
             four
             Spaces
             at
             least
             ,
             and
             make
             the
             first
             Letter
             a
             Capital
             .
          
           
             When
             you
             draw
             a
             Title
             over
             an
             Inscription
             ,
             you
             must
             consider
             the
             words
             of
             emphasis
             ,
             and
             make
             those
             words
             to
             vary
             from
             the
             Letter
             your
             Discourse
             is
             in
             ,
             as
             either
             
               Roman
               ,
               Italick
            
             ,
             or
             English
             ,
             according
             as
             the
             words
             may
             properly
             require
             .
             But
             of
             this
             and
             several
             other
             Observations
             of
             this
             nature
             I
             have
             written
             more
             at
             large
             in
             a
             Book
             I
             intend
             to
             publish
             of
             the
             whole
             Art
             of
             Printing
             .
             Yet
             for
             your
             present
             Instructions
             I
             shall
             give
             you
             some
             Examples
             of
             Monuments
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
           
             Therefore
             it
             will
             be
             very
             necessary
             you
             design
             and
             draw
             your
             Inscription
             first
             on
             Paper
             ,
             and
             then
             either
             pounce
             or
             draw
             it
             through
             by
             Redding
             or
             Blacking
             the
             Backside
             of
             your
             Paper
             ,
             and
             drawing
             pretty
             hard
             upon
             the
             Out-strokes
             of
             your
             Letter
             with
             the
             point
             of
             a
             Needle
             ,
             made
             blunt
             ,
             smooth
             ,
             and
             round
             ,
             for
             then
             the
             Red
             or
             Black
             on
             the
             backside
             of
             the
             Paper
             will
             deliver
             it self
             upon
             the
             Wood
             or
             Stone
             that
             it
             is
             to
             be
             engraven
             or
             painted
             on
             .
             But
             if
             the
             Stone
             be
             so
             smooth
             and
             hard
             that
             it
             will
             not
             receive
             and
             take
             off
             the
             Red
             or
             Black
             ,
             you
             may
             rub
             your
             Stone
             over
             with
             a
             little
             Bees
             Wax
             gently
             ,
             and
             it
             will
             take
             off
             the
             Tracings
             very
             exactly
             .
          
           
             
               JOANNES
               SELDENUS
               Heic
               juxta
               situs
               .
               Natus
               est
               16
               Decemb.
               MDLXXXIV
               .
               Salvintoniae
               ,
               Qui
               viculus
               est
               Terring
               Occidentalis
               in
               Sussexiae
               Maritimis
               ,
               Parentibus
               honestis
               ,
               JOANNE
               SELDENO
               THOMAE
               Filio
               è
               quinis
               secundo
               ,
               Anno
               MDXLI
               .
               nato
               ;
               &
               MARGARETA
               Filia
               &
               Haerede
               unica
               THOMAE
               BAKERI
               de
               Rushington
               ,
               ex
               Equestri
               BAKERORUM
               in
               Cantio
               Familia
               ,
               Filius
               è
               cunis
               superstitum
               unicus
               ,
               Aetatis
               ferè
               LXX
               .
               Annorum
               .
               Denatus
               est
               ultimo
               die
               Novemb.
               Anno
               Salutis
               reparatae
               MDCLIV
               .
               Per
               quam
               expectat
               RESURRECTIONEM
               Felicem
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               ROWLANDUS
               JEWKES
               Executorum
               Testamenti
               MAGNI
               SELDENI
               è
               quatuor
               unus
               ,
               Spe
               certâ
               Resurrectionis
               futurae
               per
               CHRISTUM
               ad
               gloriam
               ,
               Exuvias
               Carnis
               suae
               prope
               Cineres
               ejusdem
               SELDENI
               Heic
               juxta
               reponi
               ,
               vivens
               ,
               curavit
               ,
               excessit
               ,
            
             
               Anno
               Aerae
               Christianae
               MDCLXV
               .
            
             
               Anno
               Aetatis
               suae
               LXXVII
               .
            
             
               Cùm
               Christus
               ,
               qui
               est
               vita
               nostra
               ,
               apparebit
               ,
               nos
               etiam
               apparebimus
               cum
               eo
               in
               ●●●ia
               .
            
          
           
           
             IF
             these
             following
             Precepts
             do
             not
             exactly
             agree
             with
             all
             present
             Practice
             ,
             yet
             will
             I
             not
             determine
             whether
             Practice
             ought
             or
             no
             to
             give
             way
             and
             comply
             with
             these
             Precepts
             and
             Paterns
             ;
             since
             't
             is
             plain
             that
             these
             Letters
             were
             originally
             contrived
             under
             these
             or
             some
             such
             Rules
             .
             And
             though
             some
             of
             these
             Letters
             may
             with
             greater
             study
             be
             reduced
             to
             shorter
             Rules
             ,
             yet
             because
             my
             leisure
             will
             not
             permit
             me
             to
             do
             it
             ,
             I
             'le
             leave
             it
             to
             those
             that
             have
             more
             Time
             and
             better
             Invention
             ,
             and
             deliver
             these
             according
             to
             my
             Observations
             on
             them
             .
          
           
             
               A
            
             
               DIvide
               the
               whole
               Erect
               Depth
               0
               42
               into
               42
               equal
               parts
               ,
               and
               set
               off
               the
               same
               Divisions
               in
               the
               bottom-line
               ;
               then
               in
               the
               Parallel
               of
               12
               ,
               viz.
               the
               Foot-line
               ,
               set
               off
               16
               from
               the
               left
               hand
               towards
               the
               right
               ,
               and
               from
               thence
               erect
               a
               Perpendicular
               unto
               the
               Top-line
               .
               From
               either
               side
               this
               Perpendicular
               set
               off
               10
               in
               the
               Foot-line
               :
               then
               in
               this
               Perpendicular
               at
               Parallel
               38
               make
               a
               Prick
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               1.
               )
               then
               by
               the
               side
               of
               a
               Ruler
               laid
               to
               this
               Prick
               ,
               and
               the
               two
               Tens
               set
               off
               in
               the
               Foot-line
               on
               either
               side
               the
               Perpendicular
               draw
               two
               straight
               lines
               for
               the
               insides
               of
               A
               ,
               but
               continue
               the
               right
               hand
               straight
               line
               to
               Parallel
               39
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               2.
               )
               Then
               set
               your
               Com●●●●es
               to
               1
               ,
               and
               set
               off
               that
               distance
               from
               the
               left
               hand
               the
               Perpendicular
               in
               Parallel
               39
               ,
               and
               set
               off
               the
               same
               distance
               in
               the
               Foot-line
               from
               the
               left
               hand
               inside
               stroke
               of
               A
               towards
               the
               left
               hand
               ,
               and
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               through
               these
               two
               points
               to
               be
               the
               outer
               bounds
               of
               the
               bredth
               of
               the
               left
               hand
               stroke
               of
               A.
               The
               bredth
               of
               the
               right
               hand
               stroke
               
               is
               5
               parts
               .
               Therefore
               in
               the
               Point
               where
               the
               two
               inside
               strokes
               of
               A
               meet
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               1.
               )
               place
               one
               foot
               of
               your
               Compasses
               (
               being
               set
               to
               5
               )
               and
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               the
               occult
               Arch
               3
               ,
               4.
               
               Then
               place
               one
               foot
               of
               your
               Compasses
               at
               the
               right
               hand
               stroke
               of
               the
               inside
               of
               A
               in
               the
               Foot-line
               ,
               and
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               the
               occult
               Arch
               5
               ,
               6.
               
               Then
               lay
               your
               Ruler
               to
               the
               outer
               Convex
               points
               of
               these
               two
               occult
               Arches
               ,
               and
               by
               the
               side
               of
               it
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               from
               the
               Top-line
               to
               the
               Foot-line
               ,
               for
               the
               outward
               bounds
               of
               the
               right
               hand
               stroke
               of
               A.
               Set
               off
               1
               in
               the
               Top-line
               from
               the
               outer
               bounds
               of
               this
               right
               hand
               stroke
               towards
               the
               left
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               3
               )
               and
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               in
               the
               Top-line
               to
               that
               point
               ;
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               3
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               foot
               in
               this
               point
               ,
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               an
               occult
               Arch
               towards
               the
               left
               hand
               ;
               then
               place
               one
               foot
               of
               your
               Compasses
               in
               the
               Point
               where
               the
               inside
               of
               the
               right
               hand
               stroke
               meets
               with
               the
               outside
               of
               the
               left
               hand
               stroke
               of
               A
               ,
               and
               with
               the
               other
               foot
               describe
               another
               occult
               Arch
               towards
               the
               right
               hand
               ,
               to
               cut
               the
               former
               occult
               Arch
               ,
               and
               the
               Point
               where
               they
               cut
               each
               other
               shall
               be
               the
               Centre
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               7.
               )
               whereon
               you
               may
               describe
               the
               hollow
               Arch
               in
               the
               head
               of
               A.
               Draw
               two
               straight
               lines
               in
               Parallel
               24
               ¼
               and
               24
               ¾
               between
               the
               two
               insides
               of
               A.
               Lastly
               ,
               from
               both
               sides
               each
               side
               of
               A
               set
               off
               5
               in
               the
               foot-line
               or
               Parallel
               of
               12
               ,
               then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               15
               ,
               and
               in
               the
               Erects
               of
               those
               Fives
               pla●●
               one
               foot
               of
               your
               Compasses
               ,
               and
               with
               the
               other
               d●●●ribe
               four
               Arches
               to
               the
               out
               and
               insides
               of
               A
               for
               the
               footing
               .
            
             
               Here
               you
               may
               see
               the
               Fat
               stroke
               is
               5
               parts
               broad
               ,
               and
               the
               Lean
               strokes
               are
               1
               part
               broad
               ,
               and
               each
               footing
               is
               5
               parts
               in
               the
               Foot-line
               from
               its
               respective
               side
               .
            
             
               The
               same
               rule
               and
               order
               is
               to
               be
               observed
               in
               all
               the
               Roman
               Capitals
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               a
            
             
               Draw
               a
               Parallel
               at
               12
               for
               the
               Foot
               ,
               and
               at
               30
               for
               the
               Head.
               Erect
               0
               is
               the
               bounds
               of
               the
               Head
               and
               belly
               of
               a.
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               two
               Stems
               ,
               viz.
               7
               parts
               ;
               and
               placing
               one
               foot
               of
               them
               in
               Parallel
               23
               ½
               ,
               and
               Erect
               6
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               1.
               )
               describe
               with
               the
               other
               foot
               the
               Arch
               for
               the
               outmost
               bounds
               of
               the
               Head
               of
               a.
               Then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               one
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               3
               ½
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               foot
               in
               Parallel
               26
               ,
               and
               Erect
               5
               ½
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig
               2.
               )
               describe
               with
               the
               other
               foot
               the
               inner
               Arch
               of
               the
               head
               of
               a.
               Remove
               one
               foot
               of
               your
               Compasses
               to
               Parallel
               15
               ½
               ,
               erect
               3
               ½
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               3.
               )
               and
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               the
               Arch
               for
               the
               outer
               belly
               of
               a.
               Remove
               one
               foot
               of
               your
               Compasses
               in
               the
               same
               Parallel
               to
               Erect
               7
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               4.
               )
               and
               with
               the
               other
               foot
               describe
               the
               Arch
               for
               the
               inner
               belly
               of
               a.
               Remove
               one
               foot
               of
               your
               Compasses
               in
               the
               same
               Parallel
               to
               Erect
               ▪
               12
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               5.
               )
               and
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               a
               Semicircle
               for
               the
               outer
               bounds
               of
               the
               tail
               of
               a.
               Joyn
               this
               Semicircle
               by
               a
               straight
               Erect
               line
               to
               the
               Arch
               which
               makes
               the
               inside
               the
               head
               of
               a.
               Then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               half
               the
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               1
               ¾
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               foot
               in
               the
               same
               Parallel
               ,
               viz.
               15
               ½
               ,
               Erect
               13
               ¾
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               6.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               foot
               describe
               the
               Arch
               for
               the
               inside
               the
               Tail
               of
               a.
               Joyn
               this
               Semicircle
               by
               a
               straight
               Erect
               line
               to
               the
               Arch
               ,
               which
               makes
               the
               outside
               the
               Head
               of
               a
               ,
               your
               Compasses
               being
               set
               as
               before
               to
               1
               ¾
               ,
               place
               one
               foot
               in
               Parallel
               25
               ½
               ,
               Erect
               1
               ¾
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               7.
               )
               Describe
               the
               Arch
               for
               the
               Dot
               in
               the
               Head
               of
               a.
               Make
               a
               Prick
               in
               Parallel
               20
               ,
               and
               in
               the
               Erect
               of
               the
               inside
               of
               the
               Stem
               ,
               and
               from
               
               that
               Prick
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               to
               the
               Convexity
               of
               the
               outer
               belly
               of
               a.
               Work
               in
               the
               inner
               belly
               to
               this
               straight
               line
               ;
               joyn
               the
               lower
               part
               of
               the
               belly
               by
               a
               straight
               line
               drawn
               to
               the
               inside
               the
               Stem
               in
               Parallel
               15
               ½
               :
               so
               is
               a
               finished
               .
               Here
               you
               may
               perceive
               ,
               that
               the
               several
               Arches
               whereof
               this
               Letter
               is
               made
               ,
               have
               their
               Radius
               ,
               Stems
               ,
               and
               parts
               of
               a
               Stem
               :
               As
               the
               Radius
               of
               the
               first
               Arch
               is
               2
               Stems
               ,
               the
               Radius
               of
               the
               second
               ,
               third
               ,
               fourth
               ,
               fifth
               Arches
               are
               1
               Stem
               ,
               the
               Radius
               of
               the
               sixth
               and
               seventh
               ,
               is
               half
               a
               Stem
               .
            
          
           
             
               B
            
             
               Divide
               the
               whole
               Depth
               into
               42
               ,
               as
               afore
               in
               A.
               The
               Topping
               and
               Footing
               is
               5
               Erects
               ,
               and
               the
               Stem
               5
               more
               .
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               7
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               34
               ½
               on
               the
               right
               hand
               side
               of
               the
               Stem
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               1.
               )
               describe
               with
               the
               other
               the
               inner
               Arch
               of
               the
               upper
               belly
               of
               B.
               Remove
               one
               Foot
               of
               your
               Compasses
               to
               Erect
               15
               in
               the
               same
               Parallel
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               2.
               )
               and
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               an
               Arch
               for
               the
               outer
               bounds
               of
               the
               upper
               belly
               of
               B
               :
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               7
               ½
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               20
               ,
               Erect
               12
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               3.
               )
               describe
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               the
               Arch
               for
               the
               inner
               bounds
               of
               the
               lower
               belly
               of
               B.
               Remove
               one
               Foot
               of
               your
               Compasses
               in
               the
               same
               Parallel
               to
               Erect
               17
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               4.
               )
               and
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               the
               outer
               Arch
               of
               the
               lower
               belly
               of
               B.
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               15
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               27
               ,
               erect
               0
               ,
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               the
               Arches
               for
               Topping
               and
               Footing
               .
               Joyn
               the
               Arches
               of
               the
               Bellies
               Arches
               to
               the
               Stem
               at
               the
               Top
               ,
               Middle
               ,
               and
               Foot
               ,
               by
               hand
               ,
               (
               as
               you
               see
               in
               the
               Projection
               )
               by
               strokes
               
               of
               half
               a
               part
               broad
               ,
               but
               so
               as
               the
               lower
               belly
               have
               nothing
               of
               the
               stroke
               fall
               in
               it
               ,
               because
               it
               must
               be
               half
               a
               part
               bigger
               than
               the
               upper
               belly
               .
            
          
           
             
               b
            
             
               The
               Beak
               projects
               1
               Stem
               on
               the
               left
               hand
               ,
               viz.
               3
               ½
               parts
               ,
               as
               do
               all
               other
               Projecting
               Letters
               in
               the
               Small
               Roman
               .
               Therefore
               in
               Parallel
               40
               erect
               0
               ,
               make
               a
               Prick
               for
               the
               Angle
               of
               Projecture
               .
               Then
               in
               Parallel
               38
               ½
               erect
               3
               ½
               ;
               make
               another
               Prick
               for
               the
               left
               hand
               bounds
               of
               the
               Stem
               ;
               between
               which
               2
               Pricks
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               .
               Make
               another
               Prick
               in
               Parallel
               42.
               
               Erect
               7
               for
               the
               right
               hand
               bounds
               of
               the
               Stem
               ,
               and
               draw
               another
               straight
               line
               between
               the
               first
               Prick
               and
               this
               last
               ;
               so
               is
               the
               Beak
               made
               .
               Then
               in
               Parallel
               12
               Erect
               0
               ,
               set
               off
               3
               ½
               and
               7
               ,
               and
               from
               Erect
               3
               ½
               at
               the
               under
               side
               of
               Projecture
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               to
               3
               ½
               set
               off
               in
               Parallel
               12
               ,
               and
               another
               straight
               line
               from
               Erect
               7
               at
               the
               upper
               side
               of
               Projecture
               to
               Erect
               7
               in
               Parallel
               14
               ;
               so
               is
               the
               Stem
               made
               .
               Then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               9
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               21
               ,
               Erect
               12
               ½
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               1.
               )
               Describe
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               the
               outer
               Arch
               of
               the
               Belly
               .
               Then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               8
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               21
               ,
               erect
               10
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               2.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               the
               inner
               Arch
               of
               the
               Belly
               .
               Set
               then
               your
               Compasses
               to
               4
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               10
               erect
               7
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               3.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               a
               small
               Arch
               under
               the
               Stem
               ;
               so
               is
               b
               finished
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               C
            
             
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               15
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               27
               Erect
               15
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               1.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               a
               Circle
               :
               Cut
               off
               half
               a
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               2
               ½
               ,
               of
               this
               Circle
               on
               the
               right
               hand
               with
               a
               Perpendicular
               line
               ,
               which
               Perpendicular
               must
               reach
               from
               the
               Top-line
               the
               breadth
               of
               a
               Stem
               below
               the
               Circle
               ,
               and
               from
               the
               Foot-line
               the
               breadth
               of
               a
               Stem
               above
               the
               Circle
               ,
               viz.
               5
               parts
               .
               Remove
               your
               Compasses
               5
               Erects
               further
               ,
               viz.
               the
               breadth
               of
               the
               Stem
               in
               the
               same
               Parallel
               to
               Erect
               20
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               2.
               )
               and
               describe
               so
               much
               of
               a
               Circle
               as
               will
               be
               comprehended
               between
               your
               left
               hand
               and
               the
               two
               Perpendiculars
               ,
               which
               cut
               off
               a
               part
               of
               the
               former
               Circle
               .
               To
               describe
               the
               great
               Arches
               of
               the
               Buttings
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               15
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               the
               Parallels
               of
               the
               extreme
               inner
               points
               of
               the
               Buttings
               at
               15
               distance
               towards
               the
               left
               hand
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               3
               ,
               4.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               point
               describe
               the
               Arches
               of
               Buttings
               .
               Then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               half
               the
               breadth
               of
               a
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               2
               ½
               ,
               and
               one
               Foot
               placed
               successively
               in
               the
               Top
               and
               Foot-lines
               at
               the
               Buttings
               of
               C
               ,
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               the
               small
               Arches
               at
               the
               Top
               and
               Foot
               of
               the
               outside
               of
               C
               ;
               so
               is
               C
               finished
               .
               Onely
               you
               must
               take
               care
               to
               work
               in
               the
               Intersections
               of
               these
               Circles
               by
               hand
               at
               the
               Top
               and
               Foot
               ;
               so
               must
               you
               also
               the
               small
               Circles
               in
               the
               Top
               and
               Foot.
               
            
          
           
             
             
               c
            
             
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               9
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               21
               ,
               Erect
               9
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               1.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               a
               Circle
               .
               Cut
               off
               a
               whole
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               3
               ½
               of
               this
               Circle
               on
               the
               right
               hand
               with
               a
               Perpendicular
               line
               .
               Set
               off
               3
               ½
               from
               the
               left
               side
               this
               Circle
               towards
               the
               right
               in
               the
               Parallel
               of
               21.
               
               Then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               8
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               22
               ,
               erect
               11
               ½
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               2.
               )
               Describe
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               an
               Arch
               within
               the
               former
               Circle
               and
               the
               Perpendicular
               ;
               then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               half
               the
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               1
               ¾
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               where
               the
               Perpendicular
               intersects
               the
               Circle
               in
               the
               Head
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               3.
               )
               Describe
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               so
               much
               of
               a
               small
               Circle
               downwards
               ,
               as
               will
               be
               between
               Parallel
               26
               /
               2
               ,
               and
               28
               ¼
               ,
               to
               make
               the
               Dot.
               And
               the
               breakings
               of
               these
               Circles
               you
               must
               by
               Hand
               work
               into
               the
               Head.
               
            
          
           
             
               D
            
             
               Topping
               and
               Footing
               is
               5
               Erects
               ,
               the
               Stem
               five
               more
               ,
               both
               made
               as
               so
               much
               of
               Letter
               B.
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               15
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               on
               the
               right
               hand
               line
               of
               the
               Stem
               in
               Parallel
               27
               ,
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               a
               Semicircle
               towards
               your
               right
               hand
               .
               Remove
               your
               Compasses
               the
               breadth
               of
               the
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               5
               towards
               the
               right
               hand
               in
               the
               same
               Parallel
               ,
               and
               describe
               another
               Arch
               towards
               the
               right
               hand
               ;
               work
               these
               Arches
               by
               hand
               up
               to
               the
               Stem
               ,
               leaving
               the
               Lean
               strokes
               at
               the
               Top
               and
               Bottom
               1
               part
               ;
               so
               is
               D
               finished
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               d
            
             
               The
               Belly
               of
               d
               is
               made
               like
               c
               ,
               all
               but
               the
               Dot
               in
               the
               head
               ,
               which
               d
               hath
               not
               .
               The
               Projecture
               or
               Beak
               of
               the
               Stem
               is
               made
               like
               b
               ,
               but
               the
               bottom
               of
               the
               Stem
               differs
               ;
               for
               d
               hath
               a
               Tail
               which
               is
               as
               long
               as
               the
               Stem
               is
               broad
               ,
               viz.
               3
               ½
               ,
               from
               the
               right
               hand
               line
               of
               the
               Stem
               of
               d.
               This
               Tail
               is
               a
               straight
               line
               proceeding
               from
               the
               bottom
               of
               the
               left
               hand
               line
               of
               the
               Stem
               ,
               whose
               end
               is
               raised
               two
               parts
               above
               the
               Foot-line
               .
               The
               line
               of
               the
               Tail
               that
               proceeds
               from
               the
               right
               hand
               line
               of
               the
               Stem
               ,
               is
               a
               straight
               line
               parallel
               to
               the
               Foot-line
               .
            
          
           
             
               E
            
             
               Topping
               and
               Footing
               is
               5
               Erects
               ,
               the
               Stem
               5
               more
               ;
               both
               made
               as
               Letter
               B.
               The
               Top-stroke
               is
               from
               the
               right
               hand
               line
               of
               the
               Stem
               half
               the
               length
               of
               the
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               15
               ;
               the
               middle
               stroke
               is
               ⅓
               of
               the
               length
               of
               the
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               10.
               
               The
               Bottom-stroke
               is
               1
               /
               3
               ,
               viz.
               18
               parts
               .
               The
               bredth
               of
               the
               Head
               and
               Foot-stroke
               is
               thus
               made
               ;
               set
               off
               the
               bredth
               of
               the
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               5
               ,
               from
               the
               end
               of
               each
               stroke
               towards
               the
               left
               hand
               in
               the
               Parallel
               of
               each
               stroke
               ,
               and
               in
               the
               Erect
               line
               of
               these
               settings
               off
               set
               off
               1
               ½
               between
               the
               Topping
               and
               Footing
               ,
               and
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               from
               the
               lower
               point
               of
               the
               Arch
               of
               Topping
               on
               the
               left
               hand
               the
               Stem
               ,
               and
               from
               the
               upper
               point
               of
               the
               Arch
               of
               Topping
               on
               the
               left
               hand
               the
               Stem
               to
               the
               1
               ½
               set
               off
               as
               aforesaid
               .
               Then
               at
               the
               right
               hand
               ends
               of
               these
               
               lines
               set
               off
               by
               occult
               Arches
               5
               in
               their
               respective
               Erects
               .
               And
               set
               off
               5
               in
               the
               Erects
               of
               the
               Perpendicular
               ends
               of
               the
               Top
               and
               Foot-stroke
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               of
               your
               Compasses
               successively
               at
               these
               5
               ,
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               occult
               Arches
               to
               cut
               the
               former
               occult
               Arches
               ,
               and
               the
               point
               where
               these
               occult
               Arches
               cut
               each
               other
               (
               as
               in
               Fig.
               1
               ,
               2.
               )
               shall
               be
               a
               Centre
               ,
               whereon
               you
               may
               describe
               Arches
               for
               the
               Buttings
               of
               the
               Top
               and
               Bottom-stroke
               of
               E.
               For
               the
               thickness
               of
               the
               middle
               stroke
               set
               off
               half
               a
               part
               upwards
               ,
               and
               half
               a
               part
               downwards
               from
               the
               middle
               Parallel
               at
               the
               right
               hand
               line
               of
               the
               Stem
               ;
               and
               from
               thence
               draw
               Parallel
               lines
               5
               parts
               long
               ,
               then
               set
               off
               5
               upwards
               and
               5
               downwards
               from
               the
               end
               of
               the
               middle
               stroke
               ;
               from
               these
               two
               5
               and
               the
               ends
               of
               the
               Parallels
               of
               thickness
               describe
               occult
               Arches
               of
               Circles
               to
               intersect
               each
               other
               ,
               and
               the
               Intersections
               (
               as
               Fig.
               3
               ,
               4.
               )
               shall
               be
               the
               Centres
               whereon
               (
               the
               Compasses
               set
               to
               5
               )
               the
               Arches
               of
               Butting
               shall
               be
               drawn
               .
            
          
           
             
               e
            
             
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               9
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               21
               ,
               Erect
               9.
               
               Describe
               with
               the
               other
               the
               outer
               Arch
               ;
               then
               in
               the
               Parallel
               of
               9
               set
               off
               3
               ½
               for
               the
               Fat
               stroke
               .
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               8
               ,
               and
               place
               one
               Foot
               in
               this
               3
               ½
               ,
               and
               pitch
               the
               other
               Foot
               where
               it
               will
               leight
               ,
               in
               the
               Parallel
               of
               21
               ½
               towards
               the
               right
               hand
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               2.
               )
               On
               this
               point
               describe
               the
               inner
               Arch
               of
               e
               ;
               then
               in
               the
               Parallel
               of
               23
               draw
               a
               line
               for
               the
               Eye
               ,
               from
               the
               inside
               of
               e
               to
               the
               outside
               on
               the
               right
               hand
               .
               But
               the
               Fatness
               of
               the
               Eye
               must
               be
               half
               a
               part
               at
               the
               right
               hand
               side
               of
               e
               ;
               therefore
               
               in
               23
               ½
               from
               the
               outward
               right
               hand
               Arch
               draw
               a
               line
               to
               the
               point
               where
               the
               former
               line
               touches
               the
               inside
               of
               e.
               Then
               measure
               the
               Fatness
               of
               the
               left
               hand
               Arch
               of
               e
               in
               the
               Parallel
               of
               24
               ,
               and
               set
               off
               that
               Fatness
               from
               the
               right
               hand
               Arch
               of
               e
               inwards
               ,
               and
               setting
               your
               Compasses
               to
               8
               ,
               place
               one
               Foot
               in
               the
               measure
               of
               Fatness
               so
               set
               off
               ,
               and
               pitch
               the
               other
               Foot
               where
               it
               will
               fall
               in
               the
               Parallel
               of
               21
               ¼
               towards
               the
               left
               hand
               ;
               on
               this
               point
               describe
               the
               inner
               Arch
               of
               the
               right
               side
               of
               e.
               The
               Angles
               of
               the
               Intersections
               of
               these
               Arches
               make
               you
               must
               smoothen
               by
               hand
               .
            
          
           
             
               F
            
             
               Is
               made
               like
               E
               ,
               onely
               instead
               of
               the
               Foot-stroke
               here
               is
               onely
               a
               Footing
               ,
               made
               as
               hath
               been
               taught
               in
               A
               ,
               B
               ,
               D.
               
            
          
           
             
               f
            
             
               The
               Stem
               is
               3
               ½
               ,
               and
               runs
               on
               the
               left
               hand
               straight
               upwards
               to
               Parallel
               36
               ,
               and
               on
               the
               right
               hand
               it
               runs
               straight
               upwards
               to
               Parallel
               40.
               
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               7
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               35
               ,
               Erect
               10
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               1.
               )
               With
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               an
               Arch
               ,
               for
               the
               Top
               of
               f.
               The
               Top
               of
               f
               must
               be
               half
               a
               part
               thick
               ;
               therefore
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               4
               ½
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               37
               ,
               Erect
               11
               ½
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               2.
               )
               With
               the
               other
               describe
               the
               under
               Arch
               of
               the
               Head
               of
               f
               ;
               then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               1
               ¾
               ,
               viz.
               the
               thickness
               of
               half
               a
               Stem
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               38
               ,
               Erect
               14
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               3.
               )
               With
               the
               other
               describe
               
               the
               Arch
               for
               the
               Dot
               of
               f.
               The
               stroke
               is
               half
               a
               part
               thick
               ,
               the
               upper
               line
               of
               it
               lies
               in
               the
               Head-line
               ,
               viz.
               Parallel
               30.
               
               It
               projects
               on
               the
               left
               hand
               half
               a
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               1
               ¾
               ,
               and
               on
               the
               right
               hand
               a
               whole
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               3
               ½
               .
               The
               Footing
               is
               made
               by
               setting
               your
               Compasses
               to
               9
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               21
               ,
               Erect
               0
               ,
               and
               in
               Parallel
               21
               Erect
               10
               ½
               .
               With
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               the
               Arches
               of
               Footing
               .
               The
               Breakin
               gs
               and
               Wants
               in
               the
               Arches
               you
               must
               work
               in
               by
               hand
               .
            
          
           
             
               G
            
             
               Is
               made
               like
               C
               till
               you
               come
               to
               the
               short
               Stem
               whose
               right
               hand
               line
               lies
               in
               the
               Erect
               Butting
               ,
               and
               its
               left
               hand
               line
               is
               made
               by
               setting
               off
               5
               to
               the
               left
               hand
               .
               The
               Foot
               of
               G
               is
               wrought
               in
               by
               setting
               your
               Compasses
               to
               18
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               15
               in
               the
               Erect
               of
               Butting
               ,
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               an
               occult
               Arch
               towards
               your
               left
               hand
               upwards
               in
               G
               ,
               then
               remove
               one
               point
               of
               your
               Compasses
               in
               the
               same
               Parallel
               towards
               the
               right
               hand
               ,
               where
               that
               Parallel
               cuts
               the
               inner
               Circle
               of
               G
               ,
               and
               with
               the
               other
               point
               describe
               an
               occult
               Arch
               to
               cut
               the
               former
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               3.
               )
               and
               that
               point
               of
               Intersection
               shall
               be
               the
               Centre
               whereon
               you
               may
               describe
               an
               Arch
               to
               work
               in
               the
               inner
               Circle
               of
               the
               Foot
               of
               G.
               To
               work
               in
               the
               outer
               Circle
               place
               one
               Foot
               of
               your
               Compasses
               again
               in
               the
               Parallel
               of
               15
               ,
               in
               the
               Erect
               of
               Butting
               ,
               and
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               an
               occult
               Arch
               as
               before
               .
               Then
               remove
               one
               point
               of
               your
               Compasses
               in
               the
               same
               Parallel
               towards
               the
               right
               hand
               ,
               where
               that
               Parallel
               cuts
               the
               outer
               Circle
               of
               G
               ,
               and
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               an
               occult
               Arch
               to
               cut
               the
               former
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               4
               )
               and
               
               that
               point
               of
               Intersection
               shall
               be
               the
               Centre
               ,
               whereon
               you
               may
               describe
               an
               Arch
               to
               work
               in
               the
               outer
               Circle
               of
               the
               Foot
               of
               G.
               The
               Topping
               of
               the
               short
               Stem
               lies
               in
               Parallel
               22
               ½
               ,
               5
               being
               set
               off
               from
               both
               sides
               the
               Stem
               ,
               as
               hath
               been
               taught
               in
               B
               ,
               D
               ,
               &c.
               
            
          
           
             
               g
            
             
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               twice
               the
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               7
               parts
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               23
               ,
               Erect
               8
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               1.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               a
               Circle
               for
               the
               outer
               bounds
               of
               the
               Head.
               Remove
               your
               Compasses
               in
               the
               same
               Parallel
               to
               3
               ½
               on
               the
               right
               hand
               ,
               and
               3
               ½
               on
               the
               left
               hand
               this
               Centre
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               2
               ,
               3.
               )
               and
               describe
               the
               Arches
               for
               the
               inner
               bounds
               of
               the
               Head.
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               4
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               14
               ½
               ,
               Erect
               6
               ¼
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               4.
               )
               describe
               the
               outer
               Arch
               between
               the
               Head
               and
               Belly
               of
               g
               ;
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               1
               ¾
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               the
               point
               where
               this
               Arch
               touches
               the
               Head
               ,
               turn
               the
               other
               Foot
               into
               Parallel
               16
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               5.
               )
               and
               on
               that
               point
               as
               on
               a
               Centre
               describe
               the
               inner
               Arch
               between
               Head
               and
               Belly
               of
               g.
               Then
               from
               Parallel
               14
               ¼
               Erect
               5
               ,
               and
               Parallel
               13
               Erect
               14
               ,
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               ,
               and
               from
               Parallel
               11
               Erect
               3
               ,
               and
               Parallel
               10
               Erect
               14
               ;
               draw
               another
               straight
               line
               ,
               which
               two
               straight
               lines
               shall
               be
               the
               Waste
               of
               g.
               Then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               7
               ½
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               7
               ¾
               ,
               Erect
               10
               ½
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               6.
               )
               Describe
               the
               right
               hand
               outer
               Arch
               of
               the
               Belly
               .
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               5
               ¼
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               6
               ¼
               ,
               Erect
               11
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               7.
               )
               describe
               the
               right
               hand
               inner
               Arch
               of
               the
               Belly
               ;
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               7
               ,
               and
               in
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               
               Parallel
               7
               ¾
               ,
               Erect
               10
               ½
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               6.
               )
               describe
               part
               of
               the
               left
               hand
               inner
               Arch
               of
               the
               Belly
               of
               g.
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               8
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               8
               ,
               Erect
               8
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               8.
               )
               Describe
               another
               outer
               Arch
               on
               the
               left
               hand
               side
               of
               the
               Belly
               ;
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               6
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               5.
               
               Erect
               6
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               9.
               )
               With
               the
               other
               describe
               the
               outer
               Arch
               under
               the
               Waste
               of
               g
               on
               the
               left
               hand
               .
               Remove
               your
               Compasses
               to
               Parallel
               24
               ¼
               ,
               Erect
               18
               ½
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               10.
               )
               and
               describe
               an
               Arch
               for
               the
               upper
               bounds
               of
               the
               Nose
               of
               g.
               Remove
               your
               Compasses
               to
               Parallel
               22
               ¾
               ,
               Erect
               16
               ½
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               11.
               )
               and
               describe
               the
               under
               Arch
               of
               the
               Nose
               .
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               half
               the
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               1
               ¾
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               27
               ½
               ,
               Erect
               16
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               12.
               )
               Describe
               the
               small
               Arch
               for
               a
               Dot
               on
               the
               Nose
               .
               The
               Intersections
               and
               Breakin
               gs
               of
               the
               several
               Arches
               you
               must
               work
               in
               by
               hand
               ,
               as
               you
               may
               see
               by
               the
               Letter
               it self
               .
            
          
           
             
               H
            
             
               Has
               two
               upright
               Stems
               with
               Toppings
               and
               Footings
               ,
               which
               are
               made
               like
               the
               Stems
               of
               other
               Capitals
               .
               These
               two
               Stems
               must
               stand
               the
               bredth
               of
               four
               Stems
               asunder
               ,
               viz.
               20
               parts
               .
               They
               are
               joyned
               just
               in
               the
               middle
               between
               Head
               and
               Foot
               ,
               with
               a
               straight
               Parallel
               line
               half
               a
               part
               broad
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               h
            
             
               The
               Stem
               of
               h
               is
               made
               like
               the
               Stem
               of
               b
               ,
               onely
               it
               has
               Footing
               on
               both
               sides
               .
               The
               Footing
               hath
               the
               bredth
               of
               the
               Stem
               on
               either
               hand
               ,
               viz.
               3
               1
               /
               ●
               parts
               ,
               and
               is
               made
               like
               the
               Footing
               of
               Capitals
               .
               The
               width
               between
               the
               inside
               the
               two
               Stems
               ▪
               is
               2
               ½
               Stems
               ,
               viz.
               8
               ¾
               parts
               .
               To
               make
               the
               Arches
               that
               joyn
               these
               two
               Stems
               together
               ,
               divide
               the
               distance
               between
               the
               inner
               stroke
               of
               the
               left
               hand
               Stem
               and
               the
               outer
               stroke
               of
               the
               right
               hand
               Stem
               into
               two
               equal
               parts
               ,
               and
               set
               off
               that
               distance
               in
               the
               Erect
               in
               the
               middle
               between
               them
               from
               the
               Head-line
               ,
               viz.
               Parallel
               30
               downwards
               ;
               and
               placing
               one
               point
               of
               your
               Compasses
               there
               ,
               (
               viz.
               at
               1
               )
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               an
               Arch
               to
               reach
               from
               the
               left
               hand
               Stem
               to
               the
               right
               hand
               Stem
               .
               Then
               divide
               the
               distance
               between
               the
               two
               inner
               sides
               of
               the
               Stem
               into
               two
               equal
               parts
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               of
               your
               Compasses
               in
               the
               middle
               between
               the
               two
               Stems
               and
               in
               the
               same
               Parallel
               the
               former
               Arch
               was
               strook
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               2.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               the
               under
               Arch
               of
               h.
               The
               right
               hand
               side
               of
               the
               Stem
               of
               h
               and
               its
               Footing
               are
               made
               as
               before
               .
            
          
           
             
               I
            
             
               Set
               off
               3
               Stems
               in
               the
               Foot-line
               in
               Parallel
               12
               ,
               one
               for
               the
               left
               hand
               Footing
               ,
               another
               for
               the
               Stem
               ,
               another
               for
               the
               right
               hand
               Footing
               .
               Do
               the
               like
               in
               the
               Top-line
               ,
               and
               between
               the
               Topping
               and
               Footing
               draw
               the
               Stem
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               i
            
             
               The
               Stem
               of
               i
               is
               made
               like
               the
               Stem
               of
               h
               ,
               but
               is
               not
               so
               long
               ,
               for
               it
               stands
               between
               Parallel
               12
               and
               30.
               
               The
               Tittle
               stands
               right
               over
               the
               Stem
               ,
               half
               a
               Stem
               lower
               than
               the
               Top-line
               ,
               and
               its
               Diameter
               is
               one
               Stem
               ,
               viz
               3
               ½
               parts
               .
            
          
           
             
               J
            
             
               The
               Stem
               and
               Topping
               of
               this
               J
               is
               made
               like
               I
               ,
               but
               halfway
               between
               the
               Foot
               and
               Bottom-lines
               the
               right
               hand
               stroke
               begins
               to
               fall
               away
               into
               an
               Arch
               of
               a
               Circle
               ,
               which
               we
               call
               a
               Tail
               in
               Letters
               ,
               whose
               Semidiameter
               is
               two
               Stems
               ;
               therefore
               your
               Compasses
               being
               set
               to
               two
               Stems
               ,
               viz.
               10.
               place
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               10
               in
               the
               Erect
               of
               the
               Topping
               ,
               which
               is
               two
               Stems
               from
               the
               right
               hand
               stroke
               of
               J
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               1
               )
               and
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               an
               Arch
               for
               the
               Bottom
               of
               J.
               Then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               one
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               5
               ,
               and
               in
               Parallel
               5
               ½
               ,
               and
               the
               same
               Erects
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               2.
               )
               describe
               another
               Arch
               for
               the
               inner
               Arch
               of
               the
               Bottom
               of
               J
               ;
               then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               2
               ½
               ,
               viz.
               half
               a
               Stem
               ,
               and
               place
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               3
               ,
               Erect
               2
               ½
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               3
               )
               and
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               the
               Dot
               of
               J.
               
            
          
           
             
               j
            
             
               The
               Stem
               and
               Tittle
               of
               this
               j
               is
               made
               like
               i.
               The
               Semidiameter
               of
               the
               lower
               Arch
               of
               its
               Tail
               is
               two
               of
               
               its
               Stems
               ,
               viz.
               7.
               whose
               Centre
               lies
               two
               Stems
               from
               the
               Bottom-line
               ,
               viz.
               in
               Parallel
               7
               in
               the
               Erect
               of
               its
               Beak
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               1.
               )
               The
               Semidiameter
               of
               its
               inner
               Arch
               is
               one
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               3
               ½
               ,
               and
               its
               Centre
               lies
               in
               3
               ¾
               in
               the
               same
               Erect
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               2.
               )
               The
               Diameter
               of
               the
               Dot
               is
               one
               Stem
               ,
               and
               its
               Centre
               lies
               in
               Parallel
               2
               ¼
               ,
               Erect
               1
               3
               /
               4.
               
            
          
           
             
               K
            
             
               The
               Stem
               of
               K
               is
               made
               like
               I.
               It
               branches
               upwards
               from
               the
               middle
               of
               the
               Stem
               into
               Parallel
               42
               ,
               viz.
               the
               Top-line
               .
               The
               outside
               of
               the
               Top
               of
               its
               Branch
               is
               distant
               in
               the
               Top-line
               from
               the
               inside
               of
               the
               Top
               of
               the
               Stem
               15
               Erects
               ,
               viz.
               3
               Stems
               ,
               and
               the
               inside
               the
               Branch
               is
               14
               Erects
               from
               the
               Top
               of
               the
               Stem
               ;
               so
               that
               a
               straight
               Ruler
               laid
               to
               these
               two
               points
               successively
               ,
               and
               to
               the
               middle
               length
               of
               the
               Stem
               ,
               describes
               this
               upper
               Branch
               .
               The
               lower
               Branch
               is
               as
               broad
               as
               the
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               5
               parts
               ,
               and
               hath
               its
               inner
               Footing
               one
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               5
               parts
               ,
               distant
               from
               the
               Footing
               of
               the
               Stem
               .
               Therefore
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               5
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               the
               middle
               of
               the
               inside
               the
               Stem
               ,
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               an
               occult
               Arch
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               1.
               )
               Then
               remove
               your
               Compasses
               to
               the
               point
               in
               the
               Foot-line
               where
               the
               inside
               of
               the
               lower
               Branch
               cuts
               it
               ,
               and
               describe
               another
               occult
               Arch
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               2.
               )
               Then
               lay
               a
               straight
               Ruler
               to
               the
               Convex
               points
               of
               these
               two
               Arches
               from
               the
               upper
               Branch
               to
               the
               Foot-line
               ;
               then
               set
               off
               on
               either
               side
               these
               two
               Branches
               5
               for
               the
               Topping
               and
               Footing
               ,
               and
               in
               the
               Erects
               of
               these
               several
               settings
               off
               describe
               the
               Topping
               and
               Footing
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               k
            
             
               The
               Stem
               of
               k
               is
               made
               like
               the
               Stem
               of
               h
               ;
               its
               upper
               Branch
               proceeds
               from
               the
               right
               hand
               line
               of
               the
               Stem
               in
               Parallel
               21
               ,
               which
               is
               equally
               between
               the
               Head
               and
               Foot-line
               .
               The
               outside
               the
               Head
               of
               the
               Branch
               is
               distant
               in
               the
               Head-line
               8
               ¾
               from
               the
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               two
               Stems
               and
               an
               half
               ;
               and
               the
               inside
               of
               the
               Head
               of
               the
               Branch
               is
               distant
               8
               from
               the
               Stem
               in
               the
               Head-line
               ;
               so
               that
               a
               straight
               Ruler
               laid
               successively
               to
               these
               two
               distances
               ,
               and
               to
               the
               point
               in
               the
               Stem
               from
               whence
               this
               Branch
               proceeds
               ,
               gives
               the
               upper
               Branch
               .
               The
               inside
               the
               lower
               Branch
               is
               distant
               from
               the
               Stem
               8
               ¾
               in
               the
               Foot-line
               ,
               and
               the
               outside
               the
               lower
               Branch
               is
               distant
               12
               ¼
               from
               the
               Stem
               in
               the
               Foot-line
               .
               Therefore
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               from
               the
               point
               where
               the
               upper
               Branch
               joyns
               to
               the
               Stem
               8
               ¾
               in
               the
               Foot-line
               ,
               and
               that
               shall
               be
               the
               inside
               lower
               Branch
               .
               Draw
               another
               straight
               line
               Parallel
               to
               this
               straight
               line
               at
               3
               ½
               distance
               ,
               (
               as
               the
               occult
               Arches
               (
               1
               ,
               2.
               )
               shew
               ,
               and
               that
               shall
               be
               the
               outer
               bounds
               of
               the
               lower
               Branch
               .
               The
               Heading
               and
               Footings
               are
               made
               as
               K
               aforesaid
               ,
               onely
               instead
               of
               5
               Erects
               from
               the
               in
               and
               outside
               the
               Branches
               you
               must
               now
               make
               but
               3
               ●●●
               /
               2.
               
            
          
           
             
               L
            
             
               Is
               made
               like
               the
               Stem
               and
               Foot-stroke
               of
               E.
               
            
          
           
             
             
               l
            
             
               Is
               made
               like
               the
               Stem
               of
               h.
               
            
          
           
             
               M
            
             
               The
               left
               hand
               stroke
               is
               1
               broad
               ,
               and
               the
               right
               hand
               stroke
               is
               a
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               5.
               
               The
               insides
               of
               these
               Shanks
               stand
               25
               asunder
               ,
               viz.
               5
               Stems
               .
               The
               rest
               is
               V
               all
               but
               the
               inside
               Toppings
               ,
               which
               are
               left
               out
               .
               And
               you
               must
               note
               ,
               that
               the
               left
               hand
               line
               of
               the
               outer
               bounds
               stands
               at
               the
               Top
               in
               the
               Erect
               of
               the
               left
               hand
               line
               of
               the
               left
               hand
               Shank
               .
               Topping
               and
               Footing
               hath
               been
               taught
               before
               .
            
          
           
             
               m
            
             
               The
               first
               Stem
               is
               made
               like
               i.
               The
               second
               and
               third
               Stem
               and
               their
               Arches
               are
               made
               like
               the
               second
               Stem
               and
               Arch
               of
               h.
               
            
          
           
             
               N
            
             
               The
               two
               upright
               strokes
               are
               each
               1
               broad
               ,
               and
               their
               insides
               are
               20
               asunder
               .
               The
               Diagonal
               is
               made
               by
               setting
               off
               from
               the
               outer
               stroke
               on
               the
               left
               hand
               towards
               the
               left
               hand
               1
               in
               the
               Top-line
               ,
               from
               whence
               a
               straight
               line
               drawn
               to
               the
               outer
               bounds
               of
               the
               right
               hand
               stroke
               in
               the
               Foot-line
               gives
               the
               lower
               
               bounds
               of
               the
               Diagonal
               .
               The
               upper
               bounds
               are
               made
               by
               setting
               your
               Compasses
               to
               5
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               successively
               in
               the
               lower
               line
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               1.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               occult
               Arches
               ,
               to
               the
               Convex
               points
               of
               which
               a
               straight
               Ruler
               laid
               ,
               and
               a
               line
               drawn
               by
               the
               side
               of
               it
               ,
               shall
               be
               the
               upper
               bounds
               of
               the
               Diagonal
               .
               The
               Toppings
               are
               made
               as
               before
               .
            
          
           
             
               n
            
             
               Is
               the
               two
               first
               Stems
               of
               m.
               
            
          
           
             
               O
            
             
               The
               outer
               bounds
               of
               O
               is
               an
               exact
               Circle
               .
               The
               Fatning
               is
               made
               by
               setting
               off
               5
               on
               either
               side
               the
               Centre
               in
               the
               same
               Parallel
               ,
               for
               these
               settings
               off
               shall
               be
               the
               Centres
               ,
               on
               which
               you
               must
               describe
               Arches
               for
               the
               inner
               bounds
               of
               O
               ;
               onely
               you
               must
               work
               in
               the
               Intersections
               of
               the
               Arches
               by
               hand
               .
            
          
           
             
               o
            
             
               Is
               an
               exact
               Circle
               ,
               and
               hath
               its
               Fatnings
               as
               O
               ,
               onely
               the
               Fatnings
               must
               be
               but
               3
               ½
               ,
               because
               it
               is
               a
               small
               Letter
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               P
            
             
               The
               Stem
               is
               made
               like
               I
               ,
               all
               but
               the
               right
               hand
               Topping
               is
               left
               out
               .
               It
               s
               Head
               is
               made
               by
               setting
               your
               Compasses
               to
               7
               ½
               ,
               viz.
               one
               Stem
               and
               an
               half
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               34
               ½
               ,
               which
               is
               1
               ½
               Stem
               from
               the
               Top-line
               ;
               Erect
               16
               ½
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               1.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               an
               Arch
               from
               the
               Top-line
               for
               the
               outer
               bounds
               of
               the
               Head.
               To
               describe
               the
               inner
               bounds
               set
               off
               5
               in
               the
               Parallel
               of
               34
               ½
               towards
               the
               left
               hand
               for
               the
               Fatning
               .
               Then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               7
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               the
               part
               set
               off
               for
               the
               Fatning
               ;
               pitch
               the
               other
               Foot
               in
               the
               Parallel
               the
               former
               Centre
               lies
               in
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               2.
               )
               and
               describe
               the
               inner
               Arch.
               But
               because
               these
               Arches
               reach
               not
               home
               to
               the
               Stem
               ,
               you
               must
               make
               up
               the
               Top
               and
               Underneath
               with
               straight
               lines
               drawn
               to
               the
               Stem
               .
            
          
           
             
               p
            
             
               The
               Stem
               of
               p
               is
               made
               like
               the
               Stem
               of
               h.
               But
               h
               is
               an
               Ascending
               Letter
               ,
               and
               therefore
               hath
               its
               Stem
               reaching
               up
               to
               the
               Top-line
               ;
               and
               p
               is
               a
               Descending
               Letter
               ,
               and
               hath
               its
               Stem
               reaching
               down
               to
               the
               Bottom-line
               .
               The
               Belly
               of
               p
               is
               made
               upon
               three
               Centres
               .
               The
               Arches
               of
               the
               Belly
               of
               p
               are
               Arches
               of
               a
               Circle
               ;
               the
               Centre
               of
               the
               outer
               Arch
               lies
               in
               Parallel
               21
               ,
               Erect
               12
               ½
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               1.
               )
               The
               inner
               Arch
               is
               made
               by
               the
               setting
               off
               a
               Stem
               from
               the
               outer
               Arch
               inwards
               in
               the
               Parallel
               21
               ,
               and
               bringing
               this
               setting
               off
               
               and
               the
               two
               points
               where
               the
               outer
               Arch
               joyns
               to
               the
               Stem
               into
               an
               Arch
               of
               a
               Circle
               ,
               as
               you
               were
               taught
               .
               For
               first
               the
               Compasses
               set
               to
               9
               ,
               place
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               21
               ,
               Erect
               12
               ½
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               1.
               )
               and
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               a
               Circle
               for
               the
               outmost
               bounds
               of
               the
               Belly
               of
               p.
               Then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               8
               ,
               and
               place
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               21
               ,
               Erect
               10
               ¼
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               2.
               )
               and
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               an
               Arch
               that
               shall
               reach
               from
               the
               Stem
               at
               the
               Head
               to
               Erect
               12
               ½
               ;
               then
               remove
               your
               Compasses
               to
               Parallel
               21
               ¾
               ,
               Erect
               9
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               3.
               )
               and
               describe
               an
               Arch
               for
               the
               remainder
               of
               the
               inner
               bounds
               of
               the
               Belly
               of
               p.
               
            
          
           
             
               Q
            
             
               Hath
               its
               Body
               made
               like
               O.
               The
               Rump
               of
               the
               Tail
               is
               made
               by
               drawing
               a
               straight
               line
               from
               Parallel
               12
               ½
               Erect
               13
               ,
               to
               Parallel
               4
               Erect
               27
               ,
               and
               another
               straight
               line
               parallel
               to
               it
               ,
               as
               you
               were
               taught
               in
               the
               lower
               Branch
               of
               K
               ,
               at
               the
               bredth
               of
               a
               Stem
               from
               the
               Body
               of
               Q
               to
               Erect
               30.
               
               From
               this
               straight
               Rump
               the
               Tail
               arches
               and
               diminishes
               to
               the
               end
               .
               It
               is
               arched
               and
               diminished
               thus
               :
               In
               Parallel
               5
               Erect
               66
               ,
               make
               a
               mark
               for
               the
               end
               of
               the
               Tail
               ;
               then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               52
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               4
               ,
               Erect
               27
               ,
               describe
               an
               occult
               Arch
               ;
               then
               remove
               your
               Compasses
               to
               Parallel
               8
               ,
               Erect
               30
               ,
               and
               describe
               another
               occult
               Arch
               ;
               then
               remove
               your
               Compasses
               to
               the
               point
               made
               for
               the
               end
               of
               the
               Tail
               ,
               and
               describe
               an
               occult
               Arch
               that
               shall
               intersect
               the
               two
               former
               occult
               Arches
               ,
               and
               those
               two
               Intersections
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               4
               ,
               5.
               )
               shall
               be
               the
               Centre
               whereon
               you
               may
               describe
               Arches
               to
               finish
               the
               Tail
               of
               Q.
               
            
          
           
             
             
               q
            
             
               The
               Belly
               of
               q
               is
               a
               Circle
               to
               the
               Stem
               .
               The
               fatning
               of
               the
               left
               hand
               side
               is
               made
               by
               setting
               off
               one
               Stem
               in
               the
               Parallel
               ,
               that
               the
               Centre
               of
               the
               outer
               Arch
               lies
               in
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               2
               ;
               )
               then
               describe
               an
               Arch
               to
               comprehend
               the
               part
               of
               Fatning
               set
               off
               ,
               and
               the
               two
               points
               where
               the
               outer
               Arch
               joyns
               to
               the
               Stem
               ,
               as
               was
               taught
               .
               The
               rest
               of
               the
               Stem
               and
               Footing
               is
               made
               like
               several
               other
               Letters
               before
               .
            
          
           
             
               R
            
             
               The
               Stem
               ,
               Head
               ,
               and
               Footing
               of
               R
               is
               made
               like
               P.
               The
               inner
               side
               of
               the
               Branch
               proceeding
               from
               the
               Head
               stands
               at
               the
               Head
               2
               ½
               distant
               from
               the
               Stem
               ,
               where
               make
               a
               Prick
               ;
               and
               at
               the
               Foot
               9
               distant
               from
               the
               Stem
               ,
               where
               make
               another
               Prick
               .
               Between
               these
               two
               Pricks
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               ,
               and
               draw
               another
               straight
               line
               Parallel
               to
               it
               the
               bredth
               of
               a
               Stem
               ,
               as
               you
               were
               taught
               in
               the
               lower
               Branch
               of
               K.
               
            
          
           
             
               r
            
             
               The
               Stem
               of
               r
               is
               made
               like
               the
               Stem
               of
               i.
               To
               make
               the
               small
               Branch
               proceeding
               from
               the
               Stem
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               half
               the
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               1
               ¾
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               28
               ¼
               ,
               Erect
               14
               ,
               describe
               the
               small
               Circle
               for
               the
               Dot
               of
               the
               Branch
               .
               Then
               divide
               the
               Parallel
               distance
               between
               the
               Centre
               of
               the
               Dot
               and
               
               the
               left
               hand
               stroke
               of
               the
               Stem
               into
               two
               equal
               parts
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               point
               of
               your
               Compasses
               in
               the
               Head-line
               ,
               direct
               the
               other
               point
               on
               the
               Erect
               of
               the
               Division
               made
               before
               ,
               between
               the
               Centre
               of
               the
               Dot
               and
               the
               left
               hand
               stroke
               of
               the
               Stem
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               1.
               )
               and
               on
               that
               Centre
               describe
               the
               upper
               Arch
               to
               joyn
               the
               Dot
               and
               Stem
               together
               .
               To
               describe
               the
               under
               Arch
               divide
               the
               distance
               between
               the
               Dot
               and
               right
               hand
               side
               of
               the
               Stem
               into
               two
               equal
               parts
               ,
               and
               set
               that
               off
               from
               the
               Stem
               in
               the
               Parallel
               of
               the
               former
               Centre
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               2.
               )
               and
               describe
               the
               under
               Arch
               of
               the
               Branch
               .
               Footing
               is
               made
               as
               before
               .
            
          
           
             
               S
            
             
               Here
               are
               four
               Circles
               made
               to
               draw
               S
               ,
               and
               the
               Centres
               of
               them
               all
               lie
               in
               the
               same
               Erect
               .
               To
               describe
               the
               first
               Circle
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               8
               ½
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               33
               ½
               ,
               Erect
               8
               ½
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               1.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               a
               Circle
               .
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               5
               ¾
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               35
               ¾
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               2.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               a
               second
               Circle
               .
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               9
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               21
               ,
               Erect
               8
               ½
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               3.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               a
               third
               Circle
               .
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               6
               ¼
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               18
               ¾
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               4.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               a
               fourth
               Circle
               .
               I
               need
               not
               teach
               you
               how
               these
               Circles
               are
               wrought
               into
               an
               S
               ,
               because
               the
               Letter
               it self
               shews
               you
               plainly
               .
               But
               the
               Buttings
               at
               Top
               and
               Foot
               are
               thus
               made
               :
               Set
               off
               at
               the
               Intersection
               of
               the
               first
               Circle
               with
               the
               Erect
               of
               the
               third
               Circle
               5
               downwards
               ,
               and
               from
               thence
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               into
               the
               Top-line
               ;
               from
               this
               
               straight
               line
               set
               off
               in
               the
               Top-line
               5
               towards
               the
               left
               hand
               ,
               and
               by
               two
               occult
               Arches
               made
               on
               these
               two
               points
               in
               the
               Top-line
               you
               will
               find
               a
               Centre
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               5.
               )
               whereon
               (
               your
               Compasses
               set
               to
               5
               )
               you
               may
               describe
               the
               Arch
               for
               the
               Hollow
               of
               the
               Head
               of
               S.
               For
               the
               Butting
               and
               Hollow
               at
               the
               Foot
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               through
               the
               left
               hand
               verge
               of
               the
               first
               Circle
               into
               the
               Foot-line
               ,
               and
               in
               Parallel
               21
               ,
               (
               which
               is
               the
               Parallel
               wherein
               the
               Centre
               of
               the
               third
               Circle
               lies
               )
               make
               therein
               a
               Prick
               for
               the
               upper
               end
               of
               the
               Butting
               ,
               from
               thence
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               in
               the
               same
               Erect
               into
               the
               Foot-line
               for
               the
               whole
               Butting
               ;
               from
               this
               point
               of
               Butting
               in
               the
               Foot-line
               (
               your
               Compasses
               set
               to
               5
               )
               measure
               into
               the
               third
               Circle
               ,
               and
               on
               these
               two
               points
               describe
               two
               occult
               Arches
               ,
               whose
               Intersections
               shall
               be
               a
               Centre
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               6.
               )
               whereon
               you
               may
               describe
               the
               Hollow
               at
               the
               Foot
               of
               S.
               How
               the
               Tail
               of
               S
               falls
               off
               from
               a
               Circle
               towards
               the
               Butting
               you
               may
               perceive
               by
               the
               Letter
               it self
               ,
               and
               accordingly
               work
               it
               in
               by
               hand
               .
            
          
           
             
               s
            
             
               Draw
               an
               Erect
               line
               ,
               and
               on
               it
               set
               off
               half
               a
               part
               at
               the
               Head
               ,
               and
               half
               a
               part
               at
               the
               Foot
               ,
               for
               the
               thickness
               of
               the
               Head
               and
               Foot
               of
               s.
               Then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               3
               ,
               and
               measuring
               in
               the
               same
               Erect
               from
               the
               point
               set
               off
               at
               the
               Head
               ,
               you
               have
               the
               Centre
               of
               the
               inner
               Circle
               of
               the
               Head
               of
               s
               ;
               from
               the
               bottom
               of
               this
               inner
               Circle
               set
               off
               3
               ½
               ,
               viz.
               one
               Stem
               in
               the
               Erect
               .
               Then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               3
               ¾
               ,
               and
               measure
               in
               the
               same
               Erect
               from
               the
               point
               set
               off
               for
               the
               thickness
               of
               s
               ,
               at
               the
               Foot
               you
               have
               the
               Centre
               
               of
               the
               inner
               Circle
               of
               the
               Foot.
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               half
               the
               distance
               between
               the
               Top
               of
               this
               Circle
               and
               the
               Head
               of
               s
               ,
               and
               that
               half
               distance
               shall
               be
               the
               Centre
               whereon
               you
               may
               describe
               the
               outer
               Circle
               of
               the
               Head.
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               half
               the
               distance
               between
               the
               bottom
               of
               the
               inner
               Circle
               and
               the
               Foot-line
               ,
               and
               that
               half
               distance
               shall
               be
               the
               Centre
               whereon
               you
               may
               describe
               the
               outer
               Circle
               of
               the
               Foot.
               For
               the
               Dots
               at
               Head
               and
               Foot
               set
               off
               one
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               3
               ½
               ,
               from
               the
               Head
               and
               Foot-line
               ,
               that
               is
               ,
               in
               the
               Parallels
               of
               14
               ½
               and
               26
               ½
               ;
               and
               where
               that
               setting
               off
               the
               inner
               Circles
               of
               Head
               and
               Foot
               ,
               shall
               be
               the
               Centre
               whereon
               the
               Compasses
               set
               to
               1
               ¾
               ,
               you
               may
               describe
               Circles
               for
               the
               Dots
               .
            
          
           
             
               s
            
             
               Is
               made
               like
               f
               ,
               onely
               instead
               of
               a
               stroke
               quite
               through
               the
               Head-line
               ,
               here
               is
               onely
               a
               Beak
               proceeding
               from
               the
               left
               hand
               to
               the
               Stem
               in
               the
               Head-line
               .
               This
               Beak
               or
               Projecture
               is
               made
               like
               the
               Projecture
               of
               other
               Letters
               ;
               onely
               the
               line
               of
               the
               Beak
               that
               runs
               into
               the
               Head-line
               is
               drawn
               on
               the
               left
               Head-line
               of
               the
               Stem
               .
            
          
           
             
               T
            
             
               The
               Stem
               and
               right
               hand
               Top-stroke
               of
               T
               is
               made
               like
               the
               Stem
               and
               Top-stroke
               of
               E
               ,
               and
               the
               left
               hand
               Top-stroke
               of
               T
               is
               the
               same
               with
               the
               right
               hand
               Top-stroke
               ,
               onely
               the
               Buttings
               must
               be
               made
               on
               the
               left
               hand
               .
            
          
           
             
             
               t
            
             
               Hath
               the
               Top
               of
               the
               right
               hand
               stroke
               of
               its
               Stem
               reach
               3
               ½
               ,
               viz.
               one
               Stem
               above
               the
               Head-line
               .
               The
               stroke
               through
               the
               Head
               is
               half
               a
               Stem
               broad
               ,
               and
               Projects
               on
               either
               side
               the
               Stem
               1
               Stem
               .
               From
               the
               left
               hand
               end
               of
               the
               stroke
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               to
               the
               Top
               of
               the
               right
               hand
               stroke
               of
               the
               Stem
               .
               Both
               sides
               the
               Stem
               run
               straight
               down
               to
               Parallel
               15.
               
               The
               Arches
               of
               the
               Tail
               are
               thus
               drawn
               :
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               5
               ¼
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               17
               ¼
               Erect
               8
               ½
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               1.
               )
               Describe
               an
               Arch
               to
               reach
               from
               the
               left
               hand
               side
               of
               the
               Stem
               through
               the
               Foot-line
               into
               the
               Parallel
               of
               15
               ,
               where
               the
               Tail
               shall
               end
               ;
               then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               one
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               3
               ½
               ,
               and
               describe
               occult
               Arches
               from
               the
               Tail
               ,
               and
               the
               lower
               end
               of
               the
               right
               hand
               line
               of
               the
               Stem
               ,
               and
               where
               these
               two
               occult
               Arches
               intersect
               each
               other
               ,
               (
               as
               here
               at
               Fig.
               2.
               )
               shall
               be
               the
               Centre
               whereon
               you
               must
               describe
               the
               inner
               Arch
               of
               the
               Tail.
               
            
          
           
             
               V
            
             
               In
               Erect
               17
               ½
               Erect
               a
               Perpendicular
               from
               the
               Foot-line
               into
               the
               Top-line
               .
               Set
               off
               from
               this
               Perpendicular
               in
               the
               Top-line
               12
               ½
               towards
               the
               left
               hand
               ,
               and
               12
               ½
               towards
               the
               right
               hand
               ;
               from
               these
               two
               points
               draw
               straight
               to
               the
               Perpendicular
               in
               the
               Foot-line
               for
               the
               outer
               bounds
               of
               V.
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               5
               ,
               viz.
               one
               Stem
               ;
               describe
               an
               occult
               Arch
               upon
               some
               convenient
               point
               of
               the
               left
               hand
               line
               near
               the
               
               Top
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               1.
               )
               Then
               remove
               your
               Compasses
               to
               some
               convenient
               point
               near
               the
               Foot-line
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               2.
               )
               and
               describe
               another
               occult
               Arch.
               From
               the
               outer
               verge
               of
               these
               two
               occult
               Arches
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               for
               the
               inner
               right
               hand
               stroke
               of
               V
               ;
               then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               1
               ,
               and
               on
               the
               right
               hand
               stroke
               describe
               two
               other
               occult
               Arches
               ,
               and
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               by
               their
               verges
               for
               the
               inner
               line
               of
               the
               right
               side
               stroke
               of
               V.
               The
               Toppings
               are
               made
               like
               the
               Footings
               of
               A
               ,
               and
               several
               other
               Letters
               .
            
          
           
             
               v
            
             
               In
               Erect
               ,
               10
               ½
               Erect
               a
               Perpendicular
               into
               the
               Head-line
               ,
               and
               from
               it
               set
               off
               7
               towards
               the
               left
               hand
               in
               the
               Head-line
               ,
               and
               7
               towards
               the
               right
               hand
               ;
               from
               these
               two
               points
               draw
               straight
               lines
               into
               the
               Foot-line
               .
               For
               the
               outer
               bounds
               set
               off
               from
               the
               left
               hand
               line
               one
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               3
               ½
               towards
               the
               right
               hand
               in
               the
               Head-line
               ,
               and
               describe
               two
               occult
               Arches
               upon
               some
               convenient
               points
               of
               the
               left
               hand
               line
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               1
               ,
               2.
               )
               From
               the
               verges
               of
               these
               two
               occult
               Arches
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               for
               the
               inner
               line
               of
               the
               left
               side
               ;
               then
               set
               off
               2
               /
               3
               from
               the
               right
               hand
               line
               in
               the
               Head-line
               towards
               the
               left
               hand
               ,
               and
               describe
               other
               occult
               Arches
               upon
               some
               convenient
               points
               of
               the
               right
               hand
               line
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               3
               ,
               4.
               )
               and
               from
               the
               outer
               verges
               of
               these
               occult
               Arches
               draw
               the
               inner
               line
               of
               the
               right
               side
               of
               v.
               The
               Heading
               is
               made
               like
               the
               Heading
               of
               k.
               
            
          
           
             
             
               U
            
             
               U
               is
               26
               ½
               wide
               in
               the
               Top
               between
               the
               outer
               bounds
               .
               The
               left
               hand
               side
               is
               5
               broad
               ,
               and
               runs
               straight
               down
               to
               Parallel
               25
               ½
               .
               The
               right
               hand
               side
               is
               1
               ½
               broad
               at
               the
               Top
               ,
               and
               1
               at
               the
               Parallel
               of
               25
               ½
               .
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               13
               ¼
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               25
               ½
               ,
               Erect
               23
               ½
               .
               Describe
               the
               outer
               Arch
               :
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               10
               ¼
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               25
               ½
               ,
               Erect
               23
               ½
               ,
               describe
               the
               inner
               Arch.
               The
               Topping
               make
               as
               you
               have
               been
               taught
               before
               .
            
          
           
             
               u
            
             
               The
               first
               Stem
               is
               made
               like
               i
               ,
               but
               it
               rounds
               at
               the
               Foot
               as
               h
               ,
               m
               ,
               n
               ,
               do
               at
               the
               Head.
               The
               second
               Stem
               is
               sometimes
               made
               straight
               without
               a
               Beak
               ,
               as
               it
               is
               here
               ;
               sometimes
               with
               one
               made
               like
               the
               former
               .
               It
               s
               Tail
               is
               made
               like
               the
               Tail
               of
               d.
               
            
          
           
             
               W
            
             
               Is
               VV
               ,
               onely
               the
               left
               side
               of
               the
               second
               V
               lies
               over
               the
               right
               side
               of
               the
               first
               in
               the
               Top-line
               .
            
          
           
             
               w
            
             
               The
               same
               with
               W
               ,
               onely
               you
               must
               observe
               the
               Dimensions
               of
               v.
               
            
          
           
             
             
               X
            
             
               Set
               off
               5
               in
               the
               Top-line
               ,
               and
               20
               in
               the
               Foot-line
               ,
               and
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               between
               these
               two
               points
               .
               Draw
               another
               line
               towards
               the
               right
               hand
               Parallel
               to
               it
               by
               occult
               Arches
               the
               bredth
               of
               a
               Stem
               .
               Then
               set
               off
               25
               in
               the
               Top-line
               ,
               and
               6
               in
               the
               Foot-line
               ,
               and
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               between
               these
               two
               points
               ,
               draw
               another
               line
               parallel
               to
               it
               towards
               the
               right
               hand
               ,
               by
               occult
               Arches
               the
               bredth
               of
               1.
               
               The
               Toppings
               and
               Footings
               are
               made
               as
               before
               .
            
          
           
             
               x
            
             
               Set
               off
               3
               ½
               in
               the
               Hend-line
               ,
               and
               14
               ,
               viz.
               four
               Stems
               ,
               in
               the
               Foot-line
               ,
               and
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               between
               these
               two
               points
               ;
               draw
               another
               line
               parallel
               to
               it
               towards
               your
               right
               hand
               ,
               by
               occult
               Arches
               the
               bredth
               of
               a
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               3
               ½
               ;
               then
               set
               off
               16
               ½
               in
               the
               Head-line
               ,
               and
               3
               ½
               in
               the
               Foot-line
               ,
               and
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               between
               these
               two
               points
               ;
               draw
               another
               line
               Parallel
               to
               it
               towards
               the
               right
               hand
               ,
               by
               occult
               Arches
               the
               bredth
               of
               half
               .
               The
               Toppings
               and
               Footings
               are
               made
               as
               before
               .
            
          
           
             
               Y
            
             
               Erect
               a
               Perpendicular
               from
               the
               Foot-line
               into
               the
               Top-line
               ,
               and
               set
               off
               in
               the
               Top-line
               on
               either
               side
               8.
               
               Then
               in
               Parallel
               27
               make
               a
               Prick
               in
               the
               Perpendicular
               
               from
               these
               two
               settings
               off
               in
               the
               Top-line
               draw
               straight
               lines
               to
               the
               Prick
               in
               the
               Perpendicular
               for
               the
               inner
               bounds
               of
               Y.
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               5
               ,
               and
               on
               the
               ends
               of
               the
               left
               hand
               line
               describe
               two
               occult
               Arches
               ,
               through
               whose
               Convex
               points
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               from
               the
               Perpendicular
               into
               the
               Top-line
               for
               the
               outer
               bounds
               of
               the
               left
               hand
               side
               .
               Then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               1
               ,
               and
               on
               the
               ends
               of
               the
               right
               hand
               line
               describe
               two
               other
               occult
               Arches
               ,
               through
               whose
               Convex
               points
               draw
               another
               straight
               line
               into
               the
               Top-line
               ,
               for
               the
               outer
               bounds
               of
               the
               right
               side
               .
               Then
               set
               off
               in
               the
               Foot-line
               and
               Top-line
               1
               on
               the
               right
               hand
               the
               Perpendicular
               ,
               and
               4
               on
               the
               left
               hand
               the
               Perpendicular
               ,
               and
               by
               a
               Ruler
               laid
               to
               the
               settings
               off
               on
               either
               side
               the
               Perpendicular
               draw
               straight
               lines
               from
               the
               Body
               of
               Y
               into
               the
               Foot-line
               .
               The
               Footing
               and
               Topping
               is
               made
               as
               before
               .
            
          
           
             
               y
            
             
               Erect
               a
               Perpendicular
               from
               the
               Foot-line
               into
               the
               Head-line
               ,
               and
               set
               off
               on
               the
               left
               hand
               3
               ½
               ,
               and
               on
               the
               right
               hand
               7
               in
               the
               Head-line
               ,
               from
               the
               setting
               off
               on
               the
               left
               hand
               describe
               an
               occult
               Arch
               of
               1
               Stem
               ,
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               from
               the
               Foot-line
               at
               the
               Perpendicular
               through
               the
               Convex
               point
               into
               the
               Head-line
               ,
               for
               the
               bounds
               of
               the
               left
               side
               of
               y
               ;
               draw
               another
               line
               Parallel
               to
               this
               line
               ,
               the
               bredth
               of
               1
               Stem
               for
               the
               inner
               bounds
               of
               the
               left
               side
               ,
               from
               7
               set
               off
               on
               the
               right
               hand
               the
               Perpendicular
               in
               the
               Head-line
               set
               off
               half
               ,
               and
               from
               thence
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               into
               the
               Foot-line
               at
               the
               Perpendicular
               for
               the
               outer
               bounds
               of
               the
               right
               side
               of
               y.
               Draw
               another
               
               straight
               line
               Parallel
               to
               it
               ½
               part
               towards
               the
               left
               hand
               for
               the
               inner
               bounds
               of
               y.
               
            
             
               The
               Tail
               is
               an
               Arch
               which
               you
               may
               thus
               make
               :
               Under
               the
               outer
               left
               side
               Heading
               in
               the
               same
               Erect
               on
               the
               Bottom-line
               describe
               a
               Circle
               for
               the
               Dot
               of
               the
               Tail
               ,
               whose
               Diameter
               shall
               be
               1
               Stem
               ;
               then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               42
               ,
               (
               the
               whole
               depth
               of
               a
               Letter
               )
               and
               placing
               one
               point
               almost
               at
               the
               Bottom
               of
               the
               right
               side
               the
               Dot
               ,
               describe
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               an
               occult
               Arch
               ;
               then
               place
               one
               Foot
               of
               your
               Compasses
               at
               the
               lower
               Angle
               of
               the
               Body
               of
               Y
               ,
               and
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               another
               Arch
               to
               cut
               the
               former
               Arch
               ,
               and
               where
               these
               two
               Arches
               cut
               each
               other
               shall
               be
               the
               Centre
               whereon
               an
               Arch
               described
               from
               the
               Dot
               to
               the
               Angle
               aforesaid
               shall
               be
               the
               outer
               bounds
               of
               the
               Tail.
               The
               inner
               bounds
               are
               made
               by
               describing
               an
               Arch
               Concentrick
               to
               the
               former
               .
               The
               Headings
               have
               been
               taught
               before
               .
            
          
           
             
               Z
            
             
               Set
               off
               20
               in
               the
               Top-line
               ;
               from
               thence
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               into
               Erect
               0
               in
               the
               Foot-line
               ;
               then
               by
               occult
               Arches
               1
               ,
               2
               ,
               made
               towards
               the
               right
               hand
               ,
               draw
               a
               line
               1
               Stem
               ,
               viz.
               5
               parts
               ,
               between
               the
               Top
               and
               Foot-line
               for
               the
               right
               hand
               line
               of
               Z.
               The
               Top
               and
               Foot-line
               are
               each
               1
               part
               thick
               .
               The
               Butting
               at
               the
               Top
               is
               made
               by
               setting
               your
               Compasses
               to
               5
               ,
               and
               drawing
               a
               straight
               line
               in
               Erect
               0
               from
               the
               Top
               to
               this
               setting
               off
               ;
               then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               15
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               this
               setting
               off
               ,
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               towards
               the
               right
               hand
               an
               occult
               Arch
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               3.
               )
               The
               remove
               your
               Compasses
               to
               
               Parallel
               41
               ,
               Erect
               1
               ,
               and
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               another
               occult
               Arch
               to
               cut
               the
               former
               ,
               and
               where
               these
               two
               occult
               Arches
               cut
               each
               other
               is
               the
               Centre
               ,
               whereon
               you
               may
               describe
               the
               hollow
               of
               the
               Buttings
               .
               The
               Buttings
               of
               the
               Foot-line
               is
               made
               by
               setting
               your
               Compasses
               to
               5
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Prallel
               13
               Erect
               26
               ;
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               an
               occult
               Arch
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               5.
               )
               in
               that
               occult
               Arch
               in
               Erect
               28
               ½
               make
               a
               Prick
               ,
               and
               laying
               a
               straight
               Ruler
               to
               this
               Prick
               and
               the
               right
               hand
               end
               of
               the
               Foot
               of
               Z
               ,
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               for
               the
               Butting
               .
               Then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               15
               and
               14
               ;
               at
               the
               end
               of
               this
               straight
               line
               place
               one
               Foot
               of
               your
               Compasses
               ,
               and
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               an
               occult
               Arch
               towards
               the
               Stem
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               5.
               )
               then
               remove
               your
               Compasses
               ,
               and
               place
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               13
               ,
               1
               part
               from
               the
               end
               towards
               the
               left
               hand
               line
               of
               Butting
               ,
               and
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               another
               occult
               Arch
               to
               cut
               the
               former
               ,
               and
               where
               these
               two
               occult
               Arches
               cut
               each
               other
               shall
               be
               the
               Centre
               ,
               whereon
               you
               shall
               describe
               the
               hollow
               of
               the
               Butting
               of
               the
               Foot.
               
            
          
           
             
               z
            
             
               Set
               off
               in
               the
               Head
               and
               Foot-lines
               17
               ½
               .
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               3
               ½
               ,
               viz.
               1
               Stem
               ,
               and
               towards
               your
               right
               hand
               describe
               in
               the
               Foot-line
               an
               occult
               Arch
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               1.
               )
               Lay
               your
               Ruler
               to
               17
               ½
               ;
               set
               off
               in
               the
               Head-line
               and
               to
               the
               Convex
               point
               of
               this
               Arch
               ,
               and
               draw
               the
               right
               hand
               line
               of
               the
               Stem
               ;
               then
               remove
               your
               Compasses
               to
               17
               /
               2
               ;
               in
               the
               Head-line
               ,
               and
               towards
               the
               left
               hand
               describe
               another
               occult
               Arch
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               2.
               )
               Lay
               your
               Ruler
               to
               Erect
               0
               in
               the
               Foot-line
               ,
               and
               the
               
               Convex
               point
               of
               this
               Arch
               ,
               and
               draw
               the
               left
               hand
               line
               of
               the
               Stem
               .
               The
               Head
               and
               Foot-lines
               are
               half
               thick
               .
               The
               Butting
               at
               the
               Head
               is
               half
               above
               the
               Head-line
               ;
               therefore
               set
               off
               half
               in
               the
               Erect
               0
               ,
               and
               hollow
               it
               to
               the
               Head-line
               ,
               as
               you
               were
               taught
               before
               by
               two
               occult
               Arches
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               3.
               )
               The
               other
               Buttings
               are
               made
               as
               the
               Head
               Butting
               of
               Z
               ;
               but
               onely
               the
               Butting
               of
               the
               Foot
               is
               straight
               upright
               in
               this
               Letter
               ,
               and
               in
               that
               it
               runs
               up
               aslope
               towards
               the
               right
               hand
               ,
               as
               you
               may
               see
               by
               the
               Letters
               themselves
               .
            
          
           
             
               &
            
             
               Of
               all
               the
               Characters
               yet
               made
               this
               is
               the
               most
               troublesom
               ,
               it
               having
               no
               less
               than
               10
               Centres
               in
               it
               ,
               and
               consequently
               as
               many
               Arches
               .
               But
               thus
               it
               is
               made
               :
               Set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               9
               ¾
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               21
               ¾
               Erect
               9
               ¾
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               1.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               the
               under
               part
               of
               the
               arching
               Belly
               from
               Parallel
               17
               ½
               to
               Parallel
               22
               ;
               then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               8
               ½
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               20
               Erect
               8
               ¼
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               2.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               the
               upper
               part
               of
               the
               arching
               Belly
               .
               Then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               8
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               22
               Erect
               12
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               3.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               an
               Arch
               for
               the
               inside
               of
               the
               Belly
               .
               Then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               5
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               34
               Erect
               8
               ½
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               4.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               almost
               a
               Circle
               for
               the
               outside
               of
               the
               Head
               ;
               through
               this
               Circle
               draw
               a
               Perpendicular
               Diametral
               line
               ,
               (
               as
               
                 a
                 ,
                 b
              
               )
               and
               from
               the
               point
               a
               set
               off
               in
               the
               Circle
               towards
               the
               left
               hand
               2
               parts
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               c
               )
               and
               set
               off
               2
               parts
               towards
               the
               right
               hand
               from
               b
               to
               d
               through
               the
               
               Diametral
               
                 c
                 ,
                 d
              
               ,
               draw
               another
               Diametral
               line
               at
               right
               angles
               ,
               as
               
                 e
                 ,
                 f.
              
               Then
               in
               the
               point
               where
               this
               Diametral
               line
               cuts
               the
               Circle
               of
               the
               Head
               ,
               as
               at
               the
               point
               e
               ,
               set
               off
               on
               the
               Diametral
               line
               3
               ½
               ,
               viz.
               one
               Stem
               ,
               and
               with
               your
               Compasses
               set
               to
               5
               ,
               (
               as
               before
               )
               place
               one
               Foot
               in
               the
               Point
               set
               off
               ,
               and
               extend
               the
               other
               on
               the
               Diametral
               line
               ,
               and
               placing
               it
               there
               ,
               with
               your
               first
               Foot
               describe
               the
               inner
               Arch
               of
               the
               Head
               on
               the
               left
               hand
               .
               Then
               set
               off
               also
               3
               ½
               ,
               viz.
               1
               Stem
               on
               the
               right
               hand
               from
               the
               Intersection
               of
               the
               Diametral
               and
               the
               Circle
               ,
               and
               place
               one
               Foot
               of
               your
               Compasses
               (
               being
               set
               to
               5
               )
               there
               ,
               extending
               the
               other
               on
               the
               Diametral
               towards
               the
               left
               hand
               ,
               and
               on
               that
               point
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               the
               other
               inner
               Arch
               of
               the
               Head
               ,
               which
               meeting
               of
               the
               two
               Arches
               at
               the
               Top
               and
               Bottom
               you
               must
               work
               into
               an
               Oval
               .
               Then
               set
               your
               Compasses
               to
               32
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               the
               point
               where
               Erect
               6
               cuts
               the
               under
               part
               of
               the
               outer
               Circle
               of
               the
               Head
               ,
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               towards
               the
               Bottom-line
               on
               your
               left
               hand
               an
               occult
               Arch.
               And
               removing
               one
               point
               of
               your
               Compasses
               to
               Erect
               17
               Parallel
               15
               ,
               with
               the
               other
               Foot
               describe
               another
               occult
               Arch
               to
               intersect
               the
               former
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               5.
               )
               and
               on
               this
               point
               as
               on
               a
               Centre
               describe
               an
               Arch
               for
               the
               inside
               the
               Diagonal
               Stem
               .
               Then
               draw
               a
               straight
               line
               from
               the
               middle
               part
               of
               this
               Diagonal
               Stem
               ,
               and
               set
               off
               on
               it
               from
               the
               Centre
               5
               ,
               3
               ½
               ,
               viz.
               1
               Stem
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               of
               your
               Compasses
               as
               before
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               6.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               the
               outer
               Arch
               of
               the
               Diagonal
               Stem
               .
               The
               Tail
               of
               the
               Diagonal
               Stem
               is
               made
               by
               setting
               your
               Compasses
               to
               6
               ½
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               18
               ½
               ,
               Erect
               22
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               7.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               the
               under
               Arch
               of
               the
               Tail
               as
               far
               as
               Parallel
               15
               Erect
               27.
               
               The
               upper
               
               Arch
               of
               the
               Tail
               is
               made
               by
               setting
               your
               Compasses
               to
               4
               ½
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               17
               Erect
               24
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               8.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               it
               ;
               onely
               the
               end
               of
               the
               Tail
               must
               be
               wrought
               into
               a
               sharp
               point
               .
               The
               Arch
               above
               the
               Diagonal
               Stem
               is
               made
               by
               setting
               your
               Compasses
               to
               24
               ,
               and
               placing
               one
               Foot
               in
               Parallel
               33
               Erect
               1
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               9.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               the
               outer
               Arch.
               Then
               remove
               your
               Compasses
               to
               Parallel
               32
               Erect
               half
               less
               than
               0
               ,
               (
               as
               at
               Fig.
               10.
               )
               with
               the
               other
               describe
               the
               inner
               Arch.
               
            
          
           
             
               ae
               oe
               ct
               st
               sh
            
             
               And
               other
               double
               Letters
               ,
               I
               need
               not
               discourse
               on
               ,
               because
               by
               these
               Paterns
               you
               may
               see
               how
               they
               are
               joyned
               together
               .
            
             
               Having
               given
               you
               such
               full
               Instructions
               upon
               the
               Roman
               Capitals
               and
               Small
               Letters
               ,
               I
               think
               it
               needless
               to
               give
               you
               Copious
               Rules
               upon
               the
               Italick
               or
               English
               Letters
               ,
               the
               Paterns
               being
               so
               large
               that
               every
               Member
               in
               them
               are
               distinct
               and
               intelligent
               ,
               and
               the
               Manual
               Operations
               so
               much
               the
               same
               in
               all
               ,
               that
               the
               Scales
               down
               the
               side
               and
               in
               the
               Bottom-line
               serve
               for
               an
               ample
               Discourse
               upon
               every
               one
               of
               them
               .
            
          
        
         
           
             Of
             Italick
             Letters
             .
          
           
             ITalick
             Letters
             seem
             to
             be
             derived
             from
             the
             Roman
             ,
             because
             its
             shape
             is
             so
             like
             the
             Roman
             ,
             that
             its
             Members
             differ
             in
             very
             few
             Letters
             from
             it
             ;
             onely
             the
             Stems
             of
             the
             Roman
             are
             perpendicularly
             upright
             ,
             and
             the
             Bellies
             are
             circular
             ,
             but
             in
             the
             Italick
             the
             
             Stems
             are
             aslope
             ,
             and
             the
             Bellies
             are
             oval
             .
             The
             slope
             of
             the
             Stems
             are
             ¼
             of
             the
             whole
             depth
             of
             the
             Letter
             ,
             viz.
             10
             ½
             parts
             set
             off
             from
             a
             Perpendicular
             on
             the
             left
             hand
             in
             the
             Top-line
             ,
             and
             a
             line
             drawn
             from
             the
             same
             Perpendicular
             in
             the
             Foot-line
             to
             the
             10
             ½
             in
             the
             Top-line
             ,
             as
             in
             Letter
             
               A
               ,
               F
            
             From
             1
             to
             2
             is
             the
             slope
             of
             the
             Letter
             .
          
           
             Those
             Letters
             that
             have
             Bellies
             ,
             as
             
               a
               ,
               b
               ,
               c
               ,
               d
               ,
               e
               ,
               q
               ,
            
             have
             the
             inside
             of
             their
             Bellies
             Ovals
             ,
             whose
             greatest
             Diameter
             is
             18
             parts
             ,
             viz.
             the
             whole
             length
             of
             a
             Small
             Letter
             ,
             and
             its
             least
             Diameter
             6
             parts
             ;
             which
             Oval
             is
             so
             set
             aslope
             ,
             that
             half
             a
             part
             lies
             below
             the
             Head-line
             ,
             and
             ⅔
             parts
             above
             the
             Foot-line
             ;
             so
             that
             working
             above
             the
             Oval
             into
             the
             Head-line
             ,
             and
             below
             the
             Oval
             into
             the
             Foot-line
             ,
             you
             may
             make
             the
             Fatness
             of
             the
             Head
             and
             Foot
             of
             the
             Belly
             ;
             but
             how
             the
             Belly
             fattens
             downwards
             ,
             you
             may
             best
             see
             by
             the
             Paterns
             themselves
             .
          
           
             The
             Beaks
             of
             Letters
             project
             3
             parts
             ,
             viz.
             1
             Stem
             from
             the
             Stem
             towards
             the
             left
             hand
             ,
             and
             lie
             at
             the
             point
             of
             the
             Beak
             1
             part
             below
             the
             Top-line
             ;
             so
             that
             a
             straight
             line
             drawn
             from
             the
             Top
             of
             the
             right
             hand
             line
             of
             the
             Stem
             to
             the
             point
             of
             the
             Beak
             is
             the
             upper
             bounds
             of
             the
             Beak
             ;
             and
             1
             set
             off
             in
             the
             left
             hand
             line
             of
             the
             Stem
             under
             the
             lower
             bounds
             of
             the
             Beak
             is
             the
             thickness
             of
             the
             Beak
             ,
             so
             that
             a
             straight
             line
             drawn
             from
             that
             point
             to
             the
             end
             of
             the
             Beak
             is
             the
             lower
             bounds
             of
             the
             Beak
             .
          
           
             The
             Nose
             of
             Small
             Letters
             project
             also
             3
             parts
             ,
             viz.
             one
             Stem
             from
             the
             Stem
             of
             the
             Letter
             ,
             and
             the
             point
             of
             it
             lies
             three
             parts
             below
             the
             Head-line
             .
          
           
             The
             Tails
             are
             made
             just
             like
             the
             Beaks
             ,
             if
             you
             imagine
             the
             Foot
             were
             turned
             into
             the
             Head-line
             .
          
        
         
           
           
             Of
             the
             English
             Letters
             .
          
           
             THis
             sort
             of
             Letters
             by
             the
             Fatness
             of
             the
             Stems
             seems
             to
             be
             first
             invented
             for
             durable
             Records
             :
             For
             from
             these
             Letters
             seems
             to
             proceed
             the
             several
             Court-hands
             of
             Law
             ,
             Chancery
             ,
             &c.
             
          
           
             Although
             the
             most
             parts
             of
             these
             Letters
             ,
             but
             especially
             the
             Small
             ,
             are
             straight
             lines
             ,
             which
             are
             to
             be
             drawn
             by
             the
             side
             of
             a
             Ruler
             ,
             yet
             are
             few
             of
             the
             Arches
             of
             the
             Capital
             Letters
             Arches
             of
             Circles
             ,
             and
             therefore
             cannot
             well
             be
             described
             with
             Compasses
             ,
             but
             are
             made
             without
             Geometrical
             Considerations
             ,
             onely
             by
             Judgment
             and
             good
             Command
             of
             Hand
             ;
             because
             the
             Inventers
             contented
             themselves
             to
             be
             directed
             rather
             by
             the
             Humours
             of
             the
             Pen
             (
             which
             oft
             differs
             according
             to
             the
             temper
             of
             the
             Quill
             and
             shape
             of
             the
             Nib
             ,
             and
             a
             Traditional
             Observance
             ,
             which
             cannot
             be
             equal
             in
             all
             Hands
             or
             Wits
             )
             than
             those
             nice
             Symmetrical
             Proportions
             which
             would
             have
             preserved
             them
             in
             all
             Ages
             in
             the
             same
             Youth
             and
             Beauty
             they
             were
             in
             at
             the
             first
             ;
             whenas
             now
             not
             onely
             Manuscripts
             ,
             but
             many
             printed
             Books
             differ
             in
             the
             shape
             of
             their
             Letters
             among
             themselves
             .
          
           
             Therefore
             it
             is
             that
             these
             Paterns
             cannot
             be
             exactly
             agreeable
             with
             all
             English
             Letters
             ;
             yet
             have
             I
             elected
             them
             which
             are
             now
             most
             in
             mode
             ,
             and
             in
             my
             Judgment
             the
             best
             .
             Onely
             I
             have
             in
             some
             few
             parts
             (
             where
             I
             think
             all
             Ingenious
             Contrivers
             would
             acknowledge
             Error
             )
             corrected
             them
             .
          
           
             The
             Fatnings
             ,
             Returnings
             of
             Angles
             ,
             Distances
             of
             Joynings
             ,
             and
             other
             niceties
             ,
             are
             better
             seen
             by
             the
             Paterns
             ,
             than
             learnt
             by
             many
             words
             of
             Descriptions
             on
             them
             .
             And
             therefore
             I
             have
             divided
             (
             like
             the
             Roman
             )
             
             the
             Plain
             they
             stand
             on
             into
             42
             equal
             Parallel
             parts
             of
             the
             Depth
             ,
             and
             through
             every
             sixth
             part
             you
             may
             draw
             a
             small
             straight
             line
             ;
             and
             also
             divided
             the
             bredth
             or
             thickness
             of
             the
             Letter
             into
             so
             many
             equal
             parts
             called
             Erects
             ,
             Parallel
             to
             each
             other
             ,
             as
             is
             requisite
             ;
             for
             each
             Letter
             you
             may
             also
             draw
             a
             small
             straight-line
             downwards
             ,
             so
             that
             the
             Parallel
             lines
             and
             these
             Erects
             may
             cut
             each
             other
             at
             right
             Angles
             ,
             which
             will
             divide
             the
             Plain
             into
             so
             many
             Squares
             as
             each
             Letter
             is
             made
             on
             .
             And
             by
             these
             Squares
             you
             may
             observe
             how
             every
             Member
             and
             part
             of
             a
             Member
             in
             a
             Letter
             passes
             from
             the
             Top
             to
             to
             the
             Bottom-line
             ,
             and
             from
             the
             right
             hand
             to
             the
             left
             ,
             and
             by
             making
             a
             Plain
             with
             the
             same
             number
             of
             Squares
             ,
             you
             may
             carry
             on
             the
             several
             strokes
             from
             Square
             to
             Square
             ,
             as
             you
             find
             them
             in
             your
             Paterns
             .
          
           
             But
             as
             I
             have
             given
             you
             full
             Instructions
             for
             the
             making
             the
             Roman
             Letters
             ,
             so
             shall
             I
             give
             you
             some
             few
             Directions
             ,
             which
             may
             serve
             to
             inform
             you
             in
             all
             the
             Rules
             that
             belong
             to
             these
             Letters
             ,
             but
             especially
             of
             the
             Small
             ,
             because
             they
             consist
             almost
             wholly
             of
             straight
             lines
             .
          
           
             The
             Stem
             of
             the
             Capitals
             (
             as
             was
             said
             before
             )
             is
             6
             parts
             ,
             the
             Stem
             of
             the
             Small
             Letters
             4
             parts
             .
             The
             Foot-line
             lies
             in
             Parallel
             9
             ,
             the
             Head-line
             lies
             in
             Parallel
             33.
             
             The
             Return
             Angles
             of
             those
             straight
             lines
             that
             proceed
             from
             the
             Head-line
             and
             from
             the
             Foot-line
             are
             4
             parts
             ,
             viz.
             one
             Stem
             below
             the
             Head-line
             ,
             and
             4
             parts
             above
             the
             Foot-line
             .
          
           
             The
             Fatness
             of
             the
             Stem
             is
             made
             by
             occult
             Arches
             placing
             one
             Foot
             of
             your
             Compasses
             on
             the
             Return
             Angles
             ,
             as
             in
             A
             at
             1
             and
             2
             ,
             and
             with
             the
             other
             Foot
             describing
             the
             Arches
             3
             and
             4
             ;
             so
             that
             
             a
             straight
             line
             drawn
             through
             the
             Convex
             points
             of
             these
             two
             Arches
             shall
             give
             the
             Fatness
             of
             the
             Return
             Angle
             .
             The
             like
             in
             all
             other
             Letters
             ,
             as
             you
             have
             been
             taught
             in
             Roman
             Letters
             .
          
           
             The
             Beaks
             of
             the
             Small
             Letters
             ,
             as
             
               v
               ,
               h
               ,
               k
               ,
               l
               ,
               s
               ,
            
             are
             1
             part
             broad
             and
             long
             ,
             and
             end
             in
             a
             point
             .
             The
             upper
             stroke
             of
             these
             Beaks
             proceed
             from
             the
             Head-line
             .
          
           
             The
             Cloven
             Tops
             of
             
               v
               ,
               h
               ,
               k
               ,
               l
               ,
            
             project
             on
             the
             left
             hand
             1
             part
             over
             the
             Stem
             ,
             and
             the
             point
             where
             it
             divides
             in
             the
             Stem
             lies
             in
             1
             ½
             below
             the
             Top-line
             ,
             at
             1
             ½
             distance
             from
             the
             right
             hand
             side
             of
             the
             Stem
             ,
             as
             you
             may
             see
             in
             the
             Paterns
             .
          
           
             The
             strokes
             of
             
               f
               ,
               t
               ,
               &
            
             ,
             lie
             in
             the
             Head-line
             and
             1
             part
             below
             it
             ,
             projecting
             over
             the
             Stem
             1
             part
             on
             the
             left
             hand
             ,
             and
             2
             parts
             on
             the
             right
             hand
             .
          
           
             More
             Observations
             I
             think
             needless
             ,
             because
             the
             Letters
             themselves
             are
             so
             demonstratively
             laid
             down
             on
             the
             Plain
             .
             Onely
             some
             have
             made
             all
             these
             Small
             Letters
             with
             little
             Beaks
             on
             the
             Angle
             of
             every
             Return
             ,
             because
             the
             Humour
             of
             the
             Pen
             may
             be
             made
             to
             give
             them
             ;
             but
             I
             account
             them
             Needless
             ,
             Troublesom
             ,
             and
             Affectatious
             .
             Therefore
             I
             deliver
             them
             plain
             as
             they
             lie
             in
             the
             Squares
             ,
             whereby
             they
             will
             stand
             more
             close
             ,
             become
             more
             regular
             ,
             be
             quicker
             made
             ,
             and
             more
             distinct
             and
             intelligent
             to
             the
             Eye
             ;
             yet
             such
             as
             affect
             them
             so
             may
             make
             them
             at
             their
             own
             discretion
             ,
             by
             projecting
             on
             the
             Angles
             1
             part
             ,
             as
             you
             are
             taught
             to
             do
             the
             Beaks
             .
          
        
         
           FINIS
           .
        
      
       
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
         
         
         
           
        
      
    
     
  

