semography, or, short and swift writing invented and composed for the benefit of others by the author hereof, william cartwright, and is now set forth and published by his nephew, ieremiah rich, immediate next to the authour, deceased ... cartwright, william. this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a35113 of text r22892 in the english short title catalog (wing c717). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. 41 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 15 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo 2017 a35113 wing c717 estc r22892 12234504 ocm 12234504 56700 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a35113) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 56700) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 133:7) semography, or, short and swift writing invented and composed for the benefit of others by the author hereof, william cartwright, and is now set forth and published by his nephew, ieremiah rich, immediate next to the authour, deceased ... cartwright, william. rich, jeremiah, d. 1660? [8], 15, [5] p. : ill. [s.n.], london : 1642. reproduction of original in british library. eng shorthand -early works to 1800. a35113 r22892 (wing c717). civilwar no semography: or, short and swift writing. being the most easiest, exactest, and speediest method of all other that have beene yet extant: the cartwright, william 1642 4415 9 0 0 0 0 0 20 c the rate of 20 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the c category of texts with between 10 and 35 defects per 10,000 words. 2003-07 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2003-07 spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images 2004-02 judith siefring sampled and proofread 2004-02 judith siefring text and markup reviewed and edited 2004-04 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion semography : or , short and swift writing . being the most easiest , exactest , and speediest method of all other that have beene yet extant : the full understanding is so easily attain'd that the learner hereof needs no other help but the book it selfe , 〈…〉 which will bring him to such exact 〈…〉 that in a short time he shall be able to take word for word after the speaker with much ease . invented and composed for the benefit of others by the author hereof william cartwright . and is now set forth and published by his nephew ieremiah rich immediate next to the authour deceased . there is divers that the professor hereof hath , taught , that will affirme this hand to ourgoe all others for briefnesse , which have had the sight likewise of other hands . all which desire to learn this hand may have the booke to teach them . london , printed in the yeere , 1642. to the not curious , but honest reader . kind reader , i am not minded to trouble your view with foolish and empty complements ; neither need i write any thing to the praise of short-writing , it is already done by so many to my hand , who have so far strained their finest complements to boast out their own works , that the strongest cords thereof have not only crackt , but very complementall-like , they have broken out into large lies : but yet alas we all know that many times men over-strain themselves with too long a reach . but to passe that : for my part , i conceive that all the hands that are written are advantageous to those that write speeches or sermons . and , i further conceive , that there is little difference in those hands that are already extant , for those which brag most have least cause : for if their method be shorter , it is because they commit more to memory : then it is the memory which helpes , and not the rule ; but that must needs be best that is briefest with the least trouble to memory . for if any be pleased so far to charge their memory , there is a way in this hand to write any or all the sentences in the scripture by markes , which for the most part plainly figureth out the severall sentences they belong to ; but it would be too long for me to discourse of that here , something to this purpose i have written in the booke , and if any desire further satisfaction let them repaire to me , and they shall have it . for there is more to be done by this hand then can well be committed to the presse without great and large expression . now as for my commending of the worke , i know not why any man should expect it , seeing it is my owne : for although i am not father to it , yet am i the right heire , for my vncle dying left it to me only , and now contrary to the custome of all others , i am willing that any that please should partake with me of this my small portion . farewell . thine , jer. rich . to all good artists , that would write the shortest way , lo here 's the light . lo here 's presented to thy view , what none before could ever shew , for it short-writing we may praise the like hath not been seen these daies : for method rare , and abbreviation , excelling all within this nation ; for sure there is not any hand . as farre as i can understand , that doth instruct to write so briefe , with ease to learn ; of all its chiefe , an easie apprehension may with few spent houres find out the way , both for to write , and eke to reade , such ease doth from these rules proceede . here i might lay downe some reason , but it would much be out of season . for he that 's pleas'd this book to buy , may reade and know as much as i. this branch i leave now to thy view , the stock is dead from whence it grew , and thou partaker of his paines , possesse with joy , thine be the gaines ; and when thou knowest , then say i tell the very truth , and so farewell . per me timothy langley who hath written sheltons this 12. yeares , and viewed many others , yet conceives there is none can parallel this . this i will make appeare to any that desires to learne this hand , in 4. or 5. particulars . semography : or , short and swift writing . first of all in the writing of this art , it is to be observed that the learner hereof must be a skilfull speller , having knowledge in all manner of words that can be named . for the briefnesse of this art consisteth not onely in the easinesse of the markes or characters for the same ; but in the shortning of words by casting out all such letters that are superfluous , and of little sound , and only to write as much as will bring in the sense of the word . and this he must be skilfull in before he can undertake to write after any , or to take any quantitie of a sermon . for the help of the learner in this observe these things following . first , that at the least one letter may be left out in the shortest word that can be spoken . secondly , that sometime two consonants or more may be left out , and yet the word sufficiently pronounced . as in these words , and the like . for might write mit . for fight write fit . for light write lit. for doubt write dot . for dough write do . thirdly , observe that sometimes a whole syllable may be left out ; and yet the word understood plainly . as in these , for commandement write cōmament . for congregation write congation . for resolute write reslut . for communication write comucation . for hypocrite write hypcrite . fourthly , observe that the like two or three syllables may be left out . as in these , for incomprehensible write incom . for internall write ntern . for mephibosheth write mefb . for holofernes write holof . for uncreated write uncre . for redeemed write rd . and the like . it often happeneth that in the end of a long word two or three syllables may be spared . fifthly , one consonant may be changed for another of the like sound , when the other cannot conveniently be , as in this art must be often used . as commonly in the end of long words x may be writ for ch : as in patriarch , x may expresse it thus patriarx : and so in divers other . as to write all such words as begin with c : k may be exprest standing in the place of c. as followeth , for com write kom for call write kall for cold write kold for crime write krime for croud write kroud sixthly , some words may be shortned by the leaving out of e : sometimes at the beginning , sometimes in the middle , and sometimes at the end . as followeth . in the beginning when it commeth before x. for externall write xternall . for extent write xtent . for extend write xtend . for extreme write xtreme . as also when it commeth before n. as for entrance write ntrance . for enternall write nternall . for entension write ntension . and the like when e also cometh before s. as for escape write scape . for estate write state . for establish write stablish . and the like . when it cometh before m also , it may be left out in the like manner . when e cometh in the midst of a word , and the sound thereof be drown'd by the consonant , that followes it may be spa●ed , as when it cometh before r. for internall write intrnall . for interrupt write intrupt . for interpretate write intrprate . for intercession write intrsetion . and the like . and alway at the latter end of a word it may bee spared , because it is but of little sound . as for come write com . for crie write cri . for believe write believ . for belike write belik . for betime write betim . for before write befor . and thus e is cut off from most words by reason it hath but little sound , but especially in the precedent words . of diphthongs . a diphthong is when two vowels meets together in a word , and one of them must of necessitie be sounded : and now because that one doth chiefly sound the word ; therefore the other may bee omitted . as in these . for feare write fer . for heat write het . for meat write met . for feat write set . for great write gret . for feat write fet . and the like . although two doe come together , yet the first doth principally sound the word ; and must be writ as is said . so much for diphthongs . observe that for a slow hand there is a help in this art , both in speedinesse and also in memory , by the reason that a whole sentence may be joyn'd together , as one marke ; and also plainly be read , which i leave and referre to the learner when he comes to them . having spoken something of this art in generall , we come to the first point thereof in particular . the letters of the alphabet . a / b ch c d e f g h i k l m n o p q q r s s t v w x y y z z chap. i. all which letters except y must be made before the pen be taken from the paper , that is to say , at once . also observe that q stands for qu. because they alwayes come together . likewise all the letters ( save onely t and y : and y ) are to be ended towards the right hand , that you may the better ioyne the next ensuing letter to it . these letters being so perfectly obtained by heart , that you can make all of them without looking on the copie , you may proceed to the next . an observation of the letters ch and i. if it be demanded how all such words shall be exprest as are written with c because that ch will sound the word too soft . i answer that in such words as c must begin and principally sound the word , then sometimes we in this art doe change another for the like sound ; therefore k may serve to expresse c thus : for com write kom for call write kall for cold write kold for cast write kast for can write kan and the like . this may thus be wrought , and yet no prejudice at all in the reading , but rather a help , after a little use . likewise we have an i vowell , and not an j consonant , and it being impossible to observe five places about a common period , therefore we change i for g being of the like sound . as thus for iohn write gon for ioyn write goyn for iack write gack for ieames write geames for iust write gust when the learner hath all these observations by ●art concerning the letters , he may proceed to the next , which is double consonants . chap. ii. the double consonants . to begin   and end . bl words ld br   lk fl   lm fr   ln dr   lt dw   lp gl   ls gr   lst kn   mp pl   nk pr   ns sh   nt sk   rm sm   rn sn   rs st   th sp   ch str   wh tr       tw       all which letters or double consonants , unless 〈◊〉 be the three last , are the very letters of the alphabet joyned together ; and therefore they are to be observed : as to write ( bl ) your ( b ) alone is thus ( ) : and ( l ) thus ( ) ; when you ioyne them toge●●●● draw ( l ) from the foot of ( b ) thus ( ) . as also for to write ( ld ) your ( l ) thus ( ) ; and ( d ) thus ( ) , when you ioyne them together draw ( d ) from the foot of ( l ) thus ( ) . and the like of all the rest as you shall see them in the copie of the double consonants and terminations . the single vowels are in number five : as a. e. i. o. u. most sort of writers observe five places about the consonants for the same : but i seeing some ill convenience in the same by the reason that the places of a and e be so neere the one to the other ; that if the writer be not perfect in his writing he may mistake and place a for e , and e for a , which breeds confusion in the reading as by daily experience doth appeare . therefore for the learners more exactnesse in this method , i have omitted one of the vowels , and reserved but foure to be placed about the consonants ▪ and therefore these are to be observed . the vowell that is omitted is ( e ) which we write in his own proper character , and ioyn it to the consonant when it doth end a word thus : ded set me we fe ye as also when it doth come in the middle of a word it is expressed thus : bet set let net get het fet and such like . chap. 3. the places of the vowels . b ch d f g the place of ( a ) is over the head . the place of ( i ) lower then the head . the place of ( o ) almost at the bottome . the place of ( u ) underneath thus ; and so are all the vowels placed . by the places of these foure vowels the learner may observe to write any manner of word that containeth one or two syllables ; as for example : bat bet bit bot but dat det dit dot dut fat fet fit fot fut gat get git got gut lat let lit lot lut mat met mit mot mut sat set sit sot sut hat het hit hot hut by the former examples of the foure vowels places , and the observation of the vowell ( e ) the learner may expresse any manner of word , as by these examples may appeare . when two vowels come together in a word , a●● one of them will sound the word ; the other may omitted , as for example : feat heat meat great seat where you see that although two vowels come together , the first doth sound the word principally , and therefore the other may be spared as we have said before , in the former observation concerning diphthongs . if two vowels meet together in a word and they both must be expressed , the former vowell is expressed by a tittle , and the latter vowell by placing the last consonant in the place thereof . diall roit poet lion for words of two syllables we observe to separate the syllables in setting the first by it selfe , and expressing the other , like unto a word of one syllable ; as for example : defile de fame de face de forme belike betime beseech beleeve become thus the learner may observe , by these directions may learne to write any manner of word that can be named , but for the learners brevitie in this art in writing of long words we have marks to observe for the beginning and ending of the same as followeth : chap. 4. prepositions and terminations for long words . com con under pra pre pri pro pru sus suf re ack mount ment tempt core cashion nation ration ation lation tation sion union count sent tent sever ture ternall trance ever by these prepositions and terminations the learner may observe to expresse all manner of words , they being a sufficient ground for the same . words by the farmer examples communication congratulate commandement commission contrition action correspondent containe conforme understand prayer preferre prudent pride proscribe consolation sustaine confirmation condition assault misinformation consent content confusion misbeleeve containing servitude conclude first of all the learner may observe that if he hath a preposition to begin a word , and never a termination to end it , he must end it with one of the letters of the alphabet . secondly , if he hath a termination to end the word ( named ) and never a preposition to begin , he must also begin it with a single letter . lastly , if there happen both a preposition and a termination in the word to begin and end the same , he must first write the preposition and set the termination in the place of the vowell that sounds the word , as may be seen by the word ( communication ) above-written . before we proceed to the table we may observe certain of the letters expressing words of themselves , and these words being the most common and coming in every sentence , therefore it is thus ordered , that the letters should alone expresse them . the vse of the letters . after double consonants expresse these words . remnant be   small church   the children   you eminent   wherefore or he   example of   is god   his hospitality   &c. i       king       lord   blessed man   glory in   grace order   knowledge principality   shalt question   impediment for a slow hand there is a helpe in this art both to speedinesse and also memory by the reason that many words may be left out as superfluous , and the chiefest words of a sentence writ and the other omitted ; the ground whereof followeth : abound exceeding large long measurable unspeakable transcendent triumph wide little short small increase sentences writ by the former examples follow . abound in grace increase in knowledge excell in vertue . and in the knowledge of christ . the exceeding love of god . the large love of god to sinfull man . the exceeding love of god to give christ . the unspeakable love of christ . his transcendét riches of grace not to be measured . his grace triumphing over death . the exceeding long suffrings of christ . the love of god . the power of god . the joyes of heaven . the torments of hell . the troubles of the saints . the gate of life . the way of salvation . the ark of covenant . and mercy seate as if he should say as well as as good as as long as as much as &c. when thou art cōverted strengthen thy brethren , both high & low , rich and poore , from him that sitteth on the throne to the hewer of wood and the drawer of water . as for those whose judgements are that the joyning of a sentence breeds an ill convenience in the reading , by the reason that it is spoke divers waies , are not of my mind ; for although some common sentence is spoken many wayes , yet for the sentences that are taken out of the scripture they can be read but the way that they are found , whatsoever the demonstration thereof may be , therefore i proceed a little further in expressing some of them that are most usefull . wash ye , make you cleane , put away the evill of your doings from before mine eyes , cease to doe evill , learne to doe well , relieve the fatherlesse and the widow . come now and let us reason together , saith the lord : though your sinnes be as scarlet , they shall be as white as snow ; though they be red like crimson they shall be as wooll . o that my people would have heard the words that i spake , and to have known my way ! i would have fed them with a crop of the finest wheat , and made the rock to drop with honey , and turne my hand against all their adversaries . they say , when will the sabbath be over that we may sell our corn , and wine , and oyle ? neither height , nor depth , nor principalities , nor powers shall be able to separate us from the love of god , that is in christ . note that there is another way whereby dive●● short sentences may be writ : first of all thus written . last of all thus written . first of all , the martyrs of god . last of all , the mercies of god . last of all , the judgements of god . citie ( ) thus , over-run the citie ( ) thus come against the citie ( ) thus , to undermine the citie ( ) thus , to war against the citie ( ) thus , ou● of the citie ( ) thus , within the citie ( ) thus . the table . a. advance admit affliction adultery anger angel against arguments among . b. behold baptisme blesse because begin beleeve behind betweene brethren c. cause children come christ church congregation conscience conversation comfortable corrupt d. doe diligence destroy deliver dwell darknesse discover e. elect example enter evill even expect earth . f. follow faith from foundation forbeare flesh feast fast . g. give god great glory gospel good generation generall h. he hath humble heart heaven hypocrite hereticke heare house . i. instruments instruct increase inward jesus christ iudge k. king kingdome know keepe . l. let love law lord life like long m. mistake mortall magistrates ministers multitude n. neverthelesse neighbours neglect necessitie notwithstanding name nothing now . o. order of observable over others . p. people principall particular publike protection patience pacifie q. qualitie question quarter quantitie r. remember righteousnesse regard religion reioyce repentance . s. stand salvation spirit selfe-love . small . t. thinke trinitie themselves torment thus these those there taste thy trouble . v. vp vppermost voyce w. we were wise with wickednesse world walke whether wild worship y. yet you your yeeld z. zeale kingdome the people of the kingdome the k. of the kingdome . the lords of the kingdome . from east to west , from north to south . the people of the east . the king of the east . the men of the west . the king of west . the country of the north . the men of the north . the cold of the north . and after this manner or from this ground you may write thousands of others . note yet further that here is another rule of abbreviation very necessary . as people : servants : saints : men : women and children : for all these you must observe six places about your word or marke for your word , when you shall have occasion to write them , as you write god ( ) thus , then observe six places ( ) thus , now the lowest prickes on the backside of god , signifies the people of god ( ) thus , the next to that the servants of god ( ) thus , the next the saints of god ( ) thus , the next the men of god on top of the right side of your mark ( ) thus , the next the women of god ( ) thus the last the children of god ( ) thus : and so about the word israel or judah , with many other words which the artist may find out of himselfe , it would be too much to relate . as for example . the people of god . the people of the jewes the servants of god the servants of satan the saints of god the saints and servants of god . the men of god the men of judah the men of jerusalem the men of sodome . the women of samariah let women be watchfull let women love their husbands . the children of god the children of the world let not the children of god fall to sin and wickednesse . many thousands more might here be added , and by this ground expressed , but the diligent learner may find them out of himselfe when he doth heare the sentence named . and upon the benefit hereof let me have thy prayers . finis . short writing, began by nature compliated [sic] by art manifesting the irregularity of placing the artificial before the natural of symbolical contractions: and proposing a method more suited to sense, and more fully answering y [sic] requisited of a compleat character in the shortning both of words and sentences. invented, taught & published with plain directions examples and a specimen of the writing by laurence steel steel, laurence, d. 1684. 1678 approx. 62 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 22 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2008-09 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a61383 wing s5380 estc r221908 99833153 99833153 37628 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a61383) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 37628) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 2063:18) short writing, began by nature compliated [sic] by art manifesting the irregularity of placing the artificial before the natural of symbolical contractions: and proposing a method more suited to sense, and more fully answering y [sic] requisited of a compleat character in the shortning both of words and sentences. invented, taught & published with plain directions examples and a specimen of the writing by laurence steel steel, laurence, d. 1684. browne, joseph, fl. 1678. 20 leaves sold in bristoli by the author, & also by charles allen, bookseller in broad-street of the same citty: and in london by benjamin clark stationer; in george court lumbard street and others, [n.p.] : printed in the yeare 1678. below imprint: joseph: browne: sculpsit. wholly engraved. reproduction of the original in the british library. 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works in other languages, notably latin and welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so. image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in oxford and michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet qa standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. after proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng shorthand -early works to 1800. 2007-07 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2007-08 aptara keyed and coded from proquest page images 2007-09 elspeth healey sampled and proofread 2007-09 elspeth healey text and markup reviewed and edited 2008-02 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion short writing , begun by nature compliated by art manifesting the irregularity of placeing the artificial before the natural or symbolical contractions : and proposing a method more suited to sense and more fully answering y e requisites of a compleat character in the shortning both of words and sentences . invented , taught & published with plaine directions examples and a specimen of the writing by laurence steel sold in bristoll by the author : & also by charles allen. bookseller in broad-street of the same citty : and in london by benjamin clark stationer in george court lumbard street and others printed in the yeare 1678. joseph : browne : sculpsit the explanation of the title and method viz. shortwriting begun by nature &c. the common methods teach to write first by the letters and vowels places . this is irregular for the reasons premised in the four first arches of the book and is apparently prejudicial to the learners progress by dissaffecting him at the first entrance with the longest way of writing , whereas he should haue that to begin with which might take with his sense , and encourage him with alacrity to proceed . the onely way i know of to effect this , is , first to instruct the learner in the ready expressing of words by their natural and proper emblems , which ought to be ranked alphabetically , and the character for each letter prefixed . this is the method that i haue taken to initiate and fasten beginners . of these emblems i haue set down the following instances by which the learner being put in the way , will more readily apprehend and get the rest . for the character for a : about a tittle above a about a. brought about christ went about he went about for the character for b : belong b. is made long below a little below b between a little between break break the b bow down b. is bowed down for the character for d : divide . d : is divided christ divided church divided discover . d : is covered for the character for e : establish , e : is establish't church establish't enter : into a stroak enters even , heaven enter : into heaven &c. by this method those y t. have learnt others hands may greatly improve themselves . in short , the book containes three parts , of which the emblems are the first . the second shews how words not expressible by emblems may be regularly and concisely written . the third teacheth a new invention for the more effectual contracting of sentences like words . in all which i have aimed at brevity . perspicuity , and relief to the memory by affecting the sense and reason . these three parts are included in 36 columns in the arches and heads of which are observation for the learner first to peruse and then get the characters in the order they are placed till the whole be finished , which may be dispatched in about a weeks time , but must afterwards be improved by daily and constant writing the psalmes of the bible are fit to begin with . and in the writing let the letters be kept fair and distinct , and no long hand mingled with it . if any desire to be instructed in this art , or to haue further direction in it , they may hear of me at the widdow heli.'s upon the wair in bristol . the first part. shewing how words and sentences are exprest by significant emblems , concerning which observe : if all words could be written by significant emblems it were more pertinent and compendious then any other way of writing . alphabeticall writing is only usefull to supply what cannot be written by a shorter method : therefore that sort of charactery is best reserved until y t w ch is more compendious & delightfull be past through this table needs not much direction , where y e learner is only to observe , how the sence of y e word is represented by the character . note where any emblem depends upon a letter of the alphabet i have set it in the front to ill ustrate it . this stroak when it stands through a character , signifie● some hurt : a : in ( a ) it is afflict in ( b ) burthen ( c ) corrupt & as for these clauses ( of ) god of christ of man , of the world , see them more fully explained in column 13. 14 the marks for about , down , up , to , and fro . &c. do stand for go about , went about , go down or come down , &c. where any single mark is put for two or more words , they are such as the sence will easily distinguish in the reading . for the plural number write a tittle underneath : doctrine ( ) mercies ( ) masters ( ) kingdoms ( ) the learner must beware of adding any emblems that will not square with the whole body of y e characters . the table of emblems . a above about round about on every side aboundance as many as according advance ascend afflict anoint apostle asunder b backward backslide baptise baptisim believe beloved believe in god babilon belong belong to christ below beneath between break or breach break the first breake the second bow down bow down to christ bring burthen c certain child child of god christ antichrist christ went about church church of christ circum or convert commandment break the commandment of god compas about condemn congregation continue contrary contradict corrupt cover covetous cros cros of christ crucifie crucifie to the world d dark deliver des dis descend difference distinguish distinct divide , depart is christ divided church of christ divided discover disgrace docter doctrine down , come downe christ ment down break down drunkard e enter into come into establish believer established church established from one end to the other even heaven enter into heaven uneven , unequal unequally yok't eternal everlasting eye eye of the lord of christ of man of the soul of the world shut the eye lift up the eye f fal , false fal of adam fal of antichrist fal of babilon down fal fals church fals doctrine family familiar fellowship follow foundation fulfil as far as g give gospel gospel of christ govern great great breach great command through great breake through great h hand right hand left hand hand in hand hands that hang downe heart enter into the heart of men and women break y e heart broken heart bottom of y e heart search y e heart hipocrite hipocrisy honour house houshold house and land breake though the house compas the house about husband husband & wife husband wife and children holy holy ghost i idol jerusalem jesus jesus christ ignorance through ignorance illuminate , illustrate image image of god in , im , un , increase infinite as much as instrument joyn , together judg judgment bring down the judgment of god. k keepe king kingdom enter into the kingdom of god a kingdom divided against it selfe cannot stand anointed king l land labour through labour large like lip , lips long as long as m magistrate majestie majestie of god magnifie magnifie y e lord make made malefactor maintain master man , min , mon , sal of man mankind manifest mark memorandum memory . remember mercy great mercy of god to man through y e mercy of jesus christ minister mistake through mistake mouth ; mother multiply , multitud in the midst n neglect negligence through neglect o open , opinion open the doctrin the eye the hand the heart the lips the mouth in the opening oppose , opposite oppress over upon break over original p part , port particular peculiar patience prolong perceive persecute persevere perpetual pestilence point appoint perogative priviledge q quantity quarrel quarrel about r reconcile recover returne religion , reveal reverence righteous unrighteous s sacrifice sathan separate separate man sin son , sun beloved son of god sons & daughters serpent break y e serpents head speak or say unto t take take up take up y e cross overtake undertake through break through break through y e heart of man break through the dark to or come to christ went to together ioyn or gather together to and fro or went to and fro the eye of y e lord runs to and fro turn turn about overturn from top to bottom trouble through trouble v vers vert uncover under or understand undersanding under value unite unite the heart of man to god up upright christ went up break up lift up , exalt lift up the eye to the lord lift up y e hand lift up holy up and down christ ment up and down w wander wonder wander about wicked wilderness world through y e world christ came into the world foundation of the world the whole world lies in wickedness the world is set in the heart the heart is set on the world he is bent upon the world worship false worship x execute exercise experience extraordinary extream , express y yeild yeild up z zeale the improvement of the former table by usefull endings for the contracting of sentences . the learner may observe in the former table how several clauses of sentences are contracted by marks set either on the top or under the character where note the marks set on top are as follow for of god or y e lord a tittle for of christ this of man this of mankind the of men & women of the soul of the world this mark ( ) placed underneath which are fully exemplified in the table particularly in the letter e the same marks do stand for in god or with or to god or the lord and with christ as the foregoing word shal dictate proper endings for the enlarging of any word of the table as occasion is . marks for the compleating of words for the negatives im , m , ir , un , make a tittle in the beginning impatient indifferent irreverence ub-beliefe uncertain thus write circumvert dislike impart marks set on the top for y e ending of words for ation a tittle . conversation ministration tribulation thus write these fashion passion fashion of y e world the same for otion motion ( ) notion ( ) for able , ible , this ( ) corruptible infattible imaginable remarkable how other words not inserted in the table may be contracted by the same endings . how the marks for words and sentences doe consist , when they meet in one clause . thus write these able cable sable table the same for ible oble iple or ople bible noble couple double disciple people disciple of christ people of god for ity this contraricty samiliarity individuality thus write these city ( ) pitty ( ) the same for ighty uty , duly ( ) mighty ( ) for meant . this ( ) aduancement government inlargment thus write these paiment raiment the same for oment moment indument for son , sion , a tittle within as afflictions ascentions corruption destruction distinction contradiction thus write version circumcision thousand when the endings for words and sentences meet write them thus advancement of christ manifestation of god to man establishment of the soul government of the world other endings of words which are written in a direct line for ance write ( ) for ed for est for eth for ing for ful for ness mercifullness what more example do occur of this kind words or sentences let them be written in a book . the second part , shewing how words may be regularly written , containes the alphabet , the consonants and vowels the alphabet with the words signefied by each letter a away b be but d did , didst e evil f for ful g god good h how i just k keen l lord m much n now nature o of p peace q question r ra . re . are s as is his t il that v your w which word x excellent y you z zion for the letter c ) write ( k ) or ( s ) according to the sound of the word s is often turned over with a head thus places for the furtherance of speed , some consonants are this shortned which are called contacts . the contracts ch christian el carnal , conelius nd and end ndl handle ng thing ngl angle ne ns ance , ence sc scarce sl stand stance th them examples of words written by the joyning of other letters with the contracts bth both del declare fnd find found frth fourth fth faith fathers kth catholick nsr answer nth nothing rth earth ser scribe scripture sgn signify trth truth wth with thus write endeth ( ) ending ( ) heaven & earth nothing in ye world kl or cl kr or cr the rest of the consonants are two or more letters of the alphabet regularly joyned together . first observe , what letters are joyned in the character , then learne the words signified by them . some marks stand only for the parts of words : as car cor , mes , mis , per , rec , sah , sol , whose use see column 23 the table of consonants where note this mark ( r ) stands for com or con bl bless bld bold behold blf blasphem bn beginn beginning br bread bs beside conf comfort comsh complish conks concupiescence conl counsel conq consequence conr consider conrn concern conf confess const consist cont covenant df def dif dl devil diligent dgr decree degree dm demonstrate dmion dominion dn din den don dr drink dt difficult div divell fl flesh fr from ference frg forgive frst first frt fruit gl glory gn gon gr grace grt grant hm him jy joy kr car , cor , cur krt create krtr creator lf life lk look lt let light lo love mb member mr mor mur ms mes mis mischiefe nbr neighbour nk thank think nl knowledge nmbr number nr nor ns necessary nt not ntr enter interpret pl please place pr par , per , pur . prs praise ps pas , pos pt pet , put rb reprobate rd read rdm redeem rgr regard rp repent rq require rs rias , res respect rson resurrection ro resolve rw reward ry rejoyce sb u sub sabbath sd similitude sf suf sg suggest sl sal , sol soul sm som , sum sn salvation snt saint sent sp sup spr spirit sr serve , soever str strength stsf sattisfie sy say tm time tem tmp temp tr tans transgres tr ter ture trespas tr tribute trm triumph trst rust tv tive us us use wh who whom wk walk wr work wsm wisdom yt yet xkt expect xt except accept the contraction of useful clause of sentences belonging to the table of consonants . clauses of sentences shortned in y e beginning between both break bread broken spirit bring forth fruit break covenant with god the devil goes about the grace of god glory of y e world knowledg of christ drink up enter into transgression look round about break y e sabbath sundamental truth of god a long time times are turned through repentance himselfe or themselves them that or they that them that are from them thatare of them thatare to them that are some of them that are to them that haue the usefulness of the parts of words inserted in both tables , exemplified explained words contracted by the joyning together of parts as to write substance joyn the mark for sub & stance together thus ( ) circumstance compare consume distribute contempt forwardness purpose reforme subvert transcribe perform remain where the joyning of the parts brings the words out of square write them asunder deserve pasture misrepresent superscribe long words impardonable indissoluble incompatible condesecution transubstantiation additional parts of words , both for the beginning & end , with examples of words written by them for pra , pre , in the beginning of a word write this ( ) for pro pru this ( ) prepare present preserve preseribe promise propose procure improve reprove for ject in the end make this ( ) project reject subject for fication iustification sanctification glorification for prehend apprehend corruprehend reprehension for sence insence insensible conscience conscientions presence of god the five vowels are not to be exprest by their own characters , unlesse when they begin a won but are understood by places . a e i o u a e i o u when a word ends with a consonant set it in the vowels place thus bad , bed ran ren bid rin bod , bud ron , run note so many consonants as come togetehr without a vowel betweē them are to be written without taking of the pen clinch france strang scrape dandl chang crumbl thu●●… blunt seald sword plung cramp spurn glattering supremacy stubborn plaiflered botstering examples of long words written by the alphabet alone , and also in conjunction with other parts of words thus write alexander jonathan jeconiah garnaliel\ methusela solomon barnabas sometimes a word is begun with a part and concluded by the alphabet as compelling desired discipline disoblige discourage mercenry perplexing misapplie suboraed suffering sometimes a word is begun with the alphabet & concluded by some part defendeth defending fraternity derinative molestation raseallition note , no more letters , vowels or consonants are to be exprest in this art , then what will suffice to sound the word . when two like consonants meet in a word , let the first only be exprest . dinner ( ) folly ( ) the same for vowels meeting in one syllable as frail ( ) suit ( ) unlike vowels meeting in distinct syllables are thus written diet ( ) viol ( ) leave out as follows b. after m lamb c before k back d before g lodg g before n knock u after g guide u after q quick w. before r wrong w after a saw w after o lom y. after a day pharo ( ) philip ( ) h may be left out in these & such like help hope the thy humble inhabit x contracts words as flocks action facts succes examples of words contracted by y e moission of vowels & parts of words in the beginning , without hurt to the sound the expert learner may omit single vowels in the begining of words : as abomination adversary endeavour enemy israel omnipotent ornament ultimate usurp except when two vowels come together then y e first is to be written as aim oil our out likewise when two like consonants immediately follow a vowel adder error arrow utler or when a word is drawn long as ope. ( ) ale. ( ) ac , ad & ap , are to be omitted in these words . acquaint advantage appropriate and such like the third part , teaching a new & more expedite may for the contracting of sentences by y e prefixes , the tenses & the persons with their places . note , the rarity of these contractions is , that they doe not burthen y e memory with any other marks or rides then what are used for words . the table of prefixes , which are in sentances like y e consonants to begin words after again all allwaies among and as al before because beside better beyond else especially either ever except first further future here and if but if if so be likewise neither another never nevertheless notwithstanding often otherwise soon such then thence one , one there therefore this though thus til , until what what if when whence where wherefore while except yet yet if how ( as ) is to be written then il is redoubled as great as as much as as often as as soon the tenses or times , which do resemble y e ending consonants active do dost doth did didst have hast hath had hadst shal shalt wil wilt may maist can would wouldst could couldst should shouldst might mightst must ought passive am is art are was wert were have been hast b. hath b. had b. hadst b. shal b. shalt b wil b. wilt b. may b. maist b. can b. would b. wouldst b. could b. couldst b. should b. shouldst b. might b. mightst b. ●●…st b. ought to b. the six persons which are in sentences as vowels were in words . i we thou ye you he they contractions . made by the joyning of the persons & tenses , together with the negative ( not ) and such verbs as usually follow them in the beginning of a sentence y e persons & tenses may be united thus : i do we do thou dost you do he doth tha do &c : for ( not ) place a tittle within or upon y e tense i was not we must 〈◊〉 i can not ye shal n t tha are not thou d●st ●… you must not be he hath not been so write all y e persons and tenses in order . likewise the tenses will unite with these particles . it that such , there , this , those , thus , where , w ch , whether as , it doth there did such hath that will he ought not there will not contractions of verbs for ( give ) this ( ) i will not give for ( make ) this ( ) i cannot make for ( say ) this ( ) he did not say for ( take ) this ( ) i will not take that cannot be taken he could not be made the places of the persons and manner of expressing interrogatives , and placeing of the tenses in order tha he , we j thou , you . tha he we j thou , you note the place for we & you is somwhat more distant from y e letter then he , and thou thus write these interogatives : do tha doth he do we do i do thou do you note , as in words the consonants were set in the vowels places : so in sentences the tenses are to be put in the persons places about y e presixes thus : after tha do after he do after we do after i do after thou do after you do in like manner may all y e other tenses be placed , about this & other prefixes after tha did after he did after we did the manner of placeing the tenses after many compleat verbs likewise a rule for verbs of motion in like manner may the tenses be written after these verbs . believe , condude , consideer . declare , grant finde , expect , hope , acknowledge perceive , suppose , thin , understand . as for instance : belie●●… tha do he doth we do i do thou dost you do the rest the learner may write out in order : as , i believe tha did ( ) &c all verbs of motion are understood by their particle , as in the ninth arch : after tha went away after he went away after we went away after i went away after thou went away after you went away if tha go not down if he go not down if we go not down if i go not down if thou go not down if go not down if you go not down the use of this third part may be seen in the underwritten contractions , by which y e learner may frame all others of y e like nature if a man have not y e spirit of christ he is none of his ( ) through much tribulation you must enter into y e kingdom of heaven i understand he hath not been with you a longtime 〈◊〉 acknowoledgeth he could not come from the place where he was better you had not been born , then that you should continue as you are this is a breach of y e commandment of god marks for the books of the bible , in order as they stand old test : 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 new test : 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a · brief · specimen · of · t̄e · writing ❀ ioseph .. browne sculp .. sit . the matter comprised in the foregoing circle in words at length . great is the goodness of the lord , the creatour of heaven a●● earth , to the sone and d●●…ghters of men wha●… 〈◊〉 the beginning ●●fore man entred 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 transgression ) made him in his image holy and righteous , and not withstanding the fall of man , and his breaking his commandments , and neglecting of his dutie to him yet doth he wait to be gratious by his light and spirit in man which through the mercy of iesus christ is sent , to convince the world of sin , of righteouses , and of judgment , that so they may come to take up the cross of christ , and to hear him who said , except a man be converted he can not enter into the kingdom of god , where there are those joyes , that it cannot enter into the heart of fallen man to conceive . a summary collection of the characters of this book into coherent matter , which is to be the learners first exercise to read and write out . hodgson's short hand contractions , with a comparative table of short hand alphabets . and two copper plates . [ price half a crown . ] tachygraphy the most exact and compendious methode of short and swift writing that hath ever yet beene published by any / composed by thomas shelton ... ; approoved by both unyversities. shelton, thomas, 1601-1650? this text is an enriched version of the tcp digital transcription a59630 of text r37153 in the english short title catalog (wing s3074). textual changes and metadata enrichments aim at making the text more computationally tractable, easier to read, and suitable for network-based collaborative curation by amateur and professional end users from many walks of life. the text has been tokenized and linguistically annotated with morphadorner. the annotation includes standard spellings that support the display of a text in a standardized format that preserves archaic forms ('loveth', 'seekest'). textual changes aim at restoring the text the author or stationer meant to publish. this text has not been fully proofread approx. 71 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 34 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. earlyprint project evanston,il, notre dame, in, st. louis, mo 2017 a59630 wing s3074 estc r37153 16240357 ocm 16240357 105147 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a59630) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 105147) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 1600:16) tachygraphy the most exact and compendious methode of short and swift writing that hath ever yet beene published by any / composed by thomas shelton ... ; approoved by both unyversities. shelton, thomas, 1601-1650? hall, ralph. [10], 30p., [11] leaves of plates : ill. printed for samuel cartwright ..., london : 1641. caption title: the art of short-writing. "ralph hall, sculptor." reproduction of original in harvard university library. eng shorthand -early works to 1800. a59630 r37153 (wing s3074). civilwar no tachygraphy the most exact and compendious methode of short and swift writing that hath ever yet beene published by any / composed by thomas shelton, thomas 1641 7591 18 0 0 0 790 0 10431 f the rate of 10431 defects per 10,000 words puts this text in the f category of texts with 100 or more defects per 10,000 words. 2002-11 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2002-12 spi global keyed and coded from proquest page images 2003-01 emma (leeson) huber sampled and proofread 2003-01 emma (leeson) huber text and markup reviewed and edited 2003-02 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion tachy graphy the most exact and compendious methode of short and swift writing that hath euer yet beene published by any composed by . thomas shelton author and professor of the said art . approoued by both vnyuersities ps 45.1 my tongue is as the pen of a swift writer london printed for samuel cartwright and are to be soulde at the hand and bible in duck-lane ralph hall sculptor 1641 to the worshipfvll his very worthy friend , richard knightley esquire . worthy sir , my purpose was , that ( without any addition or alteration ) this small treatise should have passed , as i had formerly composed it : but finding somewhat that i judged useful , to the easier attaining of the art , which before was omitted ; at the request of diverse of good judgement , i was perswaded rather to adventure the breach of that promise , than to conceale that which might be usefull to many . the manifold ingagements i stand in to your worship , require a better retribution ; but your favorable aspect to one as little deserving , hath enboldned me to crave of your worship to countenance this , and the rather because your experience in the art , hath already encouraged many to the study of it . i dare not so much injure your worships vertuous inclination , as to feare the acceptance of this poore expression of my thankefullnesse , seeing it is not unknown to your worship , nor to many thousands beside , that it hath beene instrumentall for the good of the church , and the perpetuating the memories ( as the smell of lebanon ) of many worthy men , who , though they now rest from their labours , and their works have followed them : yet by this meanes the fruit of their labours is continued with us . i desire your worship to pardon my boldnesse ; and to pray for the increase of all blessings on your worship , shall be the imployment of your worships to be commanded , tho. shelton . to the reader . i am prevented for speaking much of the utility of this art , by the experience of many hundreds that have already learned it , that by this meanes are able ( like that heavenly scribe , mat. 13.52 . ) to bring forth of their treasuries , things both new and old : as also by the benefit that many thousands enjoy by the workes of many worthy divines , which had perished with the breath that uttered them , had not god , as out of zebulun , iudg. 5.14 . instructed some to handle the pen of the writer ; who may say of them as baruch of jeremiahs roll , ier. 36.18 . he pronounced all these words to me ; and i wrote them with inke in the booke : besides the priviledge that diverse injoy in foraine parts , by using bibles and other bookes in this writing , without danger of bloody inquisitours . these and the like considerations move me to say the lesse : only let the intelligent reader judge how usefull such a skill may be , by the learning whereof so much time and labour is saved ; whereby as much may be writen in one page as otherwise in sixe , and as much in the margent as the page : a skill whereby those that have weake memories , may both easily preserve their owne conceits , that else would soone vanish , and be furnished with notions from others . for the plainenesse of the rules , the easinesse in learning , the speed in writing , the facility in reading , let the discreet reader peruse , practise , and judge tho. shelton . to the authour his friend , upon his art of short-writing . fortunate art , by which the hand so speeds , that words are now of slower birth than deeds ! dissembling age , that faith so often breakes , learne hence to doe more than the proudest speakes , speake not the authors praise ; his art commands our tongues should be more cripled than our hands : nor can we scape ( this spight his speed affords ) from being over-taken in our words . what shall become of their divinity , which scatter'd through two houres tautologie , gather'd by these quicke characters , must hen●e t' indure the doome of such as can speake sense ? but that thine art 's a friend to repetition , their bourely breath , they 'd damned the next edition . print then that praise , which volumes cannot bold but in thine owne compendious figures told ; figures , which makes us duller-handed thinke words from the speakers mouth dissolve to inke , and fall upon thy papers ; or thy quill , made of some nimble tongue , give thee this skill , still may that full-fledg'd pen with moisture spring . snatcht from the eagles , not the gooses wing . e. r. mag. art. magd. coll. to his ingenious friend master thomas shelton , on his art of short-writing . svch is thy art , that either thou alone compris'd the illiads in a nut , or none : i 've read this oft , yet scarsely did give credit , ( except they selfe ) that ever one man did it : yet now it is no wonder , when i see thou writ'st whole volumes in epitome ; and with such speed , that with thy nimbler pen thou dost anticipate the tongues of men : so that if plutarch liv'd , he scarce could tell to finde thee in thy art , a paralell , tho. fancourt . cantab. col. pet. to the authour . why should i praise thy art in writing , when thy art and praise surmounts the praise of men ? for if thy way of writing had beene showne to ages past , printing had ne're beene knowne , nor the invention sought or valued ▪ when the presse can scarcely over-runne thy pen : so that what honour's due unto the quill , or glory unto those that have the skill in faire orthographie , their titles stand as pages to attend upon thy hand . nath. mason , g.c. coll. to the authour on his exquisite art of short-writing . what ! write as fast as speake ? what man can doe it ? what! hand as swift as tongue ? perswade me to it . unlikely tale ! tush , tush , it cannot be , may some man say , that hath not heard of thee . this th●u canst doe , this ( shelton ) thou hast done : thy nimbler pen hath many tongues out-run . therefore if any one of me demand what hand 's the best , i say , thy running hand . here in the proverbe holds not , for thy haste is advantagious , it doth make no waste : nor dost thou envy others this thy art , but willingly dost it to all impart : and 't is not sit that such a gemme should rest within the cabinet of a private brest . on praise of thy short-writing i could long insist ; but i therein should doe thee wrong . this onely i will adde , whil'st some desire to praise thy skill , i rather will admire . steph. iones , coll. d. ioan. the art of short-writing . chap. i. generall rules of abbreviation , observable in the use of this art . the principal end of the art of short-writing being to write much in a litle time & room , it is not needefull in every word to expresse every letter , but onely so many as may serve to sound the word , the rest may be left out as superfluous : as for example , a may be left out in feare , dea●e , heaven b may be left out in debt , lamb , tombe c may be left out in science , scipio , acquite d may be left out in judge , badge , wedge e may be left out in enter , end , else g may be left out in strength , length h may be left out in ghost , inherit , christ i may be left out in f●uit , guide , plaine k may be left out in acknowledge , black l may be left out in palme , half , psalme . n may be left out in condemne , solemne o may be left out in double , deacon , beacon , p may be left out in psaltery , psalme , empty s may be left out in isle , paganisme , baptisme t may be left out in elect , reject , act u may be left out in plague , league , tongue w may be left out in write , sorrow , know y may be left out in obey , say , nay . 2 sometimes two letters or more may be left out , and yet the word sufficiently sounded ; as for example , ch may be left out in schisme , & the like . gh may be left out in might , naught , & the like . ugh may be left out in through , borough , & the like . ou may be left out in labour , neighbour , & the like . 3 sometimes a whole syllable may be spared in a word : as for example , for vehement write vement &c. for abraham write abram &c. for victuall write vittell &c. 4 in the end of some long words , two or three syllables may be omited without hinderance to the reading of them as for example , for incomprehensible write in●ompr . for abominable write abomin . for transubstantiation write transub. . 5 sometimes the letters that are ordinarily used in the writing of words , may bee changed for others of like sound , that are written shorter ; as for example . f is sounded like ph , and may be written instead of them , as in these words , for physick write fisick &c. for pharisee , write farisee &c. for philosophie write filosofie &c. f is likewise sounded in the end of words like ugh , and may be written for them : as , for enough write enuf &c. for cough write cof &c. for rough write ruf &c. k may be written for ch , when they have a like sound : as , for patriarch write patriark for melancholy write melankoly , for choler , write koler , &c. x hath the sound of diverse of the double consonants , & may be used in their stead : as for example , it is sounded like cc in accept , accident cts in acts , effects cks in flocks , stocks ; for which write axept , axident , &c. for which write ax , effex , &c. for which write siox , stox , &c. and generally when s commeth after k , they together have the sound of x , and x is to be written for them . 6 the letter e may be left out in many words : sometimes in the beginning , sometime in the middle , sometimes in the end of words . in the beginning it may bee spared , when the sound of it is drowned in the sound of the next letter following , as it is alway before x : as , for externall , write xternall , &c. for extent , write xtent , &c. for extract , write xtract , &c. also as when it commeth before m : as , for emphasis , write mphasis , &c. for emptie , write mptie , &c. for embrio , write mbrio , &c. or before n : as , for ensigne , write nsigne , &c. for enter , write nter , &c. for end , write nd , &c. and in many words before s : as , for escape , write scape , &c. for establish , write stablish , &c. for estate , write state , &c. sometime in the middle of a word e may be left out , when the sound of it is in the next letter , as , for alteration , write altration , &c. for liberall , write librall , &c. for contemne , write contm , &c. for flatter , write flatr , &c. e in the end of a word may be left out , when it commeth after l : as , for eagle , write eagl , &c. for title , write titl , &c. for double , write doubl , &c. and alwayes , when it serveth onely to produce the former vowell in the same syllable , it may be left out : as , for were , write wer , &c. for name , write nam , &c. for those , write thos , &c. for die , write di , &c. 7 when a consonant is doubled in a word , one of them may be spared : as for bb , ff , ll , write b , f , l : as , for rabble , write rable , &c. for affirme , write afirme , &c. for collect , write colect , &c. 8 sometimes in this art , three or foure words may bee joyned together as one word ; of which afterwards . 9. lastly , in writing some sentences , whole words may be omitted , which yet in the reading must be imply●d , especially in common knowne sentences as , for the feare of the lord is the beginning of wisedome . may be written . the feare of lord beginning wisedome . for , in the fulnesse of time god sent his sonne , &c. may be written . in fulnesse time god sent sonne , &c , they are not a few that have found benefit by this direction . those that wil make use of it , must have discretion to know what words may bee spared in writing , and yet must be implyed in the reading ; for if any principall word be left out , whereby the sense is maimed , instead of a helpe it will prove an hinderance . again , it is onely to be used when one is not able otherwise to write word for word after the speaker . the letters of the alphabet . a b c d e f g h i k l m n o p qu r s t v w x y z chap. ii. of the letters of the alphabet . having in the former chapter given some generall directions , ( which are of use through out the whol art ) i com now to the particular rules ; the first whereof is the alphabet of letters , which are to be learned perfectly , according to the forme expressed in the copy , in the making of those letters , each of them but x and y ( which are not often used ) are to be made at once , without removing the pen from the paper . i make one character for q and u , because they come alwayes together : whensoever q is written , u immediately following it ; as in queen , quiet , quarter , quantity , &c. these letters being so perfectly learned , that you can make and know any of them without looking on the copy , proceed to the next . chap. iii. of the double consonants . the double consonants are the very letters of the alphabet , joyned together ( except the foure last ) and therefore the learning of them is no charge to memory , the letters being once learned . in the making of these double consonants you may observe , that still the second letter is joyned where you end the former : as for example , to write bl , your b alone is thus [ ] , l alone thus [ ] when they are to be joyned , draw l from the foote of b thus [ ] . to write br , write b as before , and then draw r out of the foote of b thus [ ] . to write cl , c alone is thus [ ] , l thus [ ] : when you joyne them , draw l out of the foote of c thus [ ] : or thus [ ] and so of the rest , as you may see in the copy of the double consonants . double consonants to begin words . to end words . bl br cl cr dr dw fl fr gl gr kn pl pr sc sk sl sm sn sp st str tr tw ld lk lm ln lp ls lsi lt mp nd ng nk us ns● n● rd rk rl rm rn rv rs rst rt ch sh th wh chap. iv. of vowels . the single vowels are a , e , i , o , u , which in this art are never expressed by their proper characters , ( unlesse when a vowell beginneth a word , or else when two vowels come together , of which see chap. 5. ) but are understood by certaine places , assigned them about the other letters : as for example . the places of the vowels . the vowels are placed about any letter , as you see them stand about these , the place of a is just over the head of the letter ; thus , . the place of e at the upper corner on the right hand ; thus , le . the place of i against the middle of the letter on the right hand ▪ thus , . the place of o at the foote of the letter on the right hand ; thus , lo . the place of u just underneath the letter ; thus . the place of a is just over the middle of the letter : the place of u just against it under the letter ; the other three e , i , and o , on the right side one under another . the places about any of the rest are easily observed . chap. v. of the use of the vowels , and their places . when a word beginneth with a vowell , the character of the vowell must be expressed : as for example , to write art , the character of a must be written thus [ ] : the next letter r , being a consonant , must bee joyned to a thus [ ] and then t joyned to r thus [ ] . to write on , write o thus [ ] , and at the foot of it joyne n thus [ ] . to write eke , write e thus [ ] , and joyn k thus [ ] , as in these . in are arke us ebb odd and the like . if two vowels come together in the beginning of a word , and must both of necessity be founded , write downe the character of the former vowell , and set the following consonant in the place of the latter vowell : as for example , to write aid write the character of a thus [ ] , the next vowell being i , set d in the roome of it thus [ ] , to write eat , write e thus [ ] , the next vowell being a , set t in the place of it thus [ ] as in these , aime aire eare oare out ease and the like . when a word beginneth with a consonant , the vowell or vowells following are not expressed by their characters , but implyed by the places assigned them about the consonant , and the next letter or letters following are set in the place of the foregoing vowel . as for instance , to write ball , write b thus [ ] , in the place of a write l disjoyned thus [ ] . to write bell , write b as before ; and l dis-joyned in the place of e thus [ ] . to write bill , write b as before , and set l dis-joyned in the room of i thus [ ] , boll , thus [ ] , bull , thus [ ] : as in these , bad bed bid bod bud nat net nit not nut and the like . if two consonants or more come together , and no vowell betweene them , they must be joyned together without taking off the pen : as for example , to write blame , bl must bee joyned thus [ ] , then in the place of a write m thus [ ] , to write breake , write br thus [ ] , and in the place of e write k thus [ ] . as in these , bredth length short speech whence france and the like . note that alway when there cometh any vowell , the pen is to be taken off , and the letter after dis-joyned ; but till you come at a vowel , all the consonants that come together must be joyned together . when a word endeth with a vowell , that vowell is understood by a tittle made in the place of it : as to write me , write m thus [ ] , and a tittle in the place of e thus [ ] . to write die , write d thus [ ] , and a tittle in the place of i thus [ ] : as in these , say we crie go due and the like . if a word end with y , the character of y is not expressed , but a tittle set in the place of i : as in these , my why by chap. vi . of diphthongs . for diphthongs , some assigne more places about characters , then for single vowels ; which hath proved inconvenient in the writing , and bred much confusion in the reading of what hath been so written , as they from their owne experience have testified ; it being indeed impossible exactly to observe 12. or foureteene severall places about a small character ; for the avoiding of which inconvenience , i observe onely the places for the single vowels , and no more . if it be demanded , how words shall be expressed wherein more vowels then one come together ; i answer , if two vowels come together in the beginning of a word , observe that rule , chap. 5. if in the middle of a word , that is , after some other letters , observe these rules . first , though two vowels come together , yet oft times , one of them doth principally sound the word , and then the other may be spared : as in these words . in deare leave out a and write dere , in heart leave out e and write hart , in neither leave out i and write nether , in people leave out o and write peple , in guide leave out u and write gide . secondly , if two vowels come together , & must of necessity be both sounded ( as especially when the first vowell belongs to one syllable , and the latter to another ) then write the character of the latter vowel in the place of the former ; as to write lion , write l thus [ ] , in the place of the first vowell which is i , write the character of o thus [ ] , and then joyne n at the foot of o thus [ ] . to write poet , write p thus [ ] , in the place of o write e thus [ ] , and joyne t thus [ ] : as in these , quiet sion caos and the like or else make a tittle in the place of the former vowell , and write the consonant or consonants following in the latter vowels place ; as to write riot , write r thus [ ] , make a tittle in the first vowels place , which is i thus [ ] , and then in the place of the latter vowell o , write t thus [ ] . to write ioel , write j consonant thus [ ] , a tittle in the place of o thus [ ] , and l in the place of e thus [ ] as in these , diall giant duell and the like . chap. vii . of i and v consonants . the letters j and v are sometimes vowels , sometimes consonants ; the knowledge whereof will not bee unusefull in this art of writing ; therefore those that know it not , may take these directions . i is a consonant alway in the beginning of a word , when another vowell followeth next after it , and it is sounded like g soft : as in these , jarre judge jewell iob and the like . also in the middle of a word , if a vowell follow it in the same syllable : as in these , prejudice reject rejoyce and the like . v is a consonant when it commeth before another vowel , in the same syllable , and is sounded like f , but somewhat softer : as in these , vertue viall vesture deliver and the like . when they be consonants , and are thus sounded , they must be expressed by their proper characters , as the rest of the consonants , whether it be in the beginning , middle , or ending of words . chap. viii . of the markes for the beginning and ending of long words . although by the former rules any word may be written in this art , and there is no necessity of learning more ( the rest that follow , onely serving to shorten the former ) yet to those that desire to be exact in this art , the benefit of the rules that follow will counte●vail the pains of learning them therefore ( in the next place ) for the abbreviating of longer words , i have added characters for the beginnings and endings of such as are most usuall . these markes having little dependance upon the letters , are therefore to be learned perfectly , being of much use in writing . in the using of them the same rules are to bee observed as before in words of one syllable . if a word beginne with one of these markes , the character for it must be set down ; if a consonant come next , it must be joyned to the mark , without taking off the pen , and then write the letter or letters following in the roome of the vowell . as for example , to write condemne , first write your marke for con , which is thus [ ] ; the next letter d being a consonant must be joyned to con thus [ ] & then in the vowels place , which is e , write m disjoyned thus [ ] prepositions for longe words . ab ob ac ad af all am an ap op as at circum com con cor col de di dis fall full for im liber mess miss per par pre pro re sub suff sup ser sur sal sol temp trans vn vp vt terminations for longe words . able ible ation ceiue dure fect ference fication fulness iect itude ing ler lent litie mer mar ment ness ous cent sent serue sion tion soeuer ternall ther tent ture ver to write prefer , your marke for pre is thus [ ] joyn f thus [ ] , and in the place of e write r dis-joyned thus [ ] . to write submit , your marke for sub write thus [ ] , joyn m to it thus [ ] and in the place of i write t dis-joyned thus [ ] : as in these , fortune rebell contain remit proceed translate and the like . if two of the marks make up a whole word , and no vowell come betweene them , they are both to be joyned together ; as to write reference , write your mark for re which is thus [ ] , & then joyne ference thus [ ] . to write project set downe pro thus [ ] , and joyne the marke for ject thus [ ] : as in these . former perceive circumference and the like . if you have a mark for the ending of a word , and not to begin it , you must begin it with the letters of the alphabet ; as for example , to write nature , write n thus [ ] , and then ture being a mark to end it , must be set in the place of a thus [ ] . to write brother , joyne br thus [ ] , and set the marke for ther in the place of o thus [ ] : as in these ; nation never pliable difference and the like . if you have a marke to begin a word and no mark to end it , it must be ended with the letters of the alphabet : as to write permit , write the marke for per thus [ ] , joyne m to it thus [ ] , and write t dis-joyned in the place of i thus [ ] . to write suffer , write your marke for suff thus [ ] , and then set r in the place of e dis-joyned thus [ ] . if a vowell come next after a mark or consonant to begin a word , the letter or mark following the vowell must be set dis-joyned in the room of the vowell : as in these , courage support potent lament and the like chap. ix . directions for making the foresaid marks , and placing the vowels in long words . in making your characters , begin them so that you take not off the pen unlesse it be in those that cannot otherwise be made . secondly , the most of them are so framed , that you may end them toward the right hand , that so with more convenience the next letter may be joyned if it be to be joyned . thirdly , the next consonant or mark is to be joyned where you last took off the pen from the former . the vowels in long words are to be placed about the last letter , if it bee a word that goeth forward in the line ; as to write contemn , write con thus [ ] , joyne t thus [ ] , and then set m disjoyned in the place of e against t thus [ ] , not against con thus [ ] . to write disdain , write dis thus [ ] , joyne d thus [ ] , and then set n in the vowels place against d thus [ ] , not against dis thus [ ] , &c. those markes for ending of words that begin with a vowell , are commonly to be joyned to the former mark or letter : as in these , durable nation bring and such like . unlesse there come another vowell before them , and then the marke is to be set dis-joyned in the place of the former vowell : as in these , doing pliable pious and such like . the character for s after some letters in the end of words cannot conveniently bee joyned ; therefore in stead of it write a tittle behind the whole word : as in these , sayings servants conserves pirates chap. x. of characters that resemble others . the same character sometimes standeth for two things : as for example , there is the same for ture and christ tern●ll and which mess and what &c. which is no hinderance ( but a help ) in the learning this art , considering how easily they may be differenced . when any of these marks stand alone by themselves , they are for whole words : when they are joyned with other markes or letters , they are but a part ; as for example , this marke [ ] when it is written alone , standeth for which ; when it is joyned with other letters , it is ternall , a part of a word ; and so of the rest : and by remembring the one , the other is easily called to minde . chap. xi . whether marks for beginnings may be used to end words , and contrary . the marks for beginning of words may be used for endings , and then endings for beginnings ( when they be shorter than the letters of the alphabet ) without inconvenience : as in these , mercie former assume messias sentence consent durable indure where you may observe , the marke for the beginning of the former word , is the ending of the next . chap. xii . examples of words writen with the marks , with markes for the names of the books of the bible . the greatest difficulty that some ( who have onely the helpe of the book ) have found in attaining this art , is about the using the foresaid marks in the writing of words ; to helpe such , examples of words written with each of the former markes abstaine abolish obligation obedient acclamation accuse admitt addition affirme affright almightie allow amber amiable anger annotation approach appoint oppress opposition aspiration assume atlas atturney circumuent composition comendation condemne connex cormorant courage colchester colledge demerit deifie diuert dialogue distance dissemble fulgentius fuller forbeare forraine imputation imoderate libertine liberall messenger mistake misserie pardon paradice pretend preexistent prophesie proud rebell reallitie sublime subborne suffrage sufficient supplie support surmise surrender examples of words written with each of the former markes permission peregrine sermon seraphin salmon salute temptatio● temporall translate transact vpright vppon vntill vniforme vttmost vtterance dureable pliable horrible vocation scituation conceiue felicitie aduersitie indure defect circumferen● mortification willfulnes ioyfulnes subiect i●stitute calling doing templer quarreller relent exelent informer grammer installment parliament aptness proneness merualous pious consent innocent reserue mantion comision whensoeuer whosoeuer father murther content impotent departure future moreouer euer markes for the names of the bookes of the old and new testament . genesis exodus leuiticus numbers deuteron : ioshua iudges ruth samuel kings chroniles ezra nehemiah ester iob psalmes prouerbes ecclesiastes canticles isaiah ieremiah lamentatī : ezekiel daniel hosea ioel amos obadiah ionah micah nahum habak : zephaniah haggai zechariah malachi , matthew marke luke iohn actes romanes corinthians galatians ephesians philippians colossians thessaloniā : timotheus titus philemon hebrewes iames peter iude reuelation i have in this edition added this table of words , composed of those markes , wherein for the most part there are two words with each mark ; the former having a consonant following the preposition , the latter a vowell . these words are not to be learned without booke , ( many of them being after shorter expressed in the table ) but are onely examples to direct the learner how to write otherwords by them . i have also added in this book , marks for the names of the books of the old and new testament : the most of them are drawn from the letters , and therefore the learning of them is litle charge to the memory . chap. xiii . of writing 3. or 4. words in one . as i said * before , sometimes three or foure words or more , may be joyned together as one word , especially if the following word begin with a vowell : as in these . as it is in use this is of all other which is as if it or else when the former word endeth with a vowell : as in these , do so too do no more so so he may die and the like . to make many marks for whole sentences is needlesse ; because by the rules of this art , any thing may be written word for word , as fast as it shall be treatably spoken . and it is indeed impossible to use them exactly , because sometimes the speaker varying a word or two in the sentence , the mark is either of no use , or else the sentence must be rendered in other words then it was spoken , which is a wrong to the speaker : therefore i have onely abbreviated a few , which commonly are spoken in the very words as i have set them down : as for example . the church of god the people of god the kingdome of god the kingdome of christ the kingdome of heaven the kingdome of satan the joyes of heaven the torments of hell that is to say as if he should say as if it were the power of god the truth of god the mercy of god the wisdome of god the glory of god the honour of god the justice of god the word of god the workes of god the love of god the feare of god many other like might be added , but these i think sufficient to direct the discreete learner , who may adde more if he see them ●●efull . chap. xiv . of the table . though any word in any language may be writen by the former rules , yet to omit nothing that may tend to the speedy attaining of this art , i have added a short table of words , so frequent in use , that almost in any ordinary sentence the greater part of the words are written by this table , without removing the pen from the paper in any one word . the most part of these words are little charge to memory , being made out of the letters of the alphabet . those that thinke the abbreviat●ng long strange words by markes , to be an helpe to this art , are of another mind . i thinke it needlesse , for first , any long word may be expressed by the former rules . secondly , markes for words so seldome in use are oft times forgotten , before there bee occasion to make use of them , whereas many of these are written in every sentence . thirdly , as such words are longer in writing , so are they also in speaking . lastly , in many long words , some part may be omitted , and yet no hinderance to the reading of it , as in chap. 1. in this booke at the request of some ( who have found it usefull ) i have drawne the table into sense as neare as i could , keeping to the alphabeticall way , that it might take the better impression in the memory of the learner . the words that follow orderly in the table , are those that have the marks set against them ; the other words that stand forward in a smaller character , are added onely to make sense of the other , and have markes also in their place . of the use of points in this art . although to those that have attained any perfection in this art , there is no great use of pointing ; yet for the helpe of new beginners , i have added this direction : at the end of a perfect sentence , the ordinary period may be used which is this . but because it hath some resemblance with another word , leave the space of a word before and after it , thus . or else set it a letter lower than the line , thus ․ the interrogative point may be used in the common forme , thus ? parenthesis likewise as it is usually expressed with two semicircles , thus ( ) for other points of lesse use , as comma , colon : and the like , they may wholly be spared . those that desire to write the new testament , or bible , for the distinction of verses , at each verse end they may set this marke ⸫ printed at london by r. c. for samuel cartwright , and are to be sold at the hand and bible in duck-lane . 1644. the table . acknowledg aduantage aflictions by away anger with and adulterie admonish arguments by against account the after abundance for actions of as when appeare we shall amonge apostle angells . and b behold by baptisme blest menare because begin they beleiue to be behind not bruit-beasts but bountie let benefitts and betweene be brethren c cause children come to christs to church congregation and care with conscience and christians consider couenant their concerning and conuersation charitie they vse call and crosse the chastisment and comfortable confesse and certaine customes cittie of the corrupt . to be d doc dilligence thy delight with destroy to doctrine diuells of deliuered downe darknes in dwell . where they e edefie elect the epistle by example and enemies for enter effect and euill euen egept to end and the earth . of the f follow faith from foundation the forgiue forbeare and fulfilled be feare with feast and flesh not ye fast . but g giue god great glorie grace for gospell and ye good to the godly and generation generall . in h he hath that holie a humble heart his hope helpe and heauen is in holighost and the how yet hands doe the hipocrites of heretickes and hurt him house and his hold heare . i if instruments men be instruct to ignorant the iniguitie from it increase will inward ioy iesus for iudg. is k keepe kingdom in the know king . thy l let loue men law the lord of the life and their like is longe to be land . in the m meditate mind in man made thou art mortall magestrates ministers and must more haue mercie multitude . on the n neuertheless neighbours neglect necessitie the number of a nothing that lim●● notwithstanding name i not them now . o oh order the of our omnipotent obseruable is ouer outward things or other . p people passe praie to principall in a publigue perticuler place protection for prouision and proue and patience their purpose . to q qualifie question the qnantitie with the quarter . of a r remember readie be repent to righteous the regard that religion reioyce reward and haue reprobates but reproofe . s stand saluation for soule of spirit and see selfe to thy small for secret sinnes self-loue of shall seeme so strong send they seuerall for sacrifice . scripture t those that thinke to not turne truth to the tyme in torment themselues though thou thought this thus and then there and tell yet these them and they tast shall thy of trouble . v vp voice with thy vouchsafe and vs vnderstand to verse . the w we were wise with whom what in where why and when wicked the world would walk wordes with which worke was will worship . y yet you your . want z zeale . the lords praier the articles of the creed the ten commandements london printed for samuel cartwright and are to be soulde at the hand and bible in duck-lane , 1641 notes, typically marginal, from the original text notes for div a59630e-4910 place here the alphabet . notes for div a59630e-5060 place here the double consonants notes for div a59630e-10530 place here the table of beginning and ending long words notes for div a59630e-14850 place here the examples of long words . notes for div a59630e-20500 * chap. 1. short-hand yet shorter: or, the art of short-writing advanced in a more swift, easie, regular, and natural method than hitherto whereby the former difficulties in placing the vowels are removed; they, the dipthongs and consonants, further contracted; the particles, pronouns, degrees of comparison, persons, moods, tenses, contrarieties, repetitions, sentences negative and interrogatory, are shortned. the rules are plain, easie to be remembred and applied to any other short-hand, that such as have learned other authors may have hence a very considerable help to write more swiftly without altering their foundation. by george ridpath. ridpath, george, d. 1726. 1687 approx. 89 kb of xml-encoded text transcribed from 27 1-bit group-iv tiff page images. text creation partnership, ann arbor, mi ; oxford (uk) : 2003-05 (eebo-tcp phase 1). a57289 wing r1466 estc r220838 99832223 99832223 36695 this keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the early english books online text creation partnership. this phase i text is available for reuse, according to the terms of creative commons 0 1.0 universal . the text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. early english books online. (eebo-tcp ; phase 1, no. a57289) transcribed from: (early english books online ; image set 36695) images scanned from microfilm: (early english books, 1641-1700 ; 2056:18) short-hand yet shorter: or, the art of short-writing advanced in a more swift, easie, regular, and natural method than hitherto whereby the former difficulties in placing the vowels are removed; they, the dipthongs and consonants, further contracted; the particles, pronouns, degrees of comparison, persons, moods, tenses, contrarieties, repetitions, sentences negative and interrogatory, are shortned. the rules are plain, easie to be remembred and applied to any other short-hand, that such as have learned other authors may have hence a very considerable help to write more swiftly without altering their foundation. by george ridpath. ridpath, george, d. 1726. [4], 43, [1] p., [2] leaves of plates (fold.) : tables. printed by j.d. for the author, london : 1687. includes an errata at foot of p. 43. reproduction of the original in the university of london. created by converting tcp files to tei p5 using tcp2tei.xsl, tei @ oxford. re-processed by university of nebraska-lincoln and northwestern, with changes to facilitate morpho-syntactic tagging. gap elements of known extent have been transformed into placeholder characters or elements to simplify the filling in of gaps by user contributors. eebo-tcp is a partnership between the universities of michigan and oxford and the publisher proquest to create accurately transcribed and encoded texts based on the image sets published by proquest via their early english books online (eebo) database (http://eebo.chadwyck.com). the general aim of eebo-tcp is to encode one copy (usually the first edition) of every monographic english-language title published between 1473 and 1700 available in eebo. eebo-tcp 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tcp data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a tcp editor. the texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the tei in libraries guidelines. copies of the texts have been issued variously as sgml (tcp schema; ascii text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable xml (tcp schema; characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless xml (tei p5, characters represented either as utf-8 unicode or tei g elements). keying and markup guidelines are available at the text creation partnership web site . eng shorthand -early works to 1800. 2002-12 tcp assigned for keying and markup 2003-02 apex covantage keyed and coded from proquest page images 2003-03 mona logarbo sampled and proofread 2003-03 mona logarbo text and markup reviewed and edited 2003-04 pfs batch review (qc) and xml conversion short-hand yet shorter : or , the art of short-writing advanced in a more swift , easie , regular , and natural method than hitherto . whereby the former difficulties in placing the vowels are removed ; they , the dipthongs and consonants , further contracted ; the particles , pronouns , degrees of comparison , persons , moods , tenses , contrarieties , repetitions , sentences negative and interrogatory are shortned . the rules are plain , easie to be remembred and applied to any other short-hand , that such as have learned other authors may have hence a very considerable help to write more swiftly without altering their foundation . by george ridpath . if any desire to be expeditiously taught , the author may be heard of in eagle and child court in st. giles in the fields , near the church , or upon the scots walk at exchange-time most saturdays . s london , printed by j. d. for the author , 1687. to the right honourable philip lord wharton , baron of wharton . my lord , being about to publish the ensuing little book , these are humbly to beg your lordship's patrociny , which i am emboldened to do on the following reasons . first , because it had its birth under your lordship's roof , while i had the honour to be one of your lordship's domesticks . and in the next place , because it is in it self improveable for promoting of piety and business , in both which respects your lordship hath rendred your self eminent amongst those of your rank . by a long and undaunted owning and professing of the former , both in publick and private capacities , your lordship is no less signalized than your renowned ancestor was at the famous battel of solan mosse , where he purchased victory for his country , entailed honour upon his family , and enrolled himself in the registers of fame as a hero of the first magnitude , whose atchievement occasions one of the noblest passages that the history of the kingdom affords . by your lordship's skill and dexterity in managing the latter , you have aggrandized your revenues , and made them more adaequate than formerly to the splendor of your family . these things being considered , it seems very natural for this enchiridion to cast it self at your lordship's feet and beg your protection , which tho the subject matter thereof be but mean , and seemingly below your lordship's grandeur to patronize , yet being the best way i can conceive my self able to express my gratitude for obligations i am under to your lordship , i hope it will be taken in good part from him who shall always look upon it as his honour to have been , and ambitious still to entitle himself , my lord , your lordship 's much obliged , and very humble servant , geo. ridpath . courteous reader , the usesulness of short-hand is so generally known , and readily apprehended , that it is needless for me to say any thing in its commendation , and therefore i shall here only give an answer to an objection some make against it , and an account of this present essay . object . it teaches to spell false . answ. they will scarcely be capable to learn this art , that are not before-hand able to read and write , and consequently so acquainted with the rules of spelling true , that they will be in no hazard of learning to spell false . i desire such also to consider that there is a great difference betwixt spelling false and short ; for in this art we acknowledg that the leaving out of superfluous letters is injoyn'd , but will not so readily grant that therefore we teach to spell false . some able criticks in our language do wish that this method were more in practice ; for as it is no perfection in any language to have more letters in its words than are sufficient to sound it , it can be no injury to it to have what is unnecessary expunged ; and surely if this course were taken it would make our language more easie to our own youth to read , and to foreigners both to read and speak . these considerations have prevail'd with the french of late to leave out a great many of such letters as they do not pronounce ; and since we apify them in many worse things , it will be no great crime to do it a little in this . in the next place , i desire such objectors to consider , that we do not teach them to write the same way in long-hand that they do in short , but make the difference between the two plainly appear , and consequently teach true spelling in their sense over again , for the examples are first given as they should be in long-hand , and then as they should be in short-hand . but some will still object and say , that by writing short-hand they will get a habit of spelling false . answ. they may with as much reason argue against learning latin and french ; because in the former they are accustomed to pronounce all the letters , and so because they read fine finé , in latin they must needs read the english word fine so too ; or because they are accustomed to read nostre notre in french , they must needs read the english word oister oter too ; or because in arithmetick we express numbers by figures , we should in other cases get a habit of doing so too . but the contrary is so evident , that to make such objections would be justly accounted ridiculous . i shall now give you an account of this present essay , as followeth . being very desirous to learn short-hand , i perused all the authors i could meet with for that end , but missing that satisfaction i expected in them , i set about this composure for my own use . in prosecution of which i discovered several considerable things ( not taken notice of by former authors ) that fall very naturally under rules of contraction , which after several years practice and experience of their usefulness , i now publish for common benefit in the ensuing method . 1. here is an easie alphabet , in composing whereof i took care to make the characters distinct in their shapes , and easie to be joyned together , which several of our late authors not observing , have discouraged their learners on that account in the very threshold . 2. here are all the double consonants ( except two ) intirely framed of the letters of the alphabet , whereas others make such marks as have no dependance upon the same , and is consequently a double charge to the memory . 3. you have here the places of the vowels in better order than hitherto ; others having assigned the place of a and e both at top , and o and u both at bottom , or a just above the letter , and u just underneath it ; the inconvenience of both which methods you may see by these examples , for according to the former , where e and u are only distinguished from a and o by their greater distance from the letter before them , if one were writing in haste it will be difficult to keep due distance , and so the places being the same , there is hazard of confounding words of different signification ; or if , according to the latter , one were to write baruch , it must be writ thus r / b , and then one is at a loss where to joyn ch ; or humane , it must be writ thus h / m , and then you are at a loss again where to dispose of your following letters , and so of all words of these sorts : but both these inconveniences are avoided here , as you may see by looking upon figure 3 in the copper plate . 4. all others having enjoyned the proper character of a vowel to be writ when it begins a word , instead thereof i have ordered a prick to be put in the vowels place , which is sooner writ than any other character , and will be also more beautiful . 5. whereas others have only given a general hint , and some few instances to leave out superfluous letters , i have given a particular account of them all , with directions to know when they are to be left out , which must needs be a considerable help to the younger , who cannot discern them , and the elder who have not leisure to consider which they are . 6. i have given you such rules for exchanging letters of like sound , by which one may often serve for two or three , and such a plain table of syllables for beginning and ending of words as hath more dependance upon the alphabet than any yet extant . 7. you have here rules how to express the words of , to , with , from , by and for without writing any thing for them , and such a short way of expressing the small particles a , the , this , that , these , those , and the pronouns ours , yours , theirs , &c. and the degrees of comparison , or the words more , most , than of the , among them , &c. as was never hitherto published by any . 8. such rules for shortning the persons , moods , and tenses as will be of exceeding good use , whereby the words thou , he , we , ye , they , let , wish , may , can , might , ought , would , should , may , or can hereafter are contracted , the words do , am , was , have , had , shall and will are left out . 9. the moods , tenses and persons , are improved in the same manner in sentences interrogatory and negative . 10. you have here rules for contracting of short words when they come together , and for abreviating of long words , expressing of contrarieties , and repetitions as short as any yet extant ; which , being well adverted to , will sufficiently supply the want of , and be much more useful and practicable than such tables ( wherewith some authors abound ) which have neither sufficient dependance upon the letters of the alphabet , nor do naturally represent the thing signified ; and consequently are difficult to learn , burdensome to the memory , and hard to retain ; as may appear by this instance : some authors prescribe ab to be writ for abominable , and such like , which with as much reason may signify absolute , abundance , and any other word that begins with ab , whereas by adding an m in the place of o according to the rules here given , the root of the word is fully expressed , and consequently no doubt what it is , neither doth it occasion any burden to the memory , nor difficulty in reading , both which are necessary consequents of the former method . 11. you have here a table of analogical marks , wherein the characters for the most part represent naturally the thing signified , and will consequently make a quick impression on , and be no burden to the memory . 12. you have also a specimen of other tables , with directions how to compose them if so be you approve of them . i desire the ingenuous reader before he gives his censure of the work , to consider well the constant use there will be of the above-mentioned rules for shortning and leaving out of words which are so common in all discourses , and in the next place to consider the natural method in which they are laid down , so as they may be quickly learned , and not burdensome to the memory to retain ; and i doubt not but he will easily be perswaded , that besides the removal of former difficulties , there is a very considerable essay made here towards the improvement , if not perfection , of short-hand . i shall conclude with some directions for the better learning this art. 1. you are desired either to unfold the engraven sheet at pag. in which the examples are , and let it lie before you , turning from the rule to the example in the said sheet to which the number will direct you ; or to cut it out , that you may have it ready on all occasions , and by laying the book upon it , and moving it to the several examples , they will be as readily seen against every rule as if they were writ on the same page . the reason of my taking this course was both to avoid the expenses of engraving the whole book , and because i judg it a readier way of teaching ; for having once read over and understood the rules , the unfolding of this sheet , and looking upon the examples , will instruct you sufficiently without turning to the book ; the sheet is also more portable upon all occasions . 2. learn but a little at a time , lest you make it burdensome to your self ; the best way is to write the examples over and over , till you can do them readily . but be not discouraged tho you cannot read what you write at first , for that is common to all beginners . 3. observe there are several things peculiar to the scotish dialect which are marked s , so that the english learner may omit them ; and that there are several anglicisms , or things peculiar to the english dialect , which are marked a , so that my country-men may do therein as they judg best . 4. if there be any thing you do not understand , advise with those of riper years and understanding . 5. such as have learned other short-hands , and desire a further improvement , are desired to peruse the whole book , wherein they will find several things of good use , but more especially the contraction of the verbs , moods , times , and persons . i hope you will excuse the length of this , seeing it serves both for preface , contents , and directions . farewell . 1. note that there are two characters for i , the first of which must always be used instead of j consonant , as in these words , jerusalem . jericho . there are also two characters for s , that the learner may take which of them he shall find most convenient to joyn with other letters . see the alphabet . for the better understanding of the following rules , the learner is desired to observe that the letters a , e , i , o , u , are called vowels , and the rest of the letters are called consonants . it must be observed that the letters j and v coming before themselves , or any other vowel in the same syllable , are consonants , as in the words judah , vertue . 2. when two or more consonants come together , they must be joyned one to another without taking off the pen. the most difficult are given you for examples in the copper plate at the figure 2. but all of them except th and wh are the letters of the alphabet , and so will be easily learned . 3. how to express the vowels . when a word begins or ends with a vowel , the said vowel must not be expressed by its proper character , but by a prick put in its place : which that you may the more easily remember and understand , observe that their places are according to their rank in the alphabet , viz. a being the first vowel , hath the first place , viz. a little higher than the following letter ▪ but not just over it . see the copper plate at fig. 3. e being the second vowel , hath the second place , viz. just against the upper corner of the following letter . see again at fig. 3. i being the third vowel , hath the third place , viz. just against the middle of the letter . see fig. 3. o being the fourth vowel , hath the fourth place , just against the lower corner of the following letter . see fig. 3. u being the fifth vowel , hath the fifth place a little lower than the following letter , but not just under it . see again at fig. 3. you must also take notice that the places of the vowels are the same after a consonant as before one , and that the letter y when joined to a consonant hath always the sound of the vowel i , and therefore is expressed in the same manner . in the next place observe carefully the places of the vowels about the letters l and s , you will easily understand these things by viewing the examples at fig. 3. 4. when a vowel comes between two consonants , it is to be expressed by putting the latter consonant in its place . see fig. 4. in this art we do not regard true spelling , but for swiftness sake leave out all the letters that are not pronounced in speaking ; which that you may the better understand , i have given in the following tables a particular account of all such letters , with rules how to know them and when to leave them out ; the learner must write them in short-hand letters till he can do them well . 1. e may be left out before d in the last syllable of a word , as for ruled rul'd .   wiped wip'd .   striped strip'd . 2. before st , as for knowest knowst . 3. before th , as for knoweth knowth . 4. before neth , as for ripeneth ripneth . 5. before l , as for councel councl . 6. before m , as for them thm . 7. before n , as for taken takn . 8. before r , as for cooler . coolr . 9. as it may be left out in all these eight cases abovesaid before those letters     in the last syllable , so it may be left out in all such words as it is not pronounced in when it is the last letter of the word , viz. after b , c , d , f , g , k , l , m , n , p , q , r , s , t , u , v , w , observe the examples , which the learner is desired to write over in the short-hand characters until he be accustomed to leave out the letters which are here left out . bribe brib .   spice spic .   wide wid .   knife knif .   sage sag.   make mak .   stale stal .   name nam .   none non .   wipe wip .   risque risq .   hare har .   case cas .   hate hat . in such cases as one word may be mistaken for another , as hate for hat , the learner may add a prick in the vowels place to distinguish . due du .   live liv .   owe ow. how to express dipthongs . 5. when a dipthong ( which is two vowels together in the same syllable ) begins or ends a word , observe which of the vowels is most sounded in pronouncing the word , and write a prick in that vowels place , and if the dipthong be in the middle of a word , put the consonant which follows next after the dipthong in the place of the vowel which is most sounded . see fig. 5. the following table teaches which of the vowels should be writ in all dipthongs . ae e eneas aeneas   ai a ar air   au a adience audience a ay a play pla   ea e se sea a ei e ven vein   eo o jopardy jeopardy   eu u nuter neuter a ey e pre prey   ie i li lie   oa o ror roar   oe o do doe   for ou write u as fund for found s ua a gard guard   ue u du due   ui i gilt guilt   eau u buty beauty a iew u adu adiew a uai a qal quail   these are tripthongs uee e qen queen   uea e qesie queasie   aw a la law   ew u nu new a ow o slo slow a eou u rightus righteous   6. if neither of the vowels can be spared , as in the word oil , boil , &c. observe in the beginning of a word to write the proper character of the first vowel , and put the consonant in the next vowels place . in the middle of a word write your last vowel in the first vowels place . in the end of a word do the same . see the examples at fig. 6. of semi-vowels and mutes . when any of the letters l , m , n , r , x , z , ( which by the latins are called semi-vowels ) come after a vowel ( in the beginning of a word ) before another consonant , the said vowel may be left out ; sor none of those letters can be pronounced without sounding a vowel before them , as l is pronounced as if it were writ el ; which of the vowels must be pronounced , the sense will teach . the same rule holds as to these mutes b , c , d , f , g , p , t , except when any of them are joyned with l or r. observe the examples in the following table , and write them over so often in the short-hand letters till you can readily write them , or any other examples of this nature . amnon mnon . already lredy . for unready nredy . argue rgu . expect xpect . ezra zra . obtain btain . adjust djust . for off-going fgoing . ignominy gnominy . up-going pgoing . out-last tlast . when two consonants of the same sort come together either in the middle or end of a word , one of them may be left out and yet the pronunciation not wronged , as will appear by these examples in the table . attain atain . attribute atribut , aggravate agravat . carefull carful . fearfull ferful . sinfull sinful . sinfulness sinfulnes . err er . firr fir. it many times happens that two consonants of different sorts comes together , and yet one of them may be spared without marring the sense of the word , concerning which take the following rules . b may be left out in the end of a word after m , and when it comes between a vowel and t , lamb lam       dumb dum       debt det       doubt dut   c may be spared before k or q , and after s , and after x , acknowledg aknoledg       acquaint aqant       disciple disiple       excess xes   d may be left out before g , as and sometimes after n , judg jug       grudg grug       hand-maid han-maid       friendship frienship   f when it is not pronounced before t , soft sot a     after ater a g may be left out betwixt a vowel and n , and when it comes between n and th . rein reign .       soverain soveraign .       forein foreign .       lenth length .       strenth strength . s gh when it comes between a vowel and t , rit right . a     mit might . a     sit sight .   ugh after a vowel thro through .   h when it comes in the end of a word after a vowel it may be left out in the word him , when the foregoing word ends with a consonant or with e after a consonant , or with h , and when it comes after r , and after c , as and after x , sela selah .       noa noah .       let im let him .       hurt im hurt him .       smite im smite him .       take im take him .       catch im catch him .       reach im reach him .       retorik rhetorick .       rum rheum .       scem scheme .       scolar scholar .       xort exhort .   l in the words will and shall , before not , and by scotish men , and those of the north of england after a , so before f , w'ont will not .       sha'nt shall not .       sma small . s     fa fall .       ca call .       haf half .       caf calf .   n when it comes after m in the same syllable . contem contemn . s     condem condemn .   p when it comes between m and t , contemt contempt .       xmt exempt .   t before ch and after p , strech stretch .       corrup corrupt . s the in the words them , these , those , when the words going before end with e or a consonant . tak m take them .       write s write these .       take s take those .   w may be left out before r , and sometimes before h. rit write . a     hol whole . a of exchanging letters . many times one letter may be exchanged for another , and so one serve for two : observe the following table . c ch baruc baruch . a f ph filip philip.     gh laf laugh . a     tuf tough .   k ct ak act . s   ck attak attack .   write x for cc xes access .     ks thanx thanks .     cts distrix district . s s ce defens defence .   q qu qery query ▪   sh sci conshens conscience .     tio conshenshus conscientious .       conshonabl conscionable .   the learners are desired to write over the examples in these tables until they can readily write them , leaving out the superfluous letters , the benefit they will quickly find in exercising them in the short-hand letters . the reader is referred to fig. 7. in the copper plate for syllables to begin and end words , and examples how to make use of the said syllables . the learner is also desired to take notice that any consonant being dashed through in the place of the respective vowel , the said dash signifies ar , er , ir , or , ur . and that a very little line over or under a word , if it be only so big as to distinguish it from a prick , signifies the words over and under . and that a short-hand p joined above any word signifies upon . see the examples for each in fig. 7. 8. how to write the small words , a , the , this , these , those , that . for a , write a prick above the word towards the left-hand . for the , a prick over it to the right . for this and these , write two pricks in the line asquint going upward from the left to the right-hand . for those , write two pricks in the line asquint going downward the same way . for that , write a prick under the line towards the right-hand . see the examples of each in in fig. 8. 9. the words my , thy , his , ours , yours , theirs , are called possessive pronouns , and must be writ thus . for my or mine write a prick higher than the line at an equal distance from the word that goes before it and that which follows . for thy and thine write a prick in the middle betwixt the words . for his write a prick against the lower corner in the middle betwixt the words . for ours double the pricks in the first place . for yours double them in the second . for theirs double them in the third . see at fig. 9. for the examples . if the word self come after any of these words ( which frequently happens ) write a very small short-hand s under the said word . if the word own ( which also frequently happens ) come after , add one prick more under the said word . see the examples at figure 9. 10. how to express the words of , to , with , from , for , by . for of write the following word a little higher than the line off from the corner of the word that comes before it . see fig. 10. for to , write the following word nearer to it in the same place , but remember to keep such distance as that it may not be mistaken as part of the former word . for with , write the word that follows it near the middle of the word that went before it , keeping due distance to avoid mistake . for from , write the following word at a double distance from the word that went before it . for by , write the following word near to the under corner of that which went before it , but so as you may keep a due distance from that word . for for , write the following word in the same place at a greater distance . see the examples at fig. 10. but in case the learner think these rules intricate or hard to observe , i refer him to figure 11. where there are other ways to express the said words as short as any hath hitherto been published , and which must be used however when such words begin a line , and before the possessive pronouns , observe fig. 11. 12. how to write the degrees of comparison . when the word more , which the latins call the sign of the comparative degree , comes to be writ , it may be signified by a little mark towards the left-hand . see fig. 12. the word then comes very often after words of the comparative degree , which may be known either by this word more which is the sign of it , or by its last syllable , which in the english language always ends in er , and is either compared with others or it self , as wiser than he was , wiser than you ; i say in such case the word than may be left out , for it cannot but be read by the sense . when the word most , which the latins call the sign of the superlative degree , is to be writ , it may be signified by the same mark as the comparative degree , only set toward the right-hand . see fig. 12. the words of the , in the , among them , &c. do often come after the words of the superlative degree which are known , either by this sign most , or by its last syllable , which in the english language is always in est , or st , and speaks always of a person or thing in the highest or lowest degree , as the wisest of the two , the richest in the town . in such cases the said words of the , in the , &c. may be left out , and yet the sense will easily discover which should be read . see the examples one after another , fig. 12. of verbs , tenses , and moods . a verb is a word that signifies the person or thing spoken of , either to be doing something to others ( and then it is called active ) or that something is done to , or suffered by the said person or thing , and then it is called passive . 13. the words , i , thou , he , we , ye , they , do often come before verbs , and are called persons . see for their characters , fig. 13. there are three times of doing or suffering , viz. the time past , the time present , the time to come . we express the time past by the words have , have been , had , had been , did and was . we express the time present by the words do and am . we express the time to come by the words will , and will be , shall , and shall be . now according to the order of nature , and not of grammar , supposing that many may learn this art , that never learned that , i have put the time past first , the present in the middle , and the time to come last . 14. therefore when the word have comes either after any of the words i , thou , he , we ye , they , or any other word , it is not to be writ , but the word that comes after it is to have the first letter of it writ higher than the corner of the word before it , which being the first place is the place of have , which is the sign of the first time . see fig. 14. instead of the words have been , write after the same manner , but because that is a passive signification , it must be distinguished by putting a little stroke on the back of the first letter of the word that comes after have been . see the example , fig. 14. for had and had been , write in the same manner , only let the word which comes after had be writ at twice so much distance from the word that goes before it , as the word was that came after have , and let the word that comes after had been , have a stroke put on its back according to the former rule . see the next example ▪ fig. 14. when the word did comes after any of the persons , or another word , it is not to be writ , but signified by its place also , which is just against , or even with the upper corner of the word that goes before it , and therefore the word that comes after it must be writ in that place at such distance as it may not be confounded with the word that goes before it . see the next example , fig. 14. for the word was it must be expressed the same way , but with this difference , that being of a passive or suffering signification , a little stroke must be added to the back of the word that follows it , as formerly . see further fig. 14. the time present being between that which is past , and that which is to come , you must put such word as comes after do or am just against the middle of such word as went before them , only putting a stroke upon the back of such word as comes after am , because it is passive . see fig. 14. the time to come being the last , you must put the word that comes after will or shall against the lower corner of the word that went before them , allowing double the distance from that word for shall that you do for will : and for will be and shall be , adding a stroke upon the back of the word that follows them because of the passive signification . see fig. 14. adhuc . some perhaps may object that the places of the tenses , and the places of the words of , to , &c. are confounded , but there can be no hazard of mistake in that , if it be considered that a verb never comes after any of these words except to , concerning which you have a rule in its place , and at first dash it will be seen that the word so placed as is directed here , is a verb. note that hast and hath must be expressed the same way as have , hadst the same way as had , didst the same way as did ; wast and were the same way as was , dost and doth the same way as do ; and shalt and wilt the same way as shall and will. see the last examples , fig. 14. the persons or words which go before them will easily shew which should be read . 15. there are several ways of expressing our selves in doing or suffering , which the latins call moods , some of which fall under our consideration in this art. and first , the imperative or commanding way , or mood , wherein we express our selves ( when we command ) by the words do , let , or be , as do you go , let us come , be you obedient . the persons or words to which these words of command are usually affixed or joyned , are me , thou , him , us , you or ye , and them : concerning which observe the following rules , viz. to the first letter of every such person joyn over it in a commanding manner a straight stroke or short-hand l , and to distinguish be , because it hath a passive signification , put a small dash on the back of the said stroke , observe the examples fig. 15. where you must also take notice that for the word us there is a short-hand s. 16. secondly , there is the optative or wishing mood , wherein we express our selves by the word wish , which is to be signified by a stroke put under the person in a humble manner , but when the word wish comes after any other word it is to be expressed by putting a short-hand w under the said word . see fig. 16. 17. thirdly , there is the potential mood or way , whereby we express what may or ought to be done , which we do by the words may , can , would , should , might , ought , may , or can hereafter ; concerning which observe that except have , had , or hereafter come after any of them , they do all belong to the present time , and therefore in that case the word that comes after any of them must be set just against the middle of the word before it . the way to express them is thus . if any of the said words may , can , &c. come after a person , then the first letter of such word must be joyned to the person which is enough to express any of them , but because several of them , as may and might , can and could , begin with the same letter , you must distinguish them thus ; write the first letter of might and could close to the upper corner of the person , and joyn the first letter of may and can to the lower corner of the person , see the example in fig. 17. where you must also take notice that to express the passive signification of be and been , &c. there is a little dash put upon the back of the first letter of the word . if the words may or can , &c. come after any other word , then the persons , i , thou , &c. you must put the first letter of such of them as it happens to be , above the verb , but you must distinguish may from might , and can from could as formerly , and observe to add the little dash for the passive signification . see and observe carefully the example in fig. 17. sometimes the optative and potential come together , observe the last example , fig. 17. 18. fourthly , there is the subjunctive mood , which some also call conjunctive , because it doth not compleat a sentence except another verb be subjoyned or conjoyned , the signs by which we express it are the words when , if , seeing , as when you come ; you see that something more is to be expressed or understood , to make the sentence compleat , as when you come you shall hear . the manner of expressing these words is thus , you must when they come after any person , or other word subjoin , ( that is to say joyn to the lower part of it ) a short-hand wh for when , f for if , s for seeing . see fig. 18. sometimes the signs of the optative , potential , and subjunctive , come together , as in this example , i wish when you come you would stay . concerning which see the last examples of figure 18. 19. how to express to and to be , which latins call marks of the infinitive mood , i refer you to figure 19. where you have examples how to use them . as also to express the must which is called a gerund , by putting a short-hand in under the person or last letter of the word before it . of interrogatory sentences . 20. for the words commonly made use of in asking questions and their characters , i refer you to number 20. in the copper plate , but take these following rules for the use of them . 1. if they or any of them come before any of the persons , i , thou , he , &c. you must put the said person in the place of the sign of the time that goes before it , as in this example , what have i ? you must first write the character for what and put i in the place of have , which according to former rules is higher than the upper corner of the word going before it , at such distance as it may not be taken for part of that word , and so of all others of this sort . see fig. 20. if the verb come after the person , as in this example , what shall i do , write as before , only put the verb against the middle of the person which is the present time , and so of all others , observing the former directions for distinguishing one mood or way from another , and the words that are passive from the active . see fig. 20. but it must be observed that the signs of the optative or wishing mood must be joyned to the lower part of the word of question , as in this example , what wisheth he for , the sign of the optative mood must be joyned to the lower end of the word what ▪ see fig. 20. the signs of the potential mood may , can , should , &c. must be joyned to the head of the person , after any such word of question , but because of may and might , and can and coulds beginning with one letter , joyn might and could to the upper corner of the person on the left side , and may and can towards the lower corner on the same side . see fig. 20. the signs of the subjunctive mood when , if , and seeing , being always to be read before the person , there is no difficulty in them . see figure 20. adhuc . 21. when a question begins with any of these words do , did , have , had , will , shall , write the person that follows after any of those words , and put a prick close to the back of the person to shew that it is a question , and put the following verb in its proper time . see fig. 21. but if the word wish come after the person , joyn the mark of the optative to it , and put the verb in its proper time . see fig. 21. if the words may , can , should , would , &c. come before the person , they must be joyned to the upper part of it as formerly , remembring also to distinguish between may and might , can and could , and betwixt words of a passive signification and others , according to former rules . see further , fig. 21. observe if the said words in asking a question should come before any other word but the person , the first letter of each of them must be writ above the word they come before , but remember to write may and can below the word . see further fig. 21. note that tho at first one would think this last rule is confounded with that in number 17 page , yet there is no hazard of mistaking one for the other ; for the signs of the potential mood in that rule are always to be put above or below a verb , but here never . of negative sentences . 22. when the words not , never , neither , come either before a verb or any other word , they may be exprest thus , not by a short-hand n put upon the back of the first letter of the word that follows it , never by the same dash'd through , neither by a short-hand th joyned to the head of the n. see the examples fig. 22. of contracting little words when they come together . 23. many times little words coming together may be joyned so as to be much shortned , especially if all of them end and begin with vowels , or if the former end with the vowel , and the latter begin with h , as com on for come on , t' us for to us , t'im for to him ; and often when the first word ends with a consonant , and the latter begins with a vowel , as think on t for think on it . the rules for such abbreviations are these . when two or more words come together , one whereof ends with a vowel , and the other begins with a vowel or h , the last vowel in the first word may be left out , and the first consonant of the next may be put in the place of the vowel that goes before it , as tak n for take on , where ( e ) is left out in take , and n put in the place of o against k ; and so words beginning with h after one that either ends with a consonant , or vowel , h may be left out , and the consonant which comes next after it may be put in the place of the vowel that went before it , as tak n m for take on him , where m is put in the place of i against n and h left out . when one word ends with a consonant , and another begins with a vowel , write the consonant which comes after the said vowel , in the place of it , against the consonant before it , as break open write the p in the place of o against the k. see the examples , of fig. 23. of contrarieties . when words or sentences which are just contrary one to another come together , the contrary part may be signified by a backward c thus , good & ) for good and bad , heaven & ) for heaven and hell ; whosoever believeth in christ jesus shall be saved , but ) for whosoever believeth not in christ jesus shall be condemned . of leaving out syllables . there are syllables which are common for ending many words , as ed , est , eth , &c. which for swiftness sake may be left out , and yet the sense not be marred to any understanding person ; for if the root of the word be writ , the sense will easily direct to the last syllable , as if one should write thou understa me , sense will teach that it must be read thou understandest me , so thou lov me for lovest , teach for teachest ; and so of any other word . list of shorthand entities list of shorthand entities many times half a long word may be left out , and yet be easily read , as comis for commission , command for commandment , and thus , the unright pers. shant inher the kingd . of heav . will easily be read , the unrighteous person shall not inherit the kingdom of heaven . these last rules being well considered , will be found more useful and practicable than tables of marks for words , as is hinted more at large in the preface . of repetitions . in case of repetitions , consider if the sense may not be compleat , tho the word repeated be but once set down , as instead of whatsoever things are true , whatsoever things are honest , whatsoever things are just , &c. write whatsoever things are true , honest , just , &c. or if the repetitions follow one another immediately you may write down the number under the words to be repeated , as for the temple of the lord , the temple of the lord , the temple of the lord , write , the temple of the lord. i shall now give you the names of the scripture books contracted , as they use to be quoted in authors , which you may practise in your short-hand letters according to your rules until you can do them perfectly . gen. ex. lev. num. deut. jos. judg. ruth . sam. k. cr. zr. neh. est. job . ps. prov. ec. cant. is. jer. lam. ez. dan. hos. jol. am. ob. jon. mich. nah. hab. zef . zec. hag. mal. note that any number of psalms above 66 may be expressed by the figures only without mentioning the psalm , it being known that there is no other book hath above that number of chapters . for chapter write cap. for verse write ver . mat. luk. mar. jo. ac. rom. cor. gal. ef. fil. col. thes. tim. tit. ph. heb. ja. pet. jud. rev. note that i have writ f for ph , because it is sooner writ , and cr for chr , because h is not sounded after c. here follows a table of analogical marks which will quickly be learned , most of the words therein being signified naturally by the marks , for which i refer you to the copper plate at the end of the book , where you will find them numbred as the words are here : so that if you look for the same number there that you find against any of the words or sentences here , the mark against which the said number is placed signifies the same . i did not think it material to bring them into exact order of alphabet , which i hope the learner will excuse , for they will be attained at twice or thrice writing over . a. 1 altogether . 2 all that is in the world. 3 angel. 4 angels that fell , or fallen angels 5 antichrist . 6 apostle . 7 apostles of christ. 8 false apostles . 9 to ascend . b. 10 back to back . 11 babylon . 12 come out of babylon my people . 13 thou hypocrite , thou canst not see the beam that is in thine own eye 14 to backslide , or backsliden . 15 backward . 16 black . 17 before . 18 behind . 19 before and behind . 20 above and below . 21 belong . beginning of the world 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 25 near the beginning . 26 at the beginning . 27 after the beginning . 28 from the beginning . 29 from the beginning to the end . 30 from the 11th to the 14th . 31 the 14 and 15 compared . 32 good beginning . 33 bad beginning . 34 about the beginning . 35 between . 36 both together . 37 bottomless pit. 38 blind . 39 before the foundation of the world. 40 beneath . 41 broad gate , or way . 42 broad is the gate that leads to destruction , and many there be that enter thereat . 43 broken cistern that will hold no water . 44 broken . 45 broken in pieces . 46 broken in two . c. 47 christ. 48 christian. 49 christianity . 50 christ coming into the world. 51 christ came into the world to save sinners . 52 cross. 53 christ's humiliation . 54 christ's exaltation . 55 christ sitteth at the right-hand of god. 56 christ's ascenfion . 57 christ's burial . 58 christ's death . 59 christ's resurrection . 60 christ crucified . 61 christ will come to judg the world. 62 christ's blood. 63 christ sweat drops of blood. 64 the blood and water that came out of christ's side . 65 the sufferings of christ. 66 children of christ. 67 in christ. 68 in and through christ. 69 in and by christ. 70 through christ. 71 out of christ. 72 near christ. 73 far from christ. 74 from christ. 75 by christ. 76 rely on christ. 77 forsake christ. 78 many are called , but few are chosen . 79 in covenant with christ. 80 christ received into the heart . 81 cross of christ. 82 he that will be my disciple , must take up his cross and follow me . 83 jesus christ. 84 christ jesus . 85 our lord jesus chr. 86 church . 87 church of christ. 88 reformed church . 89 church of rome . 90 church of england . 91 church of the jews . 92 corrupt church . 93 church militant . 94 church triumphant . 95 suffering church . 96 church of god. 97 covenant of works . 98 covenant of grace . 99 covenant . 100 broken covenant . 101 covenant-breakers . 102 in covenant with god. 103 conscience . 104 conscience awakened . 105 bad conscience . 106 sear'd conscience . 107 circumcision . 108 uncircumcision . 109 coming into the world. 110 compassed . 111 compassed about . 112 compassed round . d. 113 darkness . 114 blackness of darkness . 115 devil . 116 the children of the devil . 117 the devil can turn himself into an angel of light. 118 the devils believe and tremble . 119 chains of darkness . 120 doctrine . 121 point of doctrine . 122 1st , 2d , and 3d , doctrine . 123 false doctrine . 124 corrupt doctrine . 125 doctrine of devils . 126 downward e. 127 eye . 128 eyes of god. 129 eyes of the lord. 130 eyes of angels . 131 eyes of devils . 132 eyes of the world. 133 eyes of the people . 134 proud look . 135 even . 136 equal . 137 unequal . 138 uneven . f. 139 fall headlong upon . 140 fall headlong into the bottomless pit. 141 from the one side to the other . 142 from one end to the other . 143 from top to bottom . 144 foundation of the world. 145 before the foundation of the world. 146 fragments g. 147 god. 148 great god. 149 god in christ. 150 god in christ reconciling the world. 151 gospel . 152 gospel of christ. 153 go forward . 154 go backward . 155 go to the left-hand . 156 go to the right-hand . 157 go upward . 158 go downward . 159 go up and down . 160 go forward and backward . 161 go out of the world. 162 gathered together . h. 163 heart . 164 upright heart . 165 covetous heart . 166 heart set on the world. 167 heart set on christ. 168 double heart . 169 hard heart . 170 soft heart . 171 contrite heart . 172 broken heart . 173 contrite and broken heart . 174 false heart . 175 unclean heart . 176 rotten heart . 177 hypocrite in heart . 178 headlong . 179 heavenly . 180 in heaven . 181 god in heaven . 182 with god in heaven . 183 christ in heaven . 184 with christ in heaven . 185 saints in heaven . 186 with saints in heaven . 187 angels in heaven . 188 with angels in heaven . 189 hell. 190 in hell. 191 devils in hell. 192 with devils in hell. 193 souls in hell. 194 wicked in hell. 195 the wicked shall be turned into hell , and all the nations that forget god. 196 flames of hell. 197 torments of hell. 198 purgatory . i. 199 idolaters . 200 idolatrous . 201 idolatry . 202 in the middle . 203 jesus christ the second person of the trinity . 204 inseparable 205 inward or inside . 206 innumerable . k. 207 king. 208 kingdom . 209 kingdom of heaven . 210 kingdom of christ. 211 kingdom of satan . 212 kingdom of the earth . 213 key that openeth and none can shut . 214 knowledg 215 knowledg of god. 216 knowledg of christ. 217 knowledg of my self . 218 knowledg of thy self . 219 knowledg of our selves . 220 knowledg of your selves . 221 knowledg of themselves . 222 knowledg of the lord. 223 knowledg of the lord j. christ. l. 224 labyrinth . 225 little . 226 long . 227 lord. 228 longer . 229 longest . 230 lord god. 231 lord jesus christ crucified . 232 look unto christ. 233 look unto christ on the cross or christ crucified . 234 they shall look unto him whom they have pierced , and mourn . 235 look up . 236 look down 237 look forward . 238 look backward . 239 look before and behind . 240 look round about . 241 look above 242 look below . 243 look on this fide . 244 look on that side . m. 245 magistrate . 246 minister . 247 mistake . 248 great mistake . 249 foul mistake . 250 greatly mistaken . 251 fouly mistaken . 252 mystery . 253 misunderstood . 254 to mediate . 255 thou hypocrite , thou canst see the mote that is in thy neighbours eye , &c. 256 man men. 257 upright man. 258 upright way . 259 fallen man 260 righteous man. 261 sinsul man. 262 in man. 263 between man and man. 264 bloody men. 265 damned or reprobate man. n. 266 narrow way . 267 new testament . 268 nevertheless . 269 notwithstanding . 270 numerous . o. 271 outside . 272 outward . 273 old testament . 274 our father which art in heaven . 275 providence 276 prudence . 277 papist popish . 278 protestant . 279 prison . q. 280 quarter . 281 quarterly , or 4thly . 282 quartered . 283 quartering 284 in the 4th place . 285 question . 286 in question . 287 without question . 288 under question . 289 questioned . 290 questionless . 291 hard question . 292 plain question . 293 questioned about . 294 intricate question . r. 295 round . 296 round about . 297 run headlong . 298 run backward . 299 run headlong into the bottomless pit. s. 300 sharp-sighted . 301 sword. 302 sword of god. 303 flaming sword. 304 serpent . 305 crooked serpent . 306 break the serpent's head. 307 old serpent . 308 scattered . 309 sacrament . 310 holy scripture . 311 through scripture . 312 by the scripture . 313 shipwrack 314 having made shipwrack of faith and a good conscience . 315 straight gate . 316 strive to enter in at the straight gate . t. 317 trinity . 318 trinity in unity , or one god and three persons . 319 mystery of the trinity . 320 first person of the trinity . 321 second person of the trinity . 2 third person of the trinity . 324 tempter temptation . 325 in temptation . 326 fall into temptation . 327 many temptations . 328 from tentation . 329 in the way of tentation . 330 out of the way of tentation . 331 great tentation . 332 through the strength of tentation . 333 fall by tentation . 334 fall before tentation . 335 under tentation . 336 tremble . 337 double-tongued . 338 lord's table . 339 come to the lord's table . 340 at the lord's table . 341 go from the lord's table . 342 worthy receivers of the body and blood of christ. 343 unworthy receivers of the body and blood of christ. 344 profaners of the lord's table . w. 345 wilderness . 346 world. 347 beginning of the world. 348 end of the world. 349 old world. 350 this world 351 the world that is to come . 352 in the world. 353 in this world. 354 in the world to come . 355 both in this world , and in the world to come . 356 neither in this world , nor in the world to come . 357 world without end . 358 greatest part the world. 359 least part of the world. 360 corruption of the world. 361 corrupt world. 362 the devil , the world , and the flesh. 363 the world shall be burnt with fire . 364 without god in the world. 365 round about the world. 366 up and down the world. 367 through the world. 368 from one end of the world to the other . 369 worshippers of god. 370 word of god. 371 works of god. 372 works of creation . 373 works of providence . 374 vengeance 375 to bring down vengeance on their own head . y. 376 you. 377 every one of you . all of you . 378 in you . 379 at you . 380 near you . 381 on both sides of you . 382 above and below you . 383 even with you . 384 higher than you . 385 lower than you . 386 behind and before you . 387 through you . there are another sort of tables called classical ▪ on account of which some value their invention very high ; they are composed after this manner , by making any letter or character you please have eight or more different significations , by putting a prick or any any other mark you will at top and bottom , and three on every side , as in this example . ḃ ballance . ˙b belied . ·b billows . . b bolster . ḅ bulwark . b˙ blameless . b· blindfold . b. blotted . and so of all the letters of the whole alphabets which are extant , and as many more as you can invent . but for my own part , i do not much approve of this method , it being very burdensome to the memory , and when learned , difficult to retain . the best composed tables that ever i saw , containing a great many words which very rarely occur ; and indeed , i think it impossible to compose such as shall be of constant use ( except one accustom themselves to write only after one man , and then it is not worth the while to do it ) for there is as much variety of expressing conceptions ( upon the same subject ) as there is of faces . but if the learner think well of that method , he may by this example compose tables to himself which he will more easily remember , than those of anothers composition , for which the authors have no reason to shew , but only because they will have it so : and tho it ( it is true ) there is no art either to be invented or learned without some burden to the memory , yet there is a great difference betwixt bestowing pains in learning that which is a rule in all cases of that sort ; and that which serves only one case , and such as perhaps seldom occurs , and such are most of their tables . i had composed tables of my own that had some more reference to the things signified than those i now mentioned , and consequently less difficult to learn ; but upon the very same reasons i have here given , i omit them , only giving you a specimen of them , that if they seem plausible to you , you may exercise your own invention in framing them according to the following exámples . i made all the capital print letters to signifie the titles and attributes of god the father , which begun with the said respective letters , as a to signifie almighty , all-seeing , all-sufficient , and all-wise distingushed one from another by a prick put at the upper corner on the left side for almighty , at the lower corner for all-seeing , at the upper corner of the right side for all-sufficient , and at the lower corner of it for all-wise , and so of all the letters of the alphabet ; and then all the small print letters to signifie the attributes of christ , and some of them those of the holy ghost , and the other sorts of letters to signifie the good and bad qualities of men and things in the same manner . finis . errata . epist . dedic . line penult . for and ambitious , read and is ambitious . page 6. l. 11. f. pag. r. pag. 29. 