# bib

id: 5
author: United States
title: The United States Constitution
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 4750
sentence: 122
flesch: 47
cache: cache/5.txt
txt: txt/5.txt
summary:
  The Congress shall have Power to lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; To borrow Money on the credit of the United States; To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States; To establish Post Offices and Post Roads; To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries; To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations; To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer term than two Years; To provide and maintain a Navy; To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces; To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions; To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, Dockyards, and other needful Buildings;--And To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. Section 9. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new States shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.


id: 896
author: Adams, John Quincy
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 8796
sentence: 264
flesch: 45
cache: cache/896.txt
txt: txt/896.txt
title:
  The Jubilee of the Constitution Delivered at New York, April 30, 1839, Before the New York Historical Society

summary:
  The recipient party, invested with power, is the United Colonies, declared United States. They were the productions of different minds and of adverse passions; one, ascending for the foundation of human government to the laws of nature and of God, written upon the heart of man; the other, resting upon the basis of human institutions, and prescriptive law, and colonial charter.


id: 10065
author: Beck, James M. (James Montgomery)
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 34127
sentence: 1185
flesch: 54
cache: cache/10065.txt
txt: txt/10065.txt
title:
  The Constitution of the United States A Brief Study of the Genesis, Formulation and Political Philosophy of the Constitution

summary:
  Thinly veiled, his plan contemplated an elective king with greater powers than those of George III, an imitation House of Lords and a popular House of Commons with a limited tenure. In other governments, these fundamental decencies of liberty rest upon the conscience of the legislature.


id: 40861
author: Madison, James
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 134330
sentence: 7482
flesch: 69
cache: cache/40861.txt
txt: txt/40861.txt
title:
  The Journal of the Debates in the Convention which Framed the Constitution of the United States, May-September 1787. Volume 1

summary:
  That the jurisdiction of the inferior tribunals shall be to hear & determine in the first instance, and of the supreme tribunal to hear and determine in the dernier resort, all Piracies & felonies on the high seas, captures from an enemy: cases in which foreigners or Citizens of other States applying to such jurisdictions may be interested, or which respect the collection of the National revenues; impeachments of any national officers, and questions which may involve the national peace and harmony. 11 No State shall grant letters of marque & reprisal or enter into treaty or alliance or confederation nor grant any title of nobility nor without the Consent of the Legislature of the United States lay any impost on imports--nor keep troops or Ships of War in time of peace--nor enter into compacts with other States or foreign powers or emit bills of Credit or make any thing but Gold Silver or Copper a tender in payment of debts nor engage in War except for self defence when actually invaded or the danger of invasion be so great as not to admit of a delay until the Government of the United States can be informed thereof--& to render these prohibitions effectual the Legislature of the United States shall have the power to revise the laws of the several States that may be supposed to infringe the Powers exclusively delegated by this Constitution to Congress & to negative & annul such as do. 12 The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges & immunities of Citizens in the several States--Any person charged with Crimes in any State fleeing from justice to another shall on demand of the Executive of the State from which he fled be delivered up & removed to the State having jurisdiction of the offence.


id: 41095
author: Madison, James
extension: .txt
mime: text/plain
words: 153028
sentence: 9523
flesch: 69
cache: cache/41095.txt
txt: txt/41095.txt
title:
  The Journal of the Debates in the Convention which Framed the Constitution of the United States, May-September 1787. Volume 2

summary:
  Washington, George, Va., attends convention, i., 1; elected president of convention, 3; thanks convention for election, 3; Pierce's sketch of, 3, n.; rebukes member for losing his notes, 48, n.; John Jay's letter to, ii., 48, n.; Knox's letter to, 158, n.; urges increase in representation, iv., 392; asks instructions concerning journals, 397. Williamson, Hugh, N. C., attends convention, i., 2; objects to election of executive by districts, 57; Pierce's sketch of, 57, n.; moves impeachability of executive, 65; favors limiting Senate to twenty-five members, 95; opposes indefinite power of negative on state laws, 103; favors proportional representation, 114; favors states paying representatives, 210; moves that number in Senate be fixed, 235; favors six years' term for Senators, 236; thinks rights of small states not menaced, 253; favors committee on representation in Senate, 291; opposes compromise proposed, 361; thinks Senate better able to consider money bills than House, 309; thinks proposed representation unfair to southern states, 324; favors reducing representation of northern states, 324; amends motion fixing periodical census, 330; thinks New Hampshire representation too large, 348; opposes election of executive by people, 378; opposes eligibility of executive to re-election, ii., 8, 41; opposes election of executive by electors, 8; favors six years' term for executive, 9; moves number of electors be based on Representatives, 10; moves electors be paid out of national treasury, 17; suggests national officers take oath to support state governments, 30; favors ratification of constitution by conventions, 35; favors voting per capita in Senate, 38; dislikes single executive, 41; suggests voting for three persons for executive, 54; favors forbidding national capital at state capital, 66; seconds motion to limit negative of each branch of legislature on the other, 91; moves representation in House based on taxation, 110; favors reconsidering question of money bills, 116; thinks provision for filling vacancies in Senate necessary, 117; insists upon guarding qualifications of Senators, 125, 131; thinks provision on money bills should be retained, 141; moves nine years' citizenship for Representatives, 144; opposes eligibility of members of legislature to other offices, 163; moves postponement of question of money bills, 171; moves to make three-quarters of legislature necessary to overcome executive negative, 176; thinks exports should not be taxed, 179; thinks state lands ought to be given up, 193; appointed on grand committee, 193; favors restrictions on army, 195; moves quotas of states be determined, 211; opposes apportionment of taxation by representation, 212; thinks states should not have power to tax exports, 213; thinks slave trade should be left to states, 223; on committee on navigation acts, 225; thinks prohibition of _ex post facto_ laws unnecessary, 228; thinks discussion of negative of state laws unnecessary, 237; doubts if judiciary can impartially decide controversies between states, 241; opposes slavery, but wishes union, 251; on committee of August 25, 254; moves to postpone question of executive succession, 256; seconds motion to make it impossible for states to levy imposts, 265; moves clause of articles of confederation as to state acts, 267; favors commercial regulations by two-thirds vote, 270; thinks question of new states should be left to legislature, 275, 278; on committee of August 31, 292; thinks ineligibility of members of legislature should extend to offices created during their term, 295, 296; objects to President's dependence on Senate in appointments, 302; moves to reconsider representation, 307; objects to Senate electing President, 308, 310, 315; moves election of President by one-third of all electors, 310; moves electors voting be the only ones counted, 311; favors separate provision for re-electing President, 313; moves seven years' term for President, 316; moves six years' term for President, 316; thinks electors should meet at seat of government, 317; suggests eventual election of President by whole legislature, voting by states, 318; thinks Vice-President unnecessary, 326; thinks treaties of peace important, 330, 332; thinks treaties may be made without majority of people, 333; opposes requirement that treaties be ratified by majority of whole Senate, 334; proposes that notice of treaties to Senators be required, 335; thinks Senate will lean towards President, 336; moves increase in representation in House of Representatives, 338; moves that old Congress sanction constitution, 346; favors two-thirds vote to override President's negative, 361; fears too many laws, 362; moves provision for juries in civil suits, 363; moves increase of representation, 369; seconds motion against direct tax, 375; suggests signing letter only, 393. Wilson, James, Pa., attends convention, i., 1; nominates William Temple Franklin for secretary of convention, 3; Pierce's sketch of, 3, n.; favors election of Representatives by the people, 41, 205; favors election of Senators by the people, 44, 95; favors a single executive, 49, 50, 67; favors election of executive by the people, 53, 55, ii., 6, 47; favors three years' term for executive, i., 54; moves election of executive by district electors, 56; opposes an executive council, 68; favors negative by executive on legislature, 69, 71; favors creation of inferior judiciary, 73, 82; favors inclusion of judiciary in power of negative, 75; opposes appointment of judges by legislature, 77; favors ratification by plurality of States, 81; favors election of Representatives by the people, 84; favors preservation of state governments for local purposes, 90; favors inclusion of judiciary in revisionary power, 91, ii., 17, 25; favors election to Senate by districts, i., 98; favors absolute negative in legislature, 104; favors proportional representation, 113, 115, 257; favors representation by free inhabitants, 119; thinks voting in Senate should be on same plan as in House, 121; opposes Jersey plan, 146; opposes Hamilton plan, 185; insists that states are dependent on each other, 188; favors two branches of legislature, 198; thinks state governments may encroach on national government, 201; favors one-year term for Representatives, 207; favors national compensation of Representatives, 211; moves that compensation be fixed by legislature, 212; opposes age limit for Representatives, 214; opposes ineligibility of Representatives to other offices, 214, 220; opposes elections to Senate by state legislatures, 233; favors six years' term for Senators, 237; favors nine years' term for Senators, 243; opposes eligibility of Senators to state offices, 247; opposes sending for New Hampshire delegates, 272; opposes representation by states in Senate, 273; admits question of number of Senators is embarrassing, 280; opposes committee on representation in Senate, 291; moves question of voting in Senate, 308; opposes originating money bills in House, 309, 312; opposes yielding equal vote in Senate to small states, 314; thinks representation of western states should be based on property, 320; thinks wealth an impracticable rule of representation, 334; opposes inclusion of three-fifths of blacks as basis of representation, 339; favors guaranty of republican government to the states, 342; moves that representation be according to direct taxation, 344; favors representation based on free inhabitants and three-fifths of slaves, 344; favors adjusting taxation to representation, 349; thinks equal vote in Senate favored by minority, 355; insists that numbers are correct basis for representation, 355; thinks small states would abandon plea of equality in taxes and troops, 356; thinks originating money bills in House of little consequence, 356; insists on proportional representation in Senate, 362; favors non-interference of national government with state police, 371; opposes election of executive by the people, 375; opposes election of executive by legislature, 377; favors appointment of judges by executive, 384; favors continuance of old Congress till new government starts, 390; favors guaranty to states of republican government and against violence, 392; favors impeachability of executive, ii., 11; thinks departments should act separately, 24; thinks oath of allegiance unnecessary, 30; opposes election of executive by legislature, 43; suggests election of executive by members of national legislature selected by lot, 44, 47; on committee to report constitution according to resolutions, 48; favors specifying general principles for executive, 56; opposes disqualification from legislature of persons having unsettled accounts, 64; thinks time of meeting of legislature should be fixed, 93; favors winter as time for meeting of legislature, 95; thinks suffrage in the States should not be prescribed by legislature, 96; favors requiring Representatives to be inhabitants, 108; opposes requirement of seven years' inhabitancy for Representatives, 108, 109; thinks question of representation by free inhabitants premature, 114; opposed to originating money bills in House, 115; reviews question of citizenship of Representatives, 116; objects to vacancies in Senate being filled by state executives, 116; thinks provision as to money bills of no value to large states, 118, 120; opposes fourteen years' residence as necessary for Senators, 123; moves to reconsider requirement of seven years for Representatives, 132; thinks number for quorum should not be small, 134; thinks publication of legislative journal necessary, 138; moves four years' citizenship for Representatives, 142; insists Representatives need not be natives, 145; thinks new government bound by Pennsylvania's promises to foreigners, 148; moves seven years' citizenship for Senators, 149; thinks people will disapprove members of legislature holding other offices, 164; thinks good men will refuse legislature if debarred from other offices, 165; seconds motion to have acts revised by executive and judiciary, 172; thinks legislature will swallow up powers of government, 175; favors making three-fourths of legislature necessary to overcome executive negative, 176; explains difference between duties and imposts, 177; thinks exports may be taxed, 179; opposed to power to emit bills of credit, 182; thinks it unnecessary to define felonies, etc., 185; thinks law of felonies, etc., ought to be declared, 185; moves that treason be against United States, 205; thinks treason may be against a state, 206; thinks proof of treason may be difficult, 207; favors power to tax exports, 215; seconds motion to tax exports by two-thirds of legislature, 217; thinks slaves should be taxed, 222; favors commitment of question of navigation acts, 225; thinks prohibition of _ex post facto_ laws unnecessary, 228; thinks Senate should not make appointments, 235; thinks negative of state laws unnecessary, 237; objects to Senate's power to make treaties, 239; thinks judiciary may decide controversies between states, 242; seconds motion for election of executive by the people, 243; thinks larger states should have larger share in election of executive, 295; thinks Senate should not have separate voice in election of executive, 246; thinks state legislatures will order federal offices filled by state appointment if permitted, 247; thinks pardon before conviction may be necessary, 255; opposes removability of judges on application of legislature, 257; explains appellate power of judiciary, 260; doubts if suspension of right of habeas corpus is ever necessary, 262; moves legislature be prohibited from paying debts in anything but coin, 262; thinks states should not interfere with contracts, 263; objects to treating fugitive slaves as criminals, 267; favors interstate validity of state acts, 267; on committee to consider subject, 268; favors commercial regulations by majority vote, 271; thinks majority may regulate formation of new states, 277; thinks new states may be formed without consent of old, 278; opposes motion to guarantee public lands, 281; proposes ratification by seven states, 284; prefers ratification by eight states to nine, 285; thinks constitution binding only on ratifying states, 285; moves that ratification be by majority of people and states, 287; thinks state power over other states' acts not unusual, 293; opposes ineligibility of members of legislature to other offices, 296; approves plan of electing executive, 302; thinks it unnecessary to give each House power over privileges of its members, 304; moves eventual election of President by whole legislature, 309; thinks eventual election of President by Senate dangerous, 313; moves to include House of Representatives in treaty-making power, 327; objects to Senate's participation in appointments, 328; objects to participation of two-thirds Senate on treaties, 329, 334; favors executive council, 332; favors ratification of treaties with majority of Senate, 333; thinks less than two-thirds Senate may ratify treaties of peace, 333; opposed to President convening either house of legislature, 338; moves amendments be with consent of two-thirds of states, 341; substitutes three-fourths, 341; opposes reconsideration of ratification clause, 343; thinks old Congress need not sanction constitution, 345; moves to strike out direct taxes, 367; thinks legislature should not define offences against law of nations, 372; seconds motion in favor of canals, 372, 373; favors national university, 374; thinks accounts should be published from time to time, 376; thinks executive may pardon for treason, 382; favors depositing convention journal with president, 397. Wythe, George, Va., attends convention, i., 2; appointed on committee on rules, 4; submits report of committee on rules, 5; Pierce's sketch of, 5, n.; offers additional rules, 12. Y Yates, Robert, N. Y., attends convention, i., 1; Pierce's sketch of, 1, n.; on committee on compromise on representation, 292; leaves convention, 298, n. Yeas and nays. Blair, John, Va., attends convention, i., 1; Pierce's sketch of, 1, n. Blount, William, N. C., attends convention, i., 189; announces he will sign constitution, ii., 394; Pierce's sketch of, 394, n. Bowen, Jabez, signs address from Rhode Island, i., 11, n. Brearley, David, N. J., attends convention, i., 1; favors equal vote of states in national legislature, 109; Pierce's sketch of, 109, n.; moves that New Hampshire delegates be sent for, 272; opposes election of executive by joint ballot, ii., 243; seconds motion to elect executive by states, 244; on committee of August 31, 292; reports from committee, 292, 296, 304; seconds motion against amendments, 386. Broome, Jacob, Del., attends convention, i., 1; favors nine years' term for Senators, 238; insists upon equal representation for New Jersey in Senate, 327; opposes adjournment on question of representation, 368; opposes seven years' term for executive, 379; Pierce's sketch of, ii., 8, n.; seconds motion to postpone clause fixing term of executive, 44; seconds motion to except army and navy from disqualification from legislature, 166; thinks legislature can fix their own compensation, 168; favors same compensation for both houses of legislature, 170; thinks national government should punish for treason, 206; seconds motion in favor of national negative of state laws, 236; moves reference of question of term of executive, 245. Brown, John, signs address from Rhode Island, i., 11, n. Brown, Nicholas, signs address from Rhode Island, i., 11, n. Butler, Pierce, S. C., attends convention, i., 2; moves secrecy of proceedings, 10; Pierce's sketch of, 11, n.; moves debate on national government, 33; wants explanation of personnel of Senate, 43; fears deprivation of state powers, 46; favors single executive, 66; opposes absolute negative in executive, 72; proposes power of suspending legislation for executive, 75; opposed to institution of inferior judiciary, 83, 388; opposes indefinite negative of state laws by legislature, 106; favors wealth as basis of representation, 115, 120, 307, 321; thinks Senators should have no compensation, 129; thinks Senate should have power to originate money bills, 132; moves vote on compensation of legislature, 213; favors ineligibility to all other offices of Representatives, 214; opposes ineligibility of Representatives to offices created during their term, 218; thinks candidates for office will not be wanting, 222; moves question of representation in Senate, 235; opposes ineligibility of Senators to state offices, 246; opposes report of compromise committee on representation, 298; moves increase in representation of South Carolina, 325; insists upon inclusion of blacks in representation, 331; thinks slave labor as productive as free labor, 331; favors representation by population, 341; demands security for slavery, 352; thinks powers of legislature loosely defined, 366; opposes frequent elections of executive, ii., 9; favors election of executive by electors chosen by state legislatures, 52; opposes re-eligibility of executive, 52; moves to refer question of executive to committee of detail, 56; favors fixing plan for national capital, 67; thinks question of suffrage should be left to states, 97; moves three years' inhabitancy for Representatives, 110; thinks money bills should originate in House, 115; favors long inhabitancy for Senators, 122; urges postponement of clause concerning eligibility of members of legislature to other offices, 166; favors state compensation for members of legislature, 167; opposes power to emit bills of credit, 181, 183; thinks President should have power to declare war, 188; moves that legislature have power to declare peace, 189; thinks militia should be under national control, 196; favors adjustment of taxation to representation, 212; opposes federal power over exports, 214, 224; moves discrimination in paying creditors, 238; moves reconsideration of question of discharging debts, 241; thinks creditors should stand where they are, 249; on committee of August 25, 254; moves that fugitive slaves and servants be surrendered, 267, 274; favors commercial regulations to be made by two-thirds vote, 271; thinks new states should not be made without consent of old states, 276; thinks nine states may ratify constitution, 285; on committee of August 31, 292; thinks election of executive by electors objectionable, 302; favors making treaties of peace without President, 330; thinks Congress must sanction state export duties, 366; dislikes form of signing, 396, n. C Canals, provision for, proposed.


