







 
   
     
       
         An essay on wool and wollen manufacture for the improvement of trade, to the benefit of landlords, feeders of sheep, clothiers, and merchands, in a letter to a member of Parliament.
         Child, Josiah, Sir, 1630-1699.
      
       
         
           1693
        
      
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         ocm 12072032
         53499
         
           
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             An essay on wool and wollen manufacture for the improvement of trade, to the benefit of landlords, feeders of sheep, clothiers, and merchands, in a letter to a member of Parliament.
             Child, Josiah, Sir, 1630-1699.
          
           [2], 18 p.
           
             Printed for Henry Bonwicke ...,
             London :
             1693.
          
           
             Reproduction of original in the University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign Campus). Library.
             Attributed to Sir Josiah Child. cf. NUC pre-1956.
          
        
      
    
     
       
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         eng
      
       
         
           Wool -- Commerce.
        
      
    
     
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           AN
           ESSAY
           ON
           WOOL
           ,
           AND
           WOOLLEN
           MANUFACTURE
           ,
           FOR
           
             The
             Improvement
             of
             Trade
          
           ,
           TO
           The
           Benefit
           of
           Landlords
           ,
           Feeders
           of
           Sheep
           ,
           Clothiers
           ,
           and
           Merchants
           .
        
         
           
             In
             a
             Letter
             to
             a
             Member
             of
             Parliament
             .
          
        
         
           IMPRIMATUR
           ,
           Decemb.
           31.
           1692.
           
        
         
           
             Edmund
             Bohun
          
           .
        
         
           LONDON
           :
           Printed
           for
           
             Henry
             Bonwicke
          
           ,
           at
           the
           
             Red
             Lyon
          
           ,
           in
           St.
           Paul's
           Church-yard
           .
           1693.
           
        
      
    
     
       
         
         
         
           AN
           ESSAY
           ON
           WOOL
           ,
           AND
           Woollen
           MANUFACTURE
           .
        
         
           FOrasmuch
           as
           Wool
           and
           
             Woollen
             Manufacture
          
           ,
           is
           of
           very
           great
           Concern
           to
           every
           
             Landed
             Man
          
           ,
           and
           that
           your
           Honour
           is
           no
           less
           desirous
           to
           joyn
           in
           such
           Measures
           ,
           as
           may
           conduce
           to
           the
           Benefit
           of
           the
           Nation
           in
           general
           ,
           and
           that
           place
           for
           which
           you
           serve
           in
           particular
           ,
           as
           of
           your
           own
           Estate
           ,
           I
           hope
           with
           all
           humility
           ,
           that
           you
           will
           entertain
           this
           Paper
           with
           the
           same
           Candour
           ,
           wherewith
           you
           have
           always
           accepted
           my
           Labours
           for
           the
           Publick
           ;
           and
           the
           rather
           ,
           because
           your
           Honour
           will
           easily
           believe
           ,
           that
           I
           have
           no
           Private
           Interest
           to
           serve
           ,
           in
           relation
           to
           this
           Subject
           .
        
         
         
           It
           hath
           been
           observed
           by
           Men
           of
           the
           greatest
           Experience
           ,
           that
           the
           Undervaluation
           of
           English
           Commodities
           abroad
           ,
           hath
           been
           the
           first
           and
           most
           considerable
           detriment
           we
           have
           suffered
           in
           our
           Forreign
           Dealings
           .
        
         
           And
           altho'
           at
           first
           the
           Dutch
           and
           the
           Easterlings
           did
           all
           they
           could
           to
           raise
           the
           Price
           of
           our
           
             Woollen
             Manufacture
          
           ,
           to
           the
           end
           ,
           that
           they
           might
           the
           better
           sell
           their
           own
           ,
           yet
           having
           now
           established
           their
           own
           to
           a
           great
           and
           dangerous
           degree
           ,
           they
           begin
           to
           run
           down
           our
           Cloth
           ,
           as
           fast
           as
           before
           they
           hoisted
           it
           up
           ,
           and
           care
           not
           how
           cheap
           we
           sell
           ,
           provided
           they
           can
           assign
           for
           the
           Cause
           of
           that
           Cheapness
           ,
           the
           false
           making
           of
           our
           Cloth
           of
           late
           ,
           and
           the
           exacter
           care
           that
           
             Forreign
             Manufactors
          
           take
           ,
           for
           the
           Accusation
           now
           is
           not
           ,
           that
           our
           Cloth
           is
           dear
           ,
           but
           
             false
             made
          
           .
        
         
           And
           it
           appears
           ,
           not
           only
           by
           the
           Confession
           ,
           but
           by
           the
           Complaint
           of
           our
           Clothiers
           in
           general
           ,
           that
           this
           suggestion
           of
           
             Forreign
             Dealers
          
           hath
           but
           too
           much
           ground
           ;
           they
           complain
           very
           justly
           ,
           That
           
             Dutch
             Chapmen
          
           ,
           and
           
             private
             Merchants
          
           ,
           who
           have
           of
           late
           Years
           exported
           our
           Cloth
           ,
           having
           not
           been
           able
           to
           give
           the
           full
           Price
           ,
           have
           had
           great
           Quantities
           of
           Cloth
           made
           to
           that
           Price
           that
           they
           can
           afford
           to
           give
           ,
           and
           tho'
           the
           
             honest
             Clothier
          
           doth
           make
           such
           bad
           Ware
           with
           great
           regret
           ,
           yet
           he
           is
           forced
           to
           make
           such
           as
           he
           can
           vend
           ,
           since
           the
           Societies
           of
           Merchants
           ,
           who
           always
           gave
           a
           good
           Price
           (
           for
           which
           they
           had
           such
           Ware
           as
           Forreign
           Manufactors
           cannot
           imitate
           )
           do
           now
           buy
           very
           little
           ,
           being
           under-sold
           abroad
           by
           
             petty
             Chap-men
          
           ,
           who
           ,
           of
           late
           Years
           ,
           have
           forced
           a
           Trade
           .
        
         
         
           This
           sudden
           and
           
             unnatural
             Trade
          
           hath
           for
           divers
           times
           been
           experimented
           ,
           to
           make
           the
           Price
           of
           Wool
           for
           a
           while
           rise
           ;
           for
           that
           low
           Price
           ,
           at
           which
           Foreign-Merchants
           have
           set
           this
           false-made
           Cloth
           ,
           hath
           caused
           many
           Buyers
           abroad
           ,
           to
           take
           advantage
           of
           that
           cheap
           Opportunity
           of
           stocking
           themselves
           with
           
             English
             Drapery
          
           ;
           and
           such
           a
           Trade
           hath
           lasted
           for
           Three
           or
           Four
           years
           ,
           whereby
           much
           Wool
           hath
           been
           here
           manufactured
           ,
           and
           the
           Price
           of
           Wool
           accordingly
           raised
           ;
           but
           at
           length
           ,
           when
           the
           Baseness
           of
           this
           Manufacture
           hath
           been
           discovered
           ,
           and
           the
           Markets
           abroad
           clogg'd
           ,
           as
           sudden
           a
           Fall
           of
           Wool
           must
           in
           all
           likelihood
           be
           expected
           to
           have
           ensued
           ,
           and
           by
           this
           Opportunity
           the
           Value
           of
           
             foreign
             made
             Cloth
          
           hath
           been
           raised
           ,
           our
           Cloth
           discredited
           ,
           Merchants
           of
           Societies
           discourag'd
           ,
           Clothiers
           had
           little
           to
           do
           ,
           Growers
           to
           pay
           ,
           and
           Landlords
           to
           receive
           .
           So
           that
           with
           Submission
           it
           seems
           absolutely
           necessary
           to
           the
           Good
           of
           this
           Kingdom
           ,
        
         
           
             I.
             That
             our
             
               Woollen
               Manufacture
            
             be
             raised
             to
             its
             former
             Credit
             and
             Esteem
             abroad
             .
          
           
             II.
             That
             the
             
               Ballance
               of
               Trade
            
             be
             set
             evener
             ,
             and
             and
             that
             neither
             too
             much
             nor
             too
             little
             be
             every
             year
             exported
             .
          
           
             III.
             That
             it
             may
             be
             put
             not
             only
             into
             a
             flourishing
             ,
             but
             into
             a
             
               lasting
               state
            
             .
          
        
         
           For
           ,
           First
           ,
           If
           the
           Price
           of
           our
           Cloth
           be
           low
           abroad
           ,
           't
           is
           impossible
           that
           Wool
           should
           continue
           to
           bear
           a
           good
           Price
           at
           home
           :
           If
           Cloth
           falls
           ,
           the
           Material
           
           't
           is
           made
           of
           must
           fall
           with
           it
           ,
           and
           consequently
           the
           Labours
           of
           the
           
             Card-makers
             ,
             Breakers
             ,
             Combers
             ,
             Carders
             ,
             Spinners
             ,
             Weavers
             ,
             Fullers
             ,
             Shearmen
             ,
             Clothiers
             ,
             Dyers
             ,
             Cloth
             workers
             ,
             Packers
             ,
             &c.
          
           must
           be
           beat
           down
           ,
           if
           these
           be
           discourag'd
           ,
           we
           must
           more
           and
           more
           lose
           our
           Manufacture
           ,
           for
           who
           will
           breed
           up
           their
           Children
           to
           a
           
             discourag'd
             Trade
          
           ?
           And
           in
           the
           end
           we
           shall
           as
           effectually
           lose
           it
           as
           the
           Dutch
           have
           already
           gained
           it
           .
        
         
           Secondly
           ,
           If
           the
           
             Ballance
             of
             Trade
          
           be
           not
           kept
           even
           ,
           not
           only
           in
           reference
           to
           Goods
           exported
           and
           imported
           ,
           which
           the
           Foreigner
           never
           observes
           ,
           but
           in
           reference
           likewise
           to
           Foreign
           Markets
           ,
           that
           one
           be
           not
           over-clogg'd
           with
           that
           Commodity
           which
           another
           wants
           ,
           and
           that
           Times
           and
           Seasons
           be
           duly
           observ'd
           ,
           we
           shall
           put
           the
           Chapmen
           abroad
           ,
           that
           are
           to
           take
           off
           our
           Cloth
           to
           such
           Uncertainties
           ,
           that
           there
           will
           be
           no
           dealing
           with
           us
           ,
           for
           they
           will
           find
           in
           many
           places
           ,
           that
           
             private
             Merchants
          
           have
           supply'd
           those
           Retailers
           ,
           whom
           they
           used
           to
           furnish
           ,
           they
           'll
           find
           Cloath
           cheap
           where
           they
           expect
           it
           to
           be
           dear
           ;
           so
           that
           they
           cannot
           sell
           ,
           and
           Cloth
           dear
           where
           they
           expect
           it
           to
           be
           cheap
           ,
           so
           that
           they
           cannot
           buy
           ;
           so
           when
           they
           buy
           ,
           it
           shall
           be
           Dutch
           Cloth
           ,
           and
           when
           they
           sell
           ours
           ,
           it
           shall
           be
           for
           
             what
             they
             can
             get
          
           .
        
         
           Thirdly
           ,
           'T
           is
           of
           no
           advantage
           to
           the
           Nation
           to
           have
           a
           Fit
           of
           good
           Trading
           ,
           if
           it
           cannot
           continue
           ;
           nay
           ,
           in
           this
           Instance
           of
           
             Woollen
             Manufacture
          
           it
           is
           injurious
           ;
           for
           if
           a
           Purchaser
           buys
           Land
           ,
           or
           a
           Tenant
           takes
           a
           Lease
           ,
           or
           a
           Grower
           encreases
           his
           Stock
           ,
           upon
           the
           consideration
           of
           Wools
           bearing
           such
           a
           Price
           ,
           each
           one
           of
           
           these
           is
           a
           Loser
           when
           it
           falls
           .
           And
           so
           if
           the
           Clothier
           encreases
           his
           Number
           of
           
             Apprentices
             ,
             Looms
             ,
             Stock
          
           ,
           and
           the
           like
           ,
           upon
           a
           false
           Supposition
           ,
           he
           is
           like
           to
           be
           ruined
           .
           The
           Condition
           things
           are
           in
           at
           present
           is
           not
           only
           to
           be
           minded
           ,
           but
           that
           which
           they
           must
           necessarily
           be
           in
           hereafter
           .
        
         
           Wherefore
           't
           is
           humbly
           propos'd
           ,
           in
           the
           first
           place
           ,
        
         
           I.
           That
           Care
           be
           taken
           ,
           that
           our
           Cloth
           be
           made
           so
           good
           ,
           that
           it
           shall
           bear
           a
           considerable
           Price
           abroad
           ,
           and
           yet
           be
           cheaper
           to
           the
           Buyer
           than
           foreign-made
           Cloth
           ;
           for
           if
           at
           the
           same
           time
           it
           be
           not
           cheaper
           in
           proportion
           to
           the
           Goodness
           than
           
             Dutch-made
             Cloth
          
           ,
           't
           is
           impossible
           that
           we
           can
           keep
           the
           Trade
           from
           them
           .
           'T
           is
           natural
           for
           every
           Man
           to
           make
           the
           most
           of
           his
           Penny
           ,
           and
           since
           our
           Growers
           and
           Clothiers
           cannot
           live
           upon
           their
           Profession
           ,
           at
           the
           price
           of
           Cloth
           which
           the
           Dutch
           do
           now
           afford
           it
           at
           ,
           we
           must
           make
           our
           Cloth
           truer
           and
           better
           than
           they
           do
           to
           outsell
           them
           .
           For
           though
           the
           Wool
           be
           of
           our
           
             own
             growth
          
           ,
           and
           
             Fuller's-Earth
             peculiar
          
           to
           us
           ,
           yet
           they
           have
           so
           many
           ways
           of
           getting
           the
           former
           ,
           and
           so
           much
           Store
           have
           they
           got
           from
           us
           of
           the
           latter
           ,
           that
           they
           can
           continue
           the
           Manufacture
           many
           years
           without
           us
           .
           And
           if
           inferior
           Workmen
           with
           them
           are
           to
           be
           had
           so
           much
           cheaper
           than
           with
           us
           ,
           the
           Advantages
           of
           our
           Native
           Commodities
           do
           but
           little
           more
           than
           compensate
           for
           the
           dearness
           of
           our
           Workmen
           .
        
         
           But
           something
           they
           do
           ,
           and
           something
           we
           surpass
           them
           when
           we
           please
           in
           Workmanship
           ,
           to
           which
           if
           a
           little
           
             good
             Policy
          
           and
           State-Encouragement
           were
           added
           ,
           we
           may
           still
           retrieve
           a
           
             Languishing
             Trade
          
           ,
           by
           suffering
           no
           Cloth
           to
           go
           out
           of
           England
           ,
           but
           of
           such
           a
           
             standard
             Goodness
          
           ,
           according
           to
           such
           and
           such
           Marks
           .
        
         
         
           II.
           Secondly
           ,
           That
           our
           Cloth-Trade
           may
           be
           divided
           all
           over
           the
           World
           ,
           into
           particular
           Cantons
           proportioned
           and
           ballanc'd
           ,
           as
           may
           seem
           best
           upon
           due
           Information
           ,
           to
           the
           Wisdom
           of
           Parliament
           ,
           who
           may
           perhaps
           think
           fit
           to
           constitute
           of
           their
           own
           Members
           an
           Annual
           Committee
           ,
           with
           fixed
           Allowances
           and
           Pensions
           out
           of
           a
           publick
           Bank
           ,
           who
           may
           alter
           and
           rectifie
           the
           Proportions
           of
           each
           English
           Corporation
           of
           Merchants
           ,
           and
           place
           of
           foreign
           Sale
           ,
           according
           as
           Times
           and
           Occasions
           alter
           .
        
         
           III.
           Thirdly
           ,
           That
           such
           a
           certain
           and
           definite
           number
           of
           Cloths
           be
           every
           year
           exported
           necessarily
           ,
           without
           any
           abatement
           for
           any
           pretended
           Contingencies
           ,
           as
           may
           keep
           the
           Price
           of
           Wool
           ,
           and
           the
           Manufacture
           of
           it
           to
           such
           a
           height
           ,
           as
           that
           the
           Clothier
           shall
           know
           it
           his
           Interest
           to
           make
           so
           many
           more
           Cloths
           than
           now
           he
           doth
           ;
           the
           Grower
           to
           encrease
           his
           Stock
           of
           Sheep
           ,
           and
           the
           Landlord
           to
           raise
           his
           Rent
           and
           Value
           of
           Land.
           
        
         
           Concerning
           the
           first
           of
           these
           three
           Proposals
           ,
           divers
           
             Acts
             of
             Parliament
          
           are
           still
           in
           force
           ,
           which
           may
           be
           revived
           and
           amended
           as
           may
           seem
           good
           to
           the
           Legislative
           Powers
           ;
           the
           other
           two
           are
           liable
           ,
           so
           far
           as
           I
           can
           see
           ,
           to
           no
           Difficulties
           and
           Objections
           ,
           but
           what
           may
           be
           obviated
           by
           this
           
             Method
             ,
             viz.
          
           
        
         
           There
           being
           so
           many
           Societies
           of
           English
           Merchants
           exporting
           our
           Woollen
           Manufacture
           to
           foreign
           parts
           ,
           they
           may
           be
           obliged
           ,
           coming
           under
           such
           Regulations
           as
           the
           Parliament
           shall
           think
           fit
           ,
           to
           
             export
             every
             Year
             each
             Company
             such
             a
             proportion
             of
             
             Cloth
             as
             altogether
             may
             leave
             us
             but
             bare
             enough
             for
             our
             own
             use
             ,
             and
             that
             at
             a
             round
             price
             .
          
           Thus
           supposing
           the
           Cloth-trading
           Merchants
           to
           be
           the
           Merchant-Adventurers
           ,
           the
           
             Turky
             Company
          
           ,
           the
           
             East-India
             Company
          
           ,
           the
           
             Eastland
             Company
          
           ,
           the
           
             Hudson's-Bay
             Company
          
           ,
           the
           
             Russia
             Company
          
           ,
           the
           
             African
             Company
          
           .
        
         
           And
           suppose
           there
           be
           ,
           in
           all
           England
           and
           Wales
           ,
           (
           according
           to
           the
           ingenious
           and
           accurate
           Mr
           Houghton
           )
           39938500
           Acres
           of
           Land
           ,
           and
           one
           Third
           part
           of
           it
           unfit
           for
           feeding
           of
           Sheep
           ,
           as
           Woods
           ,
           Parks
           ,
           Fens
           ,
           Mine-pits
           ,
           &c.
           or
           otherwise
           employ'd
           ;
           and
           that
           one
           Sixth-part
           of
           the
           Remainder
           be
           good
           Meadow
           ;
           and
           such
           Land
           as
           will
           maintain
           two
           Sheep
           on
           an
           Acre
           ;
           and
           that
           all
           the
           rest
           be
           plow'd
           Land
           ,
           barren
           Downs
           ;
           Wasts
           ,
           Commons
           ,
           Orchards
           ,
           and
           the
           like
           ;
           which
           may
           ,
           one
           with
           another
           ,
           maintain
           one
           Sheep
           on
           an
           Acre
           ,
           this
           will
           amount
           to
           31063257
           Sheep
           in
           the
           whole
           Nation
           :
           Allow
           then
           75
           Fleeces
           to
           a
           Pack
           of
           Wool
           ,
           there
           will
           be
           414176
           Packs
           .
        
         
           One
           Pack
           weighing
           240
           l.
           all
           Detriments
           ,
           Wast
           and
           Tare
           rebated
           ,
           will
           make
           Three
           Pieces
           of
           Broad-Cloth
           ,
           Thirty
           Yards
           to
           a
           Piece
           ;
           and
           if
           we
           make
           yearly
           in
           all
           England
           150000
           Broad-Cloths
           ,
           they
           are
           supposed
           to
           take
           up
           50000
           Packs
           of
           our
           Wool
           ,
           and
           of
           the
           Spanish
           Wool
           imported
           ,
           we
           may
           ,
           at
           the
           most
           ,
           reckon
           Ten
           thousand
           Cloths
           more
           ;
           in
           all
           160000.
           
        
         
           One
           Pack
           of
           Wool
           will
           make
           likewise
           six
           Pieces
           of
           lesser
           Drapery
           ,
           as
           Kerseys
           ,
           Bays
           ,
           Flannel
           ,
           Serges
           ,
           Perpetuano's
           ,
           Says
           ,
           Frise
           ,
           and
           the
           like
           ,
           one
           with
           another
           of
           thirty
           Yards
           a
           Piece
           ;
           and
           ,
           I
           recken
           ,
           that
           we
           make
           1600000
           of
           these
           lesser
           Draperies
           ,
           (
           I
           may
           call
           'em
           altogether
           )
           yearly
           ,
           which
           will
           spend
           266666
           Packs
           ,
           their
           's
           316666
           Packs
           disposed
           of
           ;
           and
           suppose
           
           such
           Uses
           as
           shall
           be
           hereafter
           mention'd
           ,
           to
           take
           up
           the
           remaining
           97510
           Packs
           ,
           here
           's
           the
           whole
           Product
           of
           Wool
           in
           the
           Land
           ,
           which
           by
           the
           former
           Computation
           of
           Acres
           ,
           amounts
           to
           99402240
           Pound
           .
        
         
           Grant
           then
           ,
           that
           in
           England
           there
           be
           7000000
           of
           Men
           ,
           Women
           ,
           and
           Children
           ,
           of
           which
           1000000
           to
           be
           Infants
           ,
           and
           their
           Wear
           not
           reckon'd
           ,
           Two
           Millions
           more
           to
           wear
           old
           and
           patch'd
           Cloaths
           ,
           Lindseywoolsie
           ,
           and
           the
           like
           ,
           and
           but
           One
           in
           Seven
           to
           wear
           Broad-Cloth
           ,
           and
           no
           more
           each
           than
           three
           Yards
           a
           piece
           for
           a
           whole
           Year
           ,
           this
           amounts
           to
           100000
           Cloths
           :
           And
           that
           Three
           more
           in
           the
           Seven
           wear
           only
           lesser
           Drapery
           ,
           and
           but
           5
           Yards
           each
           to
           a
           Year's
           Wear
           ,
           (
           which
           in
           Norwich
           ,
           and
           such-like
           Stuffs
           ,
           will
           not
           go
           far
           )
           this
           comes
           to
           500000
           Pieces
           ;
           then
           to
           every
           Piece
           of
           Cloth
           ,
           allow
           one
           Piece
           of
           Stuffs
           in
           Linings
           ,
           Wastcoats
           ,
           Breeches
           ,
           &c.
           and
           we
           have
           but
           1000000
           of
           lesser
           Drapery
           ,
           and
           Sixty
           thousand
           Cloths
           yearly
           to
           Export
           .
        
         
           Then
           for
           97510
           Packs
           of
           Wool
           remaining
           ,
           allow
           to
           every
           one
           of
           the
           Six
           Millions
           ,
           One
           pair
           of
           Stockins
           a
           Year
           ,
           and
           Four
           pair
           to
           a
           pound
           of
           Wool
           ,
           and
           a
           quarter
           as
           many
           exported
           ,
           amount
           to
           25000
           Packs
           ;
           then
           for
           Hats
           ,
           that
           of
           Three
           Millions
           ,
           each
           wears
           one
           Hat
           in
           two
           Years
           ,
           and
           four
           Hats
           to
           one
           Pound
           of
           Wool
           ,
           amounts
           to
           Five
           thousand
           Packs
           more
           .
        
         
           Upholsterers
           Ware
           ,
           as
           Blankets
           ,
           Curtains
           ,
           Hangings
           ,
           Skreens
           ,
           Linings
           of
           Coaches
           ,
           Chairs
           ,
           and
           the
           like
           ,
           to
           be
           a
           quarter-part
           of
           the
           Stuffs
           that
           are
           made
           ,
           spends
           Fifty
           thousand
           Packs
           ;
           and
           if
           one
           thirtieth
           part
           of
           our
           Wool
           be
           put
           to
           such
           Uses
           as
           are
           here
           omitted
           ,
           
           and
           otherwise
           wasted
           in
           dressing
           and
           working
           it
           ,
           what
           's
           left
           will
           be
           too
           little
           for
           burying
           Shrouds
           ,
           and
           other
           Funeral
           Occasions
           .
        
         
           And
           now
           we
           have
           none
           left
           but
           what
           is
           to
           be
           Exported
           ,
           viz.
           Sixty
           thousand
           Cloths
           ,
           and
           One
           Million
           of
           lesser
           Drapery
           .
        
         
           First
           then
           ,
           The
           Merchant-Adventurers
           being
           restored
           by
           Queen
           Elizabeth
           ,
           upon
           the
           Petitions
           of
           the
           Growers
           and
           Clothiers
           ,
           to
           all
           those
           Priviledges
           ,
           which
           in
           the
           Twenty-ninth
           Year
           of
           Her
           Reign
           they
           had
           been
           deprived
           of
           ,
           flourished
           so
           ,
           that
           about
           the
           Year
           1600
           ,
           they
           Exported
           Sixty
           thousand
           White
           Cloths
           ,
           besides
           all
           manner
           of
           Stuffs
           every
           Year
           ,
           the
           White
           Cloths
           alone
           valued
           at
           600000
           l.
           Forty
           Years
           after
           they
           Exported
           about
           50000
           Broad
           Cloths
           ,
           1000
           Bays
           ,
           and
           20000
           Stuffs
           a
           Year
           :
           And
           the
           Reason
           they
           give
           ,
           why
           of
           late
           they
           have
           not
           Exported
           a
           quarter
           so
           many
           Broad-Cloths
           ,
           and
           little
           more
           than
           half
           so
           many
           Stuffs
           ,
           is
           ,
           that
           Forreigners
           who
           understand
           not
           the
           Trade
           ,
           have
           brought
           Quantities
           of
           
             false
             made
             Cloth
          
           here
           ,
           and
           Exported
           it
           ,
           and
           not
           only
           glutted
           and
           mistimed
           Forreign
           Markets
           ,
           but
           brought
           the
           Commodity
           into
           disesteem
           .
           Now
           if
           the
           Wisdom
           of
           the
           Parliament
           shall
           think
           fit
           to
           put
           a
           stop
           to
           that
           
             private
             Trade
          
           ,
           and
           restore
           the
           Merchants
           to
           their
           former
           State
           ,
           they
           cannot
           think
           themselves
           ill
           used
           ,
           if
           it
           be
           upon
           Condition
           .
           That
           they
           every
           Year
           Export
           Fifteen
           thousand
           Broad-Cloths
           ;
           and
           seeing
           the
           Stuff-Trade
           ,
           and
           especially
           of
           new
           Draperies
           ,
           is
           quicker
           of
           the
           two
           ,
           250000
           of
           them
           .
        
         
         
           The
           Turkey-Company
           may
           likewise
           be
           obliged
           to
           Export
           yearly
           Twenty
           eight
           thousand
           Broad-Cloaths
           ,
           and
           Five
           thousand
           Stuffs
           .
           The
           East-India
           Company
           Five
           thousand
           Broad-Cloths
           ,
           and
           45
           thousand
           Stuffs
           .
           The
           East-land
           Company
           Three
           thousand
           Cloths
           ,
           and
           Ten
           thousand
           Stuffs
           .
           The
           Hudson-Bay
           Company
           Five
           hundred
           Cloths
           .
           The
           Russia
           Company
           Four
           thousand
           Cloths
           ,
           and
           Four
           thousand
           Stuffs
           .
           The
           African
           Company
           One
           hundred
           and
           forty
           thousand
           Stuffs
           .
        
         
           So
           that
           now
           we
           have
           but
           Four
           thousand
           five
           hundred
           Broad-Cloths
           ,
           and
           Five
           hundred
           forty
           six
           thousand
           Stuffs
           remaining
           .
        
         
           And
           the
           Portuguezes
           ,
           who
           would
           take
           off
           at
           least
           .
           Three
           hundred
           thousand
           Pound
           a
           Year
           in
           our
           Woollen
           Manufactures
           ,
           if
           we
           would
           deal
           with
           'em
           for
           Wine
           ,
           do
           nevertheless
           take
           off
           about
           180
           thousand
           Stuffs
           a
           Year
           .
           Spain
           ,
           about
           Two
           thousand
           Cloths
           ,
           and
           Three
           hundred
           thousand
           Stuffs
           .
           Italy
           ,
           Five
           hundred
           Cloths
           ,
           and
           Forty
           thousand
           Stuffs
           .
           Barbary
           Six
           thousand
           Stuffs
           .
           The
           Western
           Plantations
           ,
           Ten
           thousand
           Stuffs
           .
           Sweden
           ,
           and
           Norway
           ,
           Two
           thousand
           Cloths
           ,
           and
           Ten
           thousand
           Stuffs
           ;
           without
           any
           Obligation
           ,
           but
           the
           Necessity
           of
           their
           Trade
           .
           These
           Proportions
           I
           insist
           not
           upon
           ,
           the
           Wisdom
           of
           Parliament
           will
           find
           out
           better
           .
        
         
           But
           if
           the
           Merchant-Adventurers
           ,
           or
           any
           other
           Fraternity
           ,
           shall
           ,
           after
           the
           Proportion
           is
           set
           out
           ,
           think
           themselves
           hardly
           dealt
           with
           ,
           by
           being
           obliged
           so
           to
           increase
           their
           Dealings
           ,
           they
           have
           a
           Remedy
           at
           hand
           ,
           and
           can
           ease
           themselves
           ,
           by
           enlarging
           their
           Company
           ,
           and
           making
           more
           Members
           of
           it
           Free
           upon
           
             easie
             Terms
          
           .
           In
           King
           Iames
           the
           First
           's
           time
           ,
           they
           had
           Three
           thousand
           
           five
           hundred
           Freemen
           of
           that
           Company
           ;
           and
           since
           that
           ,
           they
           have
           had
           Six
           thousand
           Free
           at
           a
           time
           :
           Now
           suppose
           they
           admit
           but
           Four
           thousand
           Freemen
           ,
           and
           that
           but
           one
           quarter
           of
           these
           are
           Dealers
           ,
           and
           that
           one
           with
           another
           ,
           they
           Export
           each
           for
           himself
           ,
           but
           Fifteen
           Cloths
           ,
           and
           Two
           hundred
           and
           fifty
           Stuffs
           a
           Year
           ,
           which
           is
           no
           great
           Merchandizing
           ,
           it
           will
           do
           ;
           and
           accordingly
           the
           other
           Companies
           ,
           if
           they
           think
           fit
           ,
           may
           take
           the
           like
           Measures
           .
        
         
           I
           proceed
           therefore
           to
           the
           Advantages
           that
           we
           may
           expect
           to
           reap
           by
           such
           a
           Method
           .
        
         
           I.
           First
           ,
           This
           will
           keep
           the
           Cloth-Trade
           altogether
           in
           the
           hands
           of
           the
           English
           ;
           I
           mean
           ,
           the
           Profits
           of
           Trade
           in
           
             English
             Manufacture
          
           ,
           in
           which
           Forreigners
           at
           present
           have
           too
           great
           a
           share
           ,
           as
           
             English
             Merchants
          
           and
           Clothiers
           well
           know
           to
           their
           sorrow
           .
        
         
           II.
           There
           will
           be
           less
           Danger
           and
           Loss
           upon
           the
           Seas
           .
           Societies
           of
           Merchants
           trading
           in
           strong
           and
           
             well
             mann'd
             Vessels
          
           ,
           and
           not
           adventuring
           ,
           as
           petty
           Merchants
           do
           ,
           without
           Convoys
           ,
           to
           the
           enriching
           the
           Enemy
           ,
           and
           impoverishing
           our selves
           .
        
         
           III.
           This
           will
           encourage
           the
           Building
           of
           great
           and
           able
           Ships
           ,
           which
           may
           be
           of
           Service
           to
           the
           Publick
           in
           Times
           of
           Necessity
           :
           for
           Societies
           will
           not
           hazard
           so
           valuable
           a
           Commodity
           as
           Cloth
           ,
           and
           in
           such
           great
           Parcels
           ,
           as
           doubtless
           they
           will
           send
           out
           at
           a
           time
           ,
           in
           ordinary
           Vessels
           :
           for
           one
           of
           the
           Mysteries
           of
           Merchandize
           ,
           being
           the
           right
           timeing
           of
           Markets
           ,
           they
           will
           not
           send
           over
           in
           Driblets
           ,
           as
           independent
           Traders
           do
           ,
           
           but
           send
           sufficient
           Quantities
           at
           a
           time
           ,
           according
           to
           the
           Occasions
           and
           Fashions
           of
           the
           Places
           they
           deal
           with
           ;
           besides
           ,
           their
           By-Laws
           oblige
           'em
           to
           Export
           only
           in
           
             English
             Bottoms
          
           .
        
         
           IV.
           The
           Nation
           's
           Credit
           abroad
           will
           by
           this
           means
           improve
           ,
           and
           those
           Societies
           yearly
           bring
           to
           such
           and
           such
           Places
           ,
           so
           great
           a
           quantity
           of
           our
           Manufacture
           ,
           as
           will
           be
           a
           Security
           to
           any
           Town
           or
           State
           we
           deal
           with
           ,
           and
           each
           Society
           will
           be
           more
           able
           upon
           any
           great
           Exigence
           ,
           as
           by
           taking
           up
           Money
           ,
           or
           engaging
           Themselves
           ,
           and
           their
           Effects
           ,
           for
           the
           Service
           of
           their
           Country
           ,
           to
           do
           the
           Nation
           ,
           especially
           in
           time
           of
           War
           ,
           some
           signal
           Offices
           ;
           as
           the
           Merchant-Adventurers
           did
           ,
           about
           the
           time
           of
           the
           
             Spanish
             Invasion
          
           .
        
         
           V.
           Exportation
           of
           ,
           Manufactured
           Wool
           will
           be
           never
           attempted
           :
           for
           when
           the
           Manufacture
           is
           so
           much
           encourag'd
           ,
           Wool
           will
           bear
           a
           better
           Price
           at
           home
           ,
           than
           now
           it
           doth
           abroad
           ;
           here
           will
           be
           Ready
           Money
           without
           danger
           ,
           and
           variety
           of
           Markets
           ;
           whereas
           the
           Exportors
           run
           great
           Risques
           ,
           are
           forced
           to
           sell
           where
           they
           first
           Land
           ,
           and
           sometimes
           ,
           to
           take
           Words
           instead
           of
           Money
           .
           For
           ,
        
         
           VI.
           The
           Price
           of
           Wool
           must
           necessarily
           rise
           and
           
             keep
             up
          
           ,
           if
           every
           Year
           so
           much
           is
           Exported
           ,
           as
           not
           to
           leave
           enough
           for
           our
           home
           use
           .
        
         
           VII
           .
           Our
           Cloth
           will
           bear
           a
           
             constant
             good
             Price
          
           abroad
           ,
           when
           no
           body
           can
           much
           undersel
           another
           ,
           because
           all
           Wares
           of
           such
           and
           such
           Marks
           ,
           will
           be
           of
           like
           goodness
           ,
           the
           Price
           at
           the
           first
           Penny
           will
           not
           be
           
           much
           different
           ,
           the
           Charges
           and
           Hazards
           almost
           equal
           to
           every
           one
           ,
           and
           no
           Merchant
           will
           be
           over
           or
           understock'd
           ,
           to
           the
           unspeakable
           undervaluation
           of
           our
           Ware.
           
        
         
           VIII
           .
           'T
           will
           prevent
           our
           Clothiers
           ,
           and
           other
           Manufactors
           ,
           transporting
           themselves
           into
           Holland
           ,
           to
           the
           irreparable
           damage
           of
           this
           Nation
           ,
           as
           140
           Families
           did
           out
           of
           Norfolk
           and
           Suffolk
           ,
           in
           the
           Years
           1635
           ,
           1636.
           and
           when
           Two
           or
           Three
           thousand
           of
           our
           English
           Clothiers
           settled
           themselves
           in
           the
           Palatinate
           .
        
         
           IX
           .
           The
           Orders
           for
           Overseeing
           and
           Sealing
           Cloth
           will
           be
           more
           strictly
           look'd
           after
           ,
           by
           publick
           Officers
           ;
           and
           indeed
           every
           Member
           of
           these
           Societies
           :
           Whereas
           the
           Foreigner
           ,
           looks
           no
           farther
           ,
           than
           to
           get
           so
           many
           Yards
           overplus
           ,
           in
           consideration
           of
           the
           want
           of
           Breadth
           ▪
           and
           Goodness
           ,
           provided
           he
           hath
           it
           at
           his
           own
           Terms
           ,
           beating
           down
           by
           that
           means
           the
           Price
           of
           Cloth
           here
           ,
           and
           underselling
           it
           abroad
           :
           So
           that
           the
           Retailers
           abroad
           ,
           that
           buy
           it
           of
           us
           ,
           do
           only
           look
           upon
           the
           Muster
           and
           Outside
           ,
           and
           finding
           themselves
           afterwards
           cheated
           ,
           they
           change
           their
           Chapmen
           ,
           and
           deal
           with
           the
           
             Honester
             Dutch
          
           ;
           which
           might
           be
           prevented
           by
           
             Publick
             Officers
          
           ,
           and
           a
           
             Publick
             Seal
          
           .
        
         
           X.
           This
           will
           make
           the
           Commodity
           more
           staple
           and
           more
           considerable
           all
           over
           the
           World
           ;
           whereas
           now
           the
           proffer'd
           Sale
           of
           it
           makes
           it
           contemptible
           ,
           and
           they
           that
           accept
           the
           Bargain
           make
           good
           the
           Merchant's
           Proverb
           ,
           That
           
             there
             is
             Twenty
          
           
           per
           Cent.
           
             difference
             between
             ,
             Will
             you
             Buy
             ,
             and
             Will
             you
             Sell.
             
          
        
         
           XI
           .
           Greater
           quantities
           of
           Cloth
           will
           be
           here
           made
           than
           now
           is
           ,
           when
           the
           Clothiers
           are
           morally
           sure
           of
           a
           certain
           Market
           ,
           and
           Ready-Mony
           before
           the
           Year
           goes
           about
           ,
           and
           that
           make
           as
           much
           as
           they
           will
           ,
           it
           shall
           be
           all
           taken
           off
           their
           Hands
           .
        
         
           These
           Benefits
           I
           have
           enumerated
           regard
           the
           Good
           of
           the
           
             Nation
             in
             general
          
           ,
           and
           those
           belonging
           to
           the
           Merchant
           and
           Clothier
           in
           particular
           ,
           are
           likewise
           worth
           consideration
           .
           For
           ,
        
         
           1.
           
           Wealthy
           Merchants
           will
           not
           be
           able
           to
           Engross
           so
           much
           the
           Trade
           to
           themselves
           as
           now
           they
           do
           ,
           but
           every
           Member
           will
           have
           a
           Share
           in
           the
           
             Circulation
             proportionable
          
           to
           his
           Abilities
           .
           The
           Great
           Ones
           shall
           not
           have
           too
           much
           upon
           their
           Hands
           at
           a
           time
           ,
           nor
           the
           lesser
           Merchants
           too
           little
           ,
           but
           every
           one
           shall
           have
           so
           many
           Lots
           as
           his
           Trade
           requires
           ,
           which
           may
           be
           known
           and
           attested
           by
           Certificates
           from
           an
           
             English
             Publick
             Notary
          
           abroad
           ,
           which
           will
           make
           every
           ones
           Factor
           industrious
           to
           drive
           as
           good
           and
           as
           speedy
           a
           Trade
           as
           he
           can
           .
           Nor
           will
           this
           be
           any
           Wrong
           to
           great
           Merchants
           ,
           or
           exposing
           their
           Effects
           or
           Abilities
           ,
           since
           every
           one
           hath
           Liberty
           to
           be
           of
           more
           than
           one
           Society
           ,
           as
           we
           see
           divers
           Merchants
           belong
           at
           the
           same
           time
           both
           to
           the
           East-India
           and
           
             African
             Company
          
           ,
           and
           so
           others
           .
        
         
         
           2.
           
           Again
           ,
           
             Young
             Traders
          
           would
           hereby
           have
           Assistance
           and
           Direction
           in
           their
           Dealings
           ,
           and
           not
           be
           suffer'd
           to
           Ruine
           themselves
           ,
           as
           they
           do
           ,
           by
           wading
           out
           of
           their
           Depths
           .
           They
           would
           not
           find
           a
           way
           easily
           of
           
             Trading
             without
             a
             Stock
          
           ,
           whereby
           they
           often
           ruine
           themselves
           and
           dishonour
           the
           Nation
           ,
           it
           being
           a
           Reflection
           upon
           us
           abroad
           ,
           that
           our
           Young
           Merchants
           engage
           themselves
           too
           deep
           ,
           and
           when
           not
           governed
           by
           a
           Society
           too
           extravagantly
           :
        
         
           Young
           Merchants
           ,
           and
           those
           that
           cry
           out
           so
           much
           for
           
             free
             Exportation
          
           ,
           do
           often
           take
           up
           Goods
           upon
           Credit
           or
           Exchange
           to
           Ten
           or
           Twelve
           
             per
             Cent.
          
           Loss
           ,
           and
           afterwards
           upon
           some
           sudden
           Pinch
           being
           forced
           to
           Sell
           ,
           they
           undersell
           others
           to
           keep
           up
           their
           Credit
           ,
           to
           the
           disparagement
           of
           our
           Commodities
           and
           ruine
           of
           themselves
           ,
           as
           well
           by
           losing
           in
           the
           Cloth
           they
           sell
           ,
           as
           buying
           Forreign
           Ware
           at
           too
           dear
           a
           rate
           ,
           enhaunsing
           the
           Price
           of
           our
           Neighbor's
           Commodities
           ,
           and
           lessening
           that
           of
           our
           own
           ,
           to
           make
           quick
           Return
           .
           So
           the
           Merchants
           of
           
             York
             ,
             Hull
          
           ,
           and
           Newcastle
           send
           young
           men
           over
           with
           their
           Cloth
           (
           too
           young
           indeed
           to
           deal
           with
           
             Hollanders
             ,
             Hans-towns
          
           ,
           and
           Iews
           )
           who
           having
           engaged
           themselves
           to
           relade
           their
           Ships
           at
           a
           certain
           day
           with
           Foreign
           Ware
           ,
           before
           they
           can
           sell
           their
           Cloth
           they
           buy
           of
           Foreigners
           upon
           Credit
           ,
           and
           having
           a
           Day
           of
           Payment
           set
           ,
           are
           forced
           ,
           be
           the
           Market
           how
           it
           will
           ,
           to
           sell
           their
           Cloth
           at
           any
           rate
           ,
           to
           keep
           up
           their
           Credit
           ;
           which
           wild
           way
           of
           Traffick
           makes
           the
           Price
           of
           Cloth
           so
           uncertain
           to
           Foreigners
           ,
           that
           the
           Retailer
           knows
           not
           when
           and
           how
           to
           buy
           ,
           and
           so
           
             grows
             weary
             of
             the
             Trade
          
           .
        
         
         
           3.
           
           This
           will
           be
           a
           Means
           to
           hinder
           the
           raising
           of
           Tolls
           and
           Imports
           abroad
           ,
           each
           Company
           having
           Influence
           and
           Authority
           where
           they
           reside
           ,
           especially
           in
           such
           a
           Town
           as
           Hamburgh
           ,
           where
           the
           Trade
           hath
           maintain'd
           20000
           Persons
           at
           a
           time
           ;
           and
           be
           able
           likewise
           to
           contravene
           all
           fraudulent
           Dealings
           and
           Combinations
           against
           the
           Trade
           .
        
         
           4.
           
           This
           will
           not
           only
           keep
           up
           ,
           but
           encrease
           the
           number
           of
           
             Publick
             Places
             of
             Sale
             abroad
          
           ,
           where
           our
           Cloth
           is
           exposed
           in
           an
           open
           Market
           ,
           and
           all
           the
           Sellers
           are
           obliged
           to
           attend
           with
           great
           Plenty
           and
           Variety
           ;
           which
           Method
           is
           known
           by
           long
           Experience
           to
           forward
           the
           Sale
           of
           any
           Ware
           :
           And
           such
           publick
           Places
           and
           Markets
           can
           no
           more
           be
           settled
           abroad
           by
           
             Private
             Dealers
          
           ,
           than
           it
           could
           be
           practis'd
           here
           at
           home
           by
           Foreigners
           ,
           who
           though
           they
           had
           upon
           mis-information
           of
           Queen
           Elizabeths
           Council
           ,
           the
           George
           in
           
             King-street
             ,
             Westminster
          
           ,
           assigned
           them
           for
           a
           publick
           place
           of
           Trade
           ,
           yet
           could
           never
           bring
           one
           Waggon-load
           of
           Clothes
           to
           be
           unloaded
           there
           :
           And
           if
           under
           the
           notion
           of
           Buyers
           ,
           People
           in
           a
           foreign
           Country
           cannot
           without
           being
           incorporated
           make
           a
           
             Publick
             Place
          
           of
           Trade
           ,
           much
           less
           can
           they
           under
           the
           Notion
           of
           Sellers
           .
        
         
           Beside
           that
           ,
           publick
           Places
           of
           Sale
           are
           more
           for
           the
           Honour
           of
           the
           Commodity
           ,
           and
           of
           the
           Merchant
           ,
           than
           private
           bartering
           and
           pedling
           up
           and
           down
           ,
           as
           those
           stragling
           Merchants
           did
           in
           the
           year
           1565
           ,
           who
           went
           up
           and
           down
           at
           Narve
           in
           Lisland
           ,
           
           with
           
             English
             Cloth
          
           under
           their
           Arms
           ,
           and
           a
           Measure
           in
           their
           Hands
           ,
           bringing
           the
           noblest
           Commodity
           of
           England
           into
           the
           greatest
           Contempt
           .
        
         
           But
           most
           Advantage
           of
           all
           will
           by
           this
           means
           accrue
           to
           the
           Clothier
           ,
           and
           by
           consequence
           to
           the
           Grower
           ;
           for
           there
           will
           be
           so
           current
           a
           Price
           ,
           and
           such
           certain
           Dealings
           for
           this
           Staple
           Commodity
           ,
           that
           
             Broakers
             ,
             Wool-Iobbers
          
           ,
           and
           the
           like
           ,
           will
           not
           henceforth
           eat
           out
           the
           Clothiers
           Profit
           ,
           (
           a
           great
           cause
           of
           the
           dearness
           of
           Manufacture
           in
           England
           )
           but
           the
           Merchant
           and
           Draper
           will
           be
           forced
           to
           employ
           Factors
           to
           go
           about
           the
           Country
           ,
           and
           buy
           Cloth
           at
           the
           Clothiers
           home
           ,
           paying
           ready
           Money
           :
           At
           least
           the
           Clothiers
           bringing
           their
           Cloths
           to
           Market
           every
           week
           ,
           will
           find
           Customers
           enough
           :
           So
           the
           poorest
           Clothiers
           ,
           which
           have
           but
           a
           little
           Stock
           ,
           may
           Trade
           for
           themselves
           ,
           which
           now
           they
           cannot
           do
           .
        
         
           I
           could
           enumerate
           many
           more
           Conveniencies
           both
           National
           and
           Particular
           ;
        
         
           As
           ,
           That
           it
           would
           be
           a
           means
           to
           prevent
           the
           King
           's
           being
           defrauded
           in
           his
           Customs
           .
        
         
           That
           Taxes
           upon
           Stock
           and
           Effects
           may
           hereby
           be
           more
           
             easily
             laid
          
           .
        
         
           That
           Trade
           will
           be
           judiciously
           varied
           according
           to
           Emergencies
           and
           Alterations
           abroad
           .
        
         
           There
           will
           be
           less
           quarreling
           with
           our
           Merchants
           about
           Tare
           and
           Rebatements
           .
        
         
           This
           will
           raise
           the
           Price
           of
           Corn
           throughout
           the
           Nation
           ;
           for
           Wool
           keeping
           hereby
           certainly
           to
           a
           round
           price
           ,
           Stock
           will
           be
           encreased
           ,
           and
           a
           great
           deal
           of
           Land
           laid
           down
           in
           Pasture
           ,
           so
           that
           there
           will
           be
           less
           Corn-Land
           ,
           and
           less
           Corn
           sowed
           .
        
         
         
           But
           what
           I
           have
           said
           may
           perhaps
           suffice
           to
           satisfie
           your
           Honour
           ,
           That
           however
           I
           succeed
           ,
           I
           think
           it
           my
           Duty
           to
           study
           the
           good
           of
           my
           Country
           .
        
         
           I
           will
           not
           now
           trouble
           your
           Honour
           with
           an
           Account
           of
           the
           great
           Damages
           this
           Nation
           sustains
           ,
           by
           the
           Exportation
           of
           that
           which
           is
           not
           full
           Manufactured
           ,
           I
           leave
           that
           to
           another
           Hand
           .
        
         
           
             I
             am
             ,
             &c.
             
          
        
         
           FINIS
           .
        
         
      
    
     
  

